901
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Rotaru A, Mokhir A. Nucleinsäurebinder, die durch Licht wählbarer Wellenlänge aktiviert werden können. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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902
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Koller FO, Reho R, Schrader TE, Moroder L, Wachtveitl J, Zinth W. Infrared Studies of Small Azobenzene Peptides: Unexpectedly Slow Reactions on the Time Range of Minutes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10481-6. [PMID: 17691720 DOI: 10.1021/jp072117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrared absorption experiments on light-triggered azobenzene peptides have been performed below and above the freezing point of the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Even 20 K below the freezing point, illumination of the azobenzene chromophore resulted in IR absorption changes indicative of light-induced structural rearrangements of the peptide. In addition, new conformational states could be found at low temperature, which involve the formation of additional hydrogen bonds. In one sample the new low-temperature state survived melting and reheating and disappeared at 298 K only on the time scale of 10 min. The observations indicate that at low temperatures the peptide, together with traces of water present in the sample, forms a shell in the vicinity of the chromophore that facilitates internal motion even in the rigid cage of frozen DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian O Koller
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, D-80538 München, Germany
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903
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Herrmann A. Controlled Release of Volatiles under Mild Reaction Conditions: From Nature to Everyday Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5836-63. [PMID: 17605134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds serve in nature as semiochemicals for communication between species, and are often used as flavors and fragrances in our everyday life. The quite limited longevity of olfactive perception has led to the development of pro-perfumes or pro-fragrances--ideally nonvolatile and odorless fragrance precursors which release the active volatiles by bond cleavage. Only a limited amount of reaction conditions, such as hydrolysis, temperature changes, as well as the action of light, oxygen, enzymes, or microorganisms, can be used to liberate the many different chemical functionalities. This Review describes the controlled chemical release of fragrances and discusses additional challenges such as precursor stability during product storage as well as some aspects concerning toxicity and biodegradability. As the same systems can be applied in different areas of research, the scope of this Review covers fragrance delivery as well as the controlled release of volatiles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, 1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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904
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Herrmann A. Kontrollierte Freisetzung flüchtiger Verbindungen unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen: von der Natur zu Alltagsprodukten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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905
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Klima RF, Jadhav AV, Singh PND, Chang M, Vanos C, Sankaranarayanan J, Vu M, Ibrahim N, Ross E, McCloskey S, Murthy RS, Krause JA, Ault BS, Gudmundsdóttir AD. Photoinduced C−N Bond Cleavage in 2-Azido-1,3-diphenyl-propan-1-one Derivatives: Photorelease of Hydrazoic Acid. J Org Chem 2007; 72:6372-81. [PMID: 17655357 DOI: 10.1021/jo070558q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of 3-azido-1,3-diphenyl-propan-1-one (1a) in toluene yields 1,3-diphenyl-propen-1-one (2), whereas irradiation of 3-azido-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-propan-1-one (1b) results in the formation of mainly 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-propan-1-one. Laser flash photolysis (308 nm) of 1a,b in acetonitrile reveals a transient absorption (lambda max = approximately 310 nm) due to the formation of radicals 4a and 4b, respectively, which have lifetimes of approximately 14 micros at ambient temperature. TD-DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) reveal that the first and second excited states of the triplet ketone (T1K (n,pi*) and T2K (pi,pi*)) in azide 1a are almost degenerate, at approximately 74 and 76 kcal/mol above the ground state (S0), respectively. Similarly, azide 1b has T1K and T2K 75 and 82 kcal/mol above S0, respectively. The calculated transition state for cleaving the C-N bond is located 71 and 74 kcal/mol above S0 in azides 1a and 1b, respectively. The calculated bond dissociation energies for breaking the C-N bond are 55 and 58 kcal/mol for azides 1a and 1b, respectively, making C-N bond breakage accessible from T1K in azides 1 at ambient temperature. In comparison, the irradiation of azides 1 in argon matrices at 14 K lead to the formation of the corresponding triplet alkyl nitrenes (1-n), via intramolecular energy transfer from T2K. The characterization of 1-n was supported by isotope labeling, IR spectroscopy, and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney F Klima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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906
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Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Oda N, Ohkubo J, Shinozaki H. Photoresponsive Change of Oxygen-Binding Affinity of a Cobalt Schiff-Base Complex with an Axially Coordinating Stilbazole Residue of a Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:8823-9. [PMID: 17608522 DOI: 10.1021/jp072332x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reversible binding reaction of oxygen to N,N'-ethylene bis(salicylideneiminato) cobalt(II) (CoS), to which a photoisomerizable stilbazole residue of copolymer 1 coordinated, was investigated. The E form of the stilbazole residues coordinating to CoS, (E)-1-CoS, showed photoisomerization into the Z form, (Z)-1-CoS, on direct ultraviolet irradiation and negligible reverse isomerization. The oxygen-binding equilibrium constant (K) values for (E)-1-CoS and (Z)-1-CoS in toluene were 3.3 x 10(-2) mmHg-1 and 4.8 x 10(-3) mmHg(-1), respectively, at 10 degrees C. Although the pK(a) values of the E and Z forms of the stilbazole residue were similar, the oxygen-binding affinity of (Z)-1-CoS was small in terms of the linear correlation of the logarithm of K (ln K) versus the pK(a). Steric hindrance of the polymer chain of 1 on the coordination of the stilbazole residue of (Z)-1 to CoS was thought to cause the small K. A photoresponsive change of apparent oxygen-binding affinity of 1-CoS along with the E/Z isomerization of the stilbazole residues was observed. The ratio of (Z)-1-CoS converted from (E)-1-CoS by the ultraviolet irradiation could be estimated from analysis of absorption spectra for the oxygen binding of a resulting mixture of (E)-1-CoS and (Z)-1-CoS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Tokyo Denki University, Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2-2 Nishiki-cho Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8457, Japan.
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907
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Aemissegger A, Carrigan CN, Imperiali B. Caged O-phosphorothioyl amino acids as building blocks for Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:6185-6190. [PMID: 19543448 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-(2-nitrophenylethyl) caged O-phosphorothioylserine, -threonine and -tyrosine derivatives is reported. These amino acid building blocks can be directly incorporated into peptides by Fmoc-based solid phase synthesis as their pentafluorophenyl esters or as symmetric anhydrides. Upon irradiation with UV light, the thiophosphate group, representing a hydrolysis resistant phosphate analog, is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Aemissegger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 18-590, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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908
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Heckel A, Buff MCR, Raddatz MSL, Müller J, Pötzsch B, Mayer G. An anticoagulant with light-triggered antidote activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6748-50. [PMID: 16983715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heckel
- Life and Medical Sciences, LIMES, Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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909
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Young D, Deiters A. Photochemical Activation of Protein Expression in Bacterial Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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910
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Mayer G, Heckel A. Light-stimulated patterning of cells. Chembiochem 2007; 8:857-8. [PMID: 17440910 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mayer
- University of Bonn, LIMES Life and Medical Sciences, c/o Kekulé-Institute, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, Bonn, Germany.
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911
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Volgraf M, Gorostiza P, Szobota S, Helix MR, Isacoff EY, Trauner D. Reversibly caged glutamate: a photochromic agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:260-1. [PMID: 17212390 DOI: 10.1021/ja067269o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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912
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Abstract
This protocol describes a general method for the preparation of RNAs in which the reactivity or hydrogen-bonding properties of the molecule are modified in a photoreversible fashion by use of a caging strategy. A single caged adenosine, modified at the 2' position as a nitro-benzyl ether, can be incorporated into short RNAs by chemical synthesis or into long RNAs by a combination of chemical and enzymatic synthesis. The modified RNAs can be uncaged by photolysis under a variety of conditions including the use of a laser or xenon lamp, and the course of this uncaging reaction may be readily followed by HPLC or thin-layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chaulk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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913
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Abstract
A new photocaged nucleoside was synthesized and incorporated into DNA with the use of standard synthesis conditions. This approach enabled the disruption of specific H-bonds and allowed for the analysis of their contribution to the activity of a DNAzyme. Brief irradiation with nonphotodamaging UV light led to rapid decaging and almost quantitative restoration of DNAzyme activity. The developed strategy has the potential to find widespread application in the light-induced regulation of oligonucleotide function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Lusic
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695,
| | - Douglas D. Young
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695,
| | - Mark O. Lively
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695,
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914
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Tanabe K, Kanezaki H, Ishii H, Nishimoto SI. 2-Oxoalkyl caged oligonucleotides: one-electron reductive activation into emergence of ordinary hybridization property by hypoxic X-irradiation. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1242-6. [PMID: 17406722 DOI: 10.1039/b618810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation triggers the activation of caged oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with a 2-oxoalkyl leaving group to give the corresponding normal uncaged strands. We designed and synthesized ODNs caged by a 2-oxopropyl group at a given thymine N(3) position (d(oxo)T) to evaluate their one-electron reduction characteristics. Upon hypoxic X-radiolysis in aqueous solution, the caged ODNs released the 2-oxopropyl group to produce the corresponding uncaged ODNs. Digestion by a restriction enzyme Swa I revealed that caged ODN pre-irradiated in hypoxia could form an ordinary duplex with its complementary strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura campus, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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915
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Biggins JB, Koh JT. Chemical biology of steroid and nuclear hormone receptors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:99-110. [PMID: 17188557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-gated transcription factors that modulate gene expression by directly acting upon genomic DNA, and have been of profound interest across all biological disciplines. Recent advancements in this area have included the expansion of transgene activation through ligand-receptor engineering, drug development from structural design and the exploitation of innate ligand-specific associations towards developing novel conditional protein-based recombinant and diagnostic tools. These advancements come on the heels of exciting new modes of hormone action that challenge and expand upon the classic paradigms of hormone receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Biggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
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916
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Nishioka H, Liang X, Kashida H, Asanuma H. 2′,6′-Dimethylazobenzene as an efficient and thermo-stable photo-regulator for the photoregulation of DNA hybridization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4354-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b708952j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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917
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Abstract
Photochemical regulation of biological processes offers a high level of control to study intracellular mechanisms with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This report summarizes the advances made in recent years, focusing predominantly on the in vivo regulation of gene function using irradiation with UV light. The majority of the described applications entail the utilization of photocaging groups installed either on a small molecule modulator of biomolecular function or directly on a biological macromolecule itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Young
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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918
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Tang X, Dmochowski IJ. Regulating gene expression with light-activated oligonucleotides. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 3:100-10. [PMID: 17245489 DOI: 10.1039/b614349k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of light-responsive amino acids, the activity of numerous biomolecules has been photomodulated in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. Biological problems of even greater complexity motivate the development of quantitative methods for controlling gene activity with high spatial and temporal resolution, using light as an external trigger. Photoresponsive DNA and RNA oligonucleotides would optimally serve this purpose, but have proven difficult to expand from proofs-of-concept to in vivo experiments. Until recently, the development of this technology was limited by the synthesis of oligonucleotides whose function could be significantly modulated with near-UV light. New synthetic protocols and strategies for both up- and down-regulating gene activity finally make it possible to address biological considerations. In the near future, we can expect photoresponsive DNA and RNA molecules that are relatively non-toxic, nuclease-resistant, and maintain their specificity and activity in vivo. Quantitative, laser-initiated methods for controlling DNA and RNA function will illuminate new areas in cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinJing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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919
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Erben CM, Goodman RP, Turberfield AJ. Single-Molecule Protein Encapsulation in a Rigid DNA Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7414-7. [PMID: 17086586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M Erben
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
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920
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Erben CM, Goodman RP, Turberfield AJ. Single-Molecule Protein Encapsulation in a Rigid DNA Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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921
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Heckel A, Buff MCR, Raddatz MSL, Müller J, Pötzsch B, Mayer G. Ein Antikoagulans mit photoaktivierbarer Antidotaktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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