901
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Okamoto K. Organellophagy: eliminating cellular building blocks via selective autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:435-45. [PMID: 24862571 PMCID: PMC4033777 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of organellar quality and quantity is critical for cellular homeostasis and adaptation to variable environments. Emerging evidence demonstrates that this kind of control is achieved by selective elimination of organelles via autophagy, termed organellophagy. Organellophagy consists of three key steps: induction, cargo tagging, and sequestration, which involve signaling pathways, organellar landmark molecules, and core autophagy-related proteins, respectively. In addition, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination play important roles in recruiting and tailoring the autophagy machinery to each organelle. The basic principles underlying organellophagy are conserved from yeast to mammals, highlighting its biological relevance in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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902
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Grenier K, Kontogiannea M, Fon EA. Short mitochondrial ARF triggers Parkin/PINK1-dependent mitophagy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29519-30. [PMID: 25217637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Multiple genes have been associated with PD, including Parkin and PINK1. Recent studies have established that the Parkin and PINK1 proteins function in a common mitochondrial quality control pathway, whereby disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential leads to PINK1 stabilization at the mitochondrial outer surface. PINK1 accumulation leads to Parkin recruitment from the cytosol, which in turn promotes the degradation of the damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy). Most studies characterizing PINK1/Parkin mitophagy have relied on high concentrations of chemical uncouplers to trigger mitochondrial depolarization, a stimulus that has been difficult to adapt to neuronal systems and one unlikely to faithfully model the mitochondrial damage that occurs in PD. Here, we report that the short mitochondrial isoform of ARF (smARF), previously identified as an alternate translation product of the tumor suppressor p19ARF, depolarizes mitochondria and promotes mitophagy in a Parkin/PINK1-dependent manner, both in cell lines and in neurons. The work positions smARF upstream of PINK1 and Parkin and demonstrates that mitophagy can be triggered by intrinsic signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Grenier
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maria Kontogiannea
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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903
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Durcan TM, Tang MY, Pérusse JR, Dashti EA, Aguileta MA, McLelland GL, Gros P, Shaler TA, Faubert D, Coulombe B, Fon EA. USP8 regulates mitophagy by removing K6-linked ubiquitin conjugates from parkin. EMBO J 2014; 33:2473-91. [PMID: 25216678 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Park2 gene, encoding the E3 ubiquitin-ligase parkin, are responsible for a familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin-mediated ubiquitination is critical for the efficient elimination of depolarized dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy). As damaged mitochondria are a major source of toxic reactive oxygen species within the cell, this pathway is believed to be highly relevant to the pathogenesis of PD. Little is known about how parkin-mediated ubiquitination is regulated during mitophagy or about the nature of the ubiquitin conjugates involved. We report here that USP8/UBPY, a deubiquitinating enzyme not previously implicated in mitochondrial quality control, is critical for parkin-mediated mitophagy. USP8 preferentially removes non-canonical K6-linked ubiquitin chains from parkin, a process required for the efficient recruitment of parkin to depolarized mitochondria and for their subsequent elimination by mitophagy. This work uncovers a novel role for USP8-mediated deubiquitination of K6-linked ubiquitin conjugates from parkin in mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Durcan
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Y Tang
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joëlle R Pérusse
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eman A Dashti
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Miguel A Aguileta
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gian-Luca McLelland
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Priti Gros
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Denis Faubert
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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904
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Correlation between the biochemical pathways altered by mutated parkinson-related genes and chronic exposure to manganese. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:314-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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905
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Yamakado H. Advance in PD research explored a new field on ubiquitin biology. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1243. [PMID: 25137519 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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906
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Ver Heul AM, Gakhar L, Piper RC, Subramanian R. Crystal structure of a complex of NOD1 CARD and ubiquitin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104017. [PMID: 25127239 PMCID: PMC4134136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) from the innate immune receptor NOD1 was crystallized with Ubiquitin (Ub). NOD1 CARD was present as a helix-swapped homodimer similar to other structures of NOD1 CARD, and Ub monomers formed a homodimer similar in conformation to Lys48-linked di-Ub. The interaction between NOD1 CARD and Ub in the crystal was mediated by novel binding sites on each molecule. Comparisons of these sites to previously identified interaction surfaces on both molecules were made along with discussion of their potential functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Ver Heul
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Carver College of Medicine Protein Crystallography Facility, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Piper
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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907
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Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated proteins, Parkin and PINK1, together comprise a mitochondrial quality control pathway that promotes neuronal survival through autophagy of damaged mitochondria. Three recent studies have found that Parkin recruitment to mitochondria and ubiquitin ligase activity is controlled by the phosphorylation of ubiquitin by PINK1.
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908
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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909
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910
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Cornelissen T, Haddad D, Wauters F, Van Humbeeck C, Mandemakers W, Koentjoro B, Sue C, Gevaert K, De Strooper B, Verstreken P, Vandenberghe W. The deubiquitinase USP15 antagonizes Parkin-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination and mitophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5227-42. [PMID: 24852371 PMCID: PMC7108632 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PARK2, the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, are the most frequent cause of recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin translocates from the cytosol to depolarized mitochondria, ubiquitinates outer mitochondrial membrane proteins and induces selective autophagy of the damaged mitochondria (mitophagy). Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) widely expressed in brain and other organs, opposes Parkin-mediated mitophagy, while a panel of other DUBs and a catalytically inactive version of USP15 do not. Moreover, knockdown of USP15 rescues the mitophagy defect of PD patient fibroblasts with PARK2 mutations and decreased Parkin levels. USP15 does not affect the ubiquitination status of Parkin or Parkin translocation to mitochondria, but counteracts Parkin-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination. Knockdown of the DUB CG8334, the closest homolog of USP15 in Drosophila, largely rescues the mitochondrial and behavioral defects of parkin RNAi flies. These data identify USP15 as an antagonist of Parkin and suggest that USP15 inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for PD cases caused by reduced Parkin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences
| | - Dominik Haddad
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Fieke Wauters
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences
| | | | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Brianada Koentjoro
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Carolyn Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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911
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Ng ACH, Baird SD, Screaton RA. High-content functional genomic screening to identify novel regulators of the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Methods Enzymol 2014; 547:1-20. [PMID: 25416349 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801415-8.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PINK1/PARK6 and Parkin/PARK2 are amongst the most commonly mutated genes associated with recessive forms of familial Parkinson's disease. Recent evidence indicates that the proteins they encode, PINK1 and Parkin, function in the same pathway to mediate the selective autophagic clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. Upon mitochondrial damage, PINK1 is stabilized on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it phosphorylates ubiquitin, generating a signal for the recruitment and activation of Parkin. However, key mechanistic questions still exist regarding Parkin recruitment, including whether or not other factors are required for the PINK1 and Parkin pathway. We describe a method below using high-throughput RNA interference technology to interrogate the genome for novel components of the PINK1 and Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Cheuk-Him Ng
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Baird
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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