51
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Tan MS, Yang YX, Xu W, Wang HF, Tan L, Zuo CT, Dong Q, Tan L, Suckling J, Yu JT. Associations of Alzheimer's disease risk variants with gene expression, amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:15. [PMID: 33419465 PMCID: PMC7792349 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 30 Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk genes, although the detailed mechanism through which all these genes are associated with AD pathogenesis remains unknown. We comprehensively evaluate the roles of the variants in top 30 non-APOE AD risk genes, based on whether these variants were associated with altered mRNA transcript levels, as well as brain amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration. METHODS Human brain gene expression data were obtained from the UK Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC), while other data used in our study were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. We examined the association of AD risk allele carrier status with the levels of gene expression in blood and brain regions and tested the association with brain amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration at baseline, using a multivariable linear regression model. Next, we analyzed the longitudinal effects of these variants on the change rates of pathology using a mixed effect model. RESULTS Altogether, 27 variants were detected to be associated with the altered expression of 21 nearby genes in blood and brain regions. Eleven variants (especially novel variants in ADAM10, IGHV1-68, and SLC24A4/RIN3) were associated with brain amyloidosis, 7 variants (especially in INPP5D, PTK2B) with brain tauopathy, and 8 variants (especially in ECHDC3, HS3ST1) with brain neurodegeneration. Variants in ADAMTS1, BZRAP1-AS1, CELF1, CD2AP, and SLC24A4/RIN3 participated in more than one cerebral pathological process. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants might play functional roles and suggest potential mechanisms in AD pathogenesis, which opens doors to uncover novel targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Zuo
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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52
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Pandey M, Choudhury H, Verma RK, Chawla V, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B, Raja MAG, Amjad MW. Nanoparticles Based Intranasal Delivery of Drug to Treat Alzheimer's Disease: A Recent Update. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:648-662. [PMID: 32819251 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200819095620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer Association Report (2019) stated that the 6th primary cause of death in the USA is Alzheimer's Disease (AD), which leads to behaviour and cognitive impairment. Nearly 5.8 million peoples of all ages in the USA have suffered from this disease, including 5.6 million elderly populations. The statistics of the progression of this disease is similar to the global scenario. Still, the treatment of AD is limited to a few conventional oral drugs, which often fail to deliver an adequate amount of the drug in the brain. The reduction in the therapeutic efficacy of an anti-AD drug is due to poor solubility, existence to the blood-brain barrier and low permeability. In this context, nasal drug delivery emerges as a promising route for the delivery of large and small molecular drugs for the treatment of AD. This promising pathway delivers the drug directly into the brain via an olfactory route, which leads to the low systemic side effect, enhanced bioavailability, and higher therapeutic efficacy. However, few setbacks, such as mucociliary clearance and poor drug mucosal permeation, limit its translation from the laboratory to the clinic. The above stated limitation could be overcome by the adaption of nanoparticle as a drug delivery carrier, which may lead to prolong delivery of drugs with better permeability and high efficacy. This review highlights the latest work on the development of promising Nanoparticles (NPs) via the intranasal route for the treatment of AD. Additionally, the current update in this article will draw the attention of the researcher working on these fields and facing challenges in practical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University-Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University-Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohit Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University- Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University-Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Wahab Amjad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia
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53
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Imbimbo BP, Lucca U, Watling M. Can Anti-β-amyloid Monoclonal Antibodies Work in Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease? NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 7:e535. [PMID: 33575481 PMCID: PMC7862085 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dominant theory of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been that amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is the initial cause of the degeneration leading to cognitive and functional deficits. Autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD), in which pathologic mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilins (PSENs) genes are known to cause abnormalities of Aβ metabolism, should thus offer perhaps the best opportunity to test anti-Aβ drugs. Two long-term preventive studies (Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Trials Unit Adaptive Prevention Trial [DIAN-TU-APT] and Alzheimer Preventive Initiative-ADAD) were set up to evaluate the efficacy of monoclonal anti-Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, gantenerumab, and crenezumab) in carriers of ADAD, but the results of the DIAN-TU-APT study have shown that neither solanezumab nor gantenerumab slowed cognitive decline in 144 subjects with ADAD followed for 4 years, despite one of the drugs (gantenerumab) significantly affected biomarkers relevant to their intended mechanism of action. Surprisingly, solanezumab significantly accelerated cognitive decline of both asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. These failures further undermine the Aβ hypothesis and could support the suggestion that ADAD is triggered by accumulation of other APP metabolites, rather than Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research & Development (B.P.I.), Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy; and CNS & Pain Department (M.W.), TranScrip Partners, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ugo Lucca
- Department of Research & Development (B.P.I.), Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy; and CNS & Pain Department (M.W.), TranScrip Partners, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Watling
- Department of Research & Development (B.P.I.), Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (U.L.), Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy; and CNS & Pain Department (M.W.), TranScrip Partners, Reading, United Kingdom
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54
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Lyssenko NN, Praticò D. ABCA7 and the altered lipidostasis hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:164-174. [PMID: 33336544 PMCID: PMC7986801 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose the altered lipidostasis hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It holds that vulnerable neurons of the entorhinal region generate a neurodegenerative lipid during normal function, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) protects from AD pathogenesis by removing it out of the cell, generation of the lipid increases with age, and the minimal amount of ABCA7 needed to dispose of the rising volumes of the lipid also increases with age. A survey of ABCA7 protein levels in the hippocampus or parietal cortex of 123 individuals with or without AD neuropathology showed that individuals with low ABCA7 developed AD neuropathology at a younger age, those with intermediate ABCA7 developed it later, and individuals who developed it very late had high ABCA7, the same as the youngest controls. ABC transporters closely similar to ABCA7 protect cells by removing toxic lipids. ABCA7 may have analogous functions. The hypothesis predicts lipidosis and membrane protein dysfunction in neurons with low ABCA7. Further work will identify the neurodegenerative lipid and determine approaches to exploit ABCA7 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Lyssenko
- The Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- The Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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55
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Wang S, Tang X, Qin L, Shi W, Bian S, Wang Z, Wang Q, Wang X, Gu J, Hao B, Ding K, Liao S. Integrative Analysis Extracts a Core ceRNA Network of the Fetal Hippocampus With Down Syndrome. Front Genet 2020; 11:565955. [PMID: 33329702 PMCID: PMC7735064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs)-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network-may play an important role in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, neuropathological changes that closely resemble AD have been found in nearly all Down syndrome (DS) cases > 35 years. However, few studies have reported circRNA transcriptional profiling in DS cases, which is caused by a chromosomal aberration of trisomy 21. Here, we characterized the expression profiles of circRNAs in the fetal hippocampus of DS patients (n = 8) and controls (n = 6) by using microarray. MiRNA, mRNA expression profiling of DS from our previous study and scRNA-seq data describing normal fetal hippocampus development (GEO) were also integrated into the analysis. The similarity between circRNAs/genes with traits/cell-types was calculated by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). miRanda and miRWalk2 were used to predict ceRNA network interactions. We identified a total of 7,078 significantly differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs, including 2,637 upregulated and 4,441 downregulated genes, respectively. WGCNA obtained 15 hub circRNAs and 6 modules with cell type-specific expression patterns among scRNA-seq data. Finally, a core ceRNA network was constructed by 14 hub circRNAs, 17 DE miRNA targets and 245 DE mRNA targets with a cell type-specific expression pattern annotation. Known functional molecules in DS or neurodegeneration (e.g., miR-138, OLIG1, and TPM2) were also included in this network. Our findings are the first to delineate the landscape of circRNAs in DS and the first to effectively integrate ceRNA regulation with scRNA-seq data. These data may provide a valuable resource for further research on the molecular mechanisms or therapeutic targets underlying DS neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengran Wang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Litao Qin
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Shi
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shasha Bian
- School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Gu
- School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keyue Ding
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
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56
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Hong S, Prokopenko D, Dobricic V, Kilpert F, Bos I, Vos SJB, Tijms BM, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Vandenberghe R, Cleynen I, Gabel S, Schaeverbeke J, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Niemantsverdriet E, Engelborghs S, Frisoni G, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Molinuevo JL, Rami L, Kettunen P, Wallin A, Lleó A, Sala I, Popp J, Peyratout G, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Dobson RJB, Legido-Quigley C, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Ten Kate M, Barkhof F, Zetterberg H, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Wittig M, Franke A, Tanzi RE, Visser PJ, Bertram L. Genome-wide association study of Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers in the EMIF-AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery dataset. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:403. [PMID: 33223526 PMCID: PMC7680793 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Susceptibility to AD is considerably determined by genetic factors which hitherto were primarily identified using case-control designs. Elucidating the genetic architecture of additional AD-related phenotypic traits, ideally those linked to the underlying disease process, holds great promise in gaining deeper insights into the genetic basis of AD and in developing better clinical prediction models. To this end, we generated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping data in 931 participants of the European Medical Information Framework Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery (EMIF-AD MBD) sample to search for novel genetic determinants of AD biomarker variability. Specifically, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses on 16 traits, including 14 measures derived from quantifications of five separate amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau-protein species in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition to confirming the well-established effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) on diagnostic outcome and phenotypes related to Aβ42, we detected novel potential signals in the zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3) for CSF-Aβ38 and CSF-Aβ40 levels, and confirmed the previously described sex-specific association between SNPs in geminin coiled-coil domain containing (GMNC) and CSF-tau. Utilizing the results from independent case-control AD GWAS to construct polygenic risk scores (PRS) revealed that AD risk variants only explain a small fraction of CSF biomarker variability. In conclusion, our study represents a detailed first account of GWAS analyses on CSF-Aβ and -tau-related traits in the EMIF-AD MBD dataset. In subsequent work, we will utilize the genomics data generated here in GWAS of other AD-relevant clinical outcomes ascertained in this unique dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Hong
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Kilpert
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvy Gabel
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Schaeverbeke
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis Niemantsverdriet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Olivier Blin
- AIX Marseille University, INS, Ap-hm, Marseille, France
| | | | - Regis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Hospital Clinic I Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Hospital Clinic I Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neuropathology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sala
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Peyratout
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, UK
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Johannes Streffer
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Translational Medicine Neuroscience, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Michael Wittig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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57
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Seo J, Byun MS, Yi D, Lee JH, Jeon SY, Shin SA, Kim YK, Kang KM, Sohn CH, Jung G, Park JC, Han SH, Byun J, Mook-Jung I, Lee DY, Choi M. Genetic associations of in vivo pathology influence Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:156. [PMID: 33213512 PMCID: PMC7678113 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the heritability of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is estimated to be 60-80%, addressing the genetic contribution to AD risk still remains elusive. More specifically, it remains unclear whether genetic variants are able to affect neurodegenerative brain features that can be addressed by in vivo imaging techniques. METHODS Targeted sequencing analysis of the coding and UTR regions of 132 AD susceptibility genes was performed. Neuroimaging data using 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (PET), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and MRI that are available from the KBASE (Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's disease) cohort were acquired. A total of 557 participants consisted of 336 cognitively normal (CN) adults, 137 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 84 AD dementia (ADD) groups. RESULTS We called 5391 high-quality single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on AD susceptibility genes and selected significant associations between variants and five in vivo AD pathologies: (1) amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, (2) AD-signature region cerebral glucose metabolism (AD-Cm), (3) posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) cerebral glucose metabolism (PCC-Cm), (4) AD-signature region cortical thickness (AD-Ct), and (5) hippocampal volume (Hv). The association analysis for common variants (allele frequency (AF) > 0.05) yielded several novel loci associated with Aβ deposition (PIWIL1-rs10848087), AD-Cm (NME8-rs2722372 and PSEN2-rs75733498), AD-Ct (PSEN1-rs7523) and, Hv (CASS4-rs3746625). Meanwhile, in a gene-based analysis for rare variants (AF < 0.05), cases carrying rare variants in LPL, FERMT2, NFAT5, DSG2, and ITPR1 displayed associations with the neuroimaging features. Exploratory voxel-based brain morphometry between the variant carriers and non-carriers was performed subsequently. Finally, we document a strong association of previously reported APOE variants with the in vivo AD pathologies and demonstrate that the variants exert a causal effect on AD susceptibility via neuroimaging features. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel associations of genetic factors to Aβ accumulation and AD-related neurodegeneration to influence AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Shin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Koung Mi Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijung Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Byun
- Department of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Coppola C, Saracino D, Oliva M, Cipriano L, Puoti G, Pappatà S, Di Fede G, Catania M, Ricci M, Cimini S, Giaccone G, Bonavita S, Rossi G. Singular cases of Alzheimer's disease disclose new and old genetic "acquaintances". Neurol Sci 2020; 42:2021-2029. [PMID: 33006056 PMCID: PMC8043869 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. Besides its typical presentation with amnestic syndrome at onset, atypical AD cases are being increasingly recognized, often in presenile age. Objectives To provide an extensive clinical and genetic characterization of six AD patients carrying one or more singular features, including age of onset, atypical phenotype and disease progression rate. By reviewing the pertinent literature and accessing publicly available databases, we aimed to assess the frequency and the significance of the identified genetic variants. Methods Biomarkers of amyloid-β deposition and neurodegeneration were used to establish the in vivo diagnosis of probable AD, in addition to neurological and neuropsychological evaluation, extensive laboratory assays and neuroradiological data. Considering the presenile onset of the majority of the cases, we hypothesized genetically determined AD and performed extensive genetic analyses by both Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS). Results We disclosed two known missense variants, one in PSEN1 and the other in PSEN2, and a novel silent variant in PSEN2. Most notably, we identified several additional variants in other dementia-related genes by NGS. Some of them have never been reported in any control or disease databases, representing variants unique to our cases. Conclusions This work underlines the difficulties in reaching a confident in vivo diagnosis in cases of atypical dementia. Moreover, a wider genetic analysis by NGS approach may prove to be useful in specific cases, especially when the study of the so-far known AD causative genes produces negative or conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Coppola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy. .,Second Division of Neurology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Isola 8 - Edificio 10 Policlinico "Federico II" via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Dario Saracino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Oliva
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cipriano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Puoti
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Pappatà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Fede
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ricci
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bonavita
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Division of Neurology V - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Feng Y, Liu K, Kim M, Long Q, Yao X, Shen L. Deep Multiview Learning to Identify Population Structure with Multimodal Imaging. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOENGINEERING 2020; 2020:308-314. [PMID: 33654579 PMCID: PMC7917002 DOI: 10.1109/bibe50027.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an effective deep multiview learning framework to identify population structure using multimodal imaging data. Our approach is based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA). We propose to use deep generalized CCA (DGCCA) to learn a shared latent representation of non-linearly mapped and maximally correlated components from multiple imaging modalities with reduced dimensionality. In our empirical study, this representation is shown to effectively capture more variance in original data than conventional generalized CCA (GCCA) which applies only linear transformation to the multi-view data. Furthermore, subsequent cluster analysis on the new feature set learned from DGCCA is able to identify a promising population structure in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cohort. Genetic association analyses of the clustering results demonstrate that the shared representation learned from DGCCA yields a population structure with a stronger genetic basis than several competing feature learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Feng
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kefei Liu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mansu Kim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Qi Long
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Ramanan VK, Wang X, Przybelski SA, Raghavan S, Heckman MG, Batzler A, Kosel ML, Hohman TJ, Knopman DS, Graff-Radford J, Lowe VJ, Mielke MM, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Ross OA, Vemuri P. Variants in PPP2R2B and IGF2BP3 are associated with higher tau deposition. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa159. [PMID: 33426524 PMCID: PMC7780444 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau deposition is a key biological feature of Alzheimer's disease that is closely related to cognitive impairment. However, it remains poorly understood why certain individuals may be more susceptible to tau deposition while others are more resistant. The recent availability of in vivo assessment of tau burden through positron emission tomography provides an opportunity to test the hypothesis that common genetic variants may influence tau deposition. We performed a genome-wide association study of tau-positron emission tomography on a sample of 754 individuals over age 50 (mean age 72.4 years, 54.6% men, 87.6% cognitively unimpaired) from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Linear regression was performed to test nucleotide polymorphism associations with AV-1451 (18F-flortaucipir) tau-positron emission tomography burden in an Alzheimer's-signature composite region of interest, using an additive genetic model and covarying for age, sex and genetic principal components. Genome-wide significant associations with higher tau were identified for rs76752255 (P = 9.91 × 10-9, β = 0.20) in the tau phosphorylation regulatory gene PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B) and for rs117402302 (P = 4.00 × 10-8, β = 0.19) near IGF2BP3 (insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3). The PPP2R2B association remained genome-wide significant after additionally covarying for global amyloid burden and cerebrovascular disease risk, while the IGF2BP3 association was partially attenuated after accounting for amyloid load. In addition to these discoveries, three single nucleotide polymorphisms within MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) displayed nominal associations with tau-positron emission tomography burden, and the association of the APOE (apolipoprotein E) ɛ4 allele with tau-positron emission tomography was marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.06, β = 0.07). No associations with tau-positron emission tomography burden were identified for other single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with Alzheimer's disease clinical diagnosis in prior large case-control studies. Our findings nominate PPP2R2B and IGF2BP3 as novel potential influences on tau pathology which warrant further functional characterization. Our data are also supportive of previous literature on the associations of MAPT genetic variation with tau, and more broadly supports the inference that tau accumulation may have a genetic architecture distinct from known Alzheimer's susceptibility genes, which may have implications for improved risk stratification and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Anthony Batzler
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Kosel
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic-Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Imbimbo BP, Ippati S, Watling M. Should drug discovery scientists still embrace the amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease or should they be looking elsewhere? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1241-1251. [PMID: 32686970 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1793755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a large and growing challenge to patients, carers and healthcare systems, yet extensive efforts to develop therapeutics to modify its course have been met with repeated failure in recent decades. Although the evident presence of accumulated β-amyloid (Aβ) in AD brains has singled it out as an obvious therapeutic target, the effective reduction of plaque load or soluble Aβ by numerous drug candidates has not produced commensurate clinical benefits - calling into question the Aβ cascade hypothesis of AD. A similar path is now unfolding in the pursuit of therapeutics targeting hyperphosphorylated tau-comprised neurofibrillary tangles. AREAS COVERED This perspective reviews the basis of the Aβ cascade hypothesis of AD and how clinical trials of anti-Aβ drugs have failed to support it, and reflects upon the early findings suggesting that a similar path is being followed with therapeutics targeting tau. Other potential approaches to identifying therapeutics for AD are explored herein. EXPERT OPINION The relevance of the Aβ cascade hypothesis to the development of therapeutics for AD appears disproven. Drugs targeting tau appear to be suffering the same fate but may yet produce better results. Alternative approaches are being pursued, some of them with initial small-scale, but promising, results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Ippati
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milano, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- CNS & Pain Department, Transcrip Partners LLP Reading , Berkshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:673-701. [PMID: 32520597 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholinergic dysfunction, demonstrated in the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to the introduction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in 1993 (Tacrine) to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission as the first line of treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The new generation of AChEIs, represented by Donepezil (1996), Galantamine (2001) and Rivastigmine (2002), is the only treatment for AD to date, together with Memantine (2003). AChEIs are not devoid of side-effects and their cost-effectiveness is limited. An option to optimize the correct use of AChEIs is the implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) in the clinical practice. AREAS COVERED (i) The cholinergic system in AD, (ii) principles of AD PGx, (iii) PGx of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, Huperzine and other treatments, and (iv) practical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION The most relevant genes influencing AChEI efficacy and safety are APOE and CYPs. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders to AChEIs. With the exception of Rivastigmine (UGT2B7, BCHE-K), the other AChEIs are primarily metabolized via CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and UGT enzymes, with involvement of ABC transporters and cholinergic genes (CHAT, ACHE, BCHE, SLC5A7, SLC18A3, CHRNA7) in most ethnic groups. Defective variants may affect the clinical response to AChEIs. PGx geno-phenotyping is highly recommended prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine , Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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63
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Vasanthakumar A, Davis JW, Idler K, Waring JF, Asque E, Riley-Gillis B, Grosskurth S, Srivastava G, Kim S, Nho K, Nudelman KNH, Faber K, Sun Y, Foroud TM, Estrada K, Apostolova LG, Li QS, Saykin AJ. Harnessing peripheral DNA methylation differences in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to reveal novel biomarkers of disease. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:84. [PMID: 32539856 PMCID: PMC7294637 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting an estimated 44 million adults worldwide. The causal pathology of AD (accumulation of amyloid-beta and tau), precedes hallmark symptoms of dementia by more than a decade, necessitating development of early diagnostic markers of disease onset, particularly for new drugs that aim to modify disease processes. To evaluate differentially methylated positions (DMPs) as novel blood-based biomarkers of AD, we used a subset of 653 individuals with peripheral blood (PB) samples in the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) consortium. The selected cohort of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and age-matched healthy controls (CN) all had imaging, genetics, transcriptomics, cerebrospinal protein markers, and comprehensive clinical records, providing a rich resource of concurrent multi-omics and phenotypic information on a well-phenotyped subset of ADNI participants. RESULTS In this manuscript, we report cross-diagnosis differential peripheral DNA methylation in a cohort of AD, MCI, and age-matched CN individuals with longitudinal DNA methylation measurements. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) were performed using a mixed model with repeated measures over time with a P value cutoff of 1 × 10-5 to test contrasts of pairwise differential peripheral methylation in AD vs CN, AD vs MCI, and MCI vs CN. The most highly significant differentially methylated loci also tracked with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Differentially methylated loci were enriched near brain and neurodegeneration-related genes (e.g., BDNF, BIN1, APOC1) validated using the genotype tissue expression project portal (GTex). CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that peripheral differential methylation between age-matched subjects with AD relative to healthy controls will provide opportunities to further investigate and validate differential methylation as a surrogate of disease. Given the inaccessibility of brain tissue, the PB-associated methylation marks may help identify the stage of disease and progression phenotype, information that would be central to bringing forward successful drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin W Davis
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Idler
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of New York, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelly N H Nudelman
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelley Faber
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
- Research Information Technology, Janssen Research & Development, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Currently at Biomarin Pharmaceuticals, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
- Research Information Technology, Janssen Research & Development, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Li Z, Zhu H, Guo Y, Du X, Qin C. Gut microbiota regulate cognitive deficits and amyloid deposition in a model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 155:448-461. [PMID: 32319677 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota, comprising a vast number of microorganism species with complex metagenome, are known to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyloid deposition. However, studies related to gut microbiota have been mostly restricted to comparisons of amyloid deposits, while investigations on neurobehavioral changes and the pathogenesis of AD are limited. Therefore, we aimed to identify the relationship between changes in the intestinal microbiome and the pathogenesis of AD. APPswe /PS1ΔE9 (PAP) transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) mice of different age groups were used. The composition of intestinal bacterial communities in the mice was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (16S rRNA Seq), and the Y maze was used to measure cognitive function. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA Seq) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE 36980) were used to filter differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB) were used to verify the results. We found that the intestinal microbiota was significantly different between 5-month-old PAP and WT mice and the cognition of SPF PAP mice was diminished compared to GF PAP and SPF WT mice. DEGs in 5-month-old SPF and GF mice were enriched in the MAPK signalling pathway, and expression of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid deposition increased in 5-month-old SPF PAP mice. Results from this study showed that changes in intestinal microbiota were correlated with impairment of cognitive function and might promote amyloid deposition by stimulating the MAPK signalling pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yaxi Guo
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Du
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenomics of Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3059. [PMID: 32357528 PMCID: PMC7246738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic interventions for patients with dementia involve anti-dementia drugs to improve cognition, psychotropic drugs for the treatment of behavioral disorders (BDs), and different categories of drugs for concomitant disorders. Demented patients may take >6-10 drugs/day with the consequent risk for drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions (ADRs >80%) which accelerate cognitive decline. The pharmacoepigenetic machinery is integrated by pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, and pleiotropic genes redundantly and promiscuously regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4/5 geno-phenotypes are involved in the metabolism of over 90% of drugs currently used in patients with dementia, and only 20% of the population is an extensive metabolizer for this tetragenic cluster. ADRs associated with anti-dementia drugs, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives, and antiepileptic drugs can be minimized by means of pharmacogenetic screening prior to treatment. These drugs are substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of 58, 37, and 42 enzyme/protein gene products, respectively, and are transported by 40 different protein transporters. APOE is the reference gene in most pharmacogenetic studies. APOE-3 carriers are the best responders and APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders; likewise, CYP2D6-normal metabolizers are the best responders and CYP2D6-poor metabolizers are the worst responders. The incorporation of pharmacogenomic strategies for a personalized treatment in dementia is an effective option to optimize limited therapeutic resources and to reduce unwanted side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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Singh AK, Verma S. Use of ocular biomarkers as a potential tool for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:555-561. [PMID: 32174567 PMCID: PMC7210832 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_999_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide which unfortunately has no known effective cure to date. Despite many clinical trials indicating the effectiveness of preclinical treatment, a sensitive tool for screening of AD is yet to be developed. Due to multiple similarities between ocular and the brain tissue, the eye is being explored by researchers for this purpose, with utmost attention focused on the retinal tissue. Besides visual functional impairment, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, retinal nerve fiber degeneration, increase in the cup-to-disc ratio, and retinal vascular thinning and tortuosity are the changes observed in the retinal tissue which are related to AD. Studies have shown that targeting these changes in the retina is an effective way of reducing the degeneration of retinal neuronal tissue. Similar mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been demonstrated in the brain and the eyes of AD patients. Multiple studies are underway to investigate the potential of diagnosing AD and detection of amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the retinal tissue. Since the tissues in the anterior segment of the eye are more accessible for in vivo imaging and examination, they have more potential as screening biomarkers. This article provides a concise review of available literature on the ocular biomarkers in anterior and posterior segments of the eye including the cornea, aqueous humour (AH), crystalline lens, and retina in AD. This review will also highlight the newer technological tools available for the detection of potential biomarkers in the eye for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Singh
- Consultant and Anterior Segment Surgeon, Department of Ophthalmology, Asian Institute of Medical Sciences, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shilpa Verma
- WNS Global Services Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Sullivan SE, Liao M, Smith RV, White C, Lagomarsino VN, Xu J, Taga M, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Young-Pearse TL. Candidate-based screening via gene modulation in human neurons and astrocytes implicates FERMT2 in Aβ and TAU proteostasis. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:718-735. [PMID: 30371777 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale 'omic' studies investigating the pathophysiological processes that lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia have identified an increasing number of susceptibility genes, many of which are poorly characterized and have not previously been implicated in AD. Here, we evaluated the utility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and astrocytes as tools to systematically test AD-relevant cellular phenotypes following perturbation of candidate genes identified by genome-wide studies. Lentiviral-mediated delivery of shRNAs was used to modulate expression of 66 genes in astrocytes and 52 genes in induced neurons. Five genes (CNN2, GBA, GSTP1, MINT2 and FERMT2) in neurons and nine genes (CNN2, ITGB1, MINT2, SORL1, VLDLR, NPC1, NPC2, PSAP and SCARB2) in astrocytes significantly altered extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) levels. Knockdown of AP3M2, CNN2, GSTP1, NPC1, NPC2, PSAP and SORL1 reduced interleukin-6 levels in astrocytes. Only knockdown of FERMT2 led to a reduction in the proportion of TAU that is phosphorylated. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of FERMT2 in both familial AD (fAD) and fAD-corrected human neurons validated the findings of reduced extracellular Aβ. Interestingly, FERMT2 reduction had no effect on the Aβ42:40 ratio in corrected neurons and a reduction of phospho-tau, but resulted in an elevation in Aβ42:40 ratio and no reduction in phospho-tau in fAD neurons. Taken together, this study has prioritized 15 genes as being involved in contributing to Aβ accumulation, phosphorylation of tau and/or cytokine secretion, and, as illustrated with FERMT2, it sets the stage for further cell-type-specific dissection of the role of these genes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Sullivan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meichen Liao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert V Smith
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles White
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina N Lagomarsino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jishu Xu
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariko Taga
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Yan J, Raja V V, Huang Z, Amico E, Nho K, Fang S, Sporns O, Wu YC, Saykin A, Goni J, Shen L. Brain-wide structural connectivity alterations under the control of Alzheimer risk genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND DRUG DESIGN 2020; 13:58-70. [PMID: 32095160 DOI: 10.1504/ijcbdd.2020.10026789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of brain dementia characterized by gradual loss of memory followed by further deterioration of other cognitive function. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified and validated more than 20 AD risk genes. However, how these genes are related to the brain-wide breakdown of structural connectivity in AD patients remains unknown. Methods We used the genotype and DTI data in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. After constructing the brain network for each subject, we extracted three types of link measures, including fiber anisotropy, fiber length and density. We then performed a targeted genetic association analysis of brain-wide connectivity measures using general linear regression models. Age at scan and gender were included in the regression model as covariates. For fair comparison of the genetic effect on different measures, fiber anisotropy, fiber length and density were all normalized with mean as 0 and standard deviation as one.We aim to discover the abnormal brain-wide network alterations under the control of 34 AD risk SNPs identified in previous large-scale genome-wide association studies. Results After enforcing the stringent Bonferroni correction, rs10498633 in SLC24A4 were found to significantly associated with anisotropy, total number and length of fibers, including some connecting brain hemispheres. With a lower level of significance at 5e-6, we observed significant genetic effect of SNPs in APOE, ABCA7, EPHA1 and CASS4 on various brain connectivity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yan
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 719 Indiana Ave, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Vinesh Raja V
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 719 Indiana Ave, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Electrical and Computing Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 46202 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Enrico Amico
- Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 47096 West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 46202 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Shiaofeng Fang
- Computer Science, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 46202 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 47405 Bloomington, USA
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 46202 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Andrew Saykin
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 46202 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Joaquin Goni
- Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 47096 West Lafayette, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, 19104 Philadelphia, USA
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Lee T, Lee H. Prediction of Alzheimer's disease using blood gene expression data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3485. [PMID: 32103140 PMCID: PMC7044318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of AD (Alzheimer's disease)-related genes obtained from blood samples is crucial for early AD diagnosis. We used three public datasets, ADNI, AddNeuroMed1 (ANM1), and ANM2, for this study. Five feature selection methods and five classifiers were used to curate AD-related genes and discriminate AD patients, respectively. In the internal validation (five-fold cross-validation within each dataset), the best average values of the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.657, 0.874, and 0.804 for ADNI, ANMI, and ANM2, respectively. In the external validation (training and test sets from different datasets), the best AUCs were 0.697 (training: ADNI to testing: ANM1), 0.764 (ADNI to ANM2), 0.619 (ANM1 to ADNI), 0.79 (ANM1 to ANM2), 0.655 (ANM2 to ADNI), and 0.859 (ANM2 to ANM1), respectively. These results suggest that although the classification performance of ADNI is relatively lower than that of ANM1 and ANM2, classifiers trained using blood gene expression can be used to classify AD for other data sets. In addition, pathway analysis showed that AD-related genes were enriched with inflammation, mitochondria, and Wnt signaling pathways. Our study suggests that blood gene expression data are useful in predicting the AD classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesic Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
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70
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Shen L, Thompson PM. Brain Imaging Genomics: Integrated Analysis and Machine Learning. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2020; 108:125-162. [PMID: 31902950 PMCID: PMC6941751 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2019.2947272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain imaging genomics is an emerging data science field, where integrated analysis of brain imaging and genomics data, often combined with other biomarker, clinical and environmental data, is performed to gain new insights into the phenotypic, genetic and molecular characteristics of the brain as well as their impact on normal and disordered brain function and behavior. It has enormous potential to contribute significantly to biomedical discoveries in brain science. Given the increasingly important role of statistical and machine learning in biomedicine and rapidly growing literature in brain imaging genomics, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of statistical and machine learning methods for brain imaging genomics, as well as a practical discussion on method selection for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90232, USA
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71
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Wang L, Yuan Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Zhi Y, Li J, Wang M, Zhang K. Allelic variant in SLC6A3 rs393795 affects cerebral regional homogeneity and gait dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7957. [PMID: 31720106 PMCID: PMC6836753 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We sought to explore the role of the SLC6A3rs393795 allelic variant in cerebral spontaneous activity and clinical features in Parkinson’s disease (PD) via imaging genetic approach. Methods Our study recruited 50 PD and 45 healthy control (HC) participants to provide clinical, genetic, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. All subjects were separated into 16 PD-AA, 34 PD-CA/CC, 14 HC-AA, and 31 HC-CA/CC four subgroups according to SLC6A3rs393795 genotyping. Afterwards, main effects and interactions of groups (PD versus HC) and genotypes (AA versus CA/CC) on cerebral function reflected by regional homogeneity (ReHo) were explored using two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling age and gender. Finally, Spearman’ s correlations were employed to investigate the relationships between significantly interactive brain regions and clinical manifestations in PD subgroups. Results Compared with HC subjects, PD patients exhibited increased ReHo signals in left middle temporal gyrus and decreased ReHo signals in left pallidum. Compared with CA/CC carriers, AA genotype individuals showed abnormal increased ReHo signals in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). Moreover, significant interactions (affected by both disease factor and allelic variation) were detected in right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Furthermore, aberrant increased ReHo signals in right ITG were observed in PD-AA in comparison with PD-CA/CC. Notably, ReHo values in right ITG were negatively associated with Tinetti Mobility Test (TMT) gait subscale scores and positively related to Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) scores in PD-AA subgroup. Conclusions Our findings suggested that SLC6A3rs393795 allelic variation might have a trend to aggravate the severity of gait disorders in PD patients by altering right SMA and IFG function, and ultimately result in compensatory activation of right ITG. It could provide us with a new perspective for exploring deeply genetic mechanisms of gait disturbances in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu YS, Yan WJ, Tan CC, Li JQ, Xu W, Cao XP, Tan L, Yu JT. Common Variant in TREM1 Influencing Brain Amyloid Deposition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:661-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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73
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Li X, Zhu X, Zhang W, Yang F, Hui J, Tan J, Xie H, Peng D, Ma L, Cui L, Zhang S, Lv Z, Sun L, Yuan H, Zhou Q, Wang L, Qi S, Wang Z, Hu C, Yang Z. The etiological effect of a new low-frequency ESR1 variant on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: a population-based study. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:2316-2337. [PMID: 30222591 PMCID: PMC6188501 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Latent genetic variations of cholesterol metabolism-related genes in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, especially, as well as in mild cognitive impairment pathogenesis are still to be studied extensively. Thus, we performed the targeted-sequencing of 12 nuclear receptor genes plus APOE which were involved in cholesterol content modulation to screen susceptible genetic variants and focused on a new risk variant ESR1 rs9340803 at 6q25.1 for both late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (OR=3.30[1.84~4.22], p<0.001) and mild cognitive impairment (OR=3.08[1.75~3.89], p<0.001). This low-frequency variant was validated in three independent cohorts totaling 854 late-onset Alzheimer’s disease cases, 1059 mild cognitive impairment cases and 1254 controls from nine provinces of China mainland. Preliminary functional study on it revealed decreased ESR1 expression in vitro. Besides, we detected higher serum Aβ1-40 concentration in participants carrying this variant (p=0.038) and lower plasma total cholesterol level in this variant carriers with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (p=0.009). In summary, we identified a susceptible variant which might contribute to developing mild cognitive impairment at earlier stage and Alzheimer’s Disease later. Our study would provide new insight into the disease causation of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100001, P.R.China.,The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Juan Hui
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Jiping Tan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Haiqun Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, 528000, P.R.China
| | - Dantao Peng
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P.R.China
| | - Lihua Ma
- 253 Hospital of PLA, Huhehot,, 010051, P.R.China
| | - Lianqi Cui
- Department of Neurology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P.R.China
| | - Shouzi Zhang
- Department of Neurology of Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, 100095, P.R.China
| | - Zeping Lv
- National Rehabilitation Aids Research Center, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, 100176, P.R.China
| | - Liang Sun
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
| | - Shige Qi
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Diseae Control and Prevention, Chinease CDC, Beijing, 100050, P.R.China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Diseae Control and Prevention, Chinease CDC, Beijing, 100050, P.R.China
| | - Caiyou Hu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangbin Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, P.R.China
| | - Ze Yang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100001, P.R.China.,The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P.R.China
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De Roeck A, Van Broeckhoven C, Sleegers K. The role of ABCA7 in Alzheimer's disease: evidence from genomics, transcriptomics and methylomics. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:201-220. [PMID: 30903345 PMCID: PMC6660495 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) originally identified ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 7 (ABCA7), as a novel risk gene of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since then, accumulating evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and human-based studies has corroborated and extended this association, promoting ABCA7 as one of the most important risk genes of both early-onset and late-onset AD, harboring both common and rare risk variants with relatively large effect on AD risk. Within this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature on ABCA7, with a focus on AD-related human -omics studies (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, and methylomics). In European and African American populations, indirect ABCA7 GWAS associations are explained by expansion of an ABCA7 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), and a common premature termination codon (PTC) variant, respectively. Rare ABCA7 PTC variants are strongly enriched in AD patients, and some of these have displayed inheritance patterns resembling autosomal dominant AD. In addition, rare missense variants are more frequent in AD patients than healthy controls, whereas a common ABCA7 missense variant may protect from disease. Methylation at several CpG sites in the ABCA7 locus is significantly associated with AD. Furthermore, ABCA7 contains many different isoforms and ABCA7 splicing has been shown to associate with AD. Besides associations with disease status, these genetic and epigenetic ABCA7 markers also showed significant correlations with AD endophenotypes; in particular amyloid deposition and brain morphology. In conclusion, human-based –omics studies provide converging evidence of (partial) ABCA7 loss as an AD pathomechanism, and future studies should make clear if interventions on ABCA7 expression can serve as a valuable therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne De Roeck
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism correlates with spontaneous brain activity and motor symptoms in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1037-1045. [PMID: 31243602 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The α-synuclein (SNCA) gene is thought to be involved in levels of α-synuclein and influence the susceptibility for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study is to explore the association among SNCA rs1193074 polymorphism, spontaneous brain activity and clinical symptoms in PD patients. 62 PD patients and 47 healthy controls (HC) were recruited and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans. Also blood sample of each participant was genotyped for rs11931074 polymorphism (PD: TT = 19, GT = 32, GG = 11; HC: TT = 10, GT = 25, GG = 12) and then examined to ascertain the influence of different genotypes on regional brain activity with amplitude low-frequency fluctuation analysis (ALFF). Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship among genotypes, interactive brain region and clinical symptoms in PD. Compared with HC subjects, PD patients showed decreased ALFF values in right lingual gyrus and increased ALFF values in right cerebellum posterior lobe. Significant interaction of ''groups × genotypes'' was found in the right angular gyrus, where there were higher ALFF values in TT genotype than in GT or GG genotype in the PD group and there was a contrary trend in the HC group. And further Spearman's correlative analyses revealed that ALFF values in right angular gyrus were negatively associated with unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) III score in PD-TT genotype. Our study shows for the first time that SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism might modulate brain functional alterations and correlate with motor symptoms in Chinese PD patients.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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Shen YT, Wang JW, Wang M, Zhi Y, Li JY, Yuan YS, Wang XX, Zhang H, Zhang KZ. BST1 rs4698412 allelic variant increases the risk of gait or balance deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:422-429. [PMID: 30676692 PMCID: PMC6488919 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We aimed to explore effects of bone marrow stromal cell antigen‐1 (BST1) rs4698412 allelic variant on brain activation and associative clinical symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods A total of 49 PD patients and 47 healthy control (HC) subjects were recruited for clinical evaluations, blood samples collection for genotypes, and resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) scans. Based on BST1 rs4698412 allelic variant (G → A), participants were further divided into 18 PD‐GG, 31 PD‐GA/AA, 20 HC‐GG, and 27 HC‐GA/AA carriers, which respectively indicated subjects carrying ancestral or risk allele in that locus in PD or HC. Two‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to investigate main effects and interactions between PD and BST1 rs4698412 allelic variant on brain function via amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF). Spearman’s correlations were then utilized to detect associations between interactive brain regions and clinical symptoms. Results Compared to HC subjects, PD patients exhibited increased ALFF values in left cerebellum_8 and cerebellum_9. Significant interaction was in right lingual gyrus, where there were the lowest ALFF values and ALFF values were only negatively associated with Timed Up and Go (TUG) test time in PD‐GA/AA subgroup. Conclusion BST1 rs4698412‐modulated lingual gyrus functional alterations could be related to gait and balance dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhu TB, Zhang Z, Luo P, Wang SS, Peng Y, Chu SF, Chen NH. Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:68-74. [PMID: 30472149 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the metabolic disorder may be the high risk that contribute to the progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overtaken of High-fat, high-glucose or high-cholesterol diet may hasten the incidence of AD in later life, due to the metabolic dysfunction. But the metabolism of lipid in brain and the exact effect of lipid to brain or to the AD's pathological remain controversial. Here we summarize correlates of lipid metabolism and AD to provide more foundation for the daily nursing of AD sensitive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Bi Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Piao Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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79
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics - 2: Beyond amyloid - Re-defining AD and its causality to discover effective therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:376-401. [PMID: 30273552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds targeted for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have consistently failed in clinical trials despite evidence for target engagement and pharmacodynamic activity. This questions the relevance of compounds acting at current AD drug targets - the majority of which reflect the seminal amyloid and, to a far lesser extent, tau hypotheses - and limitations in understanding AD causality as distinct from general dementia. The preeminence of amyloid and tau led to many alternative approaches to AD therapeutics being ignored or underfunded to the extent that their causal versus contributory role in AD remains unknown. These include: neuronal network dysfunction; cerebrovascular disease; chronic, local or systemic inflammation involving the innate immune system; infectious agents including herpes virus and prion proteins; neurotoxic protein accumulation associated with sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm and glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction; metabolic related diseases including diabetes, obesity hypertension and hypocholesterolemia; mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental factors. As AD has become increasingly recognized as a multifactorial syndrome, a single treatment paradigm is unlikely to work in all patients. However, the biomarkers required to diagnose patients and parse them into mechanism/disease-based sub-groups remain rudimentary and unvalidated as do non-amyloid, non-tau translational animal models. The social and economic impact of AD is also discussed in the context of new FDA regulatory draft guidance and a proposed biomarker-based Framework (re)-defining AD and its stages as part of the larger landscape of treating dementia via the 2013 G8 initiative to identify a disease-modifying therapy for dementia/AD by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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80
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Li Z, Zhu H, Zhang L, Qin C. The intestinal microbiome and Alzheimer's disease: A review. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:180-188. [PMID: 30891563 PMCID: PMC6388077 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasingly common neurodegenerative disease. Since the intestinal microbiome is closely related to nervous system diseases, alterations in the composition of intestinal microbiota could potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. However, how the initial interactions with intestinal microbes alter events later in life, such as during neurodegenerative diseases, is still unclear. This review summarizes what is known about the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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81
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Colligris P, Perez de Lara MJ, Colligris B, Pintor J. Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Prospect of the Eye as a Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:8538573. [PMID: 30151279 PMCID: PMC6091327 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8538573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a major disorder, leading to several ocular manifestations amongst the elderly population. These visual disorders may be due to retinal nerve degenerative changes, including nerve fibre layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medicines can slow down the development of many of the classic symptoms, such as loss of memory and communication skills, mood swings, and depression. The disease diagnosis is difficult, and it is only possible through PET scans of the brain, detecting evidence of the accumulation of amyloid and tau. PET is expensive and invasive, requiring the injection of radioactive tracers, which bind with these proteins and glow during scanning. Recently, scientists developed promising eye-scan techniques that may detect Alzheimer's disease at its earliest stage, before major symptoms appear, leading to improved management of the disease symptoms. In this review, we are discussing the visual abnormalities of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, focused on ocular functional-visual-structural biomarkers, retinal pathology, and potential novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pade Colligris
- Universidad Alfonso X, Madrid, Spain
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Basilio Colligris
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Borchelt DR. Targeting the accomplice to thwart the culprit: a new target for the prevention of amyloid deposition. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1734-1736. [PMID: 29600962 DOI: 10.1172/jci120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) substantially increases the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). A large body of evidence has firmly established a role for apoE in modulating the risk of developing the amyloid plaque pathology that is pathognomonic for AD. In this issue of the JCI, Liao and colleagues discovered that antibodies against a nonlipidated form of apoE4 are highly effective in delaying the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in mouse models of AD pathology. Using a combination of passive immunization and viral-mediated expression of recombinant antibodies, the authors show that Fc receptor-mediated clearance of the nonlipidated apoE4 was critical in delaying Aβ deposition. Collectively, this study identifies a new therapeutic target that could be exploited to prevent, or possibly reverse, the Aβ pathology of AD.
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83
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Alzheimer disease: Risk variants associated with amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:194-195. [PMID: 29391583 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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