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In vivo and in vitro evaluations of intestinal gabapentin absorption: effect of dose and inhibitors on carrier-mediated transport. Pharm Res 2014; 32:898-909. [PMID: 25182974 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gabapentin exhibits saturable absorption kinetics, however, it remains unclear which transporters that are involved in the intestinal transport of gabapentin. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the mechanistic influence of transporters on the intestinal absorption of gabapentin by both in vivo and in vitro investigations METHODS Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following a range of intravenous (5-100 mg/kg) and oral doses (10-200 mg/kg) in rats. Transepithelial transport (50 μM-50 mM) and apical uptake of gabapentin (0.01-50 mM) were investigated in Caco-2 cells. The effect of co-application of the LAT-inhibitor, BCH, and the b(0,+)-substrate, L-lysine, on intestinal transport of gabapentin was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Gabapentin showed dose-dependent oral absorption kinetics and dose-independent disposition kinetics. Co-application of BCH inhibited intestinal absorption in vivo and apical uptake in vitro, whereas no effect was observed following co-application of L-lysine. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows for the first time that BCH was capable of inhibiting intestinal absorption of gabapentin in vivo. Furthermore, in Caco-2 cell experiments BCH inhibited apical uptake of gabapentin. These findings may imply that a BCH-sensitive transport-system was involved in the apical and possibly the basolateral transport of gabapentin across the intestinal wall.
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Aguilera J, Moglioni A, Mor À, Ospina J, Illa O, Ortuño RM. Divergent synthetic routes to biologically relevant types of compounds: chiral polyfunctional γ-lactams and amino acids. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fukasawa H, Muratake H, Ito A, Suzuki H, Amano Y, Nagae M, Sugiyama K, Shudo K. Silicon-containing GABA derivatives, silagaba compounds, as orally effective agents for treating neuropathic pain without central-nervous-system-related side effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:525-32. [PMID: 24738473 PMCID: PMC4102965 DOI: 10.1021/cn500053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition resulting from neuronal damage. Pregabalin, the (S)-isomer of 3-isobutyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is widely used to treat neuropathic pain, despite the occurrence of central nervous system (CNS)-related side effects such as dizziness and somnolence. Here we describe the pharmacology of novel GABA derivatives containing silicon-carbon bonds, silagaba compounds. Silagaba131, 132, and 161 showed pregabalin-like analgesic activities in animal models of neuropathic pain, but in contrast to pregabalin they did not impair neuromuscular coordination in rotarod tests. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that brain exposure to silagaba compounds was lower than that to pregabalin. Surprisingly, despite their potent analgesic action in vivo, silagaba compounds showed only weak binding to α2-δ protein. These compounds may be useful to study mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Our results also indicate that silagaba132 and 161 are candidates for orally effective treatment of neuropathic pain without CNS-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukasawa
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
| | - Hideaki Muratake
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
| | - Ai Ito
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
| | - Yohei Amano
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
| | - Marina Nagae
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Shudo
- Research Foundation
ITSUU Laboratory, 2-28-10 Tamagawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0094, Japan
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Verma V, Singh N, Singh Jaggi A. Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: evidences and possible mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:44-56. [PMID: 24533015 PMCID: PMC3915349 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1201140117162802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregabalin is an antagonist of voltage gated Ca2+ channels and specifically binds to alpha-2-delta subunit to produce antiepileptic and analgesic actions. It successfully alleviates the symptoms of various types of neuropathic pain and presents itself as a first line therapeutic agent with remarkable safety and efficacy. Preclinical studies in various animal models of neuropathic pain have shown its effectiveness in treating the symptoms like allodynia and hyperalgesia. Clinical studies in different age groups and in different types of neuropathic pain (peripheral diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain) have projected it as the most effective agent either as monotherapy or in combined regimens in terms of cost effectiveness, tolerability and overall improvement in neuropathic pain states. Preclinical studies employing pregabalin in different neuropathic pain models have explored various molecular targets and the signaling systems including Ca2+ channel-mediated neurotransmitter release, activation of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), potassium channels and inhibition of pathways involving inflammatory mediators. The present review summarizes the important aspects of pregabalin as analgesic in preclinical and clinical studies as well as focuses on the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
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Pregabalin rectifies aberrant brain chemistry, connectivity, and functional response in chronic pain patients. Anesthesiology 2014; 119:1453-64. [PMID: 24343290 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain remains a significant challenge for modern health care as its pathologic mechanisms are largely unknown and preclinical animal models suffer from limitations in assessing this complex subjective experience. However, human brain neuroimaging techniques enable the assessment of functional and neurochemical alterations in patients experiencing chronic pain and how these factors may dynamically change with pharmacologic treatment. METHODS To identify the clinical action of pregabalin, a proven analgesic, the authors performed three complementary brain neuroimaging procedures: (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging) in 17 chronic pain patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. RESULTS The authors found that pregabalin but not placebo reduces combined glutamate + glutamine levels within the posterior insula (pregabalin P = 0.016; placebo P = 0.71). Interestingly, reductions in clinical pain were associated with reductions in brain connectivity of this structure to brain regions within the default mode network during pregabalin (r = 0.82; P = 0.001) but not placebo (r = -0.13; P = 0.63). Response of default mode network regions to experimental pain was also reduced with pregabalin (P = 0.018) but not placebo (P = 0.182). Perhaps most importantly, baseline values for all three neuroimaging markers predicted subsequent analgesic response to pregabalin but not placebo. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that pregabalin works in part by reducing insular glutamatergic activity, leading to a reduction of the increased functional connectivity seen between brain regions in chronic pain states. The study also supports a role for human brain imaging in the development, assessment, and personalized use of central-acting analgesics.
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Ramesh R, Reddy DS. Zinc mediated allylations of chlorosilanes promoted by ultrasound: Synthesis of novel constrained sila amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4093-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00294f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and efficient method for allylation and propargylation of chlorosilanes through zinc mediation and ultrasound promotion is reported. As a direct application of the resulting bis-allylsilanes, three novel, constrained sila amino acids are prepared for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Ramesh
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune, India
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Preuss N, van der Veen JW, Carlson PJ, Shen J, Hasler G. Low single dose gabapentin does not affect prefrontal and occipital gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1708-13. [PMID: 24071367 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system has been proposed as a target for novel antidepressant and anxiolytic treatments. Emerging evidence suggests that gabapentin (GBP), an anticonvulsant drug that significantly increases brain GABA levels, is effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The current study was designed to measure prefrontal and occipital GABA levels in medication-free healthy subjects after taking 0mg, 150mg and 300mg GBP. Subjects were scanned on a 3T scanner using a transmit-receive head coil that provided a relatively homogenous radiofrequency field to obtain spectroscopy measurement in the medial prefrontal (MPFC) and occipital cortex (OCC). There was no dose-dependent effect of GBP on GABA levels in the OCC or MPFC. There was also no effect on Glx, choline or N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations. The previously reported finding of increased GABA levels after GBP treatment is not evident for healthy subjects at the dose of 150 and 300mg. As a result, if subjects are scanned on a 3T scanner, low dose GPB is not useful as an experimental challenge agent on the GABA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Preuss
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
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Zhou MB, Song RJ, Wang CY, Li JH. Synthesis of Azepine Derivatives by Silver-Catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition ofγ-Amino Ketones with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10805-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhou MB, Song RJ, Wang CY, Li JH. Synthesis of Azepine Derivatives by Silver-Catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition ofγ-Amino Ketones with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Iyer S, Tanenberg RJ. Pharmacologic management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1765-75. [PMID: 23800105 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.811490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) is a debilitating and distressing complication that occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus. This article provides an overview of diabetic peripheral neuropathy focusing on DPNP. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the diagnosis, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain. A comprehensive and systematic Medline search of the published literature for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was done from 1965 to December 2012. Studies not in English language were excluded. EXPERT OPINION Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat, and patients rarely experience complete pain relief. Despite several pharmacological agents being used in the treatment of DPNP, only duloxetine and pregabalin have evidence-based support for controlling DPNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Iyer
- Albany Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Albany, NY, USA
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Tripathi L, Kumar P. Augmentation of GABAergic neurotransmission by novel N-(substituted)-2-[4-(substituted)benzylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamides—A potential anticonvulsant approach. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Solak Y, Biyik Z, Atalay H, Gaipov A, Guney F, Turk S, Covic A, Goldsmith D, Kanbay M. Pregabalin versus gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pruritus in maintenance haemodialysis patients: a prospective, crossover study. Nephrology (Carlton) 2013; 17:710-7. [PMID: 22909343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pruritus is common in dialysis patients. Peripheral neuropathy is also prevalent in this patient population. However, the role of neuropathy in the genesis of uraemic itch has not been adequately studied to date. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on uraemic pruritus along with neuropathic pain in patients receiving haemodialysis. METHODS This is a 14 week long randomized, prospective, cross-over trial. Haemodialysis patients with established neuropathy and/or neuropathic pain were included. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to gabapentin 300 mg after each haemodialysis session and pregabalin 75 mg daily. After 6 weeks of treatment, cross-over was performed and patients received the other drug for another 6 weeks. Short Form of McGill Pain Questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale were used to evaluate pain and pruritus, respectively. At each week's visit, patients were interrogated in terms of adverse effects of study drugs. Baseline laboratory data and demographic characteristics were recorded from patient charts. RESULTS Forty (12 males, 28 females) out of 50 patients completed the study. Mean age was 58.2 ± 13.7. Overall, 29 out of 40 patients (72.5%) had pruritus symptoms at baseline evaluation. Fifteen patients (37.5%) were diabetic. Thirty-one out of 40 patients (77.5%) had electromyography (EMG)-proven peripheral neuropathy. Twenty three patients (57.5%) had both EMG-proven neuropathy and pruritus. Gabapentin and pregabalin improved both neuropathic pain and pruritus significantly. There was no difference between the study drugs in terms of efficacy against pain and pruritus. CONCLUSION Treatment of neuropathic pain with either pregabalin or gabapentin effectively ameliorates uraemic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Solak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Meram School of Medicine, Konya University, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
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Koh M, Lee JC, Min C, Moon A. A novel metformin derivative, HL010183, inhibits proliferation and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2305-2313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Banote RK, Koutarapu S, Chennubhotla KS, Chatti K, Kulkarni P. Oral gabapentin suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure-like behavior and cephalic field potential in adult zebrafish. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:212-9. [PMID: 23466252 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of orally administered gabapentin (GBP) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure-like activity in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish were pretreated with vehicle or GBP using a novel method of precise oral administration, followed by an intraperitoneal administration of PTZ. Behavioral assessment was carried out using locomotion-based video-tracking analysis and seizure score assignment using visual observation. Cephalic field potential recordings of the zebrafish brain were conducted using an electrical data acquisition system. Orally administered GBP significantly suppressed the seizure-like locomotor activity and strong slow-wave (~3Hz) activity in the cephalic field potential caused by PTZ. This work is the first report of the activity of an orally delivered anticonvulsant in adult zebrafish. Our study provides behavioral and physiological evidence in support of an adult zebrafish model for studying seizures including excitotoxic brain injury and a novel in vivo framework for the evaluation of pharmacological modulators of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Banote
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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The Biotechnological Potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum, from Umami to Chemurgy. CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29857-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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67
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Old Yellow Enzyme-mediated reduction of β-cyano-α,β-unsaturated esters for the synthesis of chiral building blocks: stereochemical analysis of the reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy20804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Fort DA, Woltering TJ, Nettekoven M, Knust H, Bach T. Conformationally restricted pyrrolidines by intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2989-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40757h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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Schulze-Bonhage A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of pregabalin and its role in the treatment of epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.749239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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(R)- and (S)-4-Amino-3-(trimethylsilyl)methylbutanoic acids ameliorate neuropathic pain without central nervous system-related side effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7602-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nunes EA, Canever L, de Oliveira L, Luca RDD, Quevedo J, Zugno A, Peregrino A, Crippa JAS, Dursun SM, Baker GB, Hallak JEC. Effects of pregabalin on behavioral alterations induced by ketamine in rats. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012; 34:329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gökcan H, Konuklar FAS. Theoretical study on HF elimination and aromatization mechanisms: a case of pyridoxal 5' phosphate-dependent enzyme. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5533-43. [PMID: 22646918 DOI: 10.1021/jo3005815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the phosphorylated and the oxidized form of vitamin B6 is an organic cofactor. PLP forms a Schiff base with the ϵ-amino group of a lysine residue of PLP-dependent enzymes. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase is a PLP-dependent enzyme that degrades GABA to succinic semialdehyde, while reduction of GABA concentration in the brain causes convolution besides several neurological diseases. The fluorine-containing substrate analogues for the inactivation of the GABA-AT are synthesized extensively in cases where the inactivation mechanisms involve HF elimination. Although two proposed mechanisms are present for the HF elimination, the details of the base-induced HF elimination are not well identified. In this density functional theory (DFT) study, fluorine-containing substrate analogue, 5-amino-2-fluorocyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid, is particularly chosen in order to explain the details of the HF elimination reactions. On the other hand, the experimental studies revealed that aromatization competes with Michael addition mechanism in the presence of 5-amino-2-fluorocyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid. The results allowed us to draw a conclusion for the nature of HF elimination, besides the elucidation of the mechanism preference for the inactivation mechanism. Furthermore, the solvent phase calculations carried out in this study ensure that the proton transfer steps should be assisted either by a water molecule or a base for lower activation energy barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Gökcan
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering Programme, Istanbul Technical University, Ayazağa Campus 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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73
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Stopponi S, Somaini L, Cippitelli A, de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Cannella N, Gerra G, Massi M, Ciccocioppo R. Pregabalin reduces alcohol drinking and relapse to alcohol seeking in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:87-96. [PMID: 21887495 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pregabalin (Lyrica™) is a structural analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) approved by FDA for partial epilepsy, neuropathic pain and recently generalized anxiety disorder. While the exact cellular mechanism of action of pregabalin is still unclear, evidence from several studies suggests that it reduces excitatory neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic excitability. OBJECTIVES Based on these mechanisms we sought interesting to evaluate the effect of pregabalin on alcohol-abuse-related behaviours. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, using genetically selected alcohol-preferring Marchigian Sardinian (msP) rats, we evaluated the effect of pregabalin on alcohol drinking and relapse to alcohol seeking elicited by environmental conditioning factors or stress. RESULTS Our results showed that treatment with pregabalin (0, 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg) given orally selectively reduced home cage alcohol drinking in msP rat. This effect was confirmed in self-administration experiments where pregabalin (0, 10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced operant responding for alcohol but not for food. Using alcohol reinstatement models we also found that pregabalin (0, 10 and 30 mg/kg) abolished seeking behaviour elicited by the pharmacological stressor yohimbine as well as cues predictive of alcohol availability. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that pregabalin may have potential in the treatment of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Porter RJ, Dhir A, Macdonald RL, Rogawski MA. Mechanisms of action of antiseizure drugs. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 108:663-681. [PMID: 22939059 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52899-5.00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Porter
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cardinal-David B, Scheidt KA. Carbene Catalysis: Beyond the Benzoin and Stetter Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2012_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Moriyama K, Ishida K, Togo H. Effect of catalytic alkali metal bromide on Hofmann-type rearrangement of imides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8574-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Pregabalin is a gamma-amino-butyric acid analog shown to be effective in several models of neuropathic pain, incisional injury, and inflammatory injury. In this review, the role of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain and in chronic pain syndromes has been discussed. Multimodal perioperative analgesia with the use of gabapentinoids has become common. Based on available evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis, the perioperative administration of pregabalin reduces opioid consumption and opioid-related adverse effects in the first 24 h following surgery. Postoperative pain intensity is however not consistently reduced by pregabalin. Adverse effects like visual disturbance, sedation, dizziness, and headache are associated with higher doses. The advantage of the perioperative use of pregabalin is so far limited to laparoscopic, gynecological, and daycare surgeries which are not very painful. The role of the perioperative administration of pregabalin in preventing chronic pain following surgery, its efficacy in more painful surgeries and surgeries done under regional anesthesia, and the optimal dosage and duration of perioperative pregabalin need to be studied. The efficacy of pregabalin in chronic pain conditions like painful diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, central neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalim Kumar Baidya
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a case of primary menopausal insomnia with hot flashes to introduce recent changes in technology and nomenclature of sleep medicine and to review presentation, diagnosis, and therapies for menopausal insomnia. METHODS Clinical findings and results of sleep evaluation in the menopausal study patient are presented with details about polysomnography performed before and after therapy with pregabalin. RESULTS A 56.5-year-old female athlete with severe hot flashes and insomnia of 12 years' duration was treated with pregabalin, which ameliorated the hot flashes and sweats and improved sleep quality and architecture. Menopause is associated with hormonal and metabolic changes that disrupt sleep. Disruption of sleep can in turn lead to morbidity and metabolic sequelae. Hormonal treatment, although effective, carries risks unacceptable to many patients and physicians. To date, nonhormonal therapies of symptomatic menopause have not been objectively studied for effects on sleep efficiency and architecture. Primary menopausal insomnia is insomnia associated with menopause and not attributable to secondary causes. Polysomnographically, it seems characterized by a high percentage of slow-wave (N3) sleep, decreased rapid eye movement sleep, cyclic alternating pattern, and arousals. CONCLUSIONS Primary menopausal insomnia is probably mediated through a mechanism separate from hot flashes, and one can occur without the other. Thermal dys-regulation and sleep abnormalities of menopause are probably related to more general changes mediated through loss of estrogenic effects on neuronal modulation of energy metabolism, and more clinical direction is expected as this research field develops. Identification of sleep disorders in menopausal women is important, and polysomnographic evaluation is underused in both clinical and research evaluations of metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Bourey
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Division of Endocrinology and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA.
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79
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) can approach 50% in subjects with longer-duration diabetes. The most common neuropathies are generalized symmetrical chronic sensorimotor polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. It is important to recognize that 50% of subjects with DPN may have no symptoms and only careful clinical examination may reveal the diagnosis. DPN, especially painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, is associated with poor quality of life. Although there is a better understanding of the pathophysiology of DPN and the mechanisms of pain, treatment remains challenging and is limited by variable efficacy and side effects of therapies. Intensification of glycemic control remains the cornerstone for the prevention or delay of DPN but optimization of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors may also be of benefit. The management of DPN relies on its early recognition and needs to be individually based on comorbidities and tolerability to medications. To date, most pharmacological strategies focus upon symptom control. In the management of pain, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and anticonvulsants alone or in combination are current first-line therapies followed by use of opiates. Topical agents may offer symptomatic relief in some patients. Disease-modifying agents are still in development and to date, antioxidant α-lipoic acid has shown the most promising effect. Further development and testing of therapies based upon improved understanding of the complex pathophysiology of this common and disabling complication is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J Stevens
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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80
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Birch M, Challenger S, Crochard JP, Fradet D, Jackman H, Luan A, Madigan E, McDowall N, Meldrum K, Gordon CM, Widegren M, Yeo S. The Development of a Practical Multikilogram Synthesis of the Chiral β-Amino Acid Imagabalin Hydrochloride (PD-0332334) via Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Birch
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Challenger
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Crochard
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - David Fradet
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Jackman
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Luan
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Madigan
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil McDowall
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Meldrum
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Charles M. Gordon
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Widegren
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Yeo
- Department of Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
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Rawson DJ, Brugier D, Harrison A, Hough J, Newman J, Otterburn J, Maw GN, Price J, Thompson LR, Turnpenny P, Warren AN. Part 2: Design, synthesis and evaluation of hydroxyproline-derived α2δ ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3767-70. [PMID: 21550803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Conformational constraint has been used to design a potent series of α(2)δ ligands derived from the readily available starting material (2S,4R)-hydroxy-l-proline. The ligands have improved physicochemistry and potency compared to their linear counterparts (described in our earlier publication) and the lead compound has been progressed to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawson
- Sandwich Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK.
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82
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Rawson DJ, Brugier D, Harrison A, Hough J, Newman J, Otterburn J, Maw GN, Price J, Thompson LR, Turnpenny P, Warren AN. Part 3: Design and synthesis of proline-derived α2δ ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3771-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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83
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Thompson LR, Blakemore DC, Brugier D, Bryans JS, Chu WLA, Maw GN, Poinsard C, Rawson DJ, Warren AN. Part 1: N-Alkylated glycines as potent α2δ ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3764-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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84
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Xu Y, Lin L, Kanai M, Matsunaga S, Shibasaki M. Catalytic Asymmetric Ring-Opening ofmeso-Aziridines with Malonates under Heterodinuclear Rare Earth Metal Schiff Base Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5791-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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85
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Carreras J, Avenoza A, Busto JH, Peregrina JM. Ring-Rearrangement Metathesis of 1-Substituted 7-Azanorbornenes as an Entry to 1-Azaspiro[4.5]decane systems. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3381-91. [PMID: 21463002 DOI: 10.1021/jo200321t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús H. Busto
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
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86
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Zhang J, Ho KY, Wang Y. Efficacy of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:454-62. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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87
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Rabchevsky AG, Kitzman PH. Latest approaches for the treatment of spasticity and autonomic dysreflexia in chronic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:274-82. [PMID: 21384222 PMCID: PMC3101828 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most prevalent secondary complications following spinal cord injury (SCI), besides loss of function and/or sensation below the level of injury, are uncontrolled muscle spasticity and hypertensive autonomic dysreflexia. Despite the desires of the SCI community, there have been few advances in the treatment and/or management of these fundamental impediments to the quality of life associated with chronic SCI. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to focus on current drug treatment strategies that alleviate symptoms of spasticity and autonomic dysfunction. Subsequently, looking ahead, we discuss whether individuals suffering from autonomic dysreflexia and/or muscle spasms can take certain compounds that specifically and rapidly block the neurotransmission of pain into the injured spinal cord to get rapid relief for both aberrant reflexes for which painful stimuli below the level of SCI are common precipitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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88
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Conformationally restricted GABA analogs: from rigid carbocycles to cage hydrocarbons. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:223-41. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA was discovered to play an important role as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian CNS 60 years ago. The conformational flexibility of GABA is important for its biological function, as it has been found to bind to different receptors with different conformations. In an effort to increase the lipophilicity and to reduce conformational flexibility of GABA itself, a polycyclic or cage hydrocarbon framework can be introduced into the 3D structure of GABA in order to better control the binding. This article explores the available synthetic methods, properties and activity of carbocyclic (cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclohexanes) and cage (adamantane and others) hydrocarbons – analogs of GABA with conformationally rigid carbon skeletons.
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89
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90
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Liu D, Pozharski E, Fu M, Silverman RB, Ringe D. Mechanism of inactivation of Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase by (S)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-2-furancarboxylic acid . Biochemistry 2010; 49:10507-15. [PMID: 21033689 PMCID: PMC3013228 DOI: 10.1021/bi101325z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a potential drug to treat neurological diseases, the mechanism-based inhibitor (S)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-2-furancarboxylic acid (S-ADFA) has been found to inhibit the γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) reaction. To circumvent the difficulties in structural studies of a S-ADFA-enzyme complex using GABA-AT, l-aspartate aminotransferase (l-AspAT) from Escherichia coli was used as a model PLP-dependent enzyme. Crystal structures of the E. coli aspartate aminotransferase with S-ADFA bound to the active site were obtained via cocrystallization at pH 7.5 and 8. The complex structures suggest that S-ADFA inhibits the transamination reaction by forming adducts with the catalytic lysine 246 via a covalent bond while producing 1 equiv of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Based on the structures, formation of the K246-S-ADFA adducts requires a specific initial binding configuration of S-ADFA in the l-AspAT active site, as well as deprotonation of the ε-amino group of lysine 246 after the formation of the quinonoid and/or ketimine intermediate in the overall inactivation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Rosenstiel Basic Sciences Research Center MS029, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Rosenstiel Basic Sciences Research Center MS029, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Mengmeng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, and Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, and Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Rosenstiel Basic Sciences Research Center MS029, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
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91
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Felluga F, Ghelfi F, Pitacco G, Roncaglia F, Valentin E, Venneri CD. Esterase-mediated synthesis of optically active GABA analogues containing a stereogenic all-carbon quaternary carbon atom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Tedeschi D, Andreoli S, Reina D, Pomponi M, Mazza M, Romanelli R, Moroni N, De Filippis R, Di Giannantonio M, Pozzi G, Bria P, Janiri L. Pregabalin versus naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised, double-blind, comparison trial. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1367-74. [PMID: 19346279 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregabalin (PRE) acts as a presynaptic inhibitor of the release of excessive levels of excitatory neurotransmitters by selectively binding to the alpha(2)-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. In this randomised, double-blind comparison trial with naltrexone (NAL), we aimed to investigate the efficacy of PRE on alcohol drinking indices. Craving reduction and improvement of psychiatric symptoms were the secondary endpoints. Seventy-one alcohol-dependent subjects were detoxified and subsequently randomised into two groups, receiving 50 mg of NAL or 150-450 mg of PRE. Craving (VAS; OCDS), withdrawal (CIWA-Ar) and psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90-R) rating scales were applied. Alcohol drinking indices and craving scores were not significantly different between groups. Compared with NAL, PRE resulted in greater improvement of specific symptoms in the areas of anxiety, hostility and psychoticism, and survival function (duration of abstinence from alcohol). PRE also resulted in better outcome in patients reporting a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Results from this study globally place PRE within the same range of efficacy as that of NAL. The mechanism involved in the efficacy of PRE in relapse prevention could be less related to alcohol craving and more associated with the treatment of the comorbid psychiatric symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martinotti
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
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93
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Tramboo TA, Gurkhoo S. alpha(2)delta Modulators for Management of Compression Neuropathic Pain: A Review of Three Case Series. Indian J Palliat Care 2010; 15:132-6. [PMID: 20668592 PMCID: PMC2902114 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.58459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The alpha(2)delta modulators gabapentin and pregabalin are effective against neuropathic pain. Numerous brands of alpha(2)delta modulators are available in India, and are expected to have equivalent clinical effects. They are routinely used for management of neuropathic pain associated with radiculopathy. AIM To describe clinical outcomes in three series of cases of neuropathic pain treated with three available brands of alpha(2)delta modulators. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes in patients attending an interventional pain clinic PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and ninety-four consecutive patients with neuropathic pain secondary to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-documented compression radiculopathy received either LYRICA (LYR), a locally available generic brand of pregabalin (PGN), or a locally available generic brand of gabapentin (GBN), respectively. Drug treatment was continued till adequate pain relief was achieved. In each of the three groups, mean pain scores were analyzed at Days 0, 15, 60 and 90, and daytime sedation scores at Days 1, 15, 60 and 90. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pair-wise comparison using two-tailed unpaired t-test (if P value was significant). RESULTS Mean pain score was significantly lower in the LYR series as compared to the PGN and GBN series at Days 15, 60 and 90. As compared to the PGN and GBN series, a greater proportion of patients in the LYR series could discontinue drug therapy following adequate pain relief, by Day 90. Daytime sedation scores were significantly lower in the LYR series as compared to the PGN and GBN series at Days 1, 15 and 60, and as compared to the PGN series at Day 90. CONCLUSION These results indicate the effectiveness of alpha(2)delta modulators for management of neuropathic pain secondary to compression radiculopathy. The results also suggest a possible therapeutic superiority of LYRICA over locally available generic brands of pregabalin and gabapentin. These findings need to be further examined in randomized, controlled trials.
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95
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MacLeod BA, Wang JTC, Chung CCW, Ries CR, Schwarz SKW, Puil E. Analgesic Properties of the Novel Amino Acid, Isovaline. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:1206-14. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181d27da2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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96
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Karakurt A, Özalp M, Işık Ş, Stables JP, Dalkara S. Synthesis, anticonvulsant and antimicrobial activities of some new 2-acetylnaphthalene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2902-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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97
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Separation and characterization of modified pregabalins in terms of cyclodextrin complexation, using capillary electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:842-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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98
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Gerus II, Mironets RV, Shaitanova EN, Kukhar VP. Synthesis of new β-trifluoromethyl containing GABA and β-fluoromethyl containing N-benzylpyrrolidinones. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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99
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Abstract
Pregabalin is the pharmacologically active S-enantiomer of 3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid. It has a similar pharmacological profile to that of its developmental predecessor gabapentin, but had greater analgesic activity in rodent models of neuropathic pain. Pregabalin is thought to act by reducing the excessive release of several excitatory neurotransmitters by binding to the alpha(2)-delta protein subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. Oral pregabalin 150-600 mg/day, administered in two or three divided doses, was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving pain and improving pain-related sleep interference in four randomized, double-blind, multicentre studies of 4-13 weeks' duration in patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Pregabalin achieved a faster onset of pain relief than placebo. The median times to the onset of pain relief with fixed and flexible doses of pregabalin were 1.5 and 3.5 days compared with >4 weeks with placebo. Pregabalin was generally well tolerated when titrated over 1 week to fixed dosages (maximum 600 mg/day) in clinical trials in mostly elderly PHN patients. Adverse events were usually mild to moderate in severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McKeage
- Adis, a Wolters Kluwer Business, Auckland, New Zealand.
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100
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Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of bicyclic gababutins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:461-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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