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Abstract
Researchers in the post-genome era are confronted with the daunting task of assigning structure and function to tens of thousands of encoded proteins. To realize this goal, new technologies are emerging for the analysis of protein function on a global scale, such as activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), which aims to develop active site-directed chemical probes for enzyme analysis in whole proteomes. For the pursuit of such chemical proteomic technologies, it is helpful to derive inspiration from protein-reactive natural products. Natural products use a remarkably diverse set of mechanisms to covalently modify enzymes from distinct mechanistic classes, thus providing a wellspring of chemical concepts that can be exploited for the design of active-site-directed proteomic probes. Herein, we highlight several examples of protein-reactive natural products and illustrate how their mechanisms of action have influenced and continue to shape the progression of chemical proteomic technologies like ABPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Drahl
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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52
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Felluga F, Gombac V, Pitacco G, Valentin E, Zangrando E, Morganti S, Rizzato E, Spinelli D, Petrillo G. Condensed 2-pyrrolidinone-1,2-oxazines from lithium enolate of 1-benzyl-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid and β-aryl, β-nitroenamines. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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53
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Das Sarma K, Zhang J, Huang Y, Davidson JG. Amino Acid Esters and Amides for Reductive Amination of Mucochloric Acid: Synthesis of Novel γ-Lactams, Short Peptides and Antiseizure Agent Levetiracetam (Keppra®). European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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54
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Caubert V, Langlois N. Studies toward the synthesis of salinosporamide A, a potent proteasome inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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55
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Kang SH, Kang SY, Lee HS, Buglass AJ. Total synthesis of natural tert-alkylamino hydroxy carboxylic acids. Chem Rev 2006; 105:4537-58. [PMID: 16351053 DOI: 10.1021/cr040608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kang
- Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon
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56
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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57
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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58
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Ohfune Y, Shinada T. Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Construction of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Ohfune
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi‐ku, Osaka 558‐8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi‐ku, Osaka 558‐8585, Japan
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59
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60
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Donohoe TJ, Sintim HO, Sisangia L, Ace KW, Guyo PM, Cowley A, Harling JD. Utility of the Ammonia-Free Birch Reduction of Electron-Deficient Pyrroles: Total Synthesis of the 20S Proteasome Inhibitor,clasto-Lactacystin β-Lactone. Chemistry 2005; 11:4227-38. [PMID: 15864801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of the 20S proteasome inhibitor clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone is described. Our route to this important natural product involves the partial reduction of an electron deficient pyrrole as a key step. By judicious choice of enolate counterion, we were able to exert complete control over the stereoselectivity of the reduction/aldol reaction. Early attempts to complete the synthesis by using a C-4 methyl substituted pyrrole are described in full, together with our attempts to promote regioselective elimination of a tertiary alcohol. The lessons learnt from this first approach led us to develop another, and ultimately successful, route that introduced the C-4 methyl group at a late stage in the synthesis. Our successful route is then described and this contains several highly stereoselective steps including a cis-dihydroxylation and an enolate methylation. The final synthesis proceeds in just 13 steps and in 15 % overall yield making it an extremely efficient route to this valuable compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, UK
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61
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Marino JP, Zou N. Chemoselective Syntheses of γ-Butyrolactams Using Vinyl Sulfilimines and Dichloroketene. Org Lett 2005; 7:1915-7. [PMID: 15876018 DOI: 10.1021/ol050245m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions between vinyl sulfilimines and dichloroketene generated in situ from trichloroacetyl chloride in the presence of zinc-copper couple give mixtures of alpha-dichloro-gamma-butyrolactams and alpha-dichloro-gamma-butyrolactone imines. Fine-tuning of substituents within vinyl sulfilimines results in reactions with good chemoselectivity and yield for lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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62
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Abstract
A synthetic route to the neurotrophic agent (+)-lactacystin has been developed utilizing a base-promoted intramolecular alkylidenecarbene C-H insertion as the key transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Wardrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
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63
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Romo D, Wang Y, L. Tennyson R. β-Lactones: Intermediates for Natural Product Total Synthesis and New Transformations. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-04-sr(p)3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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64
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The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part VIII, 1999–2001. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(04)87001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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65
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Bulman Page PC, Hamzah AS, Leach DC, Allin SM, Andrews DM, Rassias GA. Short and versatile route to a key intermediate for lactacystin synthesis. Org Lett 2003; 5:353-5. [PMID: 12556190 DOI: 10.1021/ol027387q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A key intermediate 14 for the synthesis of lactacystin 1 has been constructed in four steps and 33% overall yield. The key steps involve cyclization of a suitably functionalized glutamic acid derivative and concomitant alkylation of the resulting beta,beta-diketoester system, C-acylation of the cyclic alpha-amidoketone 9, and decarboxylbenzylation of 12. Alkylation of a related beta,beta-diketoester 5 was additionally achieved with several electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Bulman Page
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England.
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66
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67
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Green MP, Prodger JC, Hayes CJ. An enantioselective formal synthesis of the proteasome inhibitor (+)-lactacystin. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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68
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Škof M, Pirc S, Rečnik S, Svete J, Stanovnik B, Golič L, Selič L. Isolation of methyl (RS)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-cyanomethyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5H-pyrrole-5-carboxylate, the key-intermediate in base-catalyzed formation of racemic products by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to methyl (S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-[(E)-cyanomethylidene]-2-pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylate. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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69
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Green MP, Prodger JC, Hayes CJ. Studies on the oxidation of 2,2,4-trisubstituted 3-pyrrolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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Cook GR, Shanker PS. Stereoselective synthesis of MeBmt and methyl (4R,5S)-5-isopropyl-2- phenyloxazoline-4-carboxylate by a Pd-catalyzed equilibration. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6818-22. [PMID: 11578243 DOI: 10.1021/jo015760m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5516, USA.
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