Koordinationschemische Synthesemethoden zum Aufbau supramolekularer Verbindungen

Stereocontrol in dinuclear triple lithium-bridged titanium(IV) complexes: solving some stereochemical mysteries

Compounds 1 a-f-H2 form "monomeric" triscatecholate titanium(IV) complexes [Ti(1 a-f)3](2-), which in the presence of Li cations are in equilibrium with the triple lithium-bridged "dimers" [Li3(Ti(1 a-f)3)2](-). The equilibrium strongly depends on the donor ability of the solvent. Usually, in solvents with high donor ability, the stereochemically labile monomer is preferred, whereas in nondonor solvents, the dimer is the major species. In the latter, the stereochemistry at the complex units is "locked". The configuration at the titanium(IV) triscatecholates is influenced by addition of chiral ammonium countercations. In this case, the induced stereochemical information at the monomer is transferred to the dimer. Alternatively, the configuration at the metal complexes can be controlled by enantiomerically pure ester side chains. Due to the different orientation of the ester groups in the monomer or dimer, opposite configurations of the triscatecholates were observed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for [Ti(1 c-e)3](2-) or [Li3(Ti(1 c-e)3)2](-). A surprising exception was found for the dimer [Li3(Ti(1 f)3)2](-). Herein, the dimer is the dominating species in weak donor (methanol), as well as strong donor (DMSO), solvents. This is due to the bulkiness of the ester substituent destabilizing the monomer. Due to the size of the substituent in [Li3(Ti(1 f)3)2](-) the esters have to adopt an unusual conformation in the dimer resulting in a stereocontrol of the small methyl group. Following this, opposite stereocontrol mechanisms were observed for the central metal-complex units of [Li3(Ti(1 c-e)3)2](-) or [Li3(Ti(1 f)3)2](-).

Supramolecular architectures with pyridine-amide based ligands: discrete molecular assemblies and their applications

This perspective offers an overview on the recent progress achieved in the design of discrete molecular assemblies utilizing assorted pyridine-amide based ligands.

Three-dimensional architectures incorporating stereoregular donor-acceptor stacks

We report the synthesis of two [2]catenane-containing struts that are composed of a tetracationic cyclophane (TC(4+)) encircling a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP)-based crown ether, which bears two terphenylene arms. The TC(4+) rings comprise either 1) two bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) units or 2) a BIPY(2+) and a diazapyrenium (DAP(2+)) unit. These degenerate and nondegenerate catenanes were reacted in the presence of Cu(NO3)2⋅2.5 H2O to yield Cu-paddlewheel-based MOF-1050 and MOF-1051. The solid-state structures of these MOFs reveal that the metal clusters serve to join the heptaphenylene struts into grid-like 2D networks. These 2D sheets are then held together by infinite donor-acceptor stacks involving the [2]catenanes to produce interpenetrated 3D architectures. As a consequence of the planar chirality associated with both the DNP and hydroquinone (HQ) units present in the crown ether, each catenane can exist as four stereoisomers. In the case of the nondegenerate (bistable) catenane, the situation is further complicated by the presence of translational isomers. Upon crystallization, however, only two of the four possible stereoisomers--namely, the enantiomeric RR and SS forms--are observed in the crystals. An additional element of co-conformational selectivity is present in MOF-1051 as a consequence of the substitution of one of the BIPY(2+) units by a DAP(2+) unit: only the translational isomer in which the DAP(2+) unit is encircled by the crown ether is observed. The overall topologies of MOF-1050 and MOF-1051, and the selective formation of stereoisomers and translational isomers during the kinetically driven crystallization, provide evidence that weak noncovalent bonding interactions play a significant role in the assembly of these extended (super)structures.

A self-assembled luminescent host that selectively senses ATP in water

Metal-ion-directed self-assembly has been used to construct kinetically inert, water-soluble heterometallic Ru2Re2 hosts that are potential sensors for bioanions. A previously reported metallomacrocycle and a new derivative synthesised by this approach are found to be general sensors for bioanions in water, showing an "off-on" luminescent change that is selective for nucleotides over uncharged nucleobases. Through a change in the ancillary ligands coordinated to the ruthenium centres of the host, an "off-on" sensor has been produced. Whilst this host only shows a modest enhancement in binding affinities for nucleotides relative to the other two host systems, its sensing response is much more specific. Although a distinctive "off-on" luminescence response is observed for the addition of adenosine triphosphosphate (ATP), related structures such as adenine and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) do not induce any emission change in the host. Detailed and demanding DFT studies on the ATP- and GTP-bound host-guest complexes reveal subtle differences in their geometries that modulate the stacking interactions between the nucleotide guests and the ancillary ligands of the host. It is suggested that this change in stacking geometries affects solvent accessibility to the binding pocket of the host and thus leads to observed difference in the host luminescence response to the guests.

Equipping metallo-supramolecular macrocycles with functional groups: assemblies of pyridine-substituted urea ligands

A series of di-(m-pyridyl)-urea ligands were prepared and characterized with respect to their conformations by NOESY experiments and crystallography. Methyl substitution in different positions of the pyridine rings provides control over the position of the pyridine N atoms relative to the urea carbonyl group. The ligands were used to self-assemble metallo-supramolecular M(2)L(2) and M(3)L(3) macrocycles which are generated in a finely balanced equilibrium in DMSO and DMF according to DOSY NMR experiments and ESI FTICR mass spectrometry. Again, crystallography was used to characterize the assemblies. Methyl substitution in positions next to the pyridine nitrogen prevents coordination, while the other ligands form small metallo-supramolecular macrocycles. The incorporated urea carbonyl groups provide hydrogen bonding sites which converge towards the center of the assemblies.

The impact of ion pair association upon the 1H NMR spectra of cationic complexes akin to Grubbs catalysts

A reconsideration of the (1)H NMR spectra of cationic transition metal complexes exhibiting the features of cyclophanes on the basis of Mislow's classification of topic groups arrives at the conclusion that the spectral changes triggered by chiral counterions reflect an intracationic diastereotopication of enantiotopic protons rather than the existence of pairs of long-lived diastereomeric ion pairs.