1
|
Goncalves RB, Collados CC, Malliakas CD, Wang Z, Thommes M, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. Chemically Reversible CO 2 Uptake by Dendrimer-Impregnated Metal-Organic Frameworks. Langmuir 2024; 40:9299-9309. [PMID: 38647019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Industrialization over the past two centuries has resulted in a continuous rise in global CO2 emissions. These emissions are changing ecosystems and livelihoods. Therefore, methods are needed to capture these emissions from point sources and possibly from our atmosphere. Though the amount of CO2 is rising, it is challenging to capture directly from air because its concentration in air is extremely low, 0.04%. In this study, amines installed inside metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are investigated for the adsorption of CO2, including at low concentrations. The amines used are polyamidoamine dendrimers that contain many primary amines. Chemically reversible adsorption of CO2 via carbamate formation was observed, as was enhanced uptake of carbon dioxide, likely via dendrimer-amide-based physisorption. Limiting factors in this initial study are comparatively low dendrimer loadings and slow kinetics for carbon dioxide uptake and release, even at 80 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Carlos Cuadrado Collados
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Bioengineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Bioengineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Z, Gulam Rabbani SM, Liu Q, Bi W, Duan J, Lu Z, Schweitzer NM, Getman RB, Hupp JT, Chapman KW. Atomically Precise Single-Site Catalysts via Exsolution in a Polyoxometalate-Metal-Organic-Framework Architecture. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7950-7955. [PMID: 38483267 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-site catalysts (SSCs) achieve a high catalytic performance through atomically dispersed active sites. A challenge facing the development of SSCs is aggregation of active catalytic species. Reducing the loading of these sites to very low levels is a common strategy to mitigate aggregation and sintering; however, this limits the tools that can be used to characterize the SSCs. Here we report a sintering-resistant SSC with high loading that is achieved by incorporating Anderson-Evans polyoxometalate clusters (POMs, MMo6O24, M = Rh/Pt) within NU-1000, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF). The dual confinement provided by isolating the active site within the POM, then isolating the POMs within the MOF, facilitates the formation of isolated noble metal sites with low coordination numbers via exsolution from the POM during activation. The high loading (up to 3.2 wt %) that can be achieved without sintering allowed the local structure transformation in the POM cluster and the surrounding MOF to be evaluated using in situ X-ray scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Notably, the Rh/Pt···Mo distance in the active catalyst is shorter than the M···M bond lengths in the respective bulk metals. Models of the active cluster structure were identified based on the PDF data with complementary computation and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - S M Gulam Rabbani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentuan Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil M Schweitzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel B Getman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harvey SM, Olshansky JH, Li A, Panuganti S, Kanatzidis MG, Hupp JT, Wasielewski MR, Schaller RD. Ligand Desorption and Fragmentation in Oleate-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals under High-Intensity Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3732-3741. [PMID: 38301030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) offer prospective use as active optical elements in photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photocatalysts due to their tunable optical absorption and emission properties, high stability, and scalable solution processing, as well as compatibility with additive manufacturing routes. Over the course of experiments, during device fabrication, or while in use commercially, these materials are often subjected to intense or prolonged electronic excitation and high carrier densities. The influence of such conditions on ligand integrity and binding remains underexplored. Here, we expose CdSe NCs to laser excitation and monitor changes in oleate that is covalently attached to the NC surface using nuclear magnetic resonance as a function of time and laser intensity. Higher photon doses cause increased rates of ligand loss from the particles, with upward of 50% total ligand desorption measured for the longest, most intense excitation. Surprisingly, for a range of excitation intensities, fragmentation of the oleate is detected and occurs concomitantly with formation of aldehydes, terminal alkenes, H2, and water. After illumination, NC size, shape, and bandgap remain constant although low-energy absorption features (Urbach tails) develop in some samples, indicating formation of substantial trap states. The observed reaction chemistry, which here occurs with low photon to chemical conversion efficiency, suggests that ligand reactivity may require examination for improved NC dispersion stability but can also be manipulated to yield desired photocatalytically accessed chemical species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alice Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shobhana Panuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Prelesnik JL, Patel R, Kramar BV, Wang R, Malliakas CD, Chen LX, Siepmann JI, Hupp JT. A Nanocavitation Approach to Understanding Water Capture, Water Release, and Framework Physical Stability in Hierarchically Porous MOFs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27975-27983. [PMID: 38085867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemically stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring interconnected hierarchical pores have proven to be promising for a remarkable variety of applications. Nevertheless, the framework's susceptibility to capillary-force-induced pore collapse, especially during water evacuation, has often limited practical applications. Methodologies capable of predicting the relative magnitudes of these forces as functions of the pore size, chemical composition of the pore walls, and fluid loading would be valuable for resolution of the pore collapse problem. Here, we report that a molecular simulation approach centered on evacuation-induced nanocavitation within fluids occupying MOF pores can yield the desired physical-force information. The computations can spatially pinpoint evacuation elements responsible for collapse and the chemical basis for mitigation of the collapse of modified pores. Experimental isotherms and difference-electron density measurements of the MOF NU-1000 and four chemical variants validate the computational approach and corroborate predictions regarding relative stability, anomalous sequence of pore-filling, and chemical basis for mitigation of destructive forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Jesse L Prelesnik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Roshan Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 412 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Boris V Kramar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - J Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 412 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang R, Bukowski BC, Duan J, Zhang K, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. Geometry and Chemistry: Influence of Pore Functionalization on Molecular Transport and Diffusion in Solvent-Filled Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37883531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Postsynthetic modification (PSM) of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enables incorporation of diverse functionalities in pores for chemical separations, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis. However, the effect of PSM on molecular transport, which is essential for most applications of MOFs, has been rarely studied. In this paper, we used perfluoroalkane-functionalized Zr-MOF NU-1008 as a platform to systematically interrogate transport processes and mechanisms in solvated pores. We anchored perfluoroalkanes onto NU-1008 nodes by solvent-assisted ligand incorporation (SALI-n, with n = 3, 5, 7, and 9 denoting the number of fluorinated carbons). Transport of a luminescent molecule, BODIPY, through individual crystallites of four versions of methanol-filled SALI-n was monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy as a function of time and location. In comparison with the parent NU-1008, the diffusivity of the probe molecules within SALI-n declined by 2- to 7-fold depending on chain length and loading, presumably due to the reduction in pore diameter or adsorptive interactions with perfluoroalkyl chains. Atomistic simulations were performed to uncover the microscopic behavior of the BODIPY diffusion in SALI-n. The perfluoroalkyl chains are observed to stay close to the pore walls, instead of extending toward the pore center. BODIPY molecules, which preferably interact with linkers, were pushed to the interior of the channels as the chain length increased, resulting in solvated diffusion and minor differences in the short-time mobility of BODIPY in SALI-n. This suggested that the observed decline of transport diffusivity in SALI-n mainly stemmed from the reduction in the pore size when these flexible chains are present. We anticipate that this proof of concept will assist in understanding how pore functionalization can physically and chemically affect mass transport in MOFs and will be useful in further guiding the design of PSM to realize the optimal performance of MOFs for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Y, Kanchanakungwankul S, Bhaumik S, Ma Q, Ahn S, Truhlar DG, Hupp JT. Bioinspired Cu(II) Defect Sites in ZIF-8 for Selective Methane Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22019-22030. [PMID: 37782301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Activating the C-H bonds of alkanes without further oxidation to more thermodynamically stable products, CO and CO2, is a long-sought goal of catalytic chemistry. Inspired by the monocopper active site of methane monooxygenase, we synthesized a Cu-doped ZIF-8 metal-organic framework with 25% Cu and 75% Zn in the nodes and activated it by heating to 200 °C and dosing in a stepwise fashion with O2, methane, and steam. We found that it does oxidize methane to methanol and formaldehyde. The catalysis persists through at least five cycles, and beyond the third cycle, the selectivity improves to the extent that no CO2 can be detected. Experimental characterization and analysis were carried out by PXRD, DRUV-vis, SEM, and XAS (XANES and EXAFS). The reaction is postulated to proceed at open-coordination copper sites generated by defects, and the mechanism of methanol production was explicated by density functional calculations with the revMO6-L exchange-correlation functional. The calculations reveal a catalytic cycle of oxygen-activated CuI involving the conversion of two molecules of CH4 to two molecules of CH3OH by a sequence of hydrogen atom transfer reactions and rebound steps. For most steps in the cycle, the reaction is more favored by singlet species than by triplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Suman Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- DND-CAT, Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sol Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang R, Shi K, Liu J, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. Water-Accelerated Transport: Vapor-Phase Nerve Agent Simulant Delivery within a Catalytic Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework as a Function of Relative Humidity. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37314841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are candidate materials for effective nerve agent detoxification due to their thermo- and water stability as well as high density of catalytic Zr sites. However, as high-porosity materials, most of the active sites of Zr-MOFs can only be accessed by diffusion into the crystal interior. Therefore, the transport of nerve agents in nanopores is an important factor in the catalytic performance of Zr-MOFs. Here, we investigated the transport process and mechanism of a vapor-phase nerve agent simulant, dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), through a representative Zr-MOF, NU-1008, under practical conditions of varying humidity. Confocal Raman microscopy was used to monitor the transport of DMMP vapor through individual NU-1008 crystallites, where the relative humidity (RH) of the environment was tuned to understand the impact of water. Counterintuitively, water in the MOF channels, instead of blocking DMMP transport, assists DMMP diffusion; indeed, the transport diffusivity (Dt) of DMMP in NU-1008 is one order of magnitude higher at 70% than 0% RH. To understand the mechanism, magic angle spinning NMR and molecular dynamics simulations were performed and suggested that high water content in the channels prevents DMMP from hydrogen-bonding with the nodes, allowing for faster diffusion of DMMP in the channels. The simulated self-diffusivity (Ds) of DMMP is observed to be concentration-dependent. At low loading of DMMP, Ds is higher at 70% RH than 0% RH, while at high loadings the trend reverses due to the DMMP aggregation in water and the reduction of free volume in channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaihang Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng X, Drummer MC, He H, Rayder TM, Niklas J, Weingartz NP, Bolotin IL, Singh V, Kramar BV, Chen LX, Hupp JT, Poluektov OG, Farha OK, Zapol P, Glusac KD. Photoreactive Carbon Dioxide Capture by a Zirconium-Nanographene Metal-Organic Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4334-4341. [PMID: 37133894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of photochemical CO2 reduction to formate by PCN-136, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF) that incorporates light-harvesting nanographene ligands, has been investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The catalysis was found to proceed via a "photoreactive capture" mechanism, where Zr-based nodes serve to capture CO2 in the form of Zr-bicarbonates, while the nanographene ligands have a dual role of absorbing light and storing one-electron equivalents for catalysis. We also find that the process occurs via a "two-for-one" route, where a single photon initiates a cascade of electron/hydrogen atom transfers from the sacrificial donor to the CO2-bound MOF. The mechanistic findings obtained here illustrate several advantages of MOF-based architectures in molecular photocatalyst engineering and provide insights on ways to achieve high formate selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Matthew C Drummer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Haiying He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Thomas M Rayder
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicholas P Weingartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Igor L Bolotin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Varun Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Boris V Kramar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter Zapol
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kung CW, Otake KI, Drout RJ, Goswami S, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Post-Synthetic Cyano-ferrate(II) Functionalization of a Metal-Organic Framework, NU-1000. Langmuir 2023; 39:4936-4942. [PMID: 36994868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Starting with ferrocyanide ions in acidic aqueous solution, cyano-ferrate(II) species are post-synthetically grafted to the nodes of a mesoporous zirconium-based MOF, NU-1000. As indicated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, grafting occurs by substitution of cyanide ligands by node-based hydroxo and oxo ligands rather than by substitution of node aqua ligands by cyanide ligands as bridges between Fe(II) and Zr(IV). The installed moieties yield a broad absorption band that is tentatively ascribed to iron-to-zirconium charge transfer. Consistent with Fe(III/II) redox activity, a modest fraction of the installed iron complexes are directly electrochemically addressable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
| | - Riki J Drout
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duan J, Shabbir H, Chen Z, Bi W, Liu Q, Sui J, Đorđević L, Stupp SI, Chapman KW, Martinson ABF, Li A, Schaller RD, Goswami S, Getman RB, Hupp JT. Synthetic Access to a Framework-Stabilized and Fully Sulfided Analogue of an Anderson Polyoxometalate that is Catalytically Competent for Reduction Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7268-7277. [PMID: 36947559 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) featuring 7, 12, 18, or more redox-accessible transition metal ions are ubiquitous as selective catalysts, especially for oxidation reactions. The corresponding synthetic and catalytic chemistry of stable, discrete, capping-ligand-free polythiometalates (PTMs), which could be especially attractive for reduction reactions, is much less well developed. Among the challenges are the propensity of PTMs to agglomerate and the tendency for agglomeration to block reactant access of catalyst active sites. Nevertheless, the pervasive presence of transition metal sulfur clusters metalloenzymes or cofactors that catalyze reduction reactions and the justifiable proliferation of studies of two-dimensional (2D) metal-chalcogenides as reduction catalysts point to the promise of well-defined and controllable PTMs as reduction catalysts. Here, we report the fabrication of agglomeration-immune, reactant-accessible, capping-ligand-free CoIIMo6IVS24n- clusters as periodic arrays in a water-stable, hierarchically porous Zr-metal-organic framework (MOF; NU1K) by first installing a disk-like Anderson polyoxometalate, CoIIIMo6VIO24m-, in size-matched micropores where the siting is established via difference electron density (DED) X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. Flowing H2S, while heating, reduces molybdenum(VI) ions to Mo(IV) and quantitatively replaces oxygen anions with sulfur anions (S2-, HS-, S22-). DED maps show that MOF-templated POM-to-PTM conversion leaves clusters individually isolated in open-channel-connected micropores. The structure of the immobilized cluster as determined, in part, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of total X-ray scattering agrees well with the theoretically simulated structure. PTM@MOF displays both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic competency for hydrogen evolution. Nevertheless, the initially installed PTM appears to be a precatalyst, gaining competency only after the loss of ∼3 to 6 sulfurs and exposure to hydride-forming metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hafeera Shabbir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Wentuan Bi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jingyi Sui
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Alex B F Martinson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alice Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel B Getman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Z, Duan J, Tan H, Du L, Zhao X, Wang R, Kato S, Yang S, Hupp JT. Isomer of NU-1000 with a Blocking c-pore Exhibits High Water-Vapor Uptake Capacity and Greatly Enhanced Cycle Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4150-4157. [PMID: 36763822 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemically and hydrolytically stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great potential for many water-adsorption-related applications. However, MOFs with large pores that show high water-uptake capacity and high hydrolytic and mechanical cycle stability are rare. Through a deliberate adjustment of the linker of a typical zirconium-based MOF (Zr-MOF) (NU-1000), a new isomer of NU-1000 with blocked c-pores, but large mesopores was successfully synthesized. This new isomer, ISO-NU-1000, exhibits excellent water stability, one of the highest water vapor uptake capacities, and excellent cycle stability, making it a promising candidate for water-vapor-sorption-based applications such as water-adsorption-driven heat transfer. We find that the high water-cycling stability of ISO-NU-1000 is traceable to its blocking c-pore that hinders the hydrolysis of node-coordinating formate in the c-pore area and thereby prevents the introduction of node aqua and terminal hydroxo ligands. With the absence of these ligands and their ability to hydrogen-bond to channel-located water molecules, the strength of guest (water)/host (MOF) interactions is diminished and the absolute magnitude of the capillary force exerted by water during its evacuation from MOF channels is attenuated. The attenuation leaves the MOF capable of resisting pore collapse, capacity loss, and crystallinity loss during repetitive evaporative removal (and re-introduction) of water from pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao Tan
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Liting Du
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shilong Yang
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Z, Stroscio GD, Liu J, Lu Z, Hupp JT, Gagliardi L, Chapman KW. Node Distortion as a Tunable Mechanism for Negative Thermal Expansion in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:268-276. [PMID: 36538759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemically functionalized series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with subtle differences in local structure but divergent properties, provide a valuable opportunity to explore how local chemistry can be coupled to long-range structure and functionality. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray total scattering, with powder diffraction and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, we investigate the temperature dependence of the local- and long-range structure of MOFs based on NU-1000, in which Zr6O8 nodes are coordinated by different capping ligands (H2O/OH, Cl- ions, formate, acetylacetonate, and hexafluoroacetylacetonate). We show that the local distortion of the Zr6 nodes depends on the lability of the ligand and contributes to a negative thermal expansion (NTE) of the extended framework. Using multivariate data analyses, involving non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), we demonstrate a new mechanism for NTE: progressive increase in the population of a smaller, distorted node state with increasing temperature leads to global contraction of the framework. The transformation between discrete node states is noncooperative and not ordered within the lattice, i.e., a solid solution of regular and distorted nodes. Density functional theory calculations show that removal of ligands from the node can lead to distortions consistent with the Zr···Zr distances observed in the experiment PDF data. Control of the node distortion imparted by the nonlinker ligand in turn controls the NTE behavior. These results reveal a mechanism to control the dynamic structure of MOFs based on local chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Gautam D Stroscio
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sheridan TR, Gaidimas MA, Kramar BV, Goswami S, Chen LX, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Noncovalent Surface Modification of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Unscrambling Adsorption Properties via Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Langmuir 2022; 38:11199-11209. [PMID: 36067497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of noncovalent interactions in the utilization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), using these interactions to functionalize MOFs has rarely been explored. The ease of functionalization and potential for surface-selective functionalization makes modification via noncovalent interactions promising for the creation of porous photocatalytic assemblies. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, photoluminescence measurements, and desorption experiments, we have explored the nature and magnitude of the interactions of [Ru(bpy)2(bpy-R)]2+-functionalized dyes with the surface of MIL-96, where R = C3, C8, C12, and C18 alkyl chains of either straight-chain or cyclic conformations. The orientation of the dyes appears to be flat against the surface with respect to the long alkyl chains, and the surface concentration approaches a monolayer at high initial concentrations of dye. Strangely, the dodecyl-functionalized dye, despite having a smaller interaction energy and larger footprint than either octyl-functionalized dye, achieves the highest maximum surface concentration. Based on photoluminescence spectra, desorption experiments, and ITC data, we believe this is due to the core of the dye being lifted from the surface as the chain length increases. Our understanding of these interactions is important for further utilization of this method for the functionalization of the internal and external surface areas of MOFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Madeleine A Gaidimas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Boris V Kramar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Atilgan A, Beldjoudi Y, Yu J, Kirlikovali KO, Weber JA, Liu J, Jung D, Deria P, Islamoglu T, Stoddart JF, Farha OK, Hupp JT. BODIPY-Based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for the Photocatalytic Detoxification of a Chemical Threat. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12596-12605. [PMID: 35234435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective heterogeneous photocatalysts capable of detoxifying chemical threats in practical settings must exhibit outstanding device integrity. We report a copolymerization that yields robust, porous, processible, chromophoric BODIPY (BDP; boron-dipyrromethene)-containing polymers of intrinsic microporosity (BDP-PIMs). Installation of a pentafluorophenyl at the meso position of a BDP produced reactive monomer that when combined with 5,5,6,6-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1,1-spirobisindane (TTSBI) and tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFTPN) yields PIM-1. Postsynthetic modification of these polymers yields Br-BDP-PIM-1a and -1b─polymers containing bromine at the 2,6-positions. Remarkably, the brominated polymers display porosity and processability features similar to those of H-BDP-PIMs. Gas adsorption reveals molecular-scale porosity and Brunette-Emmet-Teller surface areas as high as 680 m2 g-1. Electronic absorption spectra reveal charge-transfer (CT) bands centered at 660 nm, while bands arising from local excitations, LE, of BDP and TFTPN units are at 530 and 430 nm, respectively. Fluorescence spectra of the polymers reveal a Förster resonance energy-transfer (FRET) pathway to BDP units when TFTPN units are excited at 430 nm; weak phosphorescence at room temperature indicates a singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing. The low-lying triplet state is well positioned energetically to sensitize the conversion of ground-state (triplet) molecular oxygen to electronically excited singlet oxygen. Photosensitization capabilities of these polymers toward singlet-oxygen-driven detoxification of a sulfur-mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) have been examined. While excitation of CT and LEBDP bands yields weak catalytic activity (t1/2 > 15 min), excitation to higher energy states of TFTPN induces significant increases in photoactivity (t1/2 ≅ 5 min). The increase is attributable to (i) enhanced light collection, (ii) FRET between TFTPN and BDP, (iii) the presence of heavy atoms (bromine) having large spin-orbit coupling energies that can facilitate intersystem crossing from donor-acceptor CT-, FRET-, or LE-generated BDP singlet states to BDP-related triplet states, and (iv) polymer triplet excited-state sensitization of the formation of CEES-reactive, singlet oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jacob A Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Dahee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duan J, Goswami S, Hupp JT. Redox-Hopping-Based Charge Transport Mediated by Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Species Immobilized in a Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework. Front Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.828266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic charge transport through crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be accomplished by site-to-site electron (or hole) hopping, provided that redox-active sites, such as easily reducible or oxidizable MOF linkers, are present. If the framework itself is redox-inert, solvent-assisted ligand incorporation of redox-active moieties can serve to enable hopping-based charge transport. Here we have studied the redox hopping process within Ru-bpy@NU-1008, where Ru-bpy is a carboxylate-functionalized derivative, i.e., a node-ligating derivative, of the well-known chromophore Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)32+, and NU-1008 is a redox-inert MOF featuring hierarchical porosity and csq topology. Chronoamperometry experiments with electrode-supported thin films of Ru-bpy@NU-1008 show that charge transport is feasible through portions of the MOF, with other portions being inaccessible. Possible confounding features are the undersized c-pores that cross-connect 1D mesoporous channels, as ingress and egress of charge-compensating anions is believed to accompany the net oxidation of Ru(II) to Ru(III) and the reduction of Ru(III) to Ru(II). Phenomenologically, transport through the electroactive portion of the films is diffusion-like, with the magnitude of the apparent diffusion coefficient being 6 × 10−12 cm2/s.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen X, Xie H, Lorenzo ER, Zeman CJ, Qi Y, Syed ZH, Stone AEBS, Wang Y, Goswami S, Li P, Islamoglu T, Weiss EA, Hupp JT, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR, Farha OK. Direct Observation of Modulated Radical Spin States in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Controlled Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2685-2693. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emmaline R. Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles J. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E. B. S. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang K, Goswami S, Noh H, Lu Z, Sheridan T, Duan J, Dong W, Hupp JT. An Iron-Porphyrin Grafted Metal–Organic Framework as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Photochemical Reduction of CO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
18
|
Wang Q, Pengmei Z, Pandharkar R, Gagliardi L, Hupp JT, Notestein JM. Investigating the Effect of Metal Nuclearity on Activity for Ethylene Hydrogenation by Metal-Organic-Framework-Supported oxy-Ni(II) Catalysts. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
19
|
Goswami S, Ma K, Duan J, Kirlikovali KO, Bai J, Hupp JT, Li P, Farha OK. Understanding Diffusional Charge Transport within a Pyrene-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework. Langmuir 2022; 38:1533-1539. [PMID: 35049315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically active hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) offer opportunities to study charge transport in supramolecular systems where the rate of movement of charges is dependent on weak electronic coupling between individual components. Here, we used potential-step chronoamperometric measurements on electrochemically active, drop-cast HOF-102 films to estimate both redox-hopping-based apparent diffusion coefficients for charge transport and rate constants for linker-to-linker charge transfer (hole transfer) in the mesoporous two-dimensional (2D) plane created by interlinker hydrogen bonding. Also present are one-dimensional columns formed by stacking pyrene units. However, because the HOF-102 crystallites containing these columns are oriented parallel to an underlying electrode, dynamics of charge transport (hole-transport) along the column axis, in contrast to the plane, are not directly probed by the electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, we employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to measure the electrical conductivity of the as-deposited films biased at various potentials. We found that both the neutral/singly oxidized and the singly oxidized/doubly oxidized pyrene linker redox couples of HOF-102 can engender hopping-based film conductivity within the 2D plane of HOF-102. Consistent with the radical cation and radical dication nature of the singly and doubly oxidized linkers, respectively, HOF-102 films are electrochromic. The measured values of in-plane charge-diffusion coefficients (∼10-10 to 10-11 cm2 s-1) and electrical conductivity (∼10-6 to 10-8 S cm-1) compare favorably with those for related redox-conductive MOFs and suggest that the transport and conductivity parameters for HOF-102 are sufficiently large to support electrocatalysis by subsequently installed catalysts in films─specifically, films of micron or greater thickness, corresponding to the equivalent hundreds of monolayers of closely packed (i.e., face-to-face-packed) pyrene-derivatives, but with solution access (solvent, ion, and reactant access) still readily provided by channels oriented parallel to an underlying planar electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaikai Ma
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaquan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu J, Goetjen TA, Wang Q, Knapp JG, Wasson MC, Yang Y, Syed ZH, Delferro M, Notestein JM, Farha OK, Hupp JT. MOF-enabled confinement and related effects for chemical catalyst presentation and utilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1045-1097. [PMID: 35005751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of nearly all catalytically functional MOFs is uniform, molecular-scale porosity. MOF pores, linkers and nodes that define them, help regulate reactant and product transport, catalyst siting, catalyst accessibility, catalyst stability, catalyst activity, co-catalyst proximity, composition of the chemical environment at and beyond the catalytic active site, chemical intermediate and transition-state conformations, thermodynamic affinity of molecular guests for MOF interior sites, framework charge and density of charge-compensating ions, pore hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, pore and channel rigidity vs. flexibility, and other features and properties. Collectively and individually, these properties help define overall catalyst functional behaviour. This review focuses on how porous, catalyst-containing MOFs capitalize on molecular-scale confinement, containment, isolation, environment modulation, energy delivery, and mobility to accomplish desired chemical transformations with potentially superior selectivity or other efficacy, especially in comparison to catalysts in homogeneous solution environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Julia G Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Justin M Notestein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leong CF, Chan B, Liu T, Moore HS, Hod I, Solomon MB, Usov PM, Hupp JT, Farha O, D’Alessandro DM. Charge transfer in mixed and segregated stacks of tetrathiafulvalene, tetrathianaphthalene and naphthalene diimide: a structural, spectroscopic and computational study. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00643j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel charge transfer complexes consisting of TTF or TTN, and DPNI. A spectroscopic and computational approach is taken to elucidate charge transfer in these complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanel F. Leong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tianfu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Harrison S. Moore
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Idan Hod
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Marcello B. Solomon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Pavel M. Usov
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Omar Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goetjen TA, Knapp JG, Syed ZH, Hackler RA, Zhang X, Delferro M, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Ethylene polymerization with a crystallographically well-defined metal–organic framework supported catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Crystallographic characterization of a heterogeneous ethylene polymerization catalyst elucidates a chromium–carbon bond after alkyl aluminum activation and provides mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Julia G. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Ryan A. Hackler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Platero-Prats AE, Mavrandonakis A, Liu J, Chen Z, Chen Z, Li Z, Yakovenko AA, Gallington LC, Hupp JT, Farha OK, Cramer CJ, Chapman KW. The Molecular Path Approaching the Active Site in Catalytic Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20090-20094. [PMID: 34826220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How molecules approach, bind at, and release from catalytic sites is key to heterogeneous catalysis, including for emerging metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts. We use in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering analysis to evaluate the dominant binding sites for reagent and product molecules in the vicinity of catalytic Ni-oxo clusters in NU-1000 with different surface functionalization under conditions approaching those used in catalysis. The locations of the reagent and product molecules within the pores can be linked to the activity for ethylene hydrogenation. For the most active catalyst, ethylene reagent molecules bind close to the catalytic clusters, but only at temperatures approaching experimentally observed onset of catalysis. The ethane product molecules favor a different binding location suggesting that the product is readily released from the active site. An unusual guest-dependence of the framework negative thermal expansion is documented. We hypothesize that reagent and product binding sites reflect the pathway through the MOF to the active site and can be used to identify key factors that impact the catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Platero-Prats
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrey A Yakovenko
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Leighanne C Gallington
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu Z, Du L, Guo R, Zhang G, Duan J, Zhang J, Han L, Bai J, Hupp JT. Double-Walled Zn 36@Zn 104 Multicomponent Senary Metal-Organic Polyhedral Framework and Its Isoreticular Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17942-17946. [PMID: 34665599 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedral frameworks are attractive in gas storage and separation due to large voids with windows that can serve as traps for guest molecules. Introducing multivariant/multicomponent functionalities in them are ways of improving performances for certain targets. The high compatibility of organic linkers can generate multivariant MOFs, but by far, the diversity of secondary building units (SBUs) in a single metal-organic framework is still limited (no more than two in most cases). Here we report a new double-walled Zn36@Zn104 metal-organic polyhedral framework (HHU-8) with five types of topologically distinct SBUs and its isoreticular evolution to the Zn36@Zn136 counterpart (HHU-8s). Both MOFs are the first to be constructed with such high numbers of topologically distinct SBUs as well as topologically distinct nodes, and their formation and evolution provide new insight into SBU's controllability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lu
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liting Du
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruyong Guo
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guangbao Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Junfeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Audu CO, Chen D, Kung CW, Snurr RQ, Nguyen ST, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Transport Diffusion of Linear Alkanes (C 5-C 16) through Thin Films of ZIF-8 as Assessed by Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry. Langmuir 2021; 37:9405-9414. [PMID: 34338528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report uptake capacities and transport diffusivities, D, for each of eight linear alkanes (ranging from C5 to C16) in quartz crystal-supported films of solvent-evacuated ZIF-8. Analyses of the alkane uptake profiles revealed that the transport dynamics are governed by guest diffusion through metal-organic framework (MOF) (ZIF-8) crystallites rather than by rates of entry into films at the MOF/vapor interface. The obtained diffusivities range from just over 10-18 m2/s to just under 10-14 m2/s. Notably, minimum cross-sectional widths for all guests exceed the crystallographically measured width of ZIF-8's largest apertures and imply consistently with previous experimental and computational studies that apertures expand to accommodate guest uptake. On average, each additional carbon decreases the transport diffusivity of an alkane by twofold. Closer examination, however, reveals an odd-even effect such that linear alkanes having even numbers of carbons diffuse more rapidly than alkanes featuring one more or one less carbon atom. Thus, ZIF-8's differentiation of transport diffusivities for pairs of alkanes differing in length by only one carbon atom can be significantly greater than the aforementioned factor of 2. Elucidation of the microscopic basis for the odd-even behavior, however, awaits the outcome of molecular dynamics calculations that are beyond the scope of the present study. For compact, solvothermally prepared films, guest transport is dominated by 1D diffusion from the film/vapor interface and toward the underlying quartz crystal. For much lower density, electrophoretically deposited (EPD) films, crystallites behave nearly independently, and guest transport can be adequately modeled by assuming rapid permeation of macroscopic voids between crystallites, followed by entry and rate-limiting radial diffusion into isolated crystallites. One consequence is that EPD films can be much more rapidly infiltrated by molecular guests than can compact, solvothermally grown films. The combined results have potentially favorable implications for the development of kinetic separation schemes for closely related analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius O Audu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - David Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Y, Noh H, Ma Q, Wang R, Chen Z, Schweitzer NM, Liu J, Chapman KW, Hupp JT. Engineering Dendrimer-Templated, Metal-Organic Framework-Confined Zero-Valent, Transition-Metal Catalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:36232-36239. [PMID: 34308623 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe and experimentally illustrate a strategy for synthesizing reactant-accessible, supported arrays of well-confined, sub-nanometer to 2 nm, metal(0) clusters and particles-here, copper, palladium, and platinum. The synthesis entails (a) solution-phase binding of metal ions by a generation-2 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, (b) electrostatic uptake of metalated, solution-dissolved, and positively charged dendrimers by the negatively charged pores of a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), NU-1000, and (c) chemical reduction of the incorporated metal ions. The pH of the unbuffered solution is known to control the overall charges of both the dendrimer guests and the hierarchically porous MOF. The combined results of electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and other measurements indicate the formation and microscopically uniform spatial distributions of zero-valent, monometallic Cu, Pd, and Pt species, with sizes depending strongly on the conditions and methods used for reduction of incorporated metal ions. Access to sub-nanometer clusters is ascribed to the stabilization effects imposed by the two templates (i.e., NU-1000 and dendrimer), which significantly limit the extent to which the metal atoms aggregate; as the thermal input increases, the dendrimer template gradually decomposes, allowing a further aggregation of metal clusters inside the hexagonal mesoporous channel of the MOF template, which ultimately self-limits at 3 nm (i.e., the mesopore width of NU-1000). Using CO oxidation and n-hexene hydrogenation as model reactions in the gas and condensed phases, we show that the dual-templated metal species can act as stable, efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- DND CAT, Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - Neil M Schweitzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fu X, Liu J, Kanchanakungwankul S, Hu X, Yue Q, Truhlar DG, Hupp JT, Kang Y. Two-Dimensional Pd Rafts Confined in Copper Nanosheets for Selective Semihydrogenation of Acetylene. Nano Lett 2021; 21:5620-5626. [PMID: 34170691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly selective and active catalysts to catalyze an industrially important semihydrogenation reaction remains an open challenge. Here, we report the design of a bimetallic Pd/Cu(111) catalyst with Pd rafts confined in a Cu nanosheet, which exhibits desirable catalytic performance for acetylene semihydrogenation to ethylene with the selectivity of >90%. Theory calculations show that Pd atoms replacing neighboring Cu atoms in Cu(111) can improve the catalytic activity by reducing the energy barrier of the semihydrogenation reaction, as compared to unsubstituted Cu(111), and can improve the selectivity by weakening the adsorption of C2H4, as compared to a Pd(111) surface. The presence of Pd rafts confined in Cu nanosheets effectively turns on Cu nanosheets for semihydrogenation of acetylene with high activity and selectivity under mild reaction conditions. This work offers a well-defined nanostructured Pd/Cu(111) model catalyst that bridges the pressure and materials' gap between surface-science catalysis and practical catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbiao Fu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qin Yue
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yijin Kang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu J, Chen Z, Wang R, Alayoglu S, Islamoglu T, Lee SJ, Sheridan TR, Chen H, Snurr RQ, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks Integrating Chloride Ions for Ammonia Capture and/or Chemical Separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22485-22494. [PMID: 33961384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia capture by porous materials is relevant to protection of humans from chemical threats, while ammonia separation may be relevant to its isolation and use following generation by emerging electrochemical schemes. Our previous work described both reversible and irreversible interactions of ammonia with the metal-organic framework (MOF) material, NU-1000, following thermal treatment at either 120 or 300 °C. In the present work, we have examined NU-1000-Cl, a variant that features a modified node structure-at ambient temperature, Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(H2O)812+ in place of Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(OH)4(H2O)48+. Carboxylate termini from each of eight linkers balance the 8+ charge of the parent node, while four chloride ions, attached only by hydrogen bonding, complete the charge balance for the 12+ version. We find that both reversible and irreversible uptake of ammonia are enhanced for NU-1000-Cl, relative to the chloride-free version. Two irreversible interactions were observed via in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy: coordination of NH3 at open Zr sites generated during thermal pretreatment and formation of NH4+ by proton transfer from node aqua ligands. The irreversibility of the latter appears to be facilitated by the presence chloride ions, as NH4+ formation occurs reversibly with chloride-free NU-1000. At room temperature, chemically reversible (and irreversible) interactions between ammonia and NU-1000-Cl result in separation of NH3 from N2 when gas mixtures are examined with breakthrough instrumentation, as evinced by a much longer breakthrough time (∼9 min) for NH3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Selim Alayoglu
- Reactor Engineering and Catalyst Testing Core, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas R Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu J, Lu Z, Chen Z, Rimoldi M, Howarth AJ, Chen H, Alayoglu S, Snurr RQ, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Ammonia Capture within Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks: Reversible and Irreversible Uptake. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:20081-20093. [PMID: 33886253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia uptake by high-capacity and high-porosity sorbents is a promising approach to its storage and release, capture and mitigation, and chemical separation. Here, we examined the ammonia sorption behavior of several versions of an archetypal zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) material, NU-1000-a meso- and microporous crystalline compound having the empirical formula (1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene)2 Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(H2O)4(OH)4 with linkers and nodes arranged to satisfy a csq topology. Depending on the thermal treatment protocol used prior to sorption measurements, ammonia can physisorb to NU-1000 via hydrogen-bonding and London-dispersion interactions and chemisorb via Brønsted acid-base reactions with node-integrated proton donors (μ3-hydroxos) and node-ligated proton donors (terminal hydroxos), via simple coordination at open Zr(IV) sites, or via dissociative coordination to Zr(IV) as NH2- and protonation of a node-based μ3-oxo. Ammonia adsorption occurs via both reversible and irreversible processes. The latter are of particular interest for protection and mitigation. Notably, the unexpected dissociative adsorption occurs only with nodes that have been fully dehydrated and irreversibly structurally distorted via thermal pre-treatment-a finding that is supported by density functional theory calculations. Differentiating and ranking the relative importance of the many modes of adsorption was facilitated, in part, by the availability of variants of NU-1000 that replace the majority of terminal aqua and hydroxo ligands with nonstructural formate ligands, auxiliary ditopic linkers, or both. The study provides insights into the chemical basis for both reversible and irreversible uptake of ammonia by Zr-MOFs and related compounds. The unexpectedly rich variety of sorption motifs suggest the criteria for designing or choosing MOFs that are optimal for specific ammonia-centric applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Martino Rimoldi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Selim Alayoglu
- Reactor Engineering and Catalyst Testing Core, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lu Z, Wang R, Liao Y, Farha OK, Bi W, Sheridan TR, Zhang K, Duan J, Liu J, Hupp JT. Isomer of linker for NU-1000 yields a new she-type, catalytic, and hierarchically porous, Zr-based metal-organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3571-3574. [PMID: 33704273 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The well-known MOF (metal-organic framework) linker tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene (TBAPy4-) lacks steric hindrance between its benzoates. Changing the 1,3,6,8-siting of benzoates in TBAPy4- to 4,5,9,10-siting introduces substantial steric hindrance and, in turn, enables the synthesis of a new hierarchically porous, she-type MOF Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(C6H5COO)3(COO)3(TBAPy-2)3/2 (NU-601), where TBAPy-24- is the 4,5,9,10 isomer of TBAPy4-. NU-601 shows high catalytic activity for degradative hydrolysis of a simulant for G-type fluoro-phosphorus nerve agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lu
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roy I, Goswami S, Young RM, Schlesinger I, Mian MR, Enciso AE, Zhang X, Hornick JE, Farha OK, Wasielewski MR, Hupp JT, Stoddart JF. Photon Upconversion in a Glowing Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5053-5059. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lancheros A, Goswami S, Mian MR, Zhang X, Zarate X, Schott E, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Modulation of CO 2 adsorption in novel pillar-layered MOFs based on carboxylate-pyrazole flexible linker. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2880-2890. [PMID: 33544103 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention as sorbents due to their high surface area, tunable pore volume and pore size, coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, and ability to install desired functional groups by post-synthetic modification. Herein, we report three new MOFs with pillar-paddlewheel structures that have been synthesized solvothermally from the mixture of the carboxylate-pyrazole flexible linker (H2L), 4,4-bipyridine (BPY)/triethylenediamine (DABCO), and Zn(ii)/Cu(ii) ions. The MOFs obtained, namely [ZnII(L)BPY], [CuII(L)BPY], and [CuII(L)DABCO], exhibit two-fold interpenetration and dinuclear paddle-wheel nodes. The Zn(ii)/Cu(ii) cations are coordinated by two equatorial L linkers that result in two-dimensional sheets which in turn are pillared by BPY or DABCO in the perpendicular direction to obtain a neutral three-dimensional framework that shows one-dimensional square channels. The three pillar-layered MOFs were characterized as microporous materials showing high crystalline stability after activation at 120 °C and CO2 adsorption. All MOFs contain uncoordinated Lewis basic pyrazole nitrogen atoms in the framework which have an affinity toward CO2 and hence could potentially serve as CO2 adsorption material. The CO2 uptake capacity was initially enhanced by replacing Zn with Cu and then replacing the pillar, going from BPY to DABCO. Overall, all the MOFs exhibit low isosteric heat (Qst) of adsorption which signifies an advantage due to the energy required for the adsorption and regeneration processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Lancheros
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Otake KI, Ahn S, Knapp J, Hupp JT, Notestein JM, Farha OK. Vapor-Phase Cyclohexene Epoxidation by Single-Ion Fe(III) Sites in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2457-2463. [PMID: 33497212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts supported on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which possess uniform porosity and crystallinity, have attracted significant interest for recent years due to the ease of active-site characterization via X-ray diffraction and the subsequent relation of the active site structure to the catalytic activity. We report the syntheses, structures, and oxidation catalytic activities of single-ion iron catalysts incorporated into the zirconium MOF NU-1000. Single-ion iron catalysts with different counteranions were anchored onto the Zr node through postsynthetic solvothermal deposition. Crystallographic characterization of the resulting MOFs (NU-1000-Fe-Cl and NU-1000-Fe-NO3) revealed that, while both frameworks have similar Fe coordination, the distance between Fe and the Zr6 node differs significantly between the two. The product rate profiles of the two catalysts for vapor-phase cyclohexene epoxidation demonstrate different initial rates and product formations, likely originating from the different Fe-O distances.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen Y, Zhang X, Mian MR, Son FA, Zhang K, Cao R, Chen Z, Lee SJ, Idrees KB, Goetjen TA, Lyu J, Li P, Xia Q, Li Z, Hupp JT, Islamoglu T, Napolitano A, Peterson GW, Farha OK. Structural Diversity of Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks and Effect on Adsorption of Toxic Chemicals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21428-21438. [PMID: 33290083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While linkers with various conformations pose challenges in the design and prediction of metal-organic framework (MOF) structures, they ultimately provide great opportunities for the discovery of novel structures thereby enriching structural diversity. Tetratopic carboxylate linkers, for example, have been widely used in the formation of Zr-based MOFs due to the ability to target diverse topologies, providing a promising platform to explore their mechanisms of formation. However, it remains a challenge to control the resulting structures when considering the complex assembly of linkers with unpredicted conformations and diverse Zr6 node connectivities. Herein, we systematically explore how solvents and modulators employed during synthesis influence the resulting topologies of Zr-MOFs, choosing H4TCPB-Br2 (1,4-dibromo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene) as a representative tetratopic carboxylate linker. By modulating the reaction conditions, the conformations of the linker and the connectivities of the Zr6 node can be simultaneously tuned, resulting in four types of structures: a new topology (NU-500), she (NU-600), scu (NU-906), and csq (NU-1008). Importantly, we have synthesized the first 5-connected Zr6 node to date with the (4,4,4,5)-connected framework, NU-500. We subsequently performed detailed structural analyses to uncover the relationship between the structures and topologies of these MOFs and demonstrated the crucial role that the flexible linker played to access varied structures by different degrees of linker deformation. Due to a variety of pore structures ranging from micropores to hierarchical micropores and mesopores, the resulting MOFs show drastically different behaviors for the adsorption of n-hexane and dynamic adsorption of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) under dry and humid conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohammad Rasel Mian
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Florencia A Son
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ran Cao
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiafei Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qibin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amedeo Napolitano
- Leidos, Inc., 3465 Box Hill Corporate Center Drive, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Gregory W Peterson
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Center Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang Y, Zhang X, Kanchanakungwankul S, Lu Z, Noh H, Syed ZH, Farha OK, Truhlar DG, Hupp JT. Unexpected “Spontaneous” Evolution of Catalytic, MOF-Supported Single Cu(II) Cations to Catalytic, MOF-Supported Cu(0) Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21169-21177. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
High-stability, zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks are attractive as heterogeneous catalysts and as model supports for uniform arrays of subsequently constructed heterogeneous catalysts-for example, MOF-node-grafted metal-oxy and metal-sulfur clusters. For hexa-Zr(IV)-MOFs characterized by nodes that are less than 12-connected, sites not used for linkers are ideally occupied by reactive and displaceable OH/H2O pairs. The desired pairs are ideal for grafting the aforementioned catalytic clusters, while aqua-ligand lability renders them effective for exposing highly Lewis-acidic Zr(IV) sites (catalytic sites) to candidate reactants. New single-crystal X-ray studies of an eight-connected Zr-MOF, NU-1000, reveal that conventional activation fully removes modulator ligands, but replaces them with three node-blocking formate ligands (from solvent decomposition) and only one OH/H2O pair, not four-a largely overlooked complication that now appears to be general for Zr-MOFs. Here we describe an alternative activation protocol that effectively removes modulators, avoids formate, and installs the full complement of terminal OH/H2O pairs. It does so via an unusual isolatable intermediate featuring eight aqua ligands and four non-ligated chlorides-again as supported by single-crystal X-ray data. We find that complete replacement of node-blocking modulators/formate with the originally envisioned OH/OH2 pairs has striking consequences; here we touch upon just three. First, elimination of unrecognized formate renders aqua ligands much more thermally labile, enabling open Zr(IV) sites to be obtained at lower temperature. Second, in the absence of formate, which otherwise links and locks pairs of node Zr(IV) ions, reversible removal of aqua ligands engenders reversible contraction of MOF meso- and micropores, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction. Third, formate replacement with OH/OH2 pairs renders NU-1000 ca.10× more active for catalytic hydrolytic degradation of a representative simulant of G-type chemical warfare agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lu
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yijun Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jiafei Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nagatomi H, Gallington LC, Goswami S, Duan J, Chapman KW, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Regioselective Functionalization of the Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework, NU-1000, with Photo-Active Tris-(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II). ACS Omega 2020; 5:30299-30305. [PMID: 33251464 PMCID: PMC7689908 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted ligand incorporation is an excellent method for the post-synthetic functionalization of Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as carboxylate-derivative functionalities readily coordinate to the Zr6 nodes by displacing node-based aqua and terminal hydroxo ligands. In this study, a photocatalytically active ruthenium complex RuII(bpy)2(dcbpy), that is, bis-(2,2'-bipyridine)-(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium, was installed in the mono-protonated (carboxylic acid) form within NU-1000 via SALI. Crystallographic information regarding the siting of the ruthenium complex within the MOF pores is obtained by difference envelope density analysis. The ruthenium-functionalized MOF, termed Ru-NU-1000, shows excellent heterogeneous photocatalytic activity for an oxidative amine coupling reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Nagatomi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Leighanne C. Gallington
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4858, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Karena W. Chapman
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nichols Rd, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center
for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Atilgan A, Cetin MM, Yu J, Beldjoudi Y, Liu J, Stern CL, Cetin FM, Islamoglu T, Farha OK, Deria P, Stoddart JF, Hupp JT. Post-Synthetically Elaborated BODIPY-Based Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) for the Photochemical Detoxification of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18554-18564. [PMID: 32981316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - M. Mustafa Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Furkan M. Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang R, Bukowski BC, Duan J, Sheridan TR, Atilgan A, Zhang K, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. Investigating the Process and Mechanism of Molecular Transport within a Representative Solvent-Filled Metal-Organic Framework. Langmuir 2020; 36:10853-10859. [PMID: 32841562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective permeation into, and diffusive mass transport within, solvent-filled metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is critical in applications such as MOF-based chemical catalysis of condensed-phase reactions. In this work, we studied the entry from solution of a luminescent probe molecule, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4,4-difluoroboradiazaindacene (BODIPY), into the 1D channel-type, zirconium-based MOF NU-1008 and subsequent transport of the probe through the MOF. Measurements were accomplished via in situ confocal fluorescence microscopy of individual crystallites, where the evolution of the fluorescence response from the crystallite was followed as functions of both time and location within the crystallite. From the confocal data, intracrystalline transport of BODIPY is well-described by one-dimensional diffusion along the channel direction. Varying the chemical identity of the solvent revealed an inverse dependence of probe-molecule diffusivity on bulk-solvent viscosity, qualitatively consistent with expectations from the Stokes-Einstein equation for molecular diffusion. At a more quantitative level, however, measured diffusion coefficients are about 100-fold smaller than expected from Stokes-Einstein, pointing to substantial channel-confinement effects. Evaluation of the confocal data also reveals a non-negligible mass transport resistance, i.e., surface barrier, associated with the probe molecule leaving the solution and permeating the exterior surface of the MOF. Permeation by the probe entails displacement of solvent from the MOF channels. The magnitude of the resistance increases with the size of the solvent molecule. This work draws attention to the importance of MOF structure, external-surface barriers, and solvent molecule identity to the overall transport process in MOFs, which should assist in understanding the performance of MOFs in applications such as condensed-phase heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas R Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Goetjen TA, Liu J, Wu Y, Sui J, Zhang X, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials as polymerization catalysts: a review and recent advances. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10409-10418. [PMID: 32745156 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous across both the industrial and consumer segments of the world economy. Catalysts enable rapid, efficient, selective, and even stereoselective, formation of desired polymers from any of a host of candidate monomers. While numerous molecular catalysts have been shown to be effective for these reactions, separation of the catalysts from reaction products is typically difficult - a potentially problematic complication that suggests instead the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Many of the most effective heterogeneous catalysts, however, comprise supported collections of reaction centres that are decidedly nonuniform in their composition, siting, and activity. Nonuniformity complicates atomic-scale evaluation of the basis for catalytic activity and thus impedes scientific hypothesis-driven understanding and development of superior catalysts. In view of the fundamental desirability of structural and chemical uniformity at the meso, nano, and even atomic scale, crystallographically well-defined, high-porosity metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention as model catalysts and/or catalyst-supports for a wide variety of chemical transformations. In the realm of synthetic polymers, catalyst-functionalized MOFs have been studied for reactions ranging from coordination-mediated polymerization of ethylene to visible-light initiated radical polymerizations. Nevertheless, many polymerization reactions remain to be explored - and, no doubt, will be explored, given the remarkable structural and compositional diversity of attainable MOFs. Noteworthy emerging studies include work directed toward more sophisticated catalytic schemes such as polymer templating using MOF pore architectures and tandem copolymerizations using MOF-supported reaction centres. Finally, it is appropriate to recognize that MOFs themselves are synthetic polymers - albeit, uncoventional ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Goetjen
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Beldjoudi Y, Atilgan A, Weber JA, Roy I, Young RM, Yu J, Deria P, Enciso AE, Wasielewski MR, Hupp JT, Stoddart JF. Supramolecular Porous Organic Nanocomposites for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001592. [PMID: 32602131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient heterogeneous photosensitizing materials require both large accessible surface areas and excitons of suitable energies and with well-defined spin structures. Confinement of the tetracationic cyclophane (ExBox4+ ) within a nonporous anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) matrix leads to a surface area increase of up to 225 m2 g-1 in ExBox•PSS. Efficient intersystem crossing is achieved by combining the spin-orbit coupling associated to Br heavy atoms in 1,3,5,8-tetrabromopyrene (TBP), and the photoinduced electron transfer in a TBP⊂ExBox4+ supramolecular dyad. The TBP⊂ExBox4+ complex displays a charge transfer band at 450 nm and an exciplex emission at 520 nm, indicating the formation of new mixed-electronic states. The lowest triplet state (T1 , 1.89 eV) is localized on the TBP and is close in energy with the charge separated state (CT, 2.14 eV). The homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic activities of the TBP⊂ExBox4+ , for the elimination of a sulfur mustard simulant, has proved to be significantly more efficient than TBP and ExBox+4 , confirming the importance of the newly formed excited-state manifold in TBP⊂ExBox4+ for the population of the low-lying T1 state. The high stability, facile preparation, and high performance of the TBP⊂ExBox•PSS nanocomposites augur well for the future development of new supramolecular heterogeneous photosensitizers using host-guest chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jacob A Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang X, Zhang X, Pandharkar R, Lyu J, Ray D, Yang Y, Kato S, Liu J, Wasson MC, Islamoglu T, Li Z, Hupp JT, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L, Farha OK. Insights into the Structure–Activity Relationships in Metal–Organic Framework-Supported Nickel Catalysts for Ethylene Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Riddhish Pandharkar
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jiafei Lyu
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ying Yang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Satoshi Kato
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Megan C. Wasson
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- International Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials characterized by inorganic nodes and multitopic organic linkers. Because of their molecular-scale porosity and periodic intraframework chemical functionality, MOFs are attractive scaffolds for supporting and/or organizing catalysts, photocatalysts, chemical-sensing elements, small enzymes, and numerous other functional-property-imparting, nanometer-scale objects. Notably, these objects can be installed after the synthesis of the MOF, eliminating the need for chemical and thermal compatibility of the objects with the synthesis milieu. Thus, postsynthetically functionalized MOFs can present three-dimensional arrays of high-density, yet well-separated, active sites. Depending on the application and corresponding morphological requirements, MOF materials can be prepared in thin-film form, pelletized form, isolated single-crystal form, polycrystalline powder form, mixed-matrix membrane form, or other forms. For certain applications, most obviously catalytic hydrolysis and electro- or photocatalytic water splitting, but also many others, an additional requirement is water stability. MOFs featuring hexa-zirconium(IV)-oxy nodes satisfy this requirement. For applications involving electrocatalysis, charge storage, photoelectrochemical energy conversion, and chemiresistive sensing, a further requirement is electrical conductivity, as embodied in electron or hole transport. As most MOFs, under most conditions, are electrically insulating, imparting controllable charge-transport behavior is both a chemically intriguing and chemically compelling challenge.Herein, we describe three strategies to render zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) tunably electrically conductive and, therefore, capable of transporting charge on the few nanometers (i.e., several molecular units) to few micrometers (i.e., typical dimensions for MOF microcrystallites) scale. The first strategy centers on redox-hopping between periodically arranged, chemically equivalent sites, essentially repetitive electron (or hole) self-exchange. Zirconium nodes are electrically insulating, but they can function as grafting sites for (a) redox-active inorganic clusters or (b) molecular redox couples. Alternatively, charge hopping based on linker redox properties can be exploited. Marcus's theory of electron transfer has proven useful for understanding/predicting trends in redox-hopping based conductivity, most notably, in accounting for variations as great as 3000-fold depending on the direction of charge propagation through structurally anisotropic MOFs. In MOF environments, propagation of electronic charge via redox hopping is necessarily accompanied by movement of charge-compensating ions. Consequently, rates of redox hopping can depend on both the identity and concentration of ions permeating the MOF. In the context of electrocatalysis, an important goal is to transport electronic charge fast enough to match or exceed the inherent activity of MOF-based or MOF-immobilized catalysts.Bandlike electronic conductivity is the focus of an alternative strategy: one based on the introduction of molecular guests capable of forming donor-acceptor charge transfer complexes with the host framework. Theory again can be applied predictively to alter conductivity. A third strategy similarly emphasizes electronic conductivity, but it makes use of added bridges in the form of molecular oligomers or inorganic clusters that can then be linked to span the length of a MOF crystallite. For all strategies, retention of molecular-scale porosity is emphasized, as this property is key to many applications. Finally, while our focus is on Zr-MOFs, the described approaches clearly are extendable to other MOF compositions, as has already been demonstrated, in part, in studies by others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Idan Hod
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- NuMat Technologies, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kirlikovali KO, Chen Z, Islamoglu T, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Catalytic Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:14702-14720. [PMID: 31951378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophoshorus nerve agents are among the most toxic chemicals known to humans, and because of their unfortunate recent use despite international bans, there is an urgent need to develop materials that can effectively degrade these nerve agents. Within the past decade, zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have emerged as a bioinspired class of materials capable of rapidly hydrolyzing these compounds and significantly diminishing their toxicity. Both experimental and computational insights have guided the design of Zr-MOFs, leading to the development of catalysts capable of detoxifying nerve agents and simulants, chemicals with similar functionality but lower toxicity, via hydrolysis within seconds in basic aqueous solutions. While these systems are acceptable for the elimination of stockpile weapons, translating this catalytic performance to filters incorporating Zr-MOFs that can be used in masks or protective clothing is not trivial. As such, a large area of focus recently has been targeted toward integrating these hydrolysis catalysts into protective clothing and gear while retaining the performance from solution-based catalytic systems. This Forum Article provides an overview of the development of Zr-MOFs for the catalytic hydrolysis of organophosphorus substrates, including design principles and mechanistic insights for both solution-based and textile-coated systems. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges yet to be addressed and offer perspectives on the future directions for this field.
Collapse
|
45
|
Halder A, Lee S, Yang B, Pellin MJ, Vajda S, Li Z, Yang Y, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Structural reversibility of Cu doped NU-1000 MOFs under hydrogenation conditions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5130600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Halder
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Sungsik Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Michael J. Pellin
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vajda
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Nanocatalysis, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Noh H, Yang Y, Zhang X, Goetjen TA, Syed ZH, Lu Z, Ahn S, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Single‐Site, Single‐Metal‐Atom, Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst: Metal–Organic‐Framework Supported Molybdenum Sulfide for Redox Mediator‐Assisted Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Timothy A. Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
- College of Mechanics and Materials Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China
| | - Sol Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim IS, Ahn S, Vermeulen NA, Webber TE, Gallington LC, Chapman KW, Penn RL, Hupp JT, Farha OK, Notestein JM, Martinson ABF. The Synthesis Science of Targeted Vapor-Phase Metal-Organic Framework Postmodification. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:242-250. [PMID: 31851505 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The postmodification of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) affords exceedingly high surface area materials with precisely installed chemical features, which provide new opportunities for detailed structure-function correlation in the field of catalysis. Here, we significantly expand upon the number of vapor-phase postmodification processes reported to date through screening a library of atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursors, which span metals across the periodic table and which include ligands from four distinct precursor classes. With a large library of precursors and synthesis conditions, we discern trends in the compatibility of precursor classes for well-behaved ALD in MOFs (AIM) and identify challenges and solutions to more precise postsynthetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas E Webber
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | | | - R Lee Penn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Maldonado RR, Zhang X, Hanna S, Gong X, Gianneschi NC, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Squeezing the box: isoreticular contraction of pyrene-based linker in a Zr-based metal–organic framework for Xe/Kr separation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6553-6556. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Zr-based metal–organic framework with ftw topology, NU-1106, was synthesized using 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetracarboxylate and studied for its Xe/Kr separation capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R. Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Sylvia Hanna
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Xinyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu J, Redfern LR, Liao Y, Islamoglu T, Atilgan A, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Metal-Organic-Framework-Supported and -Isolated Ceria Clusters with Mixed Oxidation States. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:47822-47829. [PMID: 31790199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of oxygen vacancies via reversible transitions between Ce(IV) and Ce(III) plays a crucial role in the propensity of cerium oxide to act as a supporting promoter in oxidative heterogeneous catalysis. An open challenge is, however, preparation of high-porosity, supported arrays of isolated ceria(IV, III) clusters with high porosity. Herein, we report two examples of oxy-Ce(IV, III) clusters supported and spatially isolated on an oxy-zirconium MOF, NU-1000. The clusters are introduced using either of two Ce complexes (precursors): CeIV(tmhd)4 (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) or CeIII(iPrCp)3 (iPrCp = tris(isopropyl-cyclopenta-dienyl), via SIM (solvothermal installation in MOFs). The prepared materials are named Ce-l-SIM-NU-1000 and Ce-n-SIM-NU-1000, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization shows that the ratio of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) oxidation states can be modulated. Difference envelope density analyses of X-ray scattering show that CexOyHz clusters in Ce-n-SIM-NU-1000 are located between pairs of Zr6 nodes, whereas in Ce-l-SIM-NU-1000, they are sited on MOF linkers throughout the micropores of NU-1000. Cluster size differences were further evaluated by pair function distribution (PDF) analyses of total X-ray scattering reveal that the node sited clusters contain of only a few cerium ions, whereas the linker-sited clusters each contain ∼90 cerium ions. The observed size appears to be defined by the size of NU-1000s triangular pores, that is, cluster formation appears to be pore templated. The Ce-SIM functionalized materials are catalytically active for hydrolysis of DMNP (dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate), a nerve-agent simulant. Conversion of a small fraction of the Ce(IV) ions in which the presence of small fractions of the cerium(IV) ions in Ce-l-SIM-NU-1000 to cerium(III) significantly enhances catalytic activity-perhaps by labilizing aqua ligands and facilitating simulant binding to the clusters Lewis-basic metal ions. While not explored here, the larger clusters, when partially reduced, are, we believe, candidate catalysts for O2 activation and subsequent selective oxidation of organic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Louis R Redfern
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Yijun Liao
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Goswami S, Hod I, Duan JD, Kung CW, Rimoldi M, Malliakas CD, Palmer RH, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Anisotropic Redox Conductivity within a Metal-Organic Framework Material. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17696-17702. [PMID: 31608628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Engendering electrical conductivity in otherwise insulating metal-organic framework (MOF) materials is key to rendering these materials fully functional for a range of potential applications, including electrochemical and photo-electrochemical catalysis. Here we report that the platform MOF, NU-1000, can be made electrically conductive via reversible electrochemical oxidation of a fraction of the framework's tetraphenylpyrene linkers, where the basis for conduction is redox hopping. At a microscopic level, redox hopping is akin to electron self-exchange and is describable by Marcus' well-known theory of electron transfer. At a macroscopic level, the hopping behavior leads to diffusive charge transport and is quantifiable as an apparent diffusion coefficient, Dhopping. Theory suggests that the csq topology of NU-1000, together with its characteristic one-dimensional mesopores, will result in direction-dependent, that is, anisotropic, electrical conductivity. Detailed computations suggest that the governing factor is the strength of electronic coupling between pairs of linkers sited in the a,b plane of the MOF versus the mesopore-aligned c axis of the crystal. The notion has been put to the test experimentally by configuring the MOF as an array of selectively oriented, electrode-supported crystallites, where the rodlike crystallites are either oriented largely normal to the electrode (requiring redox hopping along the c direction) or mainly parallel (requiring redox hopping mainly through the a,b plane). The orientations are preselected by preparing MOF films either via interfacial solvothermal synthesis or via electrophoretic deposition. In semiquantitative accord with computational predictions, Dhopping is up to ∼3500 times larger in the c direction than through the a,b plane. In addition to their fundamental significance, the findings have clear implications for the design and optimization of MOFs for electrocatalysis and for other applications that rely upon electrical conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Idan Hod
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Jiaxin Dawn Duan
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , National Cheng Kung University , 1 University Road , Tainan City 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Martino Rimoldi
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Rebecca H Palmer
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| |
Collapse
|