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Cohen PL, Caricchio R, Abraham V, Camenisch TD, Jennette JC, Roubey RAS, Earp HS, Matsushima G, Reap EA. Delayed apoptotic cell clearance and lupus-like autoimmunity in mice lacking the c-mer membrane tyrosine kinase. J Exp Med 2002; 196:135-40. [PMID: 12093878 PMCID: PMC2194017 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the membrane tyrosine kinase c-mer have been shown to have altered macro-phage cytokine production and defective phagocytosis of apoptotic cells despite normal phagocytosis of other particles. We show here that c-mer-deficient mice have impaired clearance of infused apoptotic cells and that they develop progressive lupus-like autoimmunity, with antibodies to chromatin, DNA, and IgG. The autoimmunity appears to be driven by endogenous antigens, with little polyclonal B cell activation. These mice should be an excellent model for studying the role of apoptotic debris as an immunogenic stimulus for systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Scolding NJ, Joseph FG. The neuropathology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:173-89. [PMID: 12060342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, autoimmune disease in which neuropsychiatric involvement occurs in about 50% of patients and carries a poor prognosis. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms of nervous tissue injury remain the least well understood. This article summarizes the important clinical neuropsychiatric features of SLE and, reviewing classical histopathological and more recent experimental studies, discusses theories concerning their presumed pathogenesis. The distinctive production of diverse autoantibodies seems to be related to defective clearance of apoptotic cells. Antibody-mediated neural cell injury and rheological disturbances represent the two principal suggested mechanisms of tissue injury. An interplay between these processes, underlying genetic factors, their modification by hormones, complicated by a number of secondary factors, may explain the wide spectrum of features encountered in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Scolding
- University of Bristol, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
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Ou D, Metzger DL, Wang X, Pozzilli P, Tingle AJ. beta-cell antigen-specific CD56(+) NKT cells from type 1 diabetic patients: autoaggressive effector T cells damage human CD56(+) beta cells by HLA-restricted and non-HLA-restricted pathways. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:256-70. [PMID: 12039407 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of type 1 diabetes indicate that autoaggressive T cells specific to beta-cell antigens, reaching certain threshold levels, may play critical roles in the development of the disease. Flow cytometric analyses found that autoreactive T-cell lines from patients induced by beta-cell antigens consisted of four major subsets (CD4(+)CD56(-), CD4(+)CD56(+), CD8(+)CD56(-), and CD8(+)CD56(+)) and that CD56(+) NKT cells might be derived from CD56(-) T cells. Moreover, the proportion of CD56(+) NKT cells in the T-cell lines was influenced by time course of repeated antigen stimulation. beta-cell antigen-specific CD56(+) NKT (CD4(+) or CD8(+)) cells were more aggressive (HLA-restricted and -unrestricted) effector cells lysing target cells such as K562, Jurkat, P815 plus anti-CD3 antibody, and autologous B cells sensitized by beta-cell peptides, when compared with their CD56(-) counterparts. beta-cell antigen- specific CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT cells showed non-HLA-restricted cytotoxicity to human beta cells, insulinoma cell line CM, and to islet cell lines TRM-6 and HP62 expressing CD56 but not to four CD56(-) pancreatic cell lines of non- islet origin. The CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT cells showed stronger cytotoxicity to CM, TRM-6 and HP62 cells than did CD4(+)CD56(-) T cells. Moreover, isotope-unlabelled CD56(+) cells and anti-CD56 antibodies were able to inhibit cytotoxicity of CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT to CD56(+) target cells. These results suggest that CD56(+) NKT cells are aggressive cytotoxic cells to beta cells and that CD56 expression might be associated with the aggressiveness of effector T cells and the susceptibility of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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Nozawa K, Casiano CA, Hamel JC, Molinaro C, Fritzler MJ, Chan EKL. Fragmentation of Golgi complex and Golgi autoantigens during apoptosis and necrosis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:R3. [PMID: 12106502 PMCID: PMC125295 DOI: 10.1186/ar422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2002] [Revised: 05/10/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Golgi complex autoantibodies are found primarily in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, although they are not restricted to these diseases. Several Golgi autoantigens have been identified that represent a small family of proteins. Common features of all Golgi autoantigens appear to be their distinct structural organization of multiple alpha-helical coiled-coil rods in the central domains flanked by non-coiled-coil N-termini and C-termini, and their localization to the cytoplasmic face of Golgi cisternae. Many autoantigens in systemic autoimmune diseases have distinct cleavage products in apoptosis or necrosis and this has raised the possibility that cell death may play a role in the generation of potentially immunostimulatory forms of autoantigens. In the present study, we examined changes in the Golgi complex and associated autoantigens during apoptosis and necrosis. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the Golgi complex was altered and developed distinctive characteristics during apoptosis and necrosis. In addition, immunoblotting analysis showed the generation of antigenic fragments of each Golgi autoantigen, suggesting that they may play a role in sustaining autoantibody production. Further studies are needed to determine whether the differences observed in the Golgi complex during apoptosis or necrosis may account for the production of anti-Golgi complex autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, WM Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carlos A Casiano
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - John C Hamel
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, WM Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christine Molinaro
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward KL Chan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, WM Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Fazzini F, Peri G, Doni A, Dell'Antonio G, Dal Cin E, Bozzolo E, D'Auria F, Praderio L, Ciboddo G, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA, Mantovani A, Querini PR. PTX3 in small-vessel vasculitides: an independent indicator of disease activity produced at sites of inflammation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2841-50. [PMID: 11762945 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2841::aid-art472>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify whether the prototypical long pentraxin PTX3 represents an indicator of the activity of small-vessel vasculitis. METHODS Concentrations of PTX3, a pentraxin induced in endothelium by cytokines, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of 43 patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, and microscopic polyangiitis. PTX3 was also measured in the sera of 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 22 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 16 with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by immunoturbidimetry. The cells involved in PTX3 production in vivo were identified in skin biopsy samples. RESULTS Patients with active vasculitis had significantly higher concentrations of PTX3 than did those with quiescent disease (P < 0.001). PTX3 levels in the latter group were similar to those in healthy controls. PTX3 levels were higher in patients with untreated vasculitis and lower in patients who underwent immunosuppressive treatments (P < 0.005). In contrast, patients with active SLE had negligible levels of the pentraxin. PTX3 levels did not correlate with CRP levels in vasculitis patients. Endothelial cells produced PTX3 in active skin lesions. CONCLUSION PTX3 represents a novel acute-phase reactant produced at sites of active vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fazzini
- Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele and Università, Milan, Italy
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Cocca BA, Seal SN, D'Agnillo P, Mueller YM, Katsikis PD, Rauch J, Weigert M, Radic MZ. Structural basis for autoantibody recognition of phosphatidylserine-beta 2 glycoprotein I and apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13826-31. [PMID: 11717440 PMCID: PMC61126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241510698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells contain nuclear autoantigens that may initiate a systemic autoimmune response. To explore the mechanism of antibody binding to apoptotic cells, 3H9, a murine autoantibody with dual specificity for phospholipids and DNA, was used. H chain mutants of 3H9 were constructed, expressed as single-chain Fv (scFv) in Escherichia coli, and assessed for binding to phosphatidylserine, an antigen expressed on apoptotic cells. Both 3H9 and its germline revertant bound to dioleoyl phosphatidylserine in ELISA, and binding was enhanced by beta 2 glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI), a plasma protein that selectively binds to apoptotic cells. Higher relative affinity for DOPS-beta 2GPI was achieved by the introduction of Arg residues into the 3H9 H chain variable region at positions previously shown to mediate DNA binding. Specificity of the two structurally most diverse scFv for apoptotic cells was shown by flow cytometry, and two populations of scFv-bound cells were identified by differences in propidium iodide staining. The results suggest that, in autoimmunity, B cells with Ig receptors for apoptotic cells and DNA are positively selected, and that the antibodies they produce have the potential to affect the clearance and processing of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Cocca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Wu X, Molinaro C, Johnson N, Casiano CA. Secondary necrosis is a source of proteolytically modified forms of specific intracellular autoantigens: implications for systemic autoimmunity. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2642-52. [PMID: 11710720 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2642::aid-art444>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific autoantigens targeted in systemic autoimmunity undergo posttranslational modifications, such as cleavage, during cell death that could potentially enhance their immunogenicity. In light of the increasing interest in the immunologic consequences of defective clearance of apoptotic cells, we sought to determine whether autoantigens cleaved during apoptosis undergo an additional wave of proteolysis as apoptosis progresses to secondary necrosis in the absence of phagocytosis. METHODS Apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells with etoposide, anti-Fas antibody, or staurosporine (STS), and in HeLa cells with STS. Progression to secondary necrosis was assessed morphologically and quantified by trypan blue uptake. Autoantigen proteolysis during cell death was examined by immunoblotting of cell lysates using highly specific human autoantibodies as detecting probes. RESULTS Cells treated with the different apoptosis inducers underwent a rapid apoptosis that gradually progressed to secondary necrosis. During the initial apoptotic stages, several autoantigens, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, topoisomerase I (or Scl-70), SSB/La, and U1-70 kd, were cleaved into their signature apoptotic fragments. Progression of apoptosis to secondary necrosis was associated with additional proteolysis of these and other autoantigens in a caspase-independent manner. Some autoantigens (e.g., ribosomal RNP, Ku, and SSA/Ro) appeared to be resistant to proteolysis during cell death. CONCLUSION In the absence of phagocytosis, apoptotic cells may undergo secondary necrosis, a process associated with additional proteolytic degradation of specific autoantigens. Secondary necrosis may occur in vivo in autoimmune disorders associated with impaired clearance of apoptotic cells and serve as a source of modified forms of specific autoantigens that might stimulate autoantibody responses under proinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California, USA
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Lai JH, Ho LJ, Lu KC, Chang DM, Shaio MF, Han SH. Western and Chinese antirheumatic drug-induced T cell apoptotic DNA damage uses different caspase cascades and is independent of Fas/Fas ligand interaction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6914-24. [PMID: 11359853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous or therapeutic induction of T cell apoptosis plays a critical role in establishing transplantation tolerance and maintaining remission of autoimmune diseases. We investigated the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by Chinese and Western antirheumatic drugs (ARDs) in human T cells. We found that hydroxychloroquine, Tripterygium wilfordii hook F, and tetrandrine (Tet), but not methotrexate, at therapeutic concentrations can cause T cell death. In addition, Tet selectively killed T cells, especially activated T cells. Although ARD-induced cytotoxicity was mediated through apoptotic mechanisms, Fas/Fas ligand interaction was not required. We further demonstrated that the processes of phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA damage along the ARD-induced T cell apoptotic pathway could operate independently, and that selective inhibition of DNA damage by caspase inhibitors did not prevent T cells from undergoing cell death. Moreover, we found that Tet- and Tripterygium wilfordii hook F-induced T cell DNA damage required caspase-3 activity, and hydroxychloroquine-induced T cell DNA damage was mediated through a caspase-3- and caspase-8-independent, but Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluomethyl ketone-sensitive, signaling pathway. Finally, the observation that ARD-induced activation of caspase-3 in both Fas-sensitive and Fas-resistant Jurkat T cells indicates that Fas/Fas ligand interaction plays no role in ARD-induced T cell apoptosis. Our observations provide new information about the complex apoptotic mechanisms of ARDs, and have implications for combining Western and Chinese ARDs that have different immunomodulatory mechanisms in the therapy of autoimmune diseases and transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lai
- Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Bondanza A, Sabbadini MG, Pellegatta F, Zimmermann VS, Tincani A, Balestrieri G, Manfredi AA, Rovere P. Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies prevent the De-activation of platelets and sustain their phagocytic clearance. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:469-77. [PMID: 11090246 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to phosphatidylserine (PS) tags dying and senescent cells for removal and identifies activated platelets. In this study we followed the fate of PS-exposing platelets in the presence of antibodies purified from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and primary Anti-phospholipid Syndrome (APS) patients' sera by beta2GPI affinity chromatography. Thrombin-activated platelets exposed PS and associated to beta2GPI. Both events were required for recognition by antibodies. Human monocyte-derived macrophages phagocytosed activated platelets only. Each macrophage internalized an average of 3.16+/-0.2 platelets after 60 min at 37 degrees C. Phagocytosis did not increase after longer incubations (4.65+/-0.26 platelets internalized by each macrophage after 300 min). Recognition of platelets by anti-beta2GPI antibodies significantly increased phagocytosis (P< 0.01). Upon withdrawal of thrombin, platelets downregulated PS (PS exposure t(1/2): 242 min) and the ability to be recognized by macrophages. Purified beta2GPI bound to PS-exposing platelets (association t(1/2): 250 min). Phosphatidyl serine exposure and beta2GPI association had virtually identical kinetics. Antibody binding prolonged the exposure of the beta2GPI/PS complex (t(1/2): >1200 min). The ability to phagocytose opsonized platelets was accordingly sustained (5.3+/-0.2 opsonized platelets were internalized by each macrophage after 60 min and 9.4+/-0.3 after 300 min). Anti-beta2GPI antibodies therefore poise activated platelets in a PS-exposing status, preventing the recycling of their function and favoring their phagocytic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bondanza
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit and Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
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