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Abraham A, Pauly H, Donahue TH. Deleterious effects of osteoarthritis on the structure and function of the meniscal enthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:275-83. [PMID: 24316288 PMCID: PMC3923977 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability of menisci to prevent osteoarthritis (OA) is dependent on the integrity of the complex meniscal entheses, the attachments of the menisci to the underlying subchondral bone (SB). The goal of this study was to determine mechanical and structural changes in meniscal entheses after the onset of OA. DESIGN Healthy and osteoarthritic meniscal entheses were evaluated for changes in histomorphological characteristics, mineralization, and mechanical properties. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and calcium in the insertion were evaluated with histological staining techniques. The extent of calcium deposition was assessed and tidemark (TM) integrity was quantified. Changes in the mineralized zone of the insertion were examined using micro-computed tomography (μCT) to determine bone mineral density, cortical zone thickness, and mineralization gradient. Mechanical properties of the entheses were measured using nano-indentation techniques to obtain material properties based on viscoelastic analysis. RESULTS GAG thickness in the calcified fibrocartilage (CFC) zone and calcium content were significantly greater in osteoarthritic anterior meniscal entheses. TM integrity was significantly decreased in OA tissue, particularly in the medial anterior (MA) enthesis. The mineralized zone of osteoarthritic meniscal entheses was significantly thicker than in healthy entheses and showed decreased bone mineral density. Fitting of mineralization data to a sigmoidal Gompertz function revealed a lower rate of increase in mineralization in osteoarthritic tissue. Analysis of viscoelastic mechanical properties revealed increased compliance in osteoarthritic tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that significant changes occur at meniscal enthesis sites with the onset of OA. Mechanical and structural changes in meniscal entheses may contribute to meniscal extrusion, which has been shown to increase the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.C. Abraham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - H.M. Pauly
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - T.L. Haut Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: T.L. Haut Donahue, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Grenier S, Bhargava MM, Torzilli PA. An in vitro model for the pathological degradation of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. J Biomech 2013; 47:645-52. [PMID: 24360770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro cartilage degradation model that emulates the damage seen in early-stage osteoarthritis. To this end, cartilage explants were collagenase-treated to induce enzymatic degradation of collagen fibers and proteoglycans at the articular surface. To assess changes in mechanical properties, intact and degraded cartilage explants were subjected to a series of confined compression creep tests. Changes in extracellular matrix structure and composition were determined using biochemical and histological approaches. Our results show that collagenase-induced degradation increased the amount of deformation experienced by the cartilage explants under compression. An increase in apparent permeability as well as a decrease in instantaneous and aggregate moduli was measured following collagenase treatment. Histological analysis of degraded explants revealed the presence of surface fibrillation, proteoglycan depletion in the superficial and intermediate zones and loss of the lamina splendens. Collagen cleavage was confirmed by the Col II-3/4Cshort antibody. Degraded specimens experienced a significant decrease in proteoglycan content but maintained total collagen content. Repetitive testing of degraded samples resulted in the gradual collapse of the articular surface and the compaction of the superficial zone. Taken together, our data demonstrates that enzymatic degradation with collagenase can be used to emulate changes seen in early-stage osteoarthritis. Further, our in vitro model provides information on cartilage mechanics and insights on how matrix changes can affect cartilage's functional properties. More importantly, our model can be applied to develop and test treatment options for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grenier
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Madhu M Bhargava
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Peter A Torzilli
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, United States
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Misra A, Parthasarathy R, Singh V, Spencer P. Poromechanics Parameters of Fluid-Saturated Chemically Active Fibrous Media Derived from a Micromechanical Approach. JOURNAL OF NANOMECHANICS AND MICROMECHANICS 2013; 3. [PMID: 25419475 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The authors have derived macroscale poromechanics parameters for chemically active saturated fibrous media by combining microstructure-based homogenization with Hill's volume averaging. The stress-strain relationship of the dry fibrous media is first obtained by considering the fiber behavior. The constitutive relationships applicable to saturated media are then derived in the poromechanics framework using Hill's Lemmas. The advantage of this approach is that the resultant continuum model assumes a form suited to study porous materials, while retaining the effect of discrete fiber deformation. As a result, the model is able to predict the influence of microscale phenomena such as fiber buckling on the overall behavior, and in particular, on the poromechanics constants. The significance of the approach is demonstrated using the effect of drainage and fiber nonlinearity on monotonic compressive stress-strain behavior. The model predictions conform to the experimental observations for articular cartilage. The method can potentially be extended to other porous materials such as bone, clays, foams, and concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Misra
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Dept. and Associate Director, Bioengineering Research Center (BERC), Univ. of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Viraj Singh
- Mechanical Engineering Dept., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Mechanical Engineering Dept. and Director, Bioengineering Research Center (BERC), Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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Acute cartilage loading responses after an in vivo squatting exercise in people with doubtful to mild knee osteoarthritis: a case-control study. Phys Ther 2013; 93:1049-60. [PMID: 23580627 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of exercise on osteoarthritic cartilage remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dynamic in vivo squatting exercise on the magnitude and spatial pattern of acute cartilage responses in people with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (ie, Kellgren-Lawrence grades 1 and 2). DESIGN This investigation was a case-control study. METHODS Eighteen people with radiographic signs of doubtful to mild medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis were compared with 18 people who were middle-aged and healthy (controls). Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging was used to monitor deformation and recovery on the basis of 3-dimensional cartilage volume calculations (ie, total volume and volumes in anterior, central, and posterior subregions) before and after a 30-repetition squatting exercise. Three-dimensional volumes were estimated after semiautomatic segmentation and were calculated at 4 time points (1 before and 3 after scans). Scans obtained after the exercise were separated by 15-minute intervals. RESULTS In both groups, significant deformation was noted in the medial compartment (-3.4% for the femur and -3.2% for the tibia in people with osteoarthritis versus -2.8% for the femur and -3.8% for the tibia in people in the control group). People with osteoarthritis had significant deformation in the lateral femur (-3.9%) and a tendency toward significant deformation in the lateral tibia (-3.1%). From 15 minutes after exercise cessation onward, volume changes were no longer significantly different from the baseline. At all time points, no significant between-group differences were revealed for volume changes. People with osteoarthritis showed a tendency toward slower recovery preceded by larger deformations in entire cartilage plates and subregions. Spatial subregional deformation patterns were similar between groups. LIMITATIONS Generalizability is limited to people with doubtful to mild osteoarthritis and low levels of pain. CONCLUSIONS Tibiofemoral cartilage deformation appeared similar in magnitude and spatial pattern in people who were middle-aged and either had or did not have tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (ie, Kellgren-Lawrence grades 1 and 2). Restoration of volumes required a 15-minute recovery, especially in the presence of osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
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Wang Q, Zheng YP. Ultrasound assessment of boundary effect on osmosis-induced shrinkage and swelling of articular cartilage in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:153-8. [PMID: 23216088 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.756872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to use ultrasound to investigate the boundary effect of the cut edge on the osmosis-induced shrinkage and swelling of articular cartilage while the distance from the scanning site to the edge decreases with the reduction of specimen size. Sixteen cartilage-bone specimens (of diameter 6.35 mm) were prepared from normal bovine patellae. The cartilage width was gradually reduced to 4.35 mm and to 2.35 mm. Shrinkage and swelling were induced by changing the concentration of the saline solution and monitored using nominal 50 MHz focused ultrasound. The parameters including shrinkage and swelling peak strains (ϵ(P1) and ϵ(P2), respectively), shrinkage and swelling equilibrium strains (ϵ(E1) and ϵ(E2), respectively), and shrinkage and swelling slopes (k(1) and k(2), respectively) were extracted. The ϵ(P1), ϵ(E1), ϵ(E2), k(1), and k(2) of the 2.35 mm specimens were significantly different (p < 0.05) from those of the 6.35 mm specimens. For the 4.35 mm specimens, ϵ(E1) and ϵ(P1) were, respectively, significantly different (p < 0.05) from ϵ(E1) of the 6.35 mm specimens and ϵ(P1) of the 2.35 mm specimens. The percentage of coefficient of variation (18.5% for shrinkage and 16.3% for swelling) of the 2.35 mm specimens was much higher than that (<8.5%) of the 6.35 mm specimens. The relative root mean square difference (rRMSD%, 12.0% for shrinkage and 10.6% for swelling) of the 2.35 mm specimens was also much higher than that (<5.5%) of the 6.35 mm specimens. The results indicated that the boundary effect of the cut edge on the osmosis-induced shrinkage and swelling of articular cartilage increases with the reduction of specimen size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Institute of Medical Information, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cartilage collagen damage in hip osteoarthritis similar to that seen in knee osteoarthritis; a case-control study of relationship between collagen, glycosaminoglycan and cartilage swelling. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:18. [PMID: 23302451 PMCID: PMC3546305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It remains to be shown whether OA shares molecular similarities between different joints in humans. This study provides evidence for similarities in cartilage molecular damage in osteoarthritic (OA) joints. Methods Articular cartilage from osteoarthritic hip joints were analysed and compared to non-OA controls regarding collagen, glycosaminoglycan and water content. Femoral heads from 16 osteoarthritic (OA) and 20 reference patients were obtained from hip replacement surgery due to OA and femoral neck fracture, respectively. Cartilage histological changes were assessed by Mankin grading and denatured collagen type II immunostaining and cartilage was extracted by α-chymotrypsin. Hydroxyproline and Alcian blue binding assays were used to measure collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, respectively. Results Mankin and immunohistology scores were significantly higher in hip OA samples than in reference samples. Cartilage water content was 6% higher in OA samples than in references. 2.5 times more collagen was extracted from OA than from reference samples. There was a positive association between water content and percentage of extractable collagen pool (ECP) in both groups. The amounts of collagen per wet and dry weights did not differ statistically between OA and reference cartilage. % Extractable collagen was not related to collagen per dry weight in either group. However when collagen was expressed by wet weight there was a negative correlation between % extractable and collagen in OA cartilage. The amount of GAG per wet weight was similar in both groups but the amount of GAG per dry weight was higher in OA samples compared to reference samples, which suggests a capacity for GAG biosynthesis in hip OA cartilage. Neither of the studied parameters was related to age in either group. Conclusions Increased collagen extractability and water content in human hip cartilage is associated with OA pathology and can be observed at early stages of the degenerative hip OA process. Our results suggest a common degradative pathway of collagen in articular cartilage of different joints. Furthermore, the study suggests that biochemical changes precede more overt OA changes and that chondrocytes may have a capability to compensate molecular loss in the early phase of OA.
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57
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A technique for visualization and mapping of local cartilage thickness changes in MR images of osteoarthritic knee. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81:3404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hanifi A, Richardson JB, Kuiper JH, Roberts S, Pleshko N. Clinical outcome of autologous chondrocyte implantation is correlated with infrared spectroscopic imaging-derived parameters. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:988-96. [PMID: 22659601 PMCID: PMC3426917 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS), a modality based on molecular vibrations, is a viable alternative to histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for assessment of tissue quality and patient clinical outcome. METHODS Osteochondral biopsies were obtained from patients (9-65 months post-surgery) who underwent an autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) procedure to repair a cartilage defect (N = 14). The repair tissue was evaluated histologically by OsScore grading, for the presence of types I and II collagen by IHC, and for proteoglycan (PG) distribution and collagen quality parameters by FT-IRIS. Patient clinical outcome was assessed by the Lysholm score. RESULTS Improvement in Lysholm score occurred in 79% of patients. IHC staining showed the presence of types I and II collagen in all samples, with a greater amount of collagen type II in the deep zone. The amount and location of immunostaining for type II collagen correlated to the FT-IRIS-derived parameters of relative PG content and collagen helical integrity. In addition, the improvement in Lysholm score post-ACI correlated positively with the OsScore, type II collagen (IHC score) and FT-IRIS-determined parameters. Regression models for the relation between improvement in Lysholm score and either OsScore, IHC area score or the FT-IRIS parameters all reached significance (p < 0.01). However, the FT-IRIS model was not significantly improved with inclusion of the OsScore and IHC score parameters. CONCLUSION Demonstration of the correlation between FT-IRIS-derived molecular parameters of cartilage repair tissue and patient clinical outcome lays the groundwork for translation of this methodology to the clinical environment to aid in the management of cartilage disorders and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hanifi
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. B. Richardson
- Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, (ISTM, Keele University and Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre), Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - J. H. Kuiper
- Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, (ISTM, Keele University and Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre), Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - S. Roberts
- Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, (ISTM, Keele University and Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre), Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - N. Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mechanism of disease in early osteoarthritis: application of modern MR imaging techniques -- a technical report. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 31:156-61. [PMID: 22902064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging becomes increasingly important in the context of early cartilage changes in degenerative and inflammatory joint disease before gross morphological changes become apparent. In this limited technical report, we investigate the correlation of MRI T1, T2 and T1ρ relaxation times with quantitative biochemical measurements of proteoglycan and collagen contents of cartilage in close synopsis with histologic morphology. A recently developed MRI sequence, T1ρ, was able to detect early intracartilaginous degeneration quantitatively and also qualitatively by color mapping demonstrating a higher sensitivity than standard T2-weighted sequences. The results correlated highly with reduced proteoglycan content and disrupted collagen architecture as measured by biochemistry and histology. The findings lend support to a clinical implementation that allows rapid visual capturing of pathology on a local, millimeter level. Further information about articular cartilage quality otherwise not detectable in vivo, via normal inspection, is needed for orthopedic treatment decisions in the present and future.
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van der Windt AE, Haak E, Kops N, Verhaar JAN, Weinans H, Jahr H. Inhibiting calcineurin activity under physiologic tonicity elevates anabolic but suppresses catabolic chondrocyte markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dejica VM, Mort JS, Laverty S, Antoniou J, Zukor DJ, Tanzer M, Poole AR. Increased type II collagen cleavage by cathepsin K and collagenase activities with aging and osteoarthritis in human articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R113. [PMID: 22584047 PMCID: PMC3446490 DOI: 10.1186/ar3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intra-helical cleavage of type II collagen by proteases, including collagenases and cathepsin K, is increased with aging and osteoarthritis (OA) in cartilage as determined by immunochemical assays. The distinct sites of collagen cleavage generated by collagenases and cathepsin K in healthy and OA human femoral condylar cartilages were identified and compared. Methods Fixed frozen cartilage sections were examined immunohistochemically, using antibodies that react with the collagenase-generated cleavage neoepitopes, C2C and C1,2C, and the primary cleavage neoepitope (C2K) generated in type II collagen by the action of cathepsin K and possibly by other proteases, but not by any collagenases studied to date. Results In most cases, the staining patterns for collagen cleavage were similar for all three epitopes: weak to moderate mainly pericellular staining in non-OA cartilage from younger individuals and stronger, more widespread staining in aging and OA cartilages that often extended from the superficial to the mid/deep zone of the tissue. In very degenerate OA specimens, with significant disruption of the articular surface, staining was distributed throughout most of the cartilage matrix. Conclusions Cleavage of collagen by proteases usually arises pericellularly around chondrocytes at and near the articular surface, subsequently becoming more intense and extending progressively deeper into the cartilage with aging and OA. The close correspondence between the distributions of these products suggests that both collagenases and cathepsin K, and other proteases that may generate this distinct cathepsin K cleavage site, are usually active in the same sites in the degradation of type II collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Dejica
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A6, Canada
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Stubendorff JJ, Lammentausta E, Struglics A, Lindberg L, Heinegård D, Dahlberg LE. Is cartilage sGAG content related to early changes in cartilage disease? Implications for interpretation of dGEMRIC. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:396-404. [PMID: 22334095 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) content changes in early osteoarthritis (OA), and whether contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cartilage in vitro may identify early event of OA pathology. METHOD Osteochondral plugs from patients with hip OA or femoral neck fracture (reference group) were collected and analysed by 1.5 T MRI with ΔR1 as a measure of cartilage contrast concentration. Cartilage hydration, contents of sGAG, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), hydroxyproline, denatured collagen, and aggrecan TEGE(392) neoepitope were determined and histological grading was performed. RESULTS sGAG content correlated to ΔR1, although no difference in either of these parameters was detectable between OA and reference cartilage at 4 h of contrast equilibration. In contrast, biochemical analysis of other cartilage matrix constituents showed distinct alterations typical for early cartilage degradation in OA cartilage and with clear evidence for increased aggrecan turnover. CONCLUSION In the present in vitro study, cartilage sGAG content could not distinguish between early OA cartilage and reference cartilage. Given, that delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) indicates early events in the pathogenesis of OA in vivo, our results from the in vitro studies imply other, additional factors than cartilage sGAG content, e.g., alterations in diffusion or increased supply of contrast agent in the diseased joint. Alternatively, an altered dGEMRIC reflects later stages of OA, when sGAG content decreases. Further investigations are warranted, to understand variations in sGAG content in pathology, an essential background for interpreting dGEMRIC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Stubendorff
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - E Lammentausta
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, POB 50, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Struglics
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - L Lindberg
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - D Heinegård
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC C12 Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - L E Dahlberg
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
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Tallents RH, Stein S, Macher D, Katzberg R, Murphy W. Predisposing and Precipitating Factors in Temporomandibular Disorders. Semin Orthod 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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64
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Wu JP, Kirk TB, Peng Z, Miller K, Zheng MH. UTILIZATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM AND POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT OF EARLY DEGENERATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957705001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of articular cartilage begins from deterioration of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone. Standard histology using 2D imaging technique is often used to determine the microstructure of collagen fibres and the physiological functions of articular cartilage. However, information of the 3D collageneous structure in the cartilage could be lost and misinterpreted in 2D observations. In contrast, confocal microscopy permits studying the 3D internal structure of bulk articular cartilage with minimal physical disturbing. Using fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscopy, a 3D histology has been previously developed to visualize the collagen matrix in the superficial zone by means of identifying the early arthritic changes in articular cartilage. In this study, we characterized the collagen orientation in the superficial zone of normal cartilage, the cartilage with surface disruption and fibrillated cartilage using Fast Fourier transforms and power spectral analysis techniques. Thus, we have established an objective method for assessing the early pathology changes in the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Wu
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - T. B. Kirk
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Z. Peng
- School of Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 4811, Australia
| | - K. Miller
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - M. H. Zheng
- Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
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Peng Z, Fasiolo M, Hart K. INVESTIGATION INTO CHANGES IN COLLAGEN STRUCTURE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND WEAR PARTICLES OF KNEE JOINTS FOR OSTEOARTHRITIC WEAR ASSESSMENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957709002316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies deteriorate from wear and tear processes, which give rise to ache and pain. This degenerative process is medically referred to as osteoarthritis (OA) and it is estimated to affect a large portion of the population at some stage in their life. There is a need for research into new and improved techniques that might be developed into a schema to aid in the early diagnosis and prognosis of a patient's condition. This can be achieved by studying the morphology of the collagen fibers in the wear particles generated to gain an insight into the osteoarthritic condition exhibited by the joint. The study has been conducted in three phases. Firstly, an animal model has been used to generate samples of cartilage and wear particles for the study. A suitable staining technique has then been developed that allows the three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of the structure of the collagen matrix of sheep cartilage and in wear particles. Finally, correlation of the changes in the collagen matrix as per OA severity has been studied. The study has identified key numerical parameters to characterize distinctive wear features of the cartilage and wear debris. A good correlation of the wear features of the cartilage and wear particle samples has been found. The positive results attained by this study suggest that with the aid of further research and development, it is distinctly possible to develop improved diagnostic procedures for clinical osteoarthritic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Peng
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Mark Fasiolo
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Kane Hart
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
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Nagel T, Kelly DJ. Mechanically induced structural changes during dynamic compression of engineered cartilaginous constructs can potentially explain increases in bulk mechanical properties. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:777-89. [PMID: 21900321 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies on chondrocyte-seeded hydrogels in bioreactor culture report increased mechanical properties of mechanically loaded constructs compared with unloaded free swelling controls despite no significant differences in biochemical composition. One possible explanation is that changes in the collagen architecture of dynamically compressed constructs lead to improved mechanical properties. Collagen molecules are incorporated locally into the extracellular matrix with individual stress-free configurations and orientations. In this study, we computationally investigated possible influences of loading on the collagen architecture in chondrocyte-seeded hydrogels and their resulting mechanical properties. Both the collagen orientation and its stress-free configuration were hypothesized to depend on the local mechanical environment. Reorientation of the collagen network alone in response to dynamic compression leads to a prediction of constructs with lower compressive properties. In contrast, remodelling of the stress-free configuration of the collagen fibres was predicted to result in a more compacted tissue with higher swelling pressures and an altered pre-stressed state within the collagen network. Combining both mechanisms resulted in predictions of construct geometry and mechanical properties in agreement with experimental observations. This study provides support for the hypothesis that structural changes to the collagen network contribute to the enhanced mechanical properties of cartilaginous tissues engineered in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nagel
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Cotofana S, Eckstein F, Wirth W, Souza RB, Li X, Wyman B, Hellio-Le Graverand MP, Link T, Majumdar S. In vivo measures of cartilage deformation: patterns in healthy and osteoarthritic female knees using 3T MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2011; 21:1127-35. [PMID: 21448616 PMCID: PMC3088828 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore and to compare the magnitude and spatial pattern of in vivo femorotibial cartilage deformation in healthy and in osteoarthritic (OA) knees. Methods One knee each in 30 women (age: 55 ± 6 years; BMI: 28 ± 2.4 kg/m2; 11 healthy and 19 with radiographic femorotibial OA) was examined at 3Tesla using a coronal fat-suppressed gradient echo SPGR sequence. Regional and subregional femorotibial cartilage thickness was determined under unloaded and loaded conditions, with 50% body weight being applied to the knee in 20° knee flexion during imaging. Results Cartilage became significantly (p < 0.05) thinner during loading in the medial tibia (−2.7%), the weight-bearing medial femur (−4.1%) and in the lateral tibia (−1.8%), but not in the lateral femur (+0.1%). The magnitude of deformation in the medial tibia and femur tended to be greater in osteoarthritic knees than in healthy knees. The subregional pattern of cartilage deformation was similar for the different stages of radiographic OA. Conclusion Osteoarthritic cartilage tended to display greater deformation upon loading than healthy cartilage, suggesting that knee OA affects the mechanical properties of cartilage. The pattern of in vivo deformation indicated that cartilage loss in OA progression is mechanically driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cotofana
- Institute of Anatomy & Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) involves all the structures of the joint. How the disease is initiated and what factors trigger the disease process remain unclear, although the mechanical environment seems to have a role. Our understanding of the biology of the disease has been hampered by the lack of access to tissue samples from patients with early stage disease, because clinically recognizable symptoms appear late in the osteoarthritic process. However, new data about the early processes in articular cartilage and new tools to identify the early stages of OA are providing fresh insights into the pathological sequence of events. The progressive destruction of cartilage involves degradation of matrix constituents, and rather active, yet inefficient, repair attempts. The release of fragmented molecules provides opportunities to monitor the disease process in patients, and to investigate whether these fragments are involved in propagating OA, for example, by inducing inflammation. The role of bone has not been fully elucidated, but changes in bone seem to be secondary to alterations in articular cartilage, which change the mechanical environment of the bone cells and induce them, in turn, to modulate tissue structure.
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69
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Iftikhar M, Hurtado P, Bais MV, Wigner N, Stephens DN, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is a major isoform in chondrocytes and is critically required for differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:909-18. [PMID: 21071451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family is made up of five members: lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4). All members share conserved C-terminal catalytic domains that provide for lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase-like enzyme activity; and more divergent propeptide regions. LOX family enzyme activities catalyze the final enzymatic conversion required for the formation of normal biosynthetic collagen and elastin cross-links. The importance of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity to normal bone development has long been appreciated, but regulation and roles for specific LOX isoforms in bone formation in vivo is largely unexplored. Fracture healing recapitulates aspects of endochondral bone development. The present study first investigated the expression of all LOX isoforms in fracture healing. A remarkable coincidence of LOXL2 expression with the chondrogenic phase of fracture healing was found, prompting more detailed analyses of LOXL2 expression in normal growth plates, and LOXL2 expression and function in developing ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Data show that LOXL2 is expressed by pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo, and that LOXL2 expression is regulated in vitro as a function of chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LOXL2 knockdown studies in vitro show that LOXL2 expression is required for ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line differentiation through regulation of SNAIL and SOX9, important transcription factors that control chondrocyte differentiation. Taken together, data provide evidence that LOXL2, like LOX, is a multifunctional protein. LOXL2 promotes chondrocyte differentiation by mechanisms that are likely to include roles as both a regulator and an effector of chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Iftikhar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Filova E, Burdikova Z, Rampichova M, Bianchini P, Capek M, Kostakova E, Amler E, Kubinova L. Analysis and three-dimensional visualization of collagen in artificial scaffolds using nonlinear microscopy techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:066011. [PMID: 21198185 DOI: 10.1117/1.3509112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellularly distributed collagen and chondrocytes seeded in gelatine and poly-ɛ-caprolactone scaffolds are visualized by two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging in both forward and backward nondescanned modes. Joint application of TPEM and SHG imaging in combination with stereological measurements of collagen enables us not only to take high-resolution 3-D images, but also to quantitatively analyze the collagen volume and a spatial arrangement of cell-collagen-scaffold systems, which was previously impossible. This novel approach represents a powerful tool for the analysis of collagen-containing scaffolds with applications in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Filova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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van Turnhout MC, Schipper H, van Lagen B, Zuilhof H, Kranenbarg S, van Leeuwen JL. Postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in ovine articular cartilage. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:108. [PMID: 20969753 PMCID: PMC2987790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage (AC) is the layer of tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Adult AC is characterised by a depth-dependent composition and structure of the extracellular matrix that results in depth-dependent mechanical properties, important for the functions of adult AC. Collagen is the most abundant solid component and it affects the mechanical behaviour of AC. The current objective is to quantify the postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in sheep (Ovis aries) AC between birth and maturity. We use Fourier transform infra-red micro-spectroscopy to investigate collagen density in 48 sheep divided over ten sample points between birth (stillborn) and maturity (72 weeks). In each animal, we investigate six anatomical sites (caudal, distal and rostral locations at the medial and lateral side of the joint) in the distal metacarpus of a fore leg and a hind leg. Results Collagen density increases from birth to maturity up to our last sample point (72 weeks). Collagen density increases at the articular surface from 0.23 g/ml ± 0.06 g/ml (mean ± s.d., n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.51 g/ml ± 0.10 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Maximum collagen density in the deeper cartilage increases from 0.39 g/ml ± 0.08 g/ml (n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.91 g/ml ± 0.13 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Most collagen density profiles at 0 weeks (85%) show a valley, indicating a minimum, in collagen density near the articular surface. At 72 weeks, only 17% of the collagen density profiles show a valley in collagen density near the articular surface. The fraction of profiles with this valley stabilises at 36 weeks. Conclusions Collagen density in articular cartilage increases in postnatal life with depth-dependent variation, and does not stabilize up to 72 weeks, the last sample point in our study. We find strong evidence for a valley in collagen densities near the articular surface that is present in the youngest animals, but that has disappeared in the oldest animals. We discuss that the retardance valley (as seen with polarised light microscopy) in perinatal animals reflects a decrease in collagen density, as well as a decrease in collagen fibril anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C van Turnhout
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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van Turnhout MC, Schipper H, Engel B, Buist W, Kranenbarg S, van Leeuwen JL. Postnatal development of collagen structure in ovine articular cartilage. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20529268 PMCID: PMC2906441 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage (AC) is the layer of tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Across species, adult AC shows an arcade-like structure with collagen predominantly perpendicular to the subchondral bone near the bone, and collagen predominantly parallel to the articular surface near the articular surface. Recent studies into collagen fibre orientation in stillborn and juvenile animals showed that this structure is absent at birth. Since the collagen structure is an important factor for AC mechanics, the absence of the adult Benninghoff structure has implications for perinatal AC mechanobiology. The current objective is to quantify the dynamics of collagen network development in a model animal from birth to maturity. We further aim to show the presence or absence of zonal differentiation at birth, and to assess differences in collagen network development between different anatomical sites of a single joint surface. We use quantitative polarised light microscopy to investigate properties of the collagen network and we use the sheep (Ovis aries) as our model animal. Results Predominant collagen orientation is parallel to the articular surface throughout the tissue depth for perinatal cartilage. This remodels to the Benninghoff structure before the sheep reach sexual maturity. Remodelling of predominant collagen orientation starts at a depth just below the future transitional zone. Tissue retardance shows a minimum near the articular surface at all ages, which indicates the presence of zonal differentiation at all ages. The absolute position of this minimum does change between birth and maturity. Between different anatomical sites, we find differences in the dynamics of collagen remodelling, but no differences in adult collagen structure. Conclusions The collagen network in articular cartilage remodels between birth and sexual maturity from a network with predominant orientation parallel to the articular surface to a Benninghoff network. The retardance minimum near, but not at, the articular surface at all ages shows that a zonal differentiation is already present in the perinatal animals. In these animals, the zonal differentiation can not be correlated to the collagen network orientation. We find no difference in adult collagen structure in the nearly congruent metacarpophalangeal joint, but we do find differences in the dynamics of collagen network remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C van Turnhout
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology Group, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Contribution of postnatal collagen reorientation to depth-dependent mechanical properties of articular cartilage. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:269-79. [PMID: 20526790 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The collagen fibril network is an important factor for the depth-dependent mechanical behaviour of adult articular cartilage (AC). Recent studies show that collagen orientation is parallel to the articular surface throughout the tissue depth in perinatal animals, and that the collagen orientations transform to a depth-dependent arcade-like structure in adult animals. Current understanding on the mechanobiology of postnatal AC development is incomplete. In the current paper, we investigate the contribution of collagen fibril orientation changes to the depth-dependent mechanical properties of AC. We use a composition-based finite element model to simulate in a 1-D confined compression geometry the effects of ten different collagen orientation patterns that were measured in developing sheep. In initial postnatal life, AC is mostly subject to growth and we observe only small changes in depth-dependent mechanical behaviour. Functional adaptation of depth-dependent mechanical behaviour of AC takes place in the second half of life before puberty. Changes in fibril orientation alone increase cartilage stiffness during development through the modulation of swelling strains and osmotic pressures. Changes in stiffness are most pronounced for small stresses and for cartilage adjacent to the bone. We hypothesize that postnatal changes in collagen fibril orientation induce mechanical effects that in turn promote these changes. We further hypothesize that a part of the depth-dependent postnatal increase in collagen content in literature is initiated by the depth-dependent postnatal increase in fibril strain due to collagen fibril reorientation.
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Physiological tonicity improves human chondrogenic marker expression through nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 in vitro. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R100. [PMID: 20492652 PMCID: PMC2911888 DOI: 10.1186/ar3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chondrocytes experience a hypertonic environment compared with plasma (280 mOsm) due to the high fixed negative charge density of cartilage. Standard isolation of chondrocytes removes their hypertonic matrix, exposing them to nonphysiological conditions. During in vitro expansion, chondrocytes quickly lose their specialized phenotype, making them inappropriate for cell-based regenerative strategies. We aimed to elucidate the effects of tonicity during isolation and in vitro expansion on chondrocyte phenotype. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were isolated and subsequently expanded at control tonicity (280 mOsm) or at moderately elevated, physiological tonicity (380 mOsm). The effects of physiological tonicity on chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic marker expression were evaluated. The role of Tonicity-responsive Enhancer Binding Protein in response to physiological tonicity was investigated using nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) RNA interference. Results Moderately elevated, physiological tonicity (380 mOsm) did not affect chondrocyte proliferation, while higher tonicities inhibited proliferation and diminished cell viability. Physiological tonicity improved expression of chondrogenic markers and NFAT5 and its target genes, while suppressing dedifferentiation marker collagen type I and improving type II/type I expression ratios >100-fold. Effects of physiological tonicity were similar in osteoarthritic and normal (nonosteoarthritic) chondrocytes, indicating a disease-independent mechanism. NFAT5 RNA interference abolished tonicity-mediated effects and revealed that NFAT5 positively regulates collagen type II expression, while suppressing type I. Conclusions Physiological tonicity provides a simple, yet effective, means to improve phenotypical characteristics during cytokine-free isolation and in vitro expansion of human articular chondrocytes. Our findings will lead to the development of improved cell-based repair strategies for chondral lesions and provides important insights into mechanisms underlying osteoarthritic progression.
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75
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Vonk LA, Kroeze RJ, Doulabi BZ, Hoogendoorn RJ, Huang C, Helder MN, Everts V, Bank RA. Caprine articular, meniscus and intervertebral disc cartilage: An integral analysis of collagen network and chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brama PAJ, van den Boom R, DeGroott J, Kiers GH, van Weeren PR. Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) activity in equine synovial fluid: influence of age, joint pathology, exercise and repeated arthrocentesis. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:34-40. [PMID: 14756369 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044864705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered candidate biomarkers for both physiological and pathological tissue remodelling because of their key role in articular cartilage homeostasis. As disruption of the collagenous architecture is thought to be pivotal in chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), the collagenases form an interesting subset of the MMPs. The significance of any biomarker in synovial fluid (SF) can be assessed properly only when fluctuations in patterns induced by physiological processes such as development and growth, and by external influences and interventions such as exercise and repeated arthrocentesis, are known and taken into account. OBJECTIVES To investigate the activity of MMP-1 in equine SF at different stages of development and in joints affected by OA, and the influence of exercise and repeated arthrocentesis thereon. METHODS MMP-1 activity was determined in SF of normal joints of fetal, juvenile and mature horses, and in SF of horses suffering from OA, using an internally quenched fluorogenic peptide substrate. MMP-1 activity was also measured in SF from horses subjected to an exercise regimen and those subjected to repeated arthrocentesis. RESULTS An age-related decline in the SF levels of active MMP-1 was observed. MMP-1 activity was 15-fold higher in fetal than in juvenile animals, which showed significantly higher MMP-1 activity levels than mature horses. In SF of OA joints, MMP-1 activity was increased. Exercise did not affect MMP-1 activity in SF, but repeated arthrocentesis (within 60 h) increased MMP-1 activity significantly. CONCLUSIONS The high MMP-1 activity in SF of young individuals parallels the high metabolic activity occurring during rapid growth and differentiation at early age. The elevated MMP-1 activity in SF of OA joints probably reflects pathological matrix degradation, confirming the potential of MMP-1 to serve as a biochemical marker for early joint disease. Moderate exercise is not likely to influence the outcome of MMP-1 activity measurements in equine SF, but arthrocentesis should be taken into account as a possible confounding factor. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Given the crucial role of the collagen matrix for tissue integrity, MMP-1 activity may be a useful tool in diagnostic, therapeutic or prognostic studies in horses suspected of OA. However, care should be taken to exclude fluctuations in MMP-1 activity induced by physiological processes such as development and growth, and by interventions such as repeated arthrocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A J Brama
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ryu B, Qian ZJ, Kim SK. SHP-1, a novel peptide isolated from seahorse inhibits collagen release through the suppression of collagenases 1 and 3, nitric oxide products regulated by NF-kappaB/p38 kinase. Peptides 2010; 31:79-87. [PMID: 19896517 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been taken to identify natural peptides as potential bioactive substances. In this study, novel peptide (SHP-1) derived from seahorse (Hippocampus, Syngnathidae) hydrolysate was explored for its inhibitory effects on collagen release in arthritis with the investigation of its underlying mechanism of action. The efficacy of SHP-1 was determined on cartilage protective effects such as inhibition of collagen and GAG release. SHP-1 was able to suppress not only the expression of collagenases 1 and 3, but also the production of NO via down-regulation of iNOS. However, it presented an irrelevant effect on the level of GAG release in chondrocytic and osteoblastic cells. Inhibition of collagen release by SHP-1 is associated with restraining the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB and p38 kinase cascade. Therefore, it could be suggested that SHP-1 has a potential to be used in arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- BoMi Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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78
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Bian L, Stoker AM, Marberry KM, Ateshian GA, Cook JL, Hung CT. Effects of dexamethasone on the functional properties of cartilage explants during long-term culture. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:78-85. [PMID: 19959744 PMCID: PMC2929560 DOI: 10.1177/0363546509354197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intact articular cartilage tissue is used clinically in the form of osteochondral allografts and experimentally as explants in modeling the physiologic behavior of chondrocytes in their native extracellular matrix. Long-term maintenance of allograft tissue is challenging. HYPOTHESIS By carefully modulating the preservation environment, it may be possible to preserve osteochondral allograft tissue over the long term while maintaining its original mechanical and biochemical properties. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS In this study, juvenile bovine, mature bovine, and canine cartilage explants were cultured in chemically defined media with or without supplementation of dexamethasone for up to 4 weeks. RESULTS The mechanical properties and biochemical content of juvenile bovine explants cultured in the presence of dexamethasone were significantly enhanced after 2 weeks in culture and remained stable with sustained cell viability thereafter. In contrast, the mechanical properties and biochemical content of juvenile bovine explants cultured in the absence of the dexamethasone significantly decreased after 2 weeks of culture. The mechanical and biochemical content of mature bovine and canine explants were not significantly affected by the presence of dexamethasone and maintained initial (day 0) mechanical and biochemical properties throughout the entire culture period with or without supplementation of dexamethasone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that juvenile and mature cartilage explants respond differently to dexamethasone. The functional properties of juvenile cartilage explants can be maintained in vitro through the addition of dexamethasone to culture media. Functional properties of mature cartilage can be preserved for at least 4 weeks in culture regardless of the presence of dexamethasone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biochemical and biomechanical properties of osteochondral allograft tissue may be enhanced by the addition of dexamethasone to culture media. These findings may translate to longer shelf life of preserved osteochondral allograft transplantation tissue and increased clinical availability of grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bian
- Cellular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kevin M. Marberry
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gerard A. Ateshian
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James L. Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clark T. Hung
- Cellular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,Address correspondence to Clark T. Hung, Cellular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 ()
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Han SK, Seerattan R, Herzog W. Mechanical loading of in situ chondrocytes in lapine retropatellar cartilage after anterior cruciate ligament transection. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7:895-903. [PMID: 19933220 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to quantify chondrocyte mechanics in fully intact articular cartilage attached to its native bone and (ii) to compare the chondrocyte mechanics for cells in healthy and early osteoarthritis (OA) tissue. We hypothesized that cells in the healthy tissue would deform less for given articular surface pressures than cells in the early OA tissue because of a loss of matrix integrity in early OA and the associated loss of structural integrity that is thought to protect chondrocytes. Chondrocyte dynamics were quantified by measuring the deformation response of the cells to controlled loading of fully intact cartilage using a custom-designed confocal indentation system. Early OA was achieved nine weeks following transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in rabbit knees. Experiments were performed on the retropatellar cartilage of early OA rabbit knees (four joints and 48 cells), the corresponding intact contralateral control knees (four joints and 48 cells) and knees from normal control rabbits (four joints and 48 cells). Nine weeks following ACL transection, articular cartilage of the experimental joints showed substantial increases in thickness, and progression towards OA as assessed using histological grading. Local matrix strains in the superficial zone were greater for the experimental (38 +/- 4%) compared with the contralateral (27 +/- 5%) and normal (28 +/- 4%) joints (p = 0.04). Chondrocyte deformations in the axial and depth directions were similar during indentation loading for all experimental groups. However, cell width increased more for the experimental cartilage chondrocytes (12 +/- 1%) than the contralateral (6 +/- 1%) and normal control chondrocytes (6 +/- 1%; p < 0.001). On average, chondrocyte volume increased with indentation loading in the early OA cartilage (8 +/- 3%, p = 0.001), while it decreased for the two control groups (-8 +/- 2%, p = 0.002 for contralateral and -8 +/- 1%, p = 0.004 for normal controls). We conclude from these results that our hypothesis of cell deformations in the early OA tissue was only partially supported: specifically, changes in chondrocyte mechanics in early OA were direction-specific with the primary axial deformations remaining unaffected despite vastly increased average axial matrix deformations. Surprisingly, chondrocyte deformations increased in early OA in specific transverse directions which have received little attention to date but might be crucial to chondrocyte signalling in early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kuy Han
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Palmer AW, Wilson CG, Baum EJ, Levenston ME. Composition-function relationships during IL-1-induced cartilage degradation and recovery. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1029-39. [PMID: 19281879 PMCID: PMC2745941 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships between biochemical composition and mechanical properties of articular cartilage explants during interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced degradation and post-exposure recovery. DESIGN Bovine articular cartilage explants were cultured for up to 32 days with or without 20 ng/mL IL-1. The dynamic shear modulus |G*(dyn)| and equilibrium and dynamic unconfined compression moduli (E(equil) and |E*(dyn)|) were measured at intervals throughout the culture period. In a subsequent recovery study, explants were cultured for 4 days with or without 20ng/mL IL-1 and for an additional 16 days in control media. The dynamic moduli |E*(dyn)| and |G*(dyn)| were measured at intervals during degeneration and recovery. Conditioned media and explant digests were assayed for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and collagen content. RESULTS Continuous IL-1 stimulation triggered progressive decreases in E(equil), |E*(dyn)|, and |G*(dyn)| concomitant with the sequential release of sGAG and collagen from the explants. Brief IL-1 exposure resulted in a short release of sGAG but not collagen, followed by a gradual and incomplete repopulation of sGAG. The temporary sGAG depletion was associated with decreases in both |E*(dyn)| and |G*(dyn)| which also recovered after removal of IL-1. During IL-1-induced degradation and post-exposure recovery, explant mechanical properties correlated well with tissue sGAG concentration. CONCLUSIONS As previously shown for developing cartilages and engineered cartilage constructs, cytokine-induced changes in sGAG concentration (i.e., fixed charge density) are coincident with changes in compressive and shear properties of articular cartilage. Further, recovery of cartilage mechanical properties can be achieved by relief from proinflammatory stimuli and subsequent restoration of tissue sGAG concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W. Palmer
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Elyse J. Baum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marc E. Levenston
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marc E. Levenston, Ph.D. Stanford University Department of Mechanical Engineering 233 Durand Building Stanford, CA 94305-4038 phone: (650) 723-9464 fax: (650) 725-1587
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81
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Kim W, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Firth EC, McArdle BH, Broom ND. Influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix in the equine midcarpal joint. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:589-98. [PMID: 19405897 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in the midcarpal joint of horses. ANIMALS 12 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES 6 horses underwent early conditioning exercise from birth to 18 months of age (CONDEX group), and 6 horses were used as control animals (PASTEX group). The horses were euthanized at 18 months of age, and the midcarpal joints were harvested. Gross defects of the cartilage surface were classified and mapped. Opposing surfaces of the third and radial carpal bones were used to quantify swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM. RESULTS A wide range of gross defects was detected in the cartilage on the opposing surfaces of the bones of the midcarpal joint; however, there was no significant difference between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups. Similarly, no significant difference in swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM was evident between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the study reported here, we did not detect negative influences of early conditioning exercise on the prevalence of gross defects in cartilage of the midcarpal joint or the quality of the cartilage ECM as defined by swelling behavior. These results suggested that early conditioning exercise may be used without negative consequences for the midcarpal joint and the cartilage ECM of the third and radial carpal bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Kim
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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82
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Raya JG, Horng A, Dietrich O, Weber J, Dinges J, Mützel E, Reiser MF, Glaser C. Voxel-based reproducibility of T2 relaxation time in patellar cartilage at 1.5 T with a new validated 3D rigid registration algorithm. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 22:229-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-009-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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83
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Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Koevoet W, De Bart ACW, Zuurmond AM, Bank RA, Verhaar JAN, DeGroot J, van Osch GJVM. TGFbeta affects collagen cross-linking independent of chondrocyte phenotype but strongly depending on physical environment. Tissue Eng Part A 2009. [PMID: 19230128 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is often used in cartilage tissue engineering to increase matrix formation by cells with various phenotypes. However, adverse effects of TGFbeta, such as extensive crosslinking in cultured fibroblasts, have also been reported. Our goal was to study effects of TGFbeta on collagen cross-linking and evaluating the role of cellular phenotype and physical environment. We therefore used four different cell populations in two very different physical environments: primary and expanded chondrocytes and fibroblasts embedded in alginate gel and attached to tissue culture plastic. Matrix production, collagen cross-linking, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) were analyzed during 4 weeks with or without 2.5 ng/ mL TGFbeta2. TGFbeta2 did not affect collagen deposition by primary cells. In expanded cells, TGFbeta2 increased collagen deposition. Chondrocytes and fibroblasts in monolayer produced more collagen cross-links with TGFbeta2. In alginate, primary and expanded cells displayed an unexpected decrease in collagen cross-linking with TGFbeta2. alphaSMA was not present in alginate cultures and barely upregulated by TGFbeta2. Organized alphaSMA fibers were present in all monolayer cultures and became more pronounced with TGFbeta2. This study demonstrates that the physical environment determined by the substrate used co-determines the response of cells to TGFbeta. The presence of mechanical stress, determined with alphaSMA-staining, is probably responsible for the increase in collagen cross-linking upon addition of TGFbeta.
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84
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Lecocq M, Girard CA, Fogarty U, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Cartilage matrix changes in the developing epiphysis: early events on the pathway to equine osteochondrosis? Equine Vet J 2008; 40:442-54. [PMID: 18487100 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The earliest osteochondrosis (OC) microscopic lesion reported in the literature was present in the femorotibial joint of a 2-day-old foal suggesting that OC lesions and factors initiating them may arise prior to birth. OBJECTIVE To examine the developing equine epiphysis to detect histological changes that could be precursors to OC lesions. METHODS Osteochondral samples from 21 equine fetuses and 13 foals were harvested from selected sites in the scapulohumeral, humeroradial, metacarpophalangeal, femoropatellar, femorotibial, tarsocrural and metatarsophalangeal joints. Sections were stained with safranin O and picrosiruis red to assess cartilage changes and structural arrangement of the collagen matrix. RESULTS Extracellular matrix changes observed included perivascular areas of paleness of the proteoglycan matrix associated with hypocellularity and, sometimes, necrotic chondrocytes. These changes were most abundant in the youngest fetuses and in the femoropatellar/femorotibial (FP/FT) joints. Indentations of the ossification front were also observed in most specimens, but, most frequently, in scapulohumeral and FP/FT joints. A cartilage canal was almost always present in these indentations. The vascular density of the cartilage was higher in the youngest fetuses. In these fetuses, the most vascularised joints were the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints but their cartilage canals regressed quickly. After birth, the most vascularised cartilage was present in the FP/FT joint. Articular cartilage differentiated into 4 zones early in fetal life and the epiphyseal cartilage also had a distinct zonal cartilage structure. A striking difference was observed in the collagen structure at the junction of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones where OCD lesions occur. CONCLUSION Matrix and ossification front changes were frequently observed and significantly associated with cartilage canals suggesting that they may be physiological changes associated with matrix remodelling and development. The collagen structure was variable through the growing epiphysis and a differential in biomechanical properties at focal sites may predispose them to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lecocq
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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85
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Xu QR, Dong YH, Chen SL, Bao CD, Du H. Degeneration of normal articular cartilage induced by late phase osteoarthritic synovial fluid in beagle dogs. Tissue Cell 2008; 41:13-22. [PMID: 18692211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathogenesis of late phase osteoarthritic (OA) synovial fluid (SF) on normal articular cartilage in vivo and provide an understanding of degenerative cartilage extending in OA joint. METHODS A random knee, each of 8 beagle dogs, received anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and was confirmed to have late phase OA degenerative changes at 24 weeks after operation. Thereafter, one random elbow of each canine was injected with autologous late phase OA knee SF. The contralateral elbow was injected with normal saline (NS) of the same volume as SF aspirated from ACLT knee. These two groups of elbows were labeled "SF" and "NS". 8 other beagle dogs were left intact and placed in Group Control. After aseptic arthrocentesis was performed weekly on both elbows for 24 weeks, morphological changes were observed in the cartilage of the elbows, and expressions of 7 biological etiological factors of chondrocytes of the elbows were determined in Group SF, Group NS and Group Control, respectively. RESULTS Morphological changes were observed in articular cartilage of the elbows in Group SF. Levels of unit area of collagen type I in the noncalcified, calcified and full zones of articular cartilage of the elbows in Group SF increased significantly. Level of unit area of collagen type III in the calcified zone of articular cartilage of the elbows in Group SF remained unchanged. Meanwhile, expressions of MMP-1 and MMP-3 of chondrocytes of the elbows in Group SF increased significantly. There was almost no difference between articular cartilage in Group NS and Group Control. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we conclude that OA degeneration of normal articular cartilage can be independently induced by late phase OA SF. Endogenous OA biological etiological factor may be one of the reasons causing degenerative cartilage extending in OA joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Rong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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86
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Asanbaeva A, Masuda K, Thonar EJMA, Klisch SM, Sah RL. Regulation of immature cartilage growth by IGF-I, TGF-beta1, BMP-7, and PDGF-AB: role of metabolic balance between fixed charge and collagen network. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2008; 7:263-76. [PMID: 17762943 PMCID: PMC2704288 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-007-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage growth may involve alterations in the balance between the swelling tendency of proteoglycans and the restraining function of the collagen network. Growth factors, including IGF-I, TGF-beta1, BMP-7, and PDGF-AB, regulate chondrocyte metabolism and, consequently, may regulate cartilage growth. Immature bovine articular cartilage explants from the superficial and middle zones were incubated for 13 days in basal medium or medium supplemented with serum, IGF-I, TGF-beta1, BMP-7, or PDGF-AB. Variations in tissue size, accumulation of proteoglycan and collagen, and tensile properties were assessed. The inclusion of serum, IGF-I, or BMP-7 resulted in expansive tissue growth, stimulation of proteoglycan deposition but not of collagen, and a diminution of tensile integrity. The regulation of cartilage metabolism by TGF-beta1 resulted in tissue homeostasis, with maintenance of size, composition, and function. Incubation in basal medium or with PDGF-AB resulted in small volumetric and compositional changes, but a marked decrease in tensile integrity. These results demonstrate that the phenotype of cartilage growth, and the associated balance between proteoglycan content and integrity of the collagen network, is regulated differentially by certain growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Asanbaeva
- Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0412, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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87
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Amin AK, Huntley JS, Bush PG, Simpson AHRW, Hall AC. Osmolarity influences chondrocyte death in wounded articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90:1531-42. [PMID: 18594103 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.g.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical injury results in chondrocyte death in articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether medium osmolarity affects chondrocyte death in injured articular cartilage. METHODS Osteochondral explants (n = 48) that had been harvested from the metacarpophalangeal joints of three-year-old cows were exposed to media with varying osmolarity (0 to 480 mOsm) for ninety seconds to allow in situ chondrocytes to respond to the altered osmotic environment. Explants were then wounded with a scalpel through the full thickness of articular cartilage, incubated in the same media for 2.5 hours, and transferred to 340-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (control medium) with further incubation for seven days. The spatial distribution of in situ chondrocyte death, percentage cell death, and marginal cell death at the wounded cartilage edge were compared as a function of osmolarity and time (2.5 hours compared with seven days) with use of confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS In situ chondrocyte death was mainly localized to the superficial tangential zone of injured articular cartilage for the range of medium osmolarities (0 to 480 mOsm) at 2.5 hours and seven days. Therefore, a sample of articular cartilage from the superficial region (which included the scalpel-wounded cartilage edge) was studied with use of confocal laser scanning microscopy to compare the effects of osmolarity on percentage and marginal cell death in the superficial tangential zone. Compared with the control explants exposed to 340-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, percentage cell death in the superficial tangential zone was greatest for explants exposed to 0-mOsm (distilled water) and least for explants exposed to 480-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium at 2.5 hours (13.0% at 340 mOsm [control], 35.5% at 0 mOsm, and 4.3% at 480 mOsm; p <or= 0.02 for paired comparisons) and seven days (9.9% at 340 mOsm [control], 37.7% at 0 mOsm, and 3.5% at 480 mOsm; p <or= 0.01 for paired comparisons). Marginal cell death in the superficial tangential zone decreased with increasing medium osmolarity at 2.5 hours (p = 0.001) and seven days (p = 0.002). There was no significant change in percentage cell death from 2.5 hours to seven days for explants initially exposed to any of the medium osmolarities. CONCLUSIONS Medium osmolarity significantly affects chondrocyte death in wounded articular cartilage. The greatest chondrocyte death occurs at 0 mOsm. Conversely, increased medium osmolarity (480 mOsm) is chondroprotective. The majority of cell death occurs within 2.5 hours, with no significant increase over seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish K Amin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, Scotland, UK.
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88
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Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Koevoet W, de Bart AC, Zuurmond AM, Bank RA, Verhaar JA, DeGroot J, van Osch GJ. TGFβ Affects Collagen Cross-Linking Independent of Chondrocyte Phenotype but Strongly Depending on Physical Environment. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:1059-66. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Maria Bastiaansen-Jenniskens
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit BioSciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Koevoet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud A. Bank
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit BioSciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A.N. Verhaar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DeGroot
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit BioSciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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89
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Bay-Jensen AC, Andersen TL, Charni-Ben Tabassi N, Kristensen PW, Kjaersgaard-Andersen P, Sandell L, Garnero P, Delaissé JM. Biochemical markers of type II collagen breakdown and synthesis are positioned at specific sites in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:615-23. [PMID: 17950629 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether type II collagen turnover markers used for osteoarthritis (OA) activity evaluation in body fluids can be detected at the level of specific histological features of OA cartilage tissue, as well as how they relate with each other at this level. METHODS Adjacent sections were obtained from full-depth cartilage biopsies from 32 OA knees. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Helix-II and CTX-II, which are type II collagen fragments originating from the triple helix and the telopeptide region, respectively, and believed to reflect distinct breakdown events, as well as for type IIA N propeptide (PIIANP), a biochemical marker reflecting synthesis of type IIA collagen. RESULTS Helix-II and CTX-II were detected in areas where collagen damage was reported previously, most frequently around chondrocytes, but also frequently in regions not previously investigated such as the margin area and close to subchondral bone, including vascularization sites and bone-cartilage interface. The latter is CTX-II's prevailing position and shows rarely Helix-II. PIIANP co-localized with Helix-II and CTX-II on a limited number of features, mainly in deep zone cartilage. Overall, our analysis highlights clear patterns of association of the markers with specific histological features, and shows that they spread to these features in an ordered way. CONCLUSION Helix-II and CTX-II show to some degree differential selectivity for specific features in cartilage tissue. CTX-II detection close to bone may be relevant to the possible role of subchondral bone in OA. The restricted co-localization of breakdown markers and PIIANP suggests that collagen fragments can result only partially from newly synthesized collagen. Our study strengthens the interest for the question whether combining several markers reflecting different regional cartilage contributions or metabolic processes should allow a broader detection of OA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Bay-Jensen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
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90
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Wang Q, Zheng YP, Leung G, Lam WL, Guo X, Lu HB, Qin L, Mak AFT. Altered osmotic swelling behavior of proteoglycan-depleted bovine articular cartilage using high frequency ultrasound. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:2537-52. [PMID: 18424876 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/10/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Swelling behavior is an electrochemical mechanical property of articular cartilage. It plays an important role in weight bearing and joint lubrication. In this study, the altered transient and inhomogeneous swelling behavior of the degenerated articular cartilage was observed and quantified in situ using ultrasound. Three groups of bovine patellar articular cartilage samples (n = 10 x 3) were obtained and digested by trypsin for 10, 20 and 30 min respectively to mimic different levels of degeneration. The osmotic-free shrinkage and swelling behavior induced by changing the concentration of the bathing saline solution from 0.15 M to 2 M and then back to 0.15 M were characterized using high-frequency ultrasound (central frequency = 35 MHz) before and after digestion. It was found that the degenerated cartilage specimens showed a weaker shrinkage-swelling behavior compared with the normal cartilage samples. However, no significant differences in the peak shrinkage or swelling strains were observed between different groups. The absolute values of the peak shrinkage strain significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 45.4%, 42.1% and 50.6% respectively after the trypsin digestion for 10, 20 and 30 min, but such significance was not demonstrated for the peak swelling strains. Due to the potential alterations in the collagen-PG matrix during trypsin digestion, the correlation between the swelling strain and the shrinkage strain of the degenerated samples changed slightly in comparison with the normal samples. The proposed ultrasound method has been successfully used to measure the transient and inhomogeneous swelling behavior of the degenerated articular cartilage and has the potential for the characterization of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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91
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Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Koevoet W, de Bart ACW, van der Linden JC, Zuurmond AM, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, van Osch GJVM, Degroot J. Contribution of collagen network features to functional properties of engineered cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:359-66. [PMID: 17714957 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to articular cartilage is one of the features of osteoarthritis (OA). Cartilage damage is characterised by a net loss of collagen and proteoglycans. The collagen network is considered highly important for cartilage function but little is known about processes that control composition and function of the cartilage collagen network in cartilage tissue engineering. Therefore, our aim was to study the contribution of collagen amount and number of crosslinks on the functionality of newly formed matrix during cartilage repair. METHODS Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads. Collagen network formation was modulated using the crosslink inhibitor beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN; 0.25mM). Constructs were cultured for 10 weeks with/without BAPN or for 5 weeks with BAPN followed by 5 weeks without. Collagen deposition, number of crosslinks and susceptibility to degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were examined. Mechanical properties of the constructs were determined by unconfined compression. RESULTS BAPN for 5 weeks increased collagen deposition accompanied by increased construct stiffness, despite the absence of crosslinks. BAPN for 10 weeks further increased collagen amounts. Absence of collagen crosslinks did not affect stiffness but ability to hold water was lower and susceptibility to MMP-mediated degradation was increased. Removal of BAPN after 5 weeks increased collagen amounts, allowed crosslink formation and increased stiffness. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that both collagen amounts and its proper crosslinking are important for a functional cartilage matrix. Even in conditions with elevated collagen deposition, crosslinks are needed to provide matrix stiffness. Crosslinks also contribute to the ability to hold water and to the resistance against degradation by MMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Bastiaansen-Jenniskens
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit BioSciences, Leiden, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics, The Netherlands
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92
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Egger GF, Witter K, Weissengruber G, Forstenpointner G. Articular cartilage in the knee joint of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach 1797. J Morphol 2008; 269:118-27. [PMID: 17972268 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Knee joints of one adult and three juvenile African elephants were dissected. The specific features of the articular cartilage with particular reference to matrix components were studied by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The elephant knee joint cartilage contains an unusually low concentration of proteoglycans resulting in rather eosinophilic staining properties of the matrix. The very thick collagen fibers of the cartilage possibly represent collagen I. Except for the different thickness of cartilage at the weight-bearing surfaces of femur (approximately 6.7 mm) and tibia (approximately 11.2 mm) in juvenile elephants, light and electron microscopy did not reveal distinct topographical differences in cartilage structure, perhaps because of the high congruency of the articulating surfaces and resulting uniform load distribution in the knee. The number of cell profiles per section area of both femoral (approximately 950 cell profiles/mm(2)) and tibial cartilage (approximately 898 cell profiles/mm(2)) was low, indicating excessive matrix production by the chondrocytes during cartilage development. These unique properties could be a result of the enormous compressive load resting on the elephant knee. Maintenance of the equilibrium between biological function and resistance to compression seems to be crucial in the elephant knee joint cartilage. Any disturbance that interferes with this equilibrium appears to lead to arthrotic alterations, as particularly seen in captive elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter F Egger
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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93
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Asanbaeva A, Masuda K, Thonar EJMA, Klisch SM, Sah RL. Cartilage growth and remodeling: modulation of balance between proteoglycan and collagen network in vitro with beta-aminopropionitrile. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1-11. [PMID: 17631390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, on growth and remodeling of immature articular cartilage in vitro. DESIGN Immature bovine articular cartilage explants from the superficial and middle layers were cultured for 13 days in serum-containing medium with or without BAPN. Variations in tissue size, accumulation of proteoglycan and collagen (COL), and tensile mechanical properties were assessed. RESULTS The inclusion of serum resulted in expansive tissue growth, stimulation of proteoglycan and COL deposition, and a diminution of tensile integrity. Supplementation of medium with BAPN accentuated this phenotype in terms of a further increase in tissue size in explants from the superficial layer and further diminution of tensile integrity, without affecting the contents of proteoglycan and COL in explants from both the superficial and middle layers. CONCLUSION COL crosslinking is a major factor in modulating the phenotype of cartilage growth and the associated balance between proteoglycan content and integrity of the COL network.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asanbaeva
- Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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94
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Tanaka E, Iwabuchi Y, Rego EB, Koolstra JH, Yamano E, Hasegawa T, Kawazoe A, Kawai N, Tanne K. Dynamic shear behavior of mandibular condylar cartilage is dependent on testing direction. J Biomech 2008; 41:1119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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95
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Tanaka E, Rego EB, Iwabuchi Y, Inubushi T, Koolstra JH, van Eijden TMGJ, Kawai N, Kudo Y, Takata T, Tanne K. Biomechanical response of condylar cartilage-on-bone to dynamic shear. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:127-32. [PMID: 17688244 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Shear stress can result in fatigue, damage, and irreversible deformation of the mandibular condylar cartilage. However, little information is available on its dynamic properties in shear. We tested the hypothesis that the dynamic shear properties of the condylar cartilage depend on the frequency and amplitude of shear strain. Ten porcine mandibular condyles were used for dynamic shear tests. Two cartilage-bone plugs were dissected from each condyle and tested in a simple shear sandwich configuration under a compressive strain of 10%. Sinusoidal shear strain was applied with an amplitude of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% and a frequency range between 0.01 and 10 Hz. The magnitudes of the shear dynamic moduli were found to be dependent on the frequency and the shear strain amplitude. They increased with shear strain. tan delta ranged from 0.2 to 0.4, which means that the cartilage is primarily elastic in nature and has a small but not negligible viscosity. In conclusion, the present results show that the shear behavior of the mandibular condylar cartilage is dependent on the frequency and amplitude of the applied shear strain. The observed shear characteristics suggest a significant role of shear strain on the interstitial fluid flow within the cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Gudimetla P, Crawford R, Oloyede A. The influence of lipid-extraction method on the stiffness of articular cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007; 22:924-31. [PMID: 17689159 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the known characteristics of osteoarthritis is the loss of articular cartilage lipids. Therefore, it is important to study how lipids influence the functions of the tissue. This can only be done successfully by indirect analysis involving the extraction of lipids and subsequent assessment of the delipidized matrix. Therefore, for accuracy, the procedure for lipid extraction must not induce any other modification in the samples to be assessed. Hence, we compare three rinsing agents and methods in this study. METHODS Normal and delipidized articular cartilage samples were tested under compressive loading at 4 loading velocities to obtain and compare their stiffness values. FINDINGS Chloroform rinsing resulted in a 45% decrease in the stiffness of cartilage at low strain-rates (10(-2)/s and 10(-1)/s) on average with a corresponding increase of 55% at higher strain-rate of 10/s relative to the normal. Ethanol rinsed cartilage exhibited a corresponding decrease of 40% at the low strain-rates while exhibiting an increase of about 20% at the highest loading rates. Propylene glycol rinsing resulted in a decrease of approximately 20% in stiffness, while an increase of up to 5% at high rates of loading. INTERPRETATION The loss of lipids modifies the stiffness of articular cartilage at all loading rates. The relatively larger deviation of the stiffness of chloroform-rinsed samples relative to the normal is probably a consequence of the drying process involved in rinsing protocol. It is probable that the results of milder rinsing agents, used without vacuum drying, are more reflective of physiological delipidization effects on the tissue. Consequently, we recommend propylene glycol and its associated protocol for extracting lipids from articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gudimetla
- School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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97
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Guo BY, Liao DH, Li XY, Zeng YJ, Yang QH. Age and gender related changes in biomechanical properties of healthy human costal cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007; 22:292-7. [PMID: 17140710 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS For repairing the ear malformation, it is recommended in China to use the over than 10-years-old rib cartilage. However, according to our clinical experience, a better post-operation effect can be found using about the 7-years-old cartilage for the operation. To shape a harvested costal cartilage and to perform it on the transplant site depend on the mechanical properties of the costal cartilage. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the age and gender-related biomechanical properties of the human costal cartilage. METHODS Human costal cartilages were harvested from 25 female and 45 male donors of 5-25 years old after auricular reconstructive surgery. The specimens were divided into six groups: children (5-10 years), adolescent (11-17 years) and adult (18-25 years), respectively, in males and females. Tensile strength, stress-strain relationship, stress relaxation and creep were tested by using a material testing machine. FINDINGS The biomechanical properties of costal cartilage are donor age and gender related. The children group has the highest tensile strengths (P<0.01) in both male and female groups. The male group relaxed and crept more than that of the female group in all three age groups (P<0.01). INTERPRETATION These findings provide a further support for the potential age acting on the human costal cartilage. The adolescent has the lowest strength, this could be a reason that compared to using the children costal cartilage, the bigger distortion happened after using the adolescent costal cartilage in the auricular reconstruction operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-yun Guo
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, PR China
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98
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Asanbaeva A, Masuda K, Thonar EJMA, Klisch SM, Sah RL. Mechanisms of cartilage growth: modulation of balance between proteoglycan and collagen in vitro using chondroitinase ABC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:188-98. [PMID: 17195221 DOI: 10.1002/art.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the cartilage growth-associated effects of a disruption in the balance between the swelling pressure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the restraining function of the collagen network, by diminishing GAG content prior to culture using enzymatic treatment with chondroitinase ABC. METHODS Immature bovine articular cartilage explants from the superficial and middle layers were analyzed immediately or after incubation in serum-supplemented medium for 13 days. Other explants were treated with chondroitinase ABC to deplete tissue GAG and also either analyzed immediately or after incubation in serum-supplemented medium for 13 days. Treatment- and incubation-associated variations in tissue volume, contents of proteoglycan and collagen network components, and tensile mechanical properties were assessed. RESULTS Incubation in serum-supplemented medium resulted in expansive growth with a marked increase in tissue volume that was associated with a diminution of tensile integrity. In contrast, chondroitinase ABC treatment on day 0 led to a marked reduction of GAG content and enhancement of tensile integrity, and subsequent incubation led to maturational growth with minimal changes in tissue volume and maintenance of tensile integrity at the enhanced levels. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that a manipulation of GAG content in articular cartilage explants can distinctly alter the growth phenotype of cartilage. This may have practical utility for tissue engineering and cartilage repair. For example, the expansive growth phenotype may be useful to fill cartilage defects, while the maturational growth phenotype may be useful to induce matrix stabilization after filling defect spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Asanbaeva
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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99
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Bi X, Yang X, Bostrom MP, Bartusik D, Ramaswamy S, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Camacho NP. Fourier transform infrared imaging and MR microscopy studies detect compositional and structural changes in cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:1601-12. [PMID: 17143596 PMCID: PMC2944229 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of subtle changes in proteoglycan (PG) and collagen, the primary macromolecular components of cartilage, which is critical for diagnosis of the early stages of osteoarthritis (OA), has so far remained a challenge. In this study we induced osteoarthritic cartilage changes in a rabbit model by ligament transection and medial meniscectomy and monitored disease progression by infrared fiber optic probe (IFOP) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) microscopy. IFOP studies combined with chemometric partial least-squares analysis enabled us to monitor progressive cartilage surface changes from two to twelve weeks post-surgery. FT-IRIS studies of histological sections of femoral condyle cartilage revealed that compared with control cartilage the OA cartilage had significantly reduced PG content 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery, collagen fibril orientation changes 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery, and changes in collagen integrity 2 and 10 weeks post-surgery, but no significant changes in collagen content at any time. MR microscopy studies revealed reduced fixed charge density (FCD), indicative of reduced PG content, in the OA cartilage, compared with controls, 4 weeks post-surgery. A non-significant trend toward higher apparent MT exchange rate, k(m), was also found in the OA cartilage at this time point, suggesting changes in collagen structural features. These two MR findings for FCD and k(m) parallel the FT-IRIS findings of reduced PG content and altered collagen integrity, respectively. MR microscopy studies of the cartilage at the 12-week time point also found a trend toward longer T (2) values and reduced anisotropy in the deep zone of the OA cartilage, consistent with increased hydration and less ordered collagen. These studies reveal that FT-IRIS and MR microscopy provide complementary data on compositional changes in articular cartilage in the early stages of osteoarthritic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Bi
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Xu Yang
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mathias P.G. Bostrom
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Dorota Bartusik
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kenneth W. Fishbein
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Richard G. Spencer
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Nancy Pleshko Camacho
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021
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100
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Knecht S, Vanwanseele B, Stüssi E. A review on the mechanical quality of articular cartilage - implications for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006; 21:999-1012. [PMID: 16979270 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional behaviour of articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints is determined by its morphological and biomechanical properties. Whereas morphological changes are mainly detectable in the progressed stages of osteoarthritis, biomechanical properties seem to be more sensitive to early degenerative variations since they are determined by the biochemical composition and structural arrangement of the extracellular matrix. The objective of this paper is to review studies focussing on variations in the mechanical compressive properties during the early pre-osteoarthritic stage. The aim is to quantify the requirements to detect the early cartilage degeneration in pre-osteoarthritis based on the mechanical parameters and to create an updated basis for a better understanding of inherent relationships between characteristic parameters in articular cartilage. Correlations between mechanical and biochemical parameters as well as magnetic resonance, ultrasonic, histological and structural parameters were observed. In early osteoarthritis, static moduli decrease below 80% of healthy controls and dynamic moduli below 30% of controls. To identify osteoarthritic changes of articular cartilage based on static or dynamic mechanical parameters in an early stage of the disease progression the accuracy of a mechanical testing method has to be adequate to detect changes of 10% in cartilage stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Knecht
- Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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