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Koo JM, Park CH, Yoo S, Lee GW, Yang SY, Kim JH, Yoo SI. Selective ion transport through three-dimensionally interconnected nanopores of quaternized block copolymer membranes for energy harvesting application. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3700-3708. [PMID: 33683277 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A concentration gradient in an aqueous solution is a promising source of energy that can be converted into electrical energy by an ion-exchange polymer membrane. In concentration-gradient energy harvesters, ion transport through nanoporous channels is an emerging approach to enhance the energy conversion efficiency. Since massive but selective ion transport could be realized through nanochannels, the theoretical calculations predicted that nanoporous membranes can extract significantly larger energy than the conventional non-structured membranes. In this regard, scientists in the field have attempted to produce nanoporous membranes on a macroscopic scale based on 1D, 2D, and 3D materials. However, the fabrication of nanoporous membranes is often accompanied by technical difficulties, which entails high production cost, low throughput, and poor scalability. In this study, we took advantage of the self-segregating properties of block copolymers (BCPs) to address these issues. In particular, the non-solvent-induced phase separation method has been utilized to produce three-dimensionally interconnected nanopores within BCP membranes. In addition, the neutral BCP nanopores' surface was modified with positive charges to allow selective diffusion of anions in concentration-gradient cells. By mounting the porous BCP membranes between two aqueous solutions with different concentrations, we studied the BCP-membrane-mediated energy-harvesting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Min Koo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48547, Republic of Korea.
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52
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Li Y, Tu L, Ma X, Chen H, Fan Y, Zhou Q, Sun Y. Engineering a Smart Nanofluidic Sensor for High-Performance Peroxynitrite Sensing through a Spirocyclic Ring Open/Close Reaction Strategy. ACS Sens 2021; 6:808-814. [PMID: 33480688 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is an important reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that participates in a range of physiological and pathological processes by modulating ion flux through biological channels. Inspired by a ONOO--regulated K+ channel in vivo, herein, we describe the construction of a smart ONOO--driven nanosensor using a spirocyclic ring open/close reaction approach. The prepared nanosensor possessed a prominent ONOO- selectivity and sensitivity and rapid response (∼90 s) owing to the specific reaction between ONOO- and ligands on the nanosensor surface with a high ion rectification ratio (∼10) and ion gating ratio (∼4). Moreover, this nanosensor system also exhibits excellent stability and recyclability. Thus, these results will provide a new direction for the design of nanochannel-based sensors for future practical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, Hunan, China
| | - Le Tu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjing 300191, China
| | - Yifan Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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53
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Li W, Mao S, Dong Z. Anion Transmembrane Nanochannels from Pore-Forming Helices Constructed by the Dynamic Covalent Reaction of Dihydrazide and Dialdehyde Units. Chempluschem 2021; 86:492-495. [PMID: 33733612 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anion transmembrane nanochannels constructed from dynamic covalent helices (DCHs) are reported. The dynamic covalent structures can be synthesized by one-pot dynamic covalent reactions and helically self-fold into nanotubes through intramolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. Such helical structures can vertically self-assemble into long nanofibers under π-π stacking and their hollow nanocavities finally form ion permeation pathways across the lipid membranes. Single-channel electrophysiology signals provide solid evidence of DCHs following the channel rather than the carrier mechanism. Owing to the pore-forming capacity of DCHs, nanochannels are able to accelerate the movement of anions across lipid membranes with high transport activity (EC50 =0.08 mol %). Moreover, DCH channels show dehydration energy dependent anion selectivity. This report highlights the importance of such DCHs as general channel scaffolds with economical synthesis and special nanocavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wencan Li
- Department State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shizhong Mao
- Department State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Dong
- Department State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, P. R. China
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54
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Pan M, Cai J, Li S, Xu L, Ma W, Xu C, Kuang H. Aptamer-Gated Ion Channel for Ultrasensitive Mucin 1 Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4825-4831. [PMID: 33688720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of cancer markers is important for early diagnosis and timely treatment of cancer. In this study, we fabricated a tailorable gold nanofilm-anodized aluminum oxide (Au-AAO) ion channel through nanoparticle self-assembly and proposed a highly sensitive and selective Mucin 1 (MUC1) detection method. By engineering the optimal layers of the Au-AAO ion channel and encoding the aptamer between the interlayers, a highly controllable ion rectification phenomenon was observed. From this, the relationship between the rectification ratio (RR) and the concentration of MUC1 was established and the highly sensitive detection of MUC1 is achieved. We found that the aptamer-modified Au-AAO ion channel has a good linear range within the MUC1 concentration of 1-104 fg mL-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.0364 fg mL-1 (0.0025 aM). Thus, this research opens a new horizon for fabricating multi-functional ion channels as well as developing ultrasensitive detection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Pan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Cai
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Si Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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55
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Towards explicit regulating-ion-transport: nanochannels with only function-elements at outer-surface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1573. [PMID: 33692350 PMCID: PMC7946920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function elements (FE) are vital components of nanochannel-systems for artificially regulating ion transport. Conventionally, the FE at inner wall (FEIW) of nanochannel−systems are of concern owing to their recognized effect on the compression of ionic passageways. However, their properties are inexplicit or generally presumed from the properties of the FE at outer surface (FEOS), which will bring potential errors. Here, we show that the FEOS independently regulate ion transport in a nanochannel−system without FEIW. The numerical simulations, assigned the measured parameters of FEOS to the Poisson and Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations, are well fitted with the experiments, indicating the generally explicit regulating-ion-transport accomplished by FEOS without FEIW. Meanwhile, the FEOS fulfill the key features of the pervious nanochannel systems on regulating-ion-transport in osmotic energy conversion devices and biosensors, and show advantages to (1) promote power density through concentrating FE at outer surface, bringing increase of ionic selectivity but no obvious change in internal resistance; (2) accommodate probes or targets with size beyond the diameter of nanochannels. Nanochannel-systems with only FEOS of explicit properties provide a quantitative platform for studying substrate transport phenomena through nanoconfined space, including nanopores, nanochannels, nanopipettes, porous membranes and two-dimensional channels. Function elements are key components for nanochannel systems for artificial regulation of ion transport. Here, the authors investigate the independent role of function elements at the outer surface of nanochannel systems, without function elements at inner walls, in promoting osmotic energy conversion and biochemical sensing.
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Riza Putra B, Tshwenya L, Buckingham MA, Chen J, Jeremiah Aoki K, Mathwig K, Arotiba OA, Thompson AK, Li Z, Marken F. Microscale Ionic Diodes: An Overview. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Budi Riza Putra
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, West Java Indonesia
| | - Luthando Tshwenya
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Mark A. Buckingham
- Department of Chemistry Britannia House King's College London London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- University of Fukui Department of Applied Physics 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 9100017 Japan
| | - Koichi Jeremiah Aoki
- University of Fukui Department of Applied Physics 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 9100017 Japan
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Stichting imec Nederland within OnePlanet Research Center Bronland 10 6708 WH Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Omotayo A. Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Zhongkai Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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57
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Tu YM, Samineni L, Ren T, Schantz AB, Song W, Sharma S, Kumar M. Prospective applications of nanometer-scale pore size biomimetic and bioinspired membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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58
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Fu L, Yang Z, Wang Y, Li R, Zhai J. Construction of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs)–Based Membranes and Their Ion Transport Applications. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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59
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Xu L, Shi R. Generation of functional Na V1.5 current by endogenous transcriptional activation of SCN5A. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1892524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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60
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Ouyang Q, Tu L, Zhang Y, Chen H, Fan Y, Tu Y, Li Y, Sun Y. Construction of a Smart Nanofluidic Sensor through a Redox Reaction Strategy for High-Performance Carbon Monoxide Sensing. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14947-14952. [PMID: 33119273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO), an important gas signaling molecule, demonstrated various physiological and pathological functions by regulating the ion flux of biological channels. Herein, inspired by the CO-regulated K+ channel in vivo, we propose a smart CO-responsive nanosensor through the redox reaction strategy. Such nanosensor demonstrated an outstanding CO specificity and selectivity with high ion rectification (∼9) as well as excellent stability and recyclability. Therefore, these results will provide a new direction for the design of nanochannel-based sensors for future practical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Le Tu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radioactive and Rare Resource Utilization, Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Yangyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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61
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Hoffman JR, Phillip WA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1267-1279. [PMID: 35638635 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Membranes fabricated from self-assembled materials are one recent example of how polymer science has been leveraged to advance membrane technology. Due to their well-defined nanostructures, the performance of membranes made from these materials is pushing the boundaries of size-selective filtration. Still, there remains a need for higher performance and more selective membranes. The advent of functional membrane platforms that rely on mechanisms beyond steric hindrance (e.g., charge-selective membranes and membrane sorbents) is one approach to realize improved solute-solute selectivity and further advance membrane technology. To date, the lab-scale demonstration of these platforms has often relied on fabrication schemes that require extended processing times. However, in order to translate lab-scale demonstrations to larger-scale implementation, it is critical that the rate of the functionalization scheme is reconciled with membrane manufacturing rates. In this viewpoint, it is postulated that substrates lined by reactive moieties that are amenable to postfabrication modification would enable the production of membranes with controlled nanostructures while providing access to a diverse array of pore wall chemistries. A comparison of reaction and manufacturing rates suggests that mechanisms that exhibit second-order reaction rate constants of at least 1 M-1 s-1 are needed for roll-to-roll processing. Furthermore, for mechanisms that exhibit rate constants greater than 300 M-1 s-1, it may be possible to integrate multiple functional domains over the membrane surface such that useful properties emerge. These multifunctional systems can expand the capabilities of membranes when the patterned chemistries interact at the heterojunctions between domains (e.g., Janus and charge-patterned mosaic membranes) or if they exhibit cooperative responses to external operating conditions (e.g., membrane pumps).
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Hoffman
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William A. Phillip
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Bioinspired nervous signal transmission system based on two-dimensional laminar nanofluidics: From electronics to ionics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16743-16748. [PMID: 32611809 PMCID: PMC7382253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005937117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nervous systems, as natural ionic circuitries, have interested researchers with their powerful abilities in environmental perceptions and information transmission, which triggered booming development in artificial prototypes such as biomimetic ionic nanochannels. Most studied artificial ionic systems are more focused on their functions of perception, whereas the ionic information transmission system is rarely reported. Here, two-dimensional laminar nanofluidics are fabricated from MXene nanosheets and the noncontact external electrostatic potential applied patterns to generate and transmit alternating signals, from basic sine to frequency-modulated binary information. This work demonstrates the potentiality of bioinspired nervous signal transmission to simulate the neural ion-carried information system, which might lead to the avenue of alternating current ionics. Mammalian nervous systems, as natural ionic circuitries, stand out in environmental perception and sophisticated information transmission, relying on protein ionic channels and additional necessary structures. Prosperously emerged ionic regulated biomimetic nanochannels exhibit great potentialities in various application scenarios, especially signal transduction. Most reported direct current systems possess deficiencies in informational density and variability, which are superiorities of alternating current (AC) systems and necessities in bioinspired nervous signal transmission. Here, inspired by myelinated saltatory conduction, alternating electrostatic potential controlled nanofluidics are constructed with a noncontact application pattern and MXene nanosheets. Under time-variant external stimuli, ions confined in the interlaminar space obtain the capability of carriers for the AC ionic circuit. The transmitted information is accessible from typical sine to a frequency-modulated binary signal. This work demonstrates the potentiality of the bioinspired nervous signal transmission between electronics and ionic nanofluidics, which might push one step forward to the avenue of AC ionics.
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63
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Wang F, Zhang X, Chen G, Zhao Y. Living Bacterial Microneedles for Fungal Infection Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2760594. [PMID: 33623902 PMCID: PMC7877375 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2760594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are everlasting health challenges all over the world, bringing about great financial and medical burdens. Here, inspired by the natural competition law of beneficial bacteria against other microbes, we present novel living microneedles (LMNs) with functionalized bacteria encapsulation for efficient fungal infection treatment. The chosen beneficial bacterial components, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), which are naturally found on the human skin and widely used for food processing, can get nutrients from the skin and escape from the immune system with the help of microneedles. Besides, the encapsulated B. subtilis can continuously produce and secrete various potential antifungal agents which can directly bind to fungal cell surface-associated proteins and destruct the cell membranes, thus avoiding drug resistance. After immobilization in the LMNs, the bacteria can stay within the LMNs without invasion and the encapsulated bacteria together with microneedles can be removed after application. Thus, the side effects, especially the risk for subsequent bacterial infections, are controlled to a minimum to ensure security. In addition, strong penetrability of the microneedles enhances penetration of antifungal agents, and their heights can be adjusted according to the infected depth to acquire better therapeutic effects. These features make the LMNs potentially valuable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Wang
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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