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Zhang B, Zheng L, Lin J, Wei D. Characterization of an ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii for asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1527-34. [PMID: 27193896 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii and achieve the ene-reductase-mediated reduction of activated C=C bonds. RESULTS The gene encoding an ene-reductase was cloned from M. guilliermondii. Sequence homology analysis showed that MgER shared the maximal amino acid sequence identity of 57 % with OYE2.6 from Scheffersomyces stipitis. MgER showed the highest specific activity at 30 °C and pH 7 (100 mM sodium phosphate buffer), and excellent stereoselectivities were achieved for the reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone. Under the reaction conditions (30 °C and pH 7.0), 150 mM (R)-carvone could be completely converted to (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone within 22 h employing purified MgER as catalyst, resulting in a yield of 98.9 % and an optical purity of >99 % d.e. CONCLUSION MgER was characterized as a novel ene-reductase from yeast and showed great potential for the asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds of α,β-unsaturated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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Kataoka M, Miyakawa T, Shimizu S, Tanokura M. Enzymes useful for chiral compound synthesis: structural biology, directed evolution, and protein engineering for industrial use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kawada Y, Yokoyama S, Yanase E, Niwa T, Suzuki T. The production of S-equol from daidzein is associated with a cluster of three genes in Eggerthella sp. YY7918. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 35:113-21. [PMID: 27508112 PMCID: PMC4965515 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein (DZN) is converted to equol (EQL) by intestinal bacteria. We previously reported that
Eggerthella sp. YY7918, which is found in human feces, is an EQL-producing bacterium and
analyzed its whole genomic sequence. We found three coding sequences (CDSs) in this bacterium that showed 99%
similarity to the EQL-producing enzymes of Lactococcus sp. 20-92. These identified CDSs were
designated eqlA, eqlB, and eqlC and thought to encode
daidzein reductase (DZNR), dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR), and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR),
respectively. These genes were cloned into pColdII. Recombinant plasmids were then introduced into
Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and DZNR, DHDR, and THDR were expressed and purified by
6×His-Tag chromatography. We confirmed that these three enzymes were involved in the conversion of DZN to EQL.
Purified DZNR converted DZN to dihydrodaizein (DHD) in the presence of NADPH. DHDR converted DHD to
tetrahydrodaizein (THD) in the presence of NADPH. Neither enzyme showed activities with NADH. THDR converted
THD in the absence of cofactors, NAD(P)H, and also produced DHD as a by-product. Thus, we propose that THDR is
not a reductase but a new type of dismutase. The GC content of these clusters was 64%, similar to the overall
genomic GC content for Eggerthella and Coriobacteriaceae (56–60%), and higher than that for
Lactococcus garvieae (39%), even though the gene cluster showed 99% similarity to that in
Lactococcus sp. 20-92. Taken together, our results indicate that the gene cluster
associated with EQL production evolved in high-GC bacteria including Coriobacteriaceae and was then laterally
transferred to Lactococcus sp. 20-92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Kawada
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Food Technology, Industrial Technology Center, Gifu Prefectural Government, 47 Kitaoyobi, Kasamatsu, Hashima, Gifu 501-6064, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshio Niwa
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, 6 Nikko-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0938, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Peers MK, Toogood HS, Heyes DJ, Mansell D, Coe BJ, Scrutton NS. Light-driven biocatalytic reduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds by ene reductases employing transition metal complexes as photosensitizers. Catal Sci Technol 2016; 6:169-177. [PMID: 27019691 PMCID: PMC4786955 DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and cost effective nicotinamide cofactor regeneration is essential for industrial-scale bio-hydrogenations employing flavin-containing biocatalysts such as the Old Yellow Enzymes. A direct flavin regeneration system using visible light to initiate a photoredox cycle and drive biocatalysis is described, and shown to be effective in driving biocatalytic activated alkene reduction. Using Ru(ii) or Ir(iii) complexes as photosensitizers, coupled with an electron transfer mediator (methyl viologen) and sacrificial electron donor (triethanolamine) drives catalytic turnover of two Old Yellow Enzymes with multiple oxidative substrates. Therefore, there is great potential in the development of light-driven biocatalytic systems, providing an alternative to the reliance on enzyme-based cofactor regeneration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K Peers
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Helen S Toogood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - David Mansell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
| | - Benjamin J Coe
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK .
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55
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Bertolotti M, Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Santangelo S. Substrate Scope Evaluation of the Enantioselective Reduction of β-Alkyl-β-arylnitroalkenes by Old Yellow Enzymes 1-3 for Organic Synthesis Applications. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
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Knaus T, Mutti FG, Humphreys LD, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Systematic methodology for the development of biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing cascades: application to the synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids from α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 25372591 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are flavin dependent enzymes that catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bonds. In particular, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. enals and enones) as well as nitroalkenes are rapidly reduced. Conversely, α,β-unsaturated esters are poorly accepted substrates whereas free carboxylic acids are not converted at all. The only exceptions are α,β-unsaturated diacids, diesters as well as esters bearing an electron-withdrawing group in α- or β-position. Here, we present an alternative approach that has a general applicability for directly obtaining diverse chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids. This approach combines two enzyme classes, namely ERs and aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ald-DHs), in a concurrent reductive-oxidative biocatalytic cascade. This strategy has several advantages as the starting material is an α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, a class of compounds extremely reactive for the reduction of the alkene moiety. Furthermore no external hydride source from a sacrificial substrate (e.g. glucose, formate) is required since the hydride for the first reductive step is liberated in the second oxidative step. Such a process is defined as a hydrogen-borrowing cascade. This methodology has wide applicability as it was successfully applied to the synthesis of chiral substituted hydrocinnamic acids, aliphatic acids, heterocycles and even acetylated amino acids with elevated yield, chemo- and stereo-selectivity. A systematic methodology for optimizing the hydrogen-borrowing two-enzyme synthesis of α-chiral substituted carboxylic acids was developed. This systematic methodology has general applicability for the development of diverse hydrogen-borrowing processes that possess the highest atom efficiency and the lowest environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Richter N, Simon RC, Lechner H, Kroutil W, Ward JM, Hailes HC. ω-Transaminases for the amination of functionalised cyclic ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8843-51. [PMID: 26194788 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a number of enantiocomplementary ω-transaminases (ω-TAms) in the amination of cyclic ketones has been investigated. After a preliminary screening of several compounds with increasing complexity, different approaches to shift the equilibrium of the reaction to the amine products were studied, and reaction conditions (temperature and pH) optimised. Interestingly, 2-propylamine as an amine donor was tolerated by all five selected ω-TAms, and therefore used in further experiments. Due to the higher conversions observed and interest in chiral amines studies then focused on the amination of α-tetralone and 2-methylcyclohexanone. Both ketones were aminated to give the corresponding amine with at least one of the employed enzymes. Moreover, the amination of 2-methylcyclohexanone was investigated in more detail due to the different stereoselectivities observed with TAms used. The highest yields and stereoselectivities were obtained using the ω-TAm from Chromobacterium violaceum (CV-TAm), producing 2-methylcyclohexylamine with complete stereoselectivity at the (1S)-amine position and up to 24 : 1 selectivity for the cis : trans [(1S,2R) : (1S,2S)] isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Richter
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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58
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Turrini NG, Hall M, Faber K. Enzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active Lactones via
Asymmetric Bioreduction using Ene-Reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme Family. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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59
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Ferreira IM, Meira EB, Rosset IG, Porto AL. Chemoselective biohydrogenation of α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones by the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186 in a biphasic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Applications of protein engineering to members of the old yellow enzyme family. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:624-31. [PMID: 25940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the "other" product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6.
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61
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Rüthlein E, Classen T, Dobnikar L, Schölzel M, Pietruszka J. Finding the Selectivity Switch - A Rational Approach towards Stereocomplementary Variants of the Ene Reductase YqjM. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Daugherty AB, Horton JR, Cheng X, Lutz S. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF CIRCULAR PERMUTATION ON THE ACTIVE SITE OF OLD YELLOW ENZYME. ACS Catal 2015; 5:892-899. [PMID: 25692074 PMCID: PMC4327928 DOI: 10.1021/cs501702k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Circular
permutation of the NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase
Old Yellow Enzyme from Saccharomyces pastorianus (OYE1) can significantly enhance the enzyme’s catalytic performance.
Termini relocation into four regions of the protein (sectors I–IV)
near the active site has proven effective in altering enzyme function.
To better understand the structural consequences and rationalize the
observed functional gains in these OYE1 variants, we selected representatives
from sectors I–III for further characterization by biophysical
methods and X-ray crystallography. These investigations not only show
trends in enzyme stability and quaternary structure as a function
of termini location but also provide a possible explanation for the
catalytic gains in our top-performing OYE variant (new N-terminus
at residue 303; sector III). Crystallographic analysis indicates that
termini relocation into sector III affects the loop β6 region
(amino acid positions: 290–310) of OYE1, which forms a lid
over the active site. Peptide backbone cleavage greatly enhances local
flexibility, effectively converting the loop into a tether and consequently
increasing the environmental exposure of the active site. Interestingly,
such an active site remodeling does not negatively impact the enzyme’s
activity and stereoselectivity; neither does it perturb the conformation
of other key active site residues with the exception of Y375. These
observations were confirmed in truncation experiments, deleting all
residues of the loop β6 region in our OYE variant. Intrigued
by the finding that circular permutation leaves most of the key catalytic
residues unchanged, we also tested OYE permutants for possible additive
or synergistic effects of amino acid substitutions. Distinct functional
changes in these OYE variants were detected upon mutations at W116,
known in native OYE1 to cause inversion of diastereoselectivity for
(S)-carvone reduction. Our findings demonstrate the
contribution of loop β6 toward determining the stereoselectivity
of OYE1, an important insight for future OYE engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Daugherty
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. United States
| | - John R. Horton
- Department
of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stefan Lutz
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. United States
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Horita S, Kataoka M, Kitamura N, Nakagawa T, Miyakawa T, Ohtsuka J, Nagata K, Shimizu S, Tanokura M. An engineered old yellow enzyme that enables efficient synthesis of (4R,6R)-Actinol in a one-pot reduction system. Chembiochem 2015; 16:440-5. [PMID: 25639703 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
(4R,6R)-Actinol can be stereo-selectively synthesized from ketoisophorone by a two-step conversion using a mixture of two enzymes: Candida macedoniensis old yellow enzyme (CmOYE) and Corynebacterium aquaticum (6R)-levodione reductase. However, (4S)-phorenol, an intermediate, accumulates because of the limited substrate range of CmOYE. To address this issue, we solved crystal structures of CmOYE in the presence and absence of a substrate analogue p-HBA, and introduced point mutations into the substrate-recognition loop. The most effective mutant (P295G) showed two- and 12-fold higher catalytic activities toward ketoisophorone and (4S)-phorenol, respectively, than the wild-type, and improved the yield of the two-step conversion from 67.2 to 90.1%. Our results demonstrate that the substrate range of an enzyme can be changed by introducing mutation(s) into a substrate-recognition loop. This method can be applied to the development of other favorable OYEs with different substrate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Horita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 (Japan)
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Zhou X, Chow HL, Wu JC. Bioreduction of activated alkenes by a novel “ene”-reductase from the thermophilic strainBacillus coagulansWCP10-4. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.974574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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66
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Xu MY, Pei XQ, Wu ZL. Identification and characterization of a novel “thermophilic-like” Old Yellow Enzyme from the genome of Chryseobacterium sp. CA49. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Walton AZ, Sullivan B, Patterson-Orazem AC, Stewart JD. Residues Controlling Facial Selectivity in an Alkene Reductase and Semirational Alterations to Create Stereocomplementary Variants. ACS Catal 2014; 4:2307-2318. [PMID: 25068071 PMCID: PMC4105185 DOI: 10.1021/cs500429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A systematic
saturation mutagenesis campaign was carried out on
an alkene reductase from Pichia stipitis (OYE 2.6) to develop variants with reversed stereoselectivities.
Wild-type OYE 2.6 reduces three representative Baylis–Hillman
adducts to the corresponding S products with almost
complete stereoselectivities and good catalytic efficiencies. We created
and screened 13 first-generation, site-saturation mutagenesis libraries,
targeting residues found near the bound substrate. One variant (Tyr78Trp)
showed high R selectivity
toward one of the three substrates, but no change (cyclohexenone derivative)
and no catalytic activity (acrylate derivative) for the other two.
Subsequent rounds of mutagenesis retained the Tyr78Trp mutation and
explored other residues that impacted stereoselectivity when altered
in a wild-type background. These efforts yielded double and triple
mutants that possessed inverted stereoselectivities for two of the
three substrates (conversions >99% and at least 91% ee (R)). To understand the reasons underlying the stereochemical
changes,
we solved crystal structures of two key mutants: Tyr78Trp and Tyr78Trp/Ile113Cys,
the latter with substrate partially occupying the active site. By
combining these experimental data with modeling studies, we have proposed
a rationale that explains the impacts of the most useful mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Athéna C. Patterson-Orazem
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
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Zhang H, Gao X, Ren J, Feng J, Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhu D. Enzymatic hydrogenation of diverse activated alkenes. Identification of two Bacillus old yellow enzymes with broad substrate profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Steinkellner G, Gruber CC, Pavkov-Keller T, Binter A, Steiner K, Winkler C, Łyskowski A, Schwamberger O, Oberer M, Schwab H, Faber K, Macheroux P, Gruber K. Identification of promiscuous ene-reductase activity by mining structural databases using active site constellations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4150. [PMID: 24954722 PMCID: PMC4083419 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of catalytic promiscuity and the application of de novo design have recently opened the access to novel, non-natural enzymatic activities. Here we describe a structural bioinformatic method for predicting catalytic activities of enzymes based on three-dimensional constellations of functional groups in active sites ('catalophores'). As a proof-of-concept we identify two enzymes with predicted promiscuous ene-reductase activity (reduction of activated C-C double bonds) and compare them with known ene-reductases, that is, members of the Old Yellow Enzyme family. Despite completely different amino acid sequences, overall structures and protein folds, high-resolution crystal structures reveal equivalent binding modes of typical Old Yellow Enzyme substrates and ligands. Biochemical and biocatalytic data show that the two enzymes indeed possess ene-reductase activity and reveal an inverted stereopreference compared with Old Yellow Enzymes for some substrates. This method could thus be a tool for the identification of viable starting points for the development and engineering of novel biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinkellner
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Christian C. Gruber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Orsolya Schwamberger
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Romano D, Contente ML, Molinari F, Eberini I, Ruvutuso E, Sensi C, Amaretti A, Rossi M, Raimondi S. Recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing Old Yellow Enzymes from non-conventional yeasts: an easy system for selective reduction of activated alkenes. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:60. [PMID: 24767246 PMCID: PMC4013436 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) are flavin-dependent enoate reductases (EC 1.6.99.1) that catalyze the stereoselective hydrogenation of electron-poor alkenes. Their ability to generate up to two stereocenters by the trans-hydrogenation of the C = C double bond is highly demanded in asymmetric synthesis. Isolated redox enzymes utilization require the addition of cofactors and systems for their regeneration. Microbial whole-cells may represent a valid alternative combining desired enzymatic activity and efficient cofactor regeneration. Considerable efforts were addressed at developing novel whole-cell OYE biocatalysts, based on recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing OYE genes. Results Recombinant S. cerevisiae BY4741∆Oye2 strains, lacking endogenous OYE and expressing nine separate OYE genes from non-conventional yeasts, were used as whole-cell biocatalysts to reduce substrates with an electron-poor double bond activated by different electron-withdrawing groups. Ketoisophorone, α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and trans-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene were successfully reduced with high rates and selectivity. A series of four alkyl-substituted cyclohex-2-enones was tested to check the versatility and efficiency of the biocatalysts. Reduction of double bond occurred with high rates and enantioselectivity, except for 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone. DFT (density functional theory) computational studies were performed to investigate whether the steric hindrance and/or the electronic properties of the substrates were crucial for reactivity. The three-dimensional structure of enoate reductases from Kluyveromyces lodderae and Candida castellii, predicted through comparative modeling, resulted similar to that of S. cerevisiae OYE2 and revealed the key role of Trp116 both in substrate specificity and stereocontrol. All the modeling studies indicate that steric hindrance was a major determinant in the enzyme reactivity. Conclusions The OYE biocatalysts, based on recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing OYE genes from non-conventional yeasts, were able to differently reduce the activated double bond of enones, enals and nitro-olefins, exhibiting a wide range of substrate specificity. Moreover whole-cells biocatalysts bypassed the necessity of the cofactor recycling and, tuning reaction parameters, allowed the synthetic exploitation of endogenous carbonyl reductases. Molecular modeling studies highlighted key structural features for further improvement of catalytic properties of OYE enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G, Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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71
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72
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Entner M, Plank M, Faber K. NAD(P)H-independent asymmetric C=C bond reduction catalyzed by ene reductases by using artificial co-substrates as the hydrogen donor. Chemistry 2014; 20:1403-9. [PMID: 24382795 PMCID: PMC4413776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nicotinamide-independent single flavoenzyme system for the asymmetric bioreduction of C=C bonds, four types of hydrogen donor, encompassing more than 50 candidates, were investigated. Six highly potent, cheap, and commercially available co-substrates were identified that (under the optimized conditions) resulted in conversions and enantioselectivities comparable with, or even superior to, those obtained with traditional two-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-recycling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Marcello Entner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Markus Plank
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
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73
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Ni Y, Yu HL, Lin GQ, Xu JH. An ene reductase from Clavispora lusitaniae for asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 56:40-5. [PMID: 24564901 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A putative ene reductase gene from Clavispora lusitaniae was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded protein (ClER) was purified and characterized for its biocatalytic properties. This NADPH-dependent flavoprotein was identified with reduction activities toward a diverse range of activated alkenes including conjugated enones, enals, maleimide derivative and α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters. The purified ClER exhibited a relatively high activity of 7.3 U mg(prot)⁻¹ for ketoisophorone while a remarkable catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)=810 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹) was obtained for 2-methyl-cinnamaldehyde due to the high affinity. A series of prochiral activated alkenes were stereoselectively reduced by ClER furnishing the corresponding saturated products in up to 99% ee. The practical applicability of ClER was further evaluated for the production of (R)-levodione, a valuable chiral compound, from ketoisophorone. Using the crude enzyme of ClER and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), 500 mM of ketoisophorone was efficiently converted to (R)-levodione with excellent stereoselectivity (98% ee) within 1h. All these positive features demonstrate a high synthetic potential of ClER in the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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74
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Litthauer S, Gargiulo S, van Heerden E, Hollmann F, Opperman D. Heterologous expression and characterization of the ene-reductases from Deinococcus radiodurans and Ralstonia metallidurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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75
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Toogood HS, Knaus T, Scrutton NS. Alternative Hydride Sources for Ene-Reductases: Current Trends. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Toogood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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76
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Daugherty AB, Govindarajan S, Lutz S. Improved biocatalysts from a synthetic circular permutation library of the flavin-dependent oxidoreductase old yellow enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14425-32. [PMID: 23987134 DOI: 10.1021/ja4074886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family are widely used, effective biocatalysts for the stereoselective trans-hydrogenation of activated alkenes. To further expand their substrate scope and improve catalytic performance, we have applied a protein engineering strategy called circular permutation (CP) to enhance the function of OYE1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus. CP can influence a biocatalyst's function by altering protein backbone flexibility and active site accessibility, both critical performance features because the catalytic cycle for OYE1 is thought to involve rate-limiting conformational changes. To explore the impact of CP throughout the OYE1 protein sequence, we implemented a highly efficient approach for cell-free cpOYE library preparation by combining whole-gene synthesis with in vitro transcription/translation. The versatility of such an ex vivo system was further demonstrated by the rapid and reliable functional evaluation of library members under variable environmental conditions with three reference substrates ketoisophorone, cinnamaldehyde, and (S)-carvone. Library analysis identified over 70 functional OYE1 variants with several biocatalysts exhibiting over an order of magnitude improved catalytic activity. Although catalytic gains of individual cpOYE library members vary by substrate, the locations of new protein termini in functional variants for all tested substates fall within the same four distinct loop/lid regions near the active site. Our findings demonstrate the importance of these structural elements in enzyme function and support the hypothesis of conformational flexibility as a limiting factor for catalysis in wild type OYE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Daugherty
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30084, United States
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77
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Oberdorfer G, Binter A, Wallner S, Durchschein K, Hall M, Faber K, Macheroux P, Gruber K. The structure of glycerol trinitrate reductase NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter reveals the molecular reason for nitro- and ene-reductase activity in OYE homologues. Chembiochem 2013; 14:836-45. [PMID: 23606302 PMCID: PMC3659409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) and their homologues have found broad application in the efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of activated C=C bonds with high selectivities and yields. Members of this class of enzymes have been found in many different organisms and are rather diverse on the sequence level, with pairwise identities as low as 20 %, but they exhibit significant structural similarities with the adoption of a conserved (αβ)8-barrel fold. Some OYEs have been shown not only to reduce C=C double bonds, but also to be capable of reducing nitro groups in both saturated and unsaturated substrates. In order to understand this dual activity we determined and analyzed X-ray crystal structures of NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter, both in its apo form and in complex with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and with 1-nitro-2-phenylpropene. These structures, together with spectroscopic studies of substrate binding to several OYEs, indicate that nitro-containing substrates can bind to OYEs in different binding modes, one of which leads to C=C double bond reduction and the other to nitro group reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Oberdorfer
- ACIB--Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petergasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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78
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Fu Y, Castiglione K, Weuster-Botz D. Comparative characterization of novel ene-reductases from cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1293-301. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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80
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Paul CE, Gargiulo S, Opperman DJ, Lavandera I, Gotor-Fernández V, Gotor V, Taglieber A, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Mimicking nature: synthetic nicotinamide cofactors for C═C bioreduction using enoate reductases. Org Lett 2012; 15:180-3. [PMID: 23256747 DOI: 10.1021/ol303240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthetic nicotinamide cofactors were synthesized to replace natural nicotinamide cofactors and promote enoate reductase (ER) catalyzed reactions without compromising the activity or stereoselectivity of the bioreduction process. Conversions and enantioselectivities of >99% were obtained for C═C bioreductions, and the process was successfully upscaled. Furthermore, high chemoselectivity was observed when employing these nicotinamide cofactor mimics (mNADs) with crude extracts in ER-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
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81
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Classen T, Pietruszka J, Schuback SM. Revisiting the Enantioselective Sequence Patterns in Enoate Reductases. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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83
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Fryszkowska A, Toogood HS, Mansell D, Stephens G, Gardiner JM, Scrutton NS. A surprising observation that oxygen can affect the product enantiopurity of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. FEBS J 2012; 279:4160-71. [PMID: 22978386 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are natural catalysts, controlling reactions with typically high stereospecificity and enantiospecificity in substrate selection and/or product formation. This makes them useful in the synthesis of industrially relevant compounds, particularly where highly enantiopure products are required. The flavoprotein pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) reductase is a member of the Old Yellow Enzyme family, and catalyses the asymmetric reduction of β-alkyl-β-arylnitroalkenes. Under aerobic conditions, it additionally undergoes futile cycles of NAD(P)H reduction of flavin, followed by reoxidation by oxygen, which generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Prior studies have shown that not all reactions catalysed by PETN reductase yield enantiopure products, such as the reduction of (E)-2-phenyl-1-nitroprop-1-ene (PNE) to produce (S)-2-phenyl-1-nitropropane (PNA) with variable enantiomeric excess (ee). Recent independent studies of (E)-PNE reduction by PETN reductase showed that the major product formed could be switched to (R)-PNA, depending on the reaction conditions. We investigated this phenomenon, and found that the presence of oxygen and ROS influenced the overall product enantiopurity. Anaerobic reactions produced consistently higher nitroalkane (S)-PNA product yields than aerobic reactions (64% versus 28%). The presence of oxygen dramatically increased the preference for (R)-PNA formation (up to 52% ee). Conversely, the presence of the ROS superoxide and hydrogen peroxide switched the preference to (S)-PNA product formation. Given that oxygen has no role in the natural catalytic cycle, these findings demonstrate a remarkable ability to manipulate product enantiopurity of this enzyme-catalysed reaction by simple manipulation of reaction conditions. Potential mechanisms of this unusual behaviour are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fryszkowska
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
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84
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Reich S, Hoeffken HW, Rosche B, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Crystal structure determination and mutagenesis analysis of the ene reductase NCR. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2400-7. [PMID: 23033175 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the "ene" nicotinamide-dependent cyclohexenone reductase (NCR) from Zymomonas mobilis (PDB ID: 4A3U) has been determined in complex with acetate ion, FMN, and nicotinamide, to a resolution of 1.95 Å. To study the activity and enantioselectivity of this enzyme in the bioreduction of activated α,β-unsaturated alkenes, the rational design methods site- and loop-directed mutagenesis were applied. Based on a multiple sequence alignment of various members of the Old Yellow Enzyme family, eight single-residue variants were generated and investigated in asymmetric bioreduction. Furthermore, a structural alignment of various ene reductases predicted four surface loop regions that are located near the entrance of the active site. Four NCR loop variants, derived from loop-swapping experiments with OYE1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus, were analysed for bioreduction. The three enzyme variants, P245Q, D337Y and F314Y, displayed increased activity compared to wild-type NCR towards the set of substrates tested. The active-site mutation Y177A demonstrated a clear influence on the enantioselectivity. The loop-swapping variants retained reduction efficiency, but demonstrated decreased enzyme activity compared with the wild-type NCR ene reductase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reich
- Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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85
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Durchschein K, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Schwab W, Winkler T, Kreis W, Faber K. Nicotinamide-Dependent Ene Reductases as Alternative Biocatalysts for the Reduction of Activated Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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86
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8573-6. [PMID: 22807193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Building the building blocks: A highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β-aryl-β-alkyl disubstituted nitroalkenes 1 has been developed. This method results in enantiomerically pure nitroalkanes 2, which are versatile precursors for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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87
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β,β‐Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Kexuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Bonan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
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88
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Tasnádi G, Winkler CK, Clay D, Sultana N, Fabian WMF, Hall M, Ditrich K, Faber K. A substrate-driven approach to determine reactivities of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters towards asymmetric bioreduction. Chemistry 2012; 18:10362-7. [PMID: 22736443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The degree of C=C bond activation in the asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters by ene-reductases was studied, and general recommendations to render these "borderline-substrates" more reactive towards enzymatic reduction are proposed. The concept of "supported substrate activation" was developed. In general, an additional α-halogenated substituent proved to be beneficial for enzymatic activity, whereas β-alkyl or β-aryl substituents were detrimental for the reactivity of nonhalogenated substrates, and α-cyano groups showed little effect. The alcohol moiety of the ester functionality was found to have a strong influence on the reaction rate. Overall, activities were determined by both steric and electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tasnádi
- ACIB GmbH c/o, Biocatalytic Synthesis, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010-Graz, Austria
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89
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Winkler CK, Tasnádi G, Clay D, Hall M, Faber K. Asymmetric bioreduction of activated alkenes to industrially relevant optically active compounds. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:381-9. [PMID: 22498437 PMCID: PMC3521962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases from the ‘Old Yellow Enzyme’ family of flavoproteins catalyze the asymmetric reduction of various α,β-unsaturated compounds at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. They have been applied to the synthesis of valuable enantiopure products, including chiral building blocks with broad industrial applications, terpenoids, amino acid derivatives and fragrances. The combination of these highly stereoselective biocatalysts with a cofactor recycling system has allowed the development of cost-effective methods for the generation of optically active molecules, which is strengthened by the availability of stereo-complementary enzyme homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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90
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Matteoli U, Beghetto V, Scrivanti A, Aversa M, Bertoldini M, Bovo S. An alternative stereoselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-Rosaphen® via asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation. Chirality 2012; 23:779-83. [PMID: 22135807 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report an alternative synthesis of the two enantiomers of the floral fragrance Rosaphen®. The key intermediate 2-methyl-5-phenylpentanoic acid 3 is synthesized via asymmetric hydrogenation (ee up to 99%) in the presence of an in situ prepared ruthenium catalyst containing the chiral ferrocenyl phosphine Mandyphos-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Matteoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Cà Foscari di Venezia, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
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91
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Pietruszka J, Schölzel M. Ene Reductase-Catalysed Synthesis of (R)-Profen Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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92
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Optimization of oxidative bioconversions catalyzed by phenylacetone monooxygenase from Thermobifida fusca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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93
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Tasnádi G, Winkler CK, Clay D, Hall M, Faber K. Reductive dehalogenation of β-haloacrylic ester derivatives mediated by ene-reductases. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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94
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Yuan TT, Chen QQ, Zhao PJ, Zeng Y, Liu XZ, Lu S. Identification of enzymes responsible for the reduction of geraniol to citronellol. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2011; 1:108-111. [PMCID: PMC4131645 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-011-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of geraniol to citronellol is the first step for the synthesis of natural phytol in the production of tocopherols and natural vitamin K. Baker’s yeast was used in the bioreduction described above as a whole-cell biocatalyst. However, the enzyme responsible for the reduction of geraniol to citronellol is not yet known. Four old yellow enzyme (OYE) genes were cloned from yeast and plants, and expressed in Escherichia coli for a high level of recombinant proteins. The recombinant protein displayed a catalytic activity of converting geraniol to citronellol as a sole product verified by GC-MS analyses. The recombinant OYE2 intact cells were found to show 3.7 and 1.9-fold higher activity than that of yeast cells and the recombinant crude extracts, respectively. Compared to the recombinant fusion enzyme, the entrokinase-cleaved enzyme displayed nearly identical activity for geraniol reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first enzyme identified to catalyze the formation of citronellol from geraniol by reducing the allylic alcohol double bond, which is normally known as inactivating group for the old yellow enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Life Science College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xiao-Zhu Liu
- Life Science College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
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Bernard J, van Heerden E, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. Chemoenzymatic Reduction of Conjugated CC Double Bonds. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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96
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Oberdorfer G, Steinkellner G, Stueckler C, Faber K, Gruber K. Stereopreferences of Old Yellow Enzymes: Structure Correlations and Sequence Patterns in Enoate Reductases. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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97
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Walton AZ, Conerly WC, Pompeu Y, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. Biocatalytic Reductions of Baylis–Hillman Adducts. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - W. Colin Conerly
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yuri Pompeu
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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98
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Hall M, Bommarius AS. Enantioenriched Compounds via Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4088-110. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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100
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Chehab EW, Kim S, Savchenko T, Kliebenstein D, Dehesh K, Braam J. Intronic T-DNA insertion renders Arabidopsis opr3 a conditional jasmonic acid-producing mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:770-8. [PMID: 21487047 PMCID: PMC3177274 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid and its derived metabolites (JAs) orchestrate plant defense against insects and fungi. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a JA precursor, has also been implicated in plant defense. We sought to define JAs and OPDA functions through comparative defense susceptibility characteristics of three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genotypes: aos, lacking JAs and OPDA; opda reductase3 (opr3), deficient in JA production but can accumulate OPDA; and transgenics that overexpress OPR3. opr3, like aos, is susceptible to cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) but, relative to aos, opr3 has enhanced resistance to a necrotrophic fungus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals that opr3 produces OPDA but no detectable JAs following wounding and looper infestation; unexpectedly, substantial levels of JAs accumulate in opr3 upon fungal infection. Full-length OPR3 transcripts accumulate in fungal-infected opr3, potentially through splicing of the T-DNA containing intron. Fungal resistance correlates with levels of JAs not OPDA; therefore, opr3 resistance to some pests is likely due to JA accumulation, and signaling activities ascribed to OPDA should be reassessed because opr3 can produce JAs. Together these data (1) reinforce the primary role JAs play in plant defense against insects and necrotrophic fungi, (2) argue for a reassessment of signaling activities ascribed to OPDA, and (3) provide evidence that mutants with intron insertions can retain gene function.
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