51
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Smith AB, Risatti CA, Atasoylu O, Bennett CS, Liu J, Cheng H, TenDyke K, Xu Q. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of diminutive forms of (+)-spongistatin 1: lessons learned. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14042-53. [PMID: 21761891 PMCID: PMC3164888 DOI: 10.1021/ja2046167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two diminutive forms of (+)-spongistatin 1, in conjunction with the development of a potentially general design strategy to simplify highly flexible macrocyclic molecules while maintaining biological activity, have been achieved. Examination of the solution conformations of (+)-spongistatin 1 revealed a common conformational preference along the western perimeter comprising the ABEF rings. Exploiting the hypothesis that the small-molecule recognition/binding domains are likely to comprise the conformationally less mobile portions of a ligand led to the design of analogues, incorporating tethers (blue) in place of the CD and the ABCD components of the (+)-spongistatin 1 macrolide, such that the conformation of the retained (+)-spongistatin 1 skeleton would mimic the assigned solution conformations of the natural product. The observed nanomolar cytotoxicity and microtubule destabilizing activity of the ABEF analogue provide support for both the assigned solution conformation of (+)-spongistatin 1 and the validity of the design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, 19104, United States.
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52
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Jeso V, Cherry L, Macklin TK, Pan SC, LoGrasso PV, Micalizio GC. Convergent synthesis and discovery of a natural product-inspired paralog-selective Hsp90 inhibitor. Org Lett 2011; 13:5108-11. [PMID: 21866939 DOI: 10.1021/ol2019828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of benzoquinone ansamycin analogs is described that proceeds by a sequence of metallacycle-mediated alkyne-alkyne coupling, followed by site- and stereoselective dihydroxylation and global carbamate formation. These studies have led to (1) validation of alkyne-alkyne coupling to produce geldanamycin analogs that lack the problematic quinone, (2) the discovery that C6-C7 bis-carbamate functionality is compatible with Hsp90 inhibition, and (3) the identification of 1 as a nonquinone geldanamycin-inspired paralog-selective Hsp90 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valer Jeso
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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53
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Abstract
Peptide macrocycles have found applications that range from drug discovery to nanomaterials. These ring-shaped molecules have shown remarkable capacity for functional fine-tuning. Such capacity is enabled by the possibility of adjusting the peptide conformation using the techniques of chemical synthesis. Cyclic peptides have been difficult, and often impossible, to prepare using traditional synthetic methods. For macrocyclization to occur, the activated peptide must adopt an entropically disfavoured pre-cyclization conformation before forming the desired product. Here, we review recent solutions to some of the major challenges in this important area of contemporary synthesis.
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54
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Wang MC, Wang YH, Li GW, Sun PP, Tian JX, Lu HJ. Applications of conformational design: rational design of chiral ligands derived from a common chiral source for highly enantioselective preparations of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of secondary alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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55
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Dziubek KF, Katrusiak A. Pressure-induced pseudorotation in crystalline pyrrolidine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15428-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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56
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Bedke DK, Vanderwal CD. Chlorosulfolipids: structure, synthesis, and biological relevance. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:15-25. [PMID: 21125121 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorosulfolipids have been isolated from freshwater algae and from toxic mussels. They appear to have a structural role in algal membranes and have been implicated in Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning. Further fascinating aspects of these compounds include their stereochemically complex polychlorinated structures and the resulting strong conformational biases, and their poorly understood (yet surely compelling) biosynthesis. Discussions of each of these topics and of efforts in structural and stereochemical elucidation and synthesis are the subject of this Highlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karl Bedke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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57
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Chae PS, Rasmussen SGF, Rana R, Gotfryd K, Chandra R, Goren MA, Kruse AC, Nurva S, Loland CJ, Pierre Y, Drew D, Popot JL, Picot D, Fox BG, Guan L, Gether U, Byrne B, Kobilka B, Gellman SH. Maltose-neopentyl glycol (MNG) amphiphiles for solubilization, stabilization and crystallization of membrane proteins. Nat Methods 2010; 7:1003-8. [PMID: 21037590 PMCID: PMC3063152 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of integral membrane protein (IMP) structure and function is hampered by the difficulty of handling these proteins. Aqueous solubilization, necessary for many types of biophysical analysis, generally requires a detergent to shield the large lipophilic surfaces of native IMPs. Many proteins remain difficult to study owing to a lack of suitable detergents. We introduce a class of amphiphiles, each built around a central quaternary carbon atom derived from neopentyl glycol, with hydrophilic groups derived from maltose. Representatives of this maltose-neopentyl glycol (MNG) amphiphile family show favorable behavior relative to conventional detergents, as manifested in multiple membrane protein systems, leading to enhanced structural stability and successful crystallization. MNG amphiphiles are promising tools for membrane protein science because of the ease with which they may be prepared and the facility with which their structures may be varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Seok Chae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Rohini Rana
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richa Chandra
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Michael A. Goren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shailika Nurva
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Pierre
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - David Drew
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Popot
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Picot
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Brian G. Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lan Guan
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Group Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Brian Kobilka
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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58
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Purification, Stereoisomeric Analysis and Quantification of Sex Pheromone Precursors in Female Whole Body Extracts from Pine Sawfly Species. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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59
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Rutjes FPJT, Udding JH, Hiemstra H, Speckamp WN. Synthesis of bicyclic 3-pyrazolidinones via π-cyclization reactions of exocyclic N
-acylhydrazonium ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19941130304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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60
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Wang MC, Liu ZK, Li S, Ding X, Li Y, Tang MS. An experimental and theoretical study on free ligand conformational preferences and enantioselectivity relationship for the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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61
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Chae PS, Guzei IA, Gellman SH. Crystallographic characterization of N-oxide tripod amphiphiles. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1953-9. [PMID: 20095541 PMCID: PMC3090072 DOI: 10.1021/ja9085148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripod amphiphiles are designed to promote the solubilization and stabilization of intrinsic membrane proteins in aqueous solution; facilitation of crystallization is a long-range goal. Membrane proteins are subjects of extensive interest because of their critical biological roles, but proteins of this type can be difficult to study because of their low solubility in water. The nonionic detergents that are typically used to achieve solubility can have the unintended effect of causing protein denaturation. Tripod amphiphiles differ from conventional detergents in that the lipophilic segment contains a branchpoint, and previous work has shown that this unusual amphiphilic architecture can be advantageous relative to traditional detergent structures. Here, we report the crystal structures of several tripod amphiphiles that contain an N-oxide hydrophilic group. The data suggest that tripods can adapt themselves to a nonpolar surface by altering the hydrophobic appendage that projects toward that surface and their overall orientation relative to that surface. Although it is not possible to draw firm conclusions regarding amphiphile association in solution from crystallographic data, trends observed among the packing patterns reported here suggest design strategies to be implemented in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Seok Chae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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62
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Nilewski C, Geisser RW, Ebert MO, Carreira EM. Conformational and configurational analysis in the study and synthesis of chlorinated natural products. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:15866-76. [PMID: 19817365 DOI: 10.1021/ja906461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first detailed study of the J-based configuration analysis method in chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorohydrins is presented along with the development of a spectroscopic database that facilitates configurational assignment of these structures. The data are generated through the investigation of model structures in solution by NMR spectroscopic methods and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. Consequently, complete conformational analysis of trichlorinated hexane-1,2- and -1,3-diols is presented. The investigations in chlorinated systems for the first time attest to the relevance, reliability, and accuracy of the spectroscopic approach in configurational assignment, which had been otherwise developed for polyketides. During the synthesis of the various molecules that constitute the database and exemplify the various possible stereochemical patterns, a number of observations were made that underscore the unique features of these chlorinated systems. Thus, certain diastereomeric subclasses of 4,5-dichloro-2,3-epoxyhexane-1-ols display a propensity to undergo ring-opening reactions at C-3 with concomitant inversion of configuration at the neighboring C-Cl at C4, implicating the intermediacy of chloronium ions. The observations of positional and stereochemical scrambling in polychlorinated hydrocarbons underscore the necessity of a spectroscopic database that enables rapid, reliable configurational assignment of chlorinated natural products and intermediates en route to these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nilewski
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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63
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Chae PS, Laible PD, Gellman SH. Tripod Amphiphiles for Membrane Protein Manipulation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:89-94. [PMID: 23814603 PMCID: PMC3693755 DOI: 10.1039/b915162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) are crucial biological components, mediating the transfer of material and information between cells and their environment. Many IMPs have proven to be difficult to isolate and study. High-resolution structural information on this class of proteins is limited, largely because of difficulties in generating soluble forms of such proteins that retain native folding and activity, and difficulties in generating high-quality crystals from such preparations. Isolated IMPs typically do not dissolve in aqueous solution, a property that arises from the large patches of hydrophobic surface necessary for favorable interactions with the core of a lipid bilayer. Detergents are generally required for IMP solubilization: hydrophobic segments of detergent molecules cluster around and shield from water the hydrophobic protein surfaces. The critical role played by detergents in membrane protein manipulation, and the fact that many IMPs are recalcitrant to solubilization and/or crystallization with currently available detergents, suggest that it should be valuable to explore new types of amphiphiles for these purposes. This review constitutes a progress report on our long-term effort to develop a new class of organic molecules, collectively designated "tripod amphiphiles," that are intended as alternatives to conventional detergents for membrane protein manipulation. One long-range goal of this research is to identify new types of amphiphiles that facilitate IMP crystallization. This review should help introduce an important biochemical need to organic chemists, and perhaps inspire new approaches to the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Seok Chae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 (USA). Fax: (+1) 608-265-4534; Tel: (+1) 608-262-3303
| | - Philip D. Laible
- Biosciences Division Argonne National Laborotory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 (USA). Fax: (+1) 630-252-3387
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 (USA). Fax: (+1) 608-265-4534; Tel: (+1) 608-262-3303
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64
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Dinsmore CJ, Beshore DC. SYNTHESES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF PIPERAZINONE RINGS. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940209458075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Dinsmore
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas C. Beshore
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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65
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Lüdeke S, Richter M, Müller M. Stereoselective Synthesis of Three Isomers of tert-Butyl 5-Hydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxohexanoate through Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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66
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Grošelj U, Schweizer W, Ebert MO, Seebach D. 5-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolidin-4-one-Derived Reactive Intermediates of Organocatalysis - A Comforting Resemblance of X-Ray, NMR, and DFT Solid-Phase, Liquid-Phase, and Gas-Phase Structures. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Fragaki G, Stefanaki I, Dais P, Mikros E. Conformational properties of the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin verrucarin A in solution. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:1102-1111. [PMID: 18924119 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phase-sensitive nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments, (3)J couplings and computational molecular modeling (MM2* and MMFF force fields) were employed to examine the conformational properties of verrucarin A in chloroform solutions. The MMFF force field calculations resulted in a family of 12 low-energy structures along with their populations, the latter being determined by the NMR analysis of molecular flexibility in solution(NAMFIS) deconvolution analysis. The concluded model was capable of reproducing successfully the experimental NOESY cross-peak volumes and the proton-coupling constants. Among the 12 conformers, the one which was similar to the structure of verrucarin A in the solid state was the predominant accounting for 75% of the total relative population, although other low-energy conformations contributed to a lesser degree in order to explain the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fragaki
- NMR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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68
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Chae PS, Wander MJ, Bowling AP, Laible PD, Gellman SH. Glycotripod amphiphiles for solubilization and stabilization of a membrane-protein superassembly: importance of branching in the hydrophilic portion. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1706-9. [PMID: 18576450 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pil S Chae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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69
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Breit
- Institut fur Organische Chemie and Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Brsg, Germany.
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70
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Bahnck KB, Rychnovsky SD. Formal synthesis of (-)-kendomycin featuring a Prins-cyclization to construct the macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13177-81. [PMID: 18767844 PMCID: PMC2697922 DOI: 10.1021/ja805187p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kendomycin skeleton was prepared by a highly convergent strategy in which the benzofuran fragment and the acyclic iodide fragment were prepared by standard methods and joined using a Suzuki coupling. The distinctive reaction in our approach was an intramolecular Prins cyclization that assembles the macrocyclic ring in good yield. Modeling studies demonstrate that the acyclic chain is predisposed for macrocycle formation. Ultimately, the product was correlated with one of Lee's advanced intermediates for a formal total synthesis of kendomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Bahnck
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| | - Scott D. Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
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71
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Merino P, Mannucci V, Tejero T. Exploring Nitrone Chemistry: Towards the Enantiodivergent Synthesis of 6-Substituted 4-Hydroxypipecolic Acid Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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72
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Hunter L, Kirsch P, Hamilton JTG, O'Hagan D. The multi-vicinal fluoroalkane motif: an examination of 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorohexane stereoisomers. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3105-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b807449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Young J, Taylor RE. Evolution of polyketides: post-PKS processing in the formation of spiroketals. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:651-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b719088n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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74
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Gardner DS, Santella JB, Tebben AJ, Batt DG, Ko SS, Traeger SC, Welch PK, Wadman EA, Davies P, Carter PH, Duncia JV. From rigid cyclic templates to conformationally stabilized acyclic scaffolds. Part II: Acyclic replacements for the (3S)-3-benzylpiperidine in a series of potent CCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:586-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Hunter L, Slawin AMZ, Kirsch P, O'Hagan D. Synthesis and conformation of multi-vicinal fluoroalkane diastereoisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7887-90. [PMID: 17786905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hunter
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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76
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Hunter L, Slawin A, Kirsch P, O'Hagan D. Synthesis and Conformation of Multi-Vicinal Fluoroalkane Diastereoisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Liquid crystals with partially fluorinated side chains: Highly polar materials with very low birefringence. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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Ruttens B, Blom P, Van Hoof S, Hubrecht I, Van der Eycken J, Sas B, Van Hemel J, Vandenkerckhove J. Carbohydrate-Based Macrolides Prepared via a Convergent Ring Closing Metathesis Approach: In Search for Novel Antibiotics. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5514-22. [PMID: 17583955 DOI: 10.1021/jo061929q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient convergent approach has been developed for the construction of novel, nonnatural polysubstituted carbohydrate-based macrolides. A key step in the synthesis is the formation of the macrocyclic ring via a ring-closing metathesis reaction. The obtained macrolide analogues have been screened for biological activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Ruttens
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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79
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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80
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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81
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Tamaru Y, Harayama H, Bando T, Nagaoka H, Yoshida ZI. Pronounced Electronic Effect of Allylic Amino Groups on the π-Facial Stereoselectivity and Reactivity of the Iodoetherification of N-Substituted 3-Amino-4-penten-1-ols. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Haller J, Hense T, Hoppe D. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Internal Stereodifferentiation Occurring During the Lithiation of β-Stereogenic Alkyl Carbamates. Kinetic Resolutions by (-)-Sparteine-Mediated Deprotonation. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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83
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Peng H, Carrico D, Thai V, Blaskovich M, Bucher C, Pusateri EE, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD. Synthesis and evaluation of potent, highly-selective, 3-aryl-piperazinone inhibitors of protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1768-84. [PMID: 16633570 DOI: 10.1039/b517572k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds based on the carboxyl-terminal CAAL sequence of PGGTase-I substrates was designed and synthesized. Using piperazin-2-one as a semi-rigid scaffold, we have introduced critical pharmacophores in a well-defined arrangement to mimic the CAAL sequence. High potency and exceptional selectivity were obtained for inhibition of PGGTase-I with structures such as 45 and 70. Potency of this series of GGTIs was dependent on the presence of an L-leucine residue with a free carboxyl terminus, as well as an S configuration of the 3-aryl group. The selectivity was significantly enhanced by 5-methyl substitution on the imidazole ring and fluorine substitution on the 3-aryl group. Modification of the 6-position of the piperazinone scaffold was found to be unfavorable. Compounds 44 and 69, the corresponding methyl esters of 45 and 70, were found to selectively block processing of Rap1A by PGGTase-I in whole cells with IC(50) values of 0.4 microM and 0.7 microM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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84
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Taylor RE, Chen Y, Galvin GM, Pabba PK. Conformation–activity relationships in polyketide natural products. Towards the biologically active conformation of epothilone. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:127-32. [PMID: 14737671 DOI: 10.1039/b312213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformation-activity relationships for the biologically active polyketide, epothilone, have been determined. Computer-based molecular modeling and high field NMR techniques have provided the solution preferences for epothilones and. For the C1-C8 polypropionate region, two conformational families, conformers 1 and 2, have been identified as having significant populations in polar and non-polar solvents. In the C11-C15 region, additional flexibility was observed and two local conformations have been identified as important, conformers 3 and 4. Epothilone analogues with altered conformational profiles have been designed and synthesized. Conformational analysis and the results of biological assays have been correlated to provide increased understanding of the biologically active conformation for the epothilone class of natural product. Conformation-activity relationships have been shown to be an important complement to structure-activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556-5670, USA.
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Hugo E. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Silvio E. Biali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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86
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Beck B, Larbig G, Mejat B, Magnin-Lachaux M, Picard A, Herdtweck E, Dömling A. Short and diverse route toward complex natural product-like macrocycles. Org Lett 2003; 5:1047-50. [PMID: 12659570 DOI: 10.1021/ol034077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A general strategy toward macrocyclic compounds using multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry, e.g., Passerini and Ugi variants, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is introduced. The corresponding bifunctional isocyanides carboxylic acids bearing a terminal olefin are easy to prepare from the corresponding commercially available starting materials. Advantageously, this strategy allows fast access to a diverse conformational space of natural product-like macrocycles and could thus be of interest in the discovery of novel bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beck
- Morphochem AG, Gmunderstr. 37-37a, 81379 München, Germany
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard W. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps‐Universiät, Hans Meerwein‐Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany, Fax:(internat.) +49−(0)6421/2828917
| | - Karsten Menzel
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps‐Universiät, Hans Meerwein‐Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany, Fax:(internat.) +49−(0)6421/2828917
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps‐Universiät, Hans Meerwein‐Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany, Fax:(internat.) +49−(0)6421/2828917
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88
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Roush WR, Bannister TD, Wendt MD, VanNieuwenhze MS, Gustin DJ, Dilley GJ, Lane GC, Scheidt KA, Smith WJ. An NMR method for assigning relative stereochemistry to beta-hydroxy ketones deriving from aldol reactions of methyl ketones. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4284-9. [PMID: 12054964 DOI: 10.1021/jo0164148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple 1H NMR analysis that permits the stereochemistry of beta-hydroxy ketones to be assigned by visual inspection of the ABX patterns for the alpha-methylene unit of the beta-hydroxy ketone in the 1H NMR spectra. This method has been verified by application to a wide range of beta-hydroxy ketones deriving from aldol reactions of chiral aldehydes with a variety of chiral and achiral methyl ketone enolates (see Tables 1 and 2). The stereochemistry of 54 of these compounds have been assigned by rigorous chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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89
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90
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Dinsmore CJ, Bergman JM, Bogusky MJ, Culberson JC, Hamilton KA, Graham SL. 3,8-Diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one peptide mimetics: synthesis of a conformationally restricted inhibitor of farnesyltransferase. Org Lett 2001; 3:865-8. [PMID: 11263902 DOI: 10.1021/ol015504w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of the 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one framework is described. Transannular enolate alkylation of piperazinone derivatives provides a flexible route to highly constrained bicyclic peptidomimetic synthons with substitution at the Calpha position. The chemistry was used to produce a conformationally constrained farnesyltransferase inhibitor, which aided the elucidation of enzyme-bound conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dinsmore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Systems, and Cancer Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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91
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Dinsmore CJ, Zartman CB, Baginsky WF, O'Neill TJ, Koblan KS, Chen IW, McLoughlin DA, Olah TV, Huff JR. Synthesis of conformationally constrained 5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine inhibitors of farnesyltransferase. Org Lett 2000; 2:3473-6. [PMID: 11082012 DOI: 10.1021/ol0002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Synthesis of the 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine ring system was accomplished by intramolecular cyclization of an iminium ion, derived from condensation of an amine and a substituted gamma-(1-imidazolyl)butyraldehyde. The reaction was used to produce conformationally restricted farnesyltransferase inhibitor analogues which exhibit improved in vivo metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dinsmore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Research, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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92
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93
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Krauss R, Weinig HG, Seydack M, Bendig J, Koert U. Molekulare Signaltransduktion durch konformative Transmission mit einem Perhydroanthracen-Transducer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000515)112:10<1905::aid-ange1905>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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94
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Abstract
[formula: see text] The final stages of a total synthesis of mycalamide A are described. A key step is the aldol reaction (mismatched) of imide 4 and aldehyde 5 which provided a ca. 5:4 mixture of aldols 10a and 10b, with incorrect C(7) stereochemistry. Elaboration of the 10a-10b mixture to mycalamide A required epimerization of C(7) at the stage of beta-keto imide 11. Alternatively, Swern oxidation of the 10a-10b mixture under conditions that minimize C(7) epimerization led to 7-epi-mycalamide A selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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95
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96
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Sakamoto T, Takahashi K, Yamazaki T, Kitazume T. Highly Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Materials with Allylzincs and Allenylzincs Generated by Umpolung of Palladium Complexes. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo991086l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sakamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitazume
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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98
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Hoffmann RW, Lazaro MA, Caturla F, Framery E, Valancogne I, Montalbetti CA. Conformational analysis of (R,S)-4-amido-2,4-dimethyl-butyric acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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99
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Roush WR, Lane GC. Studies on the synthesis of tedanolide: synthesis of the C(5)-C(21) segment via a highly stereoselective fragment assembly aldol reaction of a chiral beta,gamma-unsaturated methyl ketone. Org Lett 1999; 1:95-8. [PMID: 10822542 DOI: 10.1021/ol990572s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] A highly diastereoselective synthesis of 3, corresponding to the C(5)-C(21) segment of tedanolide, has been accomplished by a route utilizing the aldol reaction of aldehyde 4 and the beta,gamma-unsaturated methyl ketone 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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100
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