51
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Biedermann F, Elmalem E, Ghosh I, Nau WM, Scherman OA. Strongly Fluorescent, Switchable Perylene Bis(diimide) Host-Guest Complexes with Cucurbit[8]uril In Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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52
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Takada T, Otsuka Y, Nakamura M, Yamana K. Molecular Arrangement and Assembly Guided by Hydrophobic Cavities inside DNA. Chemistry 2012; 18:9300-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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53
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Sargsyan G, Balaz M. Porphyrin-DNA conjugates: porphyrin induced adenine-guanine homoduplex stabilization and interduplex assemblies. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5533-40. [PMID: 22692698 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA has found widespread uses as a nanosized scaffold for assembly of patterned multichomophoric nanostructures. Herein we report the synthesis, self-assembly, stability, and spectroscopic studies of short alternating non-self-complementary DNA sequences 5'-(dGdA)(4) and 5'-(dAdG)(4) with non-charged tetraarylporphyrins covalently linked to the 5' position of deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine via a phosphate or amide linker. The linker, the metal in the porphyrin coordination center, and the neighboring nucleobase have very distinct effects on the duplex formation of porphyrin-deoxyguanosine-deoxyadenosine oligodeoxynucleotides. At ionic strength between 5 mM and 40 mM, free base trispyridylphenylporphyrin appended to the 5' termini of 5'-(dAdG)(4) oligonucleotide via short non-polar amide linker served as a hydrophobic molecular cap inducing deoxyadenosine-deoxyguanosine antiparallel homoduplex. At ionic strength of ≥60 mM, the free base porphyrin functioned as a molecular 'glue' and induced the formation of porphyrin-DNA inter-homoduplex assemblies with characteristic tetrasignate CD Cotton effects in the porphyrin Soret band region. When the porphyrin cap was covalently attached to 5' position of deoxyguanosine or deoxyadenosine via charged phosphate linker, no significant deoxyadenosine-deoxyguanosine hybridization was observed even at elevated ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevorg Sargsyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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54
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Görl D, Zhang X, Würthner F. Molecular assemblies of perylene bisimide dyes in water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6328-48. [PMID: 22573415 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perylene bisimides are among the most valuable functional dyes and have numerous potential applications. As a result of their chemical robustness, photostability, and outstanding optical and electronic properties, these dyes have been applied as pigments, fluorescence sensors, and n-semiconductors in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Moreover, the extended quadrupolar π system of this class of dyes has facilitated the construction of numerous supramolecular architectures with fascinating photophysical properties. However, the supramolecular approach to the formation of perylene bisimide aggregates has been restricted mostly to organic media. Pleasingly, considerable progress has been made in the last few years in developing water-soluble perylene bisimides and their application in aqueous media. This Review provides an up-to-date overview on the self-assembly of perylene bisimides through π-π interactions in aqueous media. Synthetic strategies for the preparation of water-soluble perylene bisimides and the influence of water on the π-π stacking of perylene bisimides as well as the resulting applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Görl
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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55
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Görl D, Zhang X, Würthner F. Molekülverbände von Perylenbisimid-Farbstoffen in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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56
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Neelakandan PP, McCullagh M, Schatz GC, Lewis FD. Electronic interactions in helical stacked arrays of the modified DNA base pyrrolocytosine. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5199-204. [PMID: 22486518 DOI: 10.1021/jp302385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability and ultraviolet and circular dichroism spectra of nine synthetic DNA hairpins possessing one or more (P)C-G base pairs ((P)C = pyrrolocytosine) have been investigated. One group of hairpins possess 1-5 sequential (P)C-G base pairs while another group possess two (P)C-G base pairs separated by 1-3 A-T base pairs. The first group displays a nearly linear dependence of UV and exciton-coupled circular dichroism (EC-CD) band intensity upon the number of neighboring chromophores, whereas the second group shows weak EC-CD only at the shortest distances between non-neighboring chromophores. This result stands in marked contrast to the exciton coupling seen between stilbene chromophores separated by as many as a dozen base pairs. The weak exciton coupling between non-neighboring (P)C chromophores, like that of the natural nucelobases, is attributed to their relatively weak electronic transition dipoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P Neelakandan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Nah Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
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58
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Stulz E. DNA architectonics: towards the next generation of bio-inspired materials. Chemistry 2012; 18:4456-69. [PMID: 22407800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of DNA in nanobiotechnology has advanced to a stage at which almost any two or three dimensional architecture can be designed with high precision. The choice of the DNA sequences is essential for successful self-assembly, and opens new ways of making nanosized monomolecular assemblies with predictable structure and size. The inclusion of designer nucleoside analogues further adds functionality with addressable groups, which have an influence on the function of the DNA nano-objects. This article highlights the recent achievements in this emerging field and gives an outlook on future perspectives and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Stulz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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59
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60
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Kashida H, Asanuma H. Preparation of supramolecular chromophoric assemblies using a DNA duplex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:7196-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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61
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Rehm TH, Stojković MR, Rehm S, Škugor M, Piantanida I, Würthner F. Interaction of spermine-alanine functionalized perylene bisimide dye aggregates with ds-DNA/RNA secondary structure. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20825c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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62
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Burns JR, Preus S, Singleton DG, Stulz E. A DNA based five-state switch with programmed reversibility. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11088-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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63
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Percec V, Hudson SD, Peterca M, Leowanawat P, Aqad E, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Heiney PA. Self-Repairing Complex Helical Columns Generated via Kinetically Controlled Self-Assembly of Dendronized Perylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18479-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Engineering and Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Engineering and Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- WCU C2E2, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
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64
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Percec V, Peterca M, Tadjiev T, Zeng X, Ungar G, Leowanawat P, Aqad E, Imam MR, Rosen BM, Akbey U, Graf R, Sekharan S, Sebastiani D, Spiess HW, Heiney PA, Hudson SD. Self-Assembly of Dendronized Perylene Bisimides into Complex Helical Columns. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12197-219. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Timur Tadjiev
- Department of Materials Engineering and Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Engineering and Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Engineering and Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- WCU C2E2, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Umit Akbey
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544, United States
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65
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Franceschin M, Borbone N, Oliviero G, Casagrande V, Scuotto M, Coppola T, Borioni S, Mayol L, Ortaggi G, Bianco A, Amato J, Varra M. Synthesis of a dibromoperylene phosphoramidite building block and its incorporation at the 5' end of a G-quadruplex forming oligonucleotide: spectroscopic properties and structural studies of the resulting dibromoperylene conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1309-19. [PMID: 21688831 DOI: 10.1021/bc100526q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that some perylene bisimide derivatives can drive the assembly of DNA G-quadruplexes, thus suggesting the possible advantage in the adoption of perylene-conjugated G-rich oligonucleotides in biological and biotechnological applications. Nevertheless, the typical poor solubility of perylene bisimides strongly limits the number of suitable chemical strategies to prepare perylene-conjugated oligonucleotides. In order to overcome these difficulties, we employed the earlier described core twisted perylene derivatives possessing unique optical and electronic properties, besides good solubility in common solvents. As a first result, the large-scale synthesis of a new dibromoperylene derivative (PEOEBr) phosphoramidite building block is herein reported. Furthermore, the structural behavior of the conjugated PEOEBr-GGGTTAGGG (HTRp2) human telomeric repeat was investigated by using CD, UV, fluorescence, and gel electrophoresis techniques in desalted water and in K(+)- and Na(+)-containing buffers. We observed that the peculiar property of PEOEBr moieties to form dimers instead of extended aggregates drives the HTRp2 strands toward dimerization and mainly promotes the formation of quadruplex species having both the 5'-ends located at the same side of the structures. However, the counterions present in solutions (K(+) or Na(+)) as well as the strand concentration, also contribute to influence the topology and the stoichiometry of formed structures. Furthermore, unlike the unmodified sequence GGGTTAGGG (HTR2), HTRp2 strands quickly associate into G-quadruplexes even in desalted water, as assessed by CD experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franceschin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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66
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Menacher F, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of DNA with Green Perylene Bisimides as DNA Base Substitutions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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67
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Dohno C, Nakatani K. Control of DNA hybridization by photoswitchable molecular glue. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5718-29. [PMID: 21691619 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization of DNA is one of the most intriguing events in molecular recognition and is essential for living matter to inherit life beyond generations. In addition to the function of DNA as genetic material, DNA hybridization is a key to control the function of DNA-based materials in nanoscience. Since the hybridization of two single stranded DNAs is a thermodynamically favorable process, dissociation of the once formed DNA duplex is normally unattainable under isothermal conditions. As the progress of DNA-based nanoscience, methodology to control the DNA hybridization process has become increasingly important. Besides many reports using the chemically modified DNA for the regulation of hybridization, we focused our attention on the use of a small ligand as the molecular glue for the DNA. In 2001, we reported the first designed molecule that strongly and specifically bound to the mismatched base pairs in double stranded DNA. Further studies on the mismatch binding molecules provided us a key discovery of a novel mode of the binding of a mismatch binding ligand that induced the base flipping. With these findings we proposed the concept of molecular glue for DNA for the unidirectional control of DNA hybridization and, eventually photoswitchable molecular glue for DNA, which enabled the bidirectional control of hybridization under photoirradiation. In this tutorial review, we describe in detail how we integrated the mismatch binding ligand into photoswitchable molecular glue for DNA, and the application and perspective in DNA-based nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Dohno
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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68
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Menacher F, Wagenknecht HA. Ratiometric molecular beacons based on the perylene bisimide as a dimeric internal DNA base substitution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1275-8. [PMID: 21547330 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beacons with an excitonically interacting perylene bisimide base pair show the presence of the complementary olignucleotide sequence by both absorption and fluorescence changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menacher
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
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69
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Menacher F, Stepanenko V, Würthner F, Wagenknecht HA. Assembly of DNA triangles mediated by perylene bisimide caps. Chemistry 2011; 17:6683-8. [PMID: 21538613 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Perylene bisimides (PBI) have been synthetically incorporated as caps onto a Y-shaped DNA triple strand. These PBI caps serve as "sticky" ends in the spontaneous assembly of larger DNA ensembles, linking the triangular DNA through stacking interactions. This, in turn, yields a hypsochromic shift in the absorption and a red shift in the fluorescence as characteristic optical readouts. This assembly occurs spontaneously without any enzymatic ligation process and without the use of overhanging DNA as sticky ends. Instead, dimerizations of the PBI chromophores in the assembly are controlled by the DNA as a structural scaffold. Thereby, the PBI-driven assembly is fully reversible. Due to the fact that PBI dimerization does not occur in the single strand, the aggregates can be destroyed by thermal dehybridization of the DNA scaffold and reassembled by reannealing of the DNA construct. In view of the fact that PBI forms stable radical anions, the presented DNA architectures are not only interesting optical biomaterials, but are also promising materials for molecular electronics with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menacher
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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70
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Zhao J, Liu T, Fan Q, Li G. A new strategy for a DNA assay based on a target-triggered isothermal exponential degradation reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5262-4. [PMID: 21445445 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive, fast, simple and easily operated method for sequence-specific detection of polynucleotides is proposed herein, which is based on a novel target-triggered isothermal exponential degradation reaction (TT-isoTexpDR) and the color change of probe-functionalized gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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71
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Pedersen EB, Nielsen JT, Nielsen C, Filichev VV. Enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity of G-quadruplexes comprising locked nucleic acids and intercalating nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:2470-81. [PMID: 21062811 PMCID: PMC3064782 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two G-quadruplex forming sequences, 5'-TGGGAG and the 17-mer sequence T30177, which exhibit anti-HIV-1 activity on cell lines, were modified using either locked nucleic acids (LNA) or via insertions of (R)-1-O-(pyren-1-ylmethyl)glycerol (intercalating nucleic acid, INA) or (R)-1-O-[4-(1-pyrenylethynyl)phenylmethyl]glycerol (twisted intercalating nucleic acid, TINA). Incorporation of LNA or INA/TINA monomers provide as much as 8-fold improvement of anti-HIV-1 activity. We demonstrate for the first time a detailed analysis of the effect the incorporation of INA/TINA monomers in quadruplex forming oligonucleotides (QFOs) and the effect of LNA monomers in the context of biologically active QFOs. In addition, recent literature reports and our own studies on the gel retardation of the phosphodiester analogue of T30177 led to the conclusion that this sequence forms a parallel, dimeric G-quadruplex. Introduction of the 5'-phosphate inhibits dimerisation of this G-quadruplex as a result of negative charge-charge repulsion. Contrary to that, we found that attachment of the 5'-O-DMT-group produced a more active 17-mer sequence that showed signs of aggregation-forming multimeric G-quadruplex species in solution. Many of the antiviral QFOs in the present study formed more thermally stable G-quadruplexes and also high-order G-quadruplex structures which might be responsible for the increased antiviral activity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Pedersen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Department of Virology, Retrovirus Laboratory, State Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11-222, New Zealand
| | - Jakob T. Nielsen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Department of Virology, Retrovirus Laboratory, State Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11-222, New Zealand
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Department of Virology, Retrovirus Laboratory, State Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11-222, New Zealand
| | - Vyacheslav V. Filichev
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Department of Virology, Retrovirus Laboratory, State Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11-222, New Zealand
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72
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Kashida H, Hayashi T, Fujii T, Asanuma H. A cationic dye triplet as a unique "glue" that can connect fully matched termini of DNA duplexes. Chemistry 2011; 17:2614-22. [PMID: 21305625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose that three consecutive cationic p-methylstilbazoles tethered on D-threoninols (Z residues) at 5' termini act as a unique "glue" connecting DNA duplexes by their interstrand cluster formation. Interstrand clustering of p-methylstilbazoles (ZZZ triplets) induces narrowing and hypsochromic shift of bands at 350 nm, which can be assigned to the absorption of p-methylstilbazole. However, single-stranded DNA conjugates involving a ZZZ triplet at the 5' terminus of 8-mer native nucleotides is found not to induce such large spectral changes, which implies that the intrinsic self-assembling property of ZZZ triplets is weak. Interestingly, when this conjugate is hybridized with a complementary 8-mer native oligonucleotide, a remarkable spectral change is observed, indicating the dimerization of a duplex through the interstrand clustering of ZZZ triplets. Dimerization of the duplex is also evidenced by cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry. This interstrand clustering is observed only when a ZZZ triplet is tethered to a 5' rather than 3' terminus. Furthermore, the stability of the interstrand cluster increases by increasing the number of nucleobases of the DNA portion, and when mismatched base pairs are incorporated or when a base next to the Z residue is deleted, the stability substantially drops. When we apply the ZZZ triplet to the formation of a nanowire using two complementary DNA conjugates, each of which has a ZZZ triplet at the 5' termini as overhang, we demonstrate the successful formation of a nanowire by native PAGE analysis. Since native sticky ends that have three nucleotides do not serve as "glue", ZZZ triplets with their unique glue-like properties are prime candidates for constructing DNA-based nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kashida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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73
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Neelakandan PP, Pan Z, Hariharan M, Zheng Y, Weissman H, Rybtchinski B, Lewis FD. Hydrophobic Self-Assembly of a Perylenediimide-Linked DNA Dumbbell into Supramolecular Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15808-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1076525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P. Neelakandan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zhengzheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Haim Weissman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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74
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Kashida H, Sekiguchi K, Asanuma H. Insulator Base Pairs for Lighting-up Perylenediimide in a DNA Duplex. Chemistry 2010; 16:11554-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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75
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Varghese R, Wagenknecht HA. Non-covalent Versus Covalent Control of Self-Assembly and Chirality of Nile Red-modified Nucleoside and DNA. Chemistry 2010; 16:9040-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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76
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Buffet N, Grelet É, Bock H. Soluble and Columnar Liquid Crystalline Peropyrenequinones by Coupling of Phenalenones in Caesium Hydroxide. Chemistry 2010; 16:5549-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Rehm S, Stepanenko V, Zhang X, Rehm T, Würthner F. Spermine-Functionalized Perylene Bisimide Dyes-Highly Fluorescent Bola-Amphiphiles in Water. Chemistry 2010; 16:3372-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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Holzhauser C, Berndl S, Menacher F, Breunig M, Göpferich A, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Cyanine Dyes as Fluorescent DNA Base Substitutions for Live Cell Imaging. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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79
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Wilson T, Zeidan T, Hariharan M, Lewis F, Wasielewski M. Electron Hopping among Cofacially Stacked Perylenediimides Assembled by Using DNA Hairpins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200907339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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80
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Wilson T, Zeidan T, Hariharan M, Lewis F, Wasielewski M. Electron Hopping among Cofacially Stacked Perylenediimides Assembled by Using DNA Hairpins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2385-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200907339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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81
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Kashida H, Takatsu T, Sekiguchi K, Asanuma H. An Efficient Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between Pyrene and Perylene Assembled in a DNA Duplex and Its Potential for Discriminating Single-Base Changes. Chemistry 2010; 16:2479-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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82
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Lachmann D, Berndl S, Wolfbeis OS, Wagenknecht HA. Synthetic incorporation of Nile Blue into DNA using 2'-deoxyriboside substitutes: Representative comparison of (R)- and (S)-aminopropanediol as an acyclic linker. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:13. [PMID: 20485595 PMCID: PMC2871008 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nile Blue chromophore was incorporated into oligonucleotides using “click” chemistry for the postsynthetic modification of oligonucleotides. These were synthesized using DNA building block 3 bearing an alkyne group and reacted with the azide 4. (R)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol was applied as the linker between the phosphodiester bridges. Two sets of DNA duplexes were prepared. One set carried the chromophore in an A-T environment, the second set in a G-C environment. Both were characterized by optical spectroscopy. Sequence-dependent fluorescence quenching was applied as a sensitive tool to compare the stacking interactions with respect to the chirality of the acyclic linker attachment. The results were compared to recent results from duplexes that carried the Nile Blue label in a sequentially and structurally identical context, except for the opposite chirality of the linker ((S)-3-amino-1,2-propandiol). Only minor, negligible differences were observed. Melting temperatures, UV–vis absorption spectra together with fluorescence quenching data indicate that Nile Blue stacks perfectly between the adjacent base pairs regardless of whether it has been attached via an S- or R-configured linker. This result was supported by geometrically optimized DNA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lachmann
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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83
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Mammana A, Pescitelli G, Asakawa T, Jockusch S, Petrovic AG, Monaco RR, Purrello R, Turro NJ, Nakanishi K, Ellestad GA, Balaz M, Berova N. Role of environmental factors on the structure and spectroscopic response of 5'-DNA-porphyrin conjugates caused by changes in the porphyrin-porphyrin interactions. Chemistry 2010; 15:11853-66. [PMID: 19844929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the utility, strength, and limitation of through-space exciton-coupled circular dichroism in determination of the secondary structure of optically active chromophoric nanoarrays using the example of end-capped porphyrin- and metalloporphyrin-oligodeoxynucleotide conjugates. We put special emphasis on the explanation of the origin and significance of the distinctive multiple bands in the CD spectra (trisignate and tetrasignate CD bands). Such CD profiles are often observed in chiral aggregates or multichromophoric arrays but have never before been studied in detail. We found that variation of temperature and ionic strength has a profound effect on the geometry of the porphyrin-DNA conjugates and thus the nature of electronic interactions. At lower temperatures and in the absence of NaCl all three 5'-DNA-porphyrin conjugates display negative bisignate CD exciton couplets of variable intensity in the Soret region resulting from through-space interaction between the electric transition dipole moments of the two end-capped porphyrins. As the temperature is raised these exciton couplets are transformed into single positive bands originating from the porphyrin-single-strand DNA interactions. At higher ionic strengths and low temperatures, multisignate CD bands are observed in the porphyrin Soret region. These CD signature bands originate from a combination of intermolecular, end-to-end porphyrin-porphyrin stacking between duplexes and porphyrin-DNA interactions. The intermolecular aggregation was confirmed by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy and resonance light scattering. DeVoe theoretical CD calculations, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo conformational searches, were used to mimic the observed bisignate exciton-coupled CD spectra as well as multiple CD bands. Calculations correctly predicted the sign and shape of the experimentally observed CD spectra. These studies reveal that the exciton-coupled circular dichroism is a very useful technique for the determination of the structure of optically active arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mammana
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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84
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Hainke S, Seitz O. Binaphthyl-DNA: stacking and fluorescence of a nonplanar aromatic base surrogate in DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:8250-3. [PMID: 19790219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hainke
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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85
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Heek T, Fasting C, Rest C, Zhang X, Würthner F, Haag R. Highly fluorescent water-soluble polyglycerol-dendronized perylene bisimide dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1884-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b923806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimides with terminally linked polyglycerol dendrons [G1–G4] reveal a strong dendritic effect, enabling outstanding fluorescence quantum yields in water for [G3] and [G4] dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Heek
- Freie Universiät Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Carlo Fasting
- Freie Universiät Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christina Rest
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Xin Zhang
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universiät Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Berlin
- Germany
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86
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Zeidan TA, Hariharan M, Siegmund K, Lewis FD. DNA base-pair flipping with fluorescent perylenediimide pincers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:916-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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87
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Schwartz E, Le Gac S, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM, Rowan AE. Macromolecular multi-chromophoric scaffolding. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1576-99. [DOI: 10.1039/b922160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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Kashida H, Takatsu T, Fujii T, Sekiguchi K, Liang X, Niwa K, Takase T, Yoshida Y, Asanuma H. In-stem molecular beacon containing a pseudo base pair of threoninol nucleotides for the removal of background emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7044-7. [PMID: 19705388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kashida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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89
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Siegmund K, Daublain P, Wang Q, Trifonov A, Fiebig T, Lewis FD. Structure and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in DNA Hairpin Conjugates Possessing a Tethered 5′-Pyrenecarboxamide. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:16276-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907323d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Siegmund
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Qiang Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Anton Trifonov
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Torsten Fiebig
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
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90
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Ueno Y, Komatsuzaki S, Takasu K, Kawai S, Kitamura Y, Kitade Y. Synthesis and Properties of Oligonucleotides Containing Novel Fluorescent Biaryl Units. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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91
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Hainke S, Seitz O. Binaphthyl-DNA: Stapelung und Fluoreszenz eines nichtplanaren aromatischen Basensurrogates in DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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92
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93
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Kashida H, Takatsu T, Fujii T, Sekiguchi K, Liang X, Niwa K, Takase T, Yoshida Y, Asanuma H. In-Stem Molecular Beacon Containing a Pseudo Base Pair of Threoninol Nucleotides for the Removal of Background Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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94
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Xu W, Xue X, Li T, Zeng H, Liu X. Ultrasensitive and Selective Colorimetric DNA Detection by Nicking Endonuclease Assisted Nanoparticle Amplification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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95
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Xu W, Xue X, Li T, Zeng H, Liu X. Ultrasensitive and Selective Colorimetric DNA Detection by Nicking Endonuclease Assisted Nanoparticle Amplification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6849-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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96
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Fluorescence quenching properties of multiple pyrene-modified RNAs. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4996-5000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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97
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Berndl S, Wagenknecht HA. Fluorescent color readout of DNA hybridization with thiazole orange as an artificial DNA base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2418-21. [PMID: 19229903 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent chameleon: A single thiazole orange (TO) dye, when used as an artificial DNA base shows the typical green emission, whereas the interstrand TO dimer exhibits an orange excimer-type emission inside duplex DNA (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Berndl
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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98
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Varghese R, Wagenknecht HA. DNA as a supramolecular framework for the helical arrangements of chromophores: towards photoactive DNA-based nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2615-24. [PMID: 19532903 DOI: 10.1039/b821728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids have been emerging as supramolecular structural scaffolds for the helical organization of chromophores in the creation of functional nanomaterials mainly because of the their unique structural features and synthetic accessibility. A large number of chromophores have been successfully incorporated into DNA or RNA as C-nucleosides, as base surrogates or as modified sugars using solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry. Moreover, multiple incorporations yield the helical organization of the chromophores inside or outside the DNA or RNA double helix depending upon the conjugation of the chromophores. Significant photophysical interactions are observed in the chromophore stacks resulting in unique optical properties that are significantly different from the monomer properties. In this feature article, multichromophore labelled nucleic acids are reviewed with special emphasis on the self-assembly induced modulation of the optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Varghese
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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99
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Fluoreszenz-Farbwechsel bei der DNA-Hybridisierung mit Thiazolorange als artifizieller DNA-Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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100
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Wagenknecht HA. Helicale Anordnung von Porphyrinen entlang der DNA: auf dem Weg zu DNA-Nanoarchitekturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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