51
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Abstract
Copper(I) is able to catalyze Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in a "click" fashion. This copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction presents excellent chemoselectivity and occurs over a wide-range of reaction conditions. It shows tolerance to variation in both pH and solvent polarity, thereby facilitating the ligation of peptides and proteins to produce peptidomimetics and synthetic proteins. In addition, the only product formed is a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole moiety, in many aspects resembling the natural peptide bond, including hydrogen-bonding capability, planarity, distance between the 1 and 4 substituents, and conformational restriction of the peptide backbone; thus the triazole-backbone-modified peptide, in which a triazole replaces the amide bond, may be anticipated to present a secondary structure similar to that of its natural counterpart. This Focus Review describes the scope and applications of copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition in synthetic peptide/protein chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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52
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Sharma A, Sharma S, Tripathi RP, Ampapathi RS. Robust Turn Structures in α3β Cyclic Tetrapeptides Induced and Controlled by Carbo-β3 Amino Acid. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2001-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2019834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindra Sharma
- Divisions
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and ‡NMR Centre, SAIF, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow-226001,
India
| | - Shrikant Sharma
- Divisions
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and ‡NMR Centre, SAIF, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow-226001,
India
| | - Rama P. Tripathi
- Divisions
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and ‡NMR Centre, SAIF, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow-226001,
India
| | - Ravi Sankar Ampapathi
- Divisions
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry and ‡NMR Centre, SAIF, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow-226001,
India
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53
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Bogdan AR, Jerome SV, Houk KN, James K. Strained cyclophane macrocycles: impact of progressive ring size reduction on synthesis and structure. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2127-38. [PMID: 22133103 DOI: 10.1021/ja208503y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and calculated strain energies are reported for a homologous series of 11- to 14-membered drug-like cyclophane macrocycles, representing an unusual region of chemical space that can be difficult to access synthetically. The ratio of macrocycle to dimer, generated via a copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition macrocyclization in flow at elevated temperature, could be rationalized in terms of the strain energy in the macrocyclic product. The progressive increase in strain resulting from reduction in macrocycle ring size, or the introduction of additional conformational constraints, results in marked deviations from typical geometries. These strained cyclophane macrocyclic systems provide access to spatial orientations of functionality that would not be readily available in unstrained or acyclic analogs. The most strained system prepared represents the first report of an 11-membered cyclophane containing a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole ring and establishes a limit to the ring strain that can be generated using this macrocycle synthesis methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bogdan
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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54
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Martínez L, Sampedro A, Sanna E, Costa A, Rotger C. Synthesis and conformational studies of peptido-squaramide foldable modules: a new class of turn-mimetic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:1914-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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55
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Tyagi M, Taxak N, Bharatam PV, Kartha KPR. Synthesis of self-assembling glycerotriazolophanes. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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56
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Martín-Gago P, Gomez-Caminals M, Ramón R, Verdaguer X, Martin-Malpartida P, Aragón E, Fernández-Carneado J, Ponsati B, López-Ruiz P, Cortes MA, Colás B, Macias MJ, Riera A. Fine-tuning the π-π Aromatic Interactions in Peptides: Somatostatin Analogues Containing Mesityl Alanine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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57
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Martín-Gago P, Gomez-Caminals M, Ramón R, Verdaguer X, Martin-Malpartida P, Aragón E, Fernández-Carneado J, Ponsati B, López-Ruiz P, Cortes MA, Colás B, Macias MJ, Riera A. Fine-tuning the π-π Aromatic Interactions in Peptides: Somatostatin Analogues Containing Mesityl Alanine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1820-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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58
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Valverde IE, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Aucagne V, Delmas AF. Synthesis of a Biologically Active Triazole-Containing Analogue of Cystatin A Through Successive Peptidomimetic Alkyne-Azide Ligations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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59
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Valverde IE, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Aucagne V, Delmas AF. Synthesis of a biologically active triazole-containing analogue of cystatin A through successive peptidomimetic alkyne-azide ligations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:718-22. [PMID: 22144344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibai E Valverde
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
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60
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Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS, Kruijtzer JAW, Kemmink J. Peptides and proteins as a continuing exciting source of inspiration for peptidomimetics. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1626-53. [PMID: 21751324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite their enormous diversity in biological function and structure, peptides and proteins are endowed with properties that have induced and stimulated the development of peptidomimetics. Clearly, peptides can be considered as the "stem" of a phylogenetic molecular development tree from which branches of oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids, peptidosulfonamides, urea peptidomimetics, as well as β-peptides have sprouted. It is still a challenge to efficiently synthesize these oligomeric species, and study their structural and biological properties. Combining peptides and peptidomimetics led to the emergence of peptide-peptidomimetic hybrids in which one or more (proteinogenic) amino acid residues have been replaced with these mimetic residues. In scan-like approaches, the influence of these replacements on biological activity can then be studied, to evaluate to what extent a peptide can be transformed into a peptidomimetic structure while maintaining, or even improving, its biological properties. A central issue, especially with the smaller peptides, is the lack of secondary structure. Important approaches to control secondary structure include the introduction of α,α-disubstituted amino acids, or (di)peptidomimetic structures such as the Freidinger lactam. Apart from intra-amino acid constraints, inter-amino acid constraints for formation of a diversity of cyclic peptides have shaped a thick branch. Apart from the classical disulfide bridges, the repertoire has been extended to include sulfide and triazole bridges as well as the single-, double- and even triple-bond replacements, accessible by the extremely versatile ring-closing alkene/alkyne metathesis approaches. The latter approach is now the method of choice for the secondary structure that presents the greatest challenge for structural stabilization: the α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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61
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Pfisterer A, Eisele K, Chen X, Wagner M, Müllen K, Weil T. Bioactive unnatural somatostatin analogues through bioorthogonal iodo- and ethynyl-disulfide intercalators. Chemistry 2011; 17:9697-707. [PMID: 21748812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Iodo- and ethynyl-containing bisalkylating bioconjugation agents 5 and 8 were achieved and allow the introduction of reactive unnatural substituents into proteins and peptides whilst the bioactive 3D structure is retained. Derivatives of the peptide hormone somatostatin bearing a single iodo or ethynyl group were prepared through intercalation into the disulfide bridge. For the first time, the exact reaction mechanism of the intercalation was elucidated by applying 2D NMR experiments and it was shown that, during the reaction, somatostatin diastereomers were formed. Site-directed modification of the ethynyl-modified peptide with a coumarin chromophore was achieved through a [1,3] dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition reaction; this suggests that such a derivative could serve as an attractive platform to prepare artificial somatostatin compound libraries. The biological activity and specificity of a representative modified somatostatin derivative was demonstrated and efficient receptor-mediated cell uptake occurred in a dose-dependent manner into receptor positive cells only. The iodo and ethynyl bioconjugation reagents presented herein could be applied for introducing such substituents into alternative peptides and proteins and, in principle, could facilitate the efficient design of a broad variety of artificial protein and peptide analogues with previously unknown bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pfisterer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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62
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Abstract
Peptide macrocycles have found applications that range from drug discovery to nanomaterials. These ring-shaped molecules have shown remarkable capacity for functional fine-tuning. Such capacity is enabled by the possibility of adjusting the peptide conformation using the techniques of chemical synthesis. Cyclic peptides have been difficult, and often impossible, to prepare using traditional synthetic methods. For macrocyclization to occur, the activated peptide must adopt an entropically disfavoured pre-cyclization conformation before forming the desired product. Here, we review recent solutions to some of the major challenges in this important area of contemporary synthesis.
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63
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Whitby LR, Ando Y, Setola V, Vogt PK, Roth BL, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and validation of a β-turn mimetic library targeting protein-protein and peptide-receptor interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10184-94. [PMID: 21609016 DOI: 10.1021/ja201878v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a β-turn mimetic library as a key component of a small-molecule library targeting the major recognition motifs involved in protein-protein interactions is described. Analysis of a geometric characterization of 10,245 β-turns in the protein data bank (PDB) suggested that trans-pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxamide could serve as an effective and synthetically accessible library template. This was confirmed by initially screening select compounds against a series of peptide-activated GPCRs that recognize a β-turn structure in their endogenous ligands. This validation study was highlighted by identification of both nonbasic and basic small molecules with high affinities (K(i) = 390 and 23 nM, respectively) for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). Consistent with the screening capabilities of collaborators and following the design validation, the complete library was assembled as 210 mixtures of 20 compounds, providing a total of 4200 compounds designed to mimic all possible permutations of 3 of the 4 residues in a naturally occurring β-turn. Unique to the design and because of the C(2) symmetry of the template, a typical 20 × 20 × 20-mix (8000 compounds prepared as 400 mixtures of 20 compounds) needed to represent 20 variations in the side chains of three amino acid residues reduces to a 210 × 20-mix, thereby simplifying the library synthesis and subsequent screening. The library was prepared using a solution-phase synthetic protocol with liquid-liquid or liquid-solid extractions for purification and conducted on a scale that insures its long-term availability for screening campaigns. Screening the library against the human opioid receptors (KOR, MOR, and DOR) identified not only the activity of library members expected to mimic the opioid receptor peptide ligands but also additional side-chain combinations that provided enhanced receptor binding selectivities (>100-fold) and affinities (as low as K(i) = 80 nM for KOR). A key insight to emerge from the studies is that the phenol of Tyr in endogenous ligands bearing the H-Tyr-Pro-Trp/Phe-Phe-NH(2) β-turn is important for MOR binding but may not be important for KOR (accommodated, but not preferred) and that the resulting selectivity for KOR observed with its removal can be increased by replacing the phenol OH with a chlorine substituent, further enhancing KOR affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon R Whitby
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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64
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Larregola M, Lequin O, Karoyan P, Guianvarc'h D, Lavielle S. β-Amino acids containing peptides and click-cyclized peptide as β-turn mimics: a comparative study with ‘conventional’ lactam- and disulfide-bridged hexapeptides. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:632-43. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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65
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Zhang J, Kemmink J, Rijkers DTS, Liskamp RMJ. Cu(I)- and Ru(II)-mediated "click" cyclization of tripeptides toward vancomycin-inspired mimics. Org Lett 2011; 13:3438-41. [PMID: 21615166 DOI: 10.1021/ol201184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Structural mimics comprising 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted triazole-containing cyclic tripeptides with excellent resemblance toward the DE-ring of vancomycin are conveniently accessible using Cu(I)- or Ru(II)-assisted "click" cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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66
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Uhlig N, Li CJ. Alkynes as an eco-compatible “on-call” functionality orthogonal to biological conditions in water. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00164g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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67
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. "Triazole bridge": disulfide-bond replacement by ruthenium-catalyzed formation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5207-11. [PMID: 21544910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Empting
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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68
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. “Triazolbrücke”: ein Disulfidbrückenersatz durch Ruthenium- katalysierte Bildung von 1,5-disubstituierten 1,2,3-Triazolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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69
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Chouhan G, James K. CuAAC Macrocyclization: High Intramolecular Selectivity through the Use of Copper–Tris(triazole) Ligand Complexes. Org Lett 2011; 13:2754-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92014, United States
| | - Keith James
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92014, United States
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70
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Qin SY, Xu XD, Chen CS, Chen JX, Li ZY, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Supramolecular Architectures Self-assembled from Asymmetrical Hetero Cyclopeptides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:758-64. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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71
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Ahsanullah, Rademann J. Cyclative cleavage through dipolar cycloaddition: polymer-bound azidopeptidylphosphoranes deliver locked cis-triazolylcyclopeptides as privileged protein binders. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5378-82. [PMID: 20583012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsanullah
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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72
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Sacchetti A, Silvani A, Lesma G, Pilati T. Phe-Ala-Based Diazaspirocyclic Lactam as Nucleator of Type II′ β-Turn. J Org Chem 2011; 76:833-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1019927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sacchetti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ‘Giulio Natta’, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giordano Lesma
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tullio Pilati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari − CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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73
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Aizpurua JM, Ganboa JI, Palomo C, Loinaz I, Oyarbide J, Fernandez X, Balentová E, Fratila RM, Jiménez A, Miranda JI, Laso A, Ávila S, Castrillo JL. Cyclic RGD β-Lactam Peptidomimetics Induce Differential Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells. Chembiochem 2011; 12:401-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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74
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Bartoloni M, Kadam RU, Schwartz J, Furrer J, Darbre T, Reymond JL. Expanding the accessible chemical space by solid phase synthesis of bicyclic homodetic peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12634-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15704c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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75
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Ahsanullah, Rademann J. Cyclisierende Abspaltungen über dipolare Cycloadditionen: Polymergebundene Azidopeptidylphosphorane liefern konformativ fixierte cis-Triazolylcyclopeptide als privilegierte Proteinbinder. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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76
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Lesma G, Landoni N, Sacchetti A, Silvani A. The spiropiperidine-3,3′-oxindole scaffold: a type II β-turn peptide isostere. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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77
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Nahrwold M, Bogner T, Eissler S, Verma S, Sewald N. "Clicktophycin-52": a bioactive cryptophycin-52 triazole analogue. Org Lett 2010; 12:1064-7. [PMID: 20131817 DOI: 10.1021/ol1000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An endocyclic trans-amide linkage within the macrocyclic antitumor agent cryptophycin-52 was replaced by a 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring. Macrocyclisation of the triazole analogue was accomplished by macrolactamization as well as by Cu(I)-mediated "click"-cyclization. Compared to cryptophycin-52, in vitro cytotoxicity of "clicktophycin-52" against the multidrug resistant human cancer cell line KB-V1 is only slightly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nahrwold
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitatsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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78
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Li C, Henry E, Mani NK, Tang J, Brochon JC, Deprez E, Xie J. Click Chemistry to Fluorescent Amino Esters: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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79
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Expedient synthesis of benzene tricarboxamide macrocycles derived from p-aminobenzoic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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80
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Campo VL, Carvalho I, Da Silva CHTP, Schenkman S, Hill L, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA. Cyclooligomerisation of azido-alkyne-functionalised sugars: synthesis of 1,6-linked cyclic pseudo-galactooligosaccharides and assessment of their sialylation by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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81
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Synthesis of chemically modified bioactive peptides: recent advances, challenges and developments for medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:1289-310. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although not complying with Lipinski’s rule, peptides are to an increasing extent being developed into new active pharmaceutical ingredients. This is mainly due to novel application routes, formulations and chemical modifications, which confer on the peptides improved uptake and increased metabolic stability. A brief survey of currently approved peptide drugs and the present scope of the application of peptides as drugs is provided. Cyclic peptides are emerging as an interesting class of peptides with conformational rigidity and homogeneity, high receptor affinity and selectivity, increased metabolic stability and – in special cases – even oral availability. Challenges and new methodology for the synthesis of cyclic peptides are outlined and an overview of approaches toward the design of peptide conformation and peptide modification by nonproteinogenic building blocks is given.
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82
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Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based Spirocyclic Lactam as a Type II′ β-Turn Inducing Peptide Mimetic. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8098-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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83
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Horne WS, Olsen CA, Beierle JM, Montero A, Reza Ghadiri M. Probing the bioactive conformation of an archetypal natural product HDAC inhibitor with conformationally homogeneous triazole-modified cyclic tetrapeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4718-24. [PMID: 19267380 PMCID: PMC3041267 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fooling enzymes with mock amides: Analogues of apicidin, a cyclic-tetrapeptide inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), were designed with a 1,4- or 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole in place of a backbone amide bond to fix the bond in question in either a trans-like or a cis-like configuration. Thus, the binding affinity of distinct peptide conformations (see picture) could be probed. One analogue proved in some cases to be superior to apicidin as an HDAC inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John M. Beierle
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Ana Montero
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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