51
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Liu C, Chen R, Shen Y, Liang Z, Hua Y, Zhang Y. Total Synthesis of Aplydactone by a Conformationally Controlled C−H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Renzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhanhao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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52
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Liu C, Chen R, Shen Y, Liang Z, Hua Y, Zhang Y. Total Synthesis of Aplydactone by a Conformationally Controlled C−H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8187-8190. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Renzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhanhao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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53
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Kawamata Y, Yan M, Liu Z, Bao DH, Chen J, Starr JT, Baran PS. Scalable, Electrochemical Oxidation of Unactivated C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7448-7451. [PMID: 28510449 PMCID: PMC5465511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A practical electrochemical
oxidation of unactivated C–H
bonds is presented. This reaction utilizes a simple redox mediator,
quinuclidine, with inexpensive carbon and nickel electrodes to selectively
functionalize “deep-seated” methylene and methine moieties.
The process exhibits a broad scope and good functional group compatibility.
The scalability, as illustrated by a 50 g scale oxidation of sclareolide,
bodes well for immediate and widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin), Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Zone , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Deng-Hui Bao
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin), Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Zone , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy T Starr
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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54
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Jana S, Ghosh M, Ambule M, Sen Gupta S. Iron Complex Catalyzed Selective C-H Bond Oxidation with Broad Substrate Scope. Org Lett 2017; 19:746-749. [PMID: 28134527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of a peroxidase-mimicking Fe complex has been reported on the basis of the biuret-modified TAML macrocyclic ligand framework (Fe-bTAML) as a catalyst to perform selective oxidation of unactivated 3° C-H bonds and activated 2° C-H bonds with low catalyst loading (1 mol %) and high product yield (excellent mass balance) under near-neutral conditions and broad substrate scope (18 substrates which includes arenes, heteroaromatics, and polar functional groups). Aliphatic C-H oxidation of 3° and 2° sites of complex substrates was achieved with predictable selectivity using steric, electronic, and stereoelectronic rules that govern site selectivity, which included oxidation of (+)-artemisinin to (+)-10β-hydroxyartemisinin. Mechanistic studies indicate FeV(O) to be the active oxidant during these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Jana
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008, India
| | - Munmun Ghosh
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008, India
| | - Mayur Ambule
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008, India
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, India
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55
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Abstract
Ubiquitous tyrosinase catalyses the aerobic oxidation of phenols to catechols through the binuclear copper centres. Here, inspired by the Fischer indole synthesis, we report an iridium-catalysed tyrosinase-like approach to catechols, employing an oxyacetamide-directed C–H hydroxylation on phenols. This method achieves one-step, redox-neutral synthesis of catechols with diverse substituent groups under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies confirm that the directing group (DG) oxyacetamide acts as the oxygen source. This strategy has been applied to the synthesis of different important catechols with fluorescent property and bioactivity from the corresponding phenols. Finally, our method also provides a convenient route to 18O-labelled catechols using 18O-labelled acetic acid. Catechols are common structural motifs in bioactive molecules and synthetic building blocks. Here the authors report a method to convert phenol derivatives into catechols via an iridium-catalysed redox-neutral C–H hydroxylation, giving diversely substituted products under mild conditions.
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56
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhao D, He Y, Gong J, Yang Z. A Concise Synthesis of Presilphiperfolane Core through a Tandem TMTU-Co-Catalyzed Pauson-Khand Reaction and a 6π Electrocyclization Reaction (TMTU=Tetramethyl Thiourea). Chemistry 2017; 23:1258-1262. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuanhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS); College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yingdong He
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jianxian Gong
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS); College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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57
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Kong C, Jana N, Jones C, Driver TG. Control of the Chemoselectivity of Metal N-Aryl Nitrene Reactivity: C–H Bond Amination versus Electrocyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13271-13280. [PMID: 27696844 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Navendu Jana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Crystalann Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
- Institute
of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
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58
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Salamone M, Carboni G, Bietti M. Fine Control over Site and Substrate Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based Functionalization of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9269-9278. [PMID: 27618473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds over intrinsically more reactive ones represents an ongoing challenge of synthetic chemistry. Here we show that in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the aliphatic C-H bonds of alkane, ether, alcohol, amide, and amine substrates to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO•) fine control over site and substrate selectivity is achieved by means of acid-base interactions. Protonation of the amines and metal ion binding to amines and amides strongly deactivates the C-H bonds of these substrates toward HAT to CumO•, providing a powerful method for selective functionalization of unactivated or intrinsically less reactive C-H bonds. With 5-amino-1-pentanol, site-selectivity has been drastically changed through protonation of the strongly activating NH2 group, with HAT that shifts to the C-H bonds that are adjacent to the OH group. In the intermolecular selectivity studies, trifluoroacetic acid, Mg(ClO4)2, and LiClO4 have been employed in a orthogonal fashion for selective functionalization of alkane, ether, alcohol, and amide (or amine) substrates in the presence of an amine (or amide) one. Ca(ClO4)2, that promotes deactivation of amines and amides by Ca2+ binding, offers, moreover, the opportunity to selectively functionalize the C-H bonds of alkane, ether, and alcohol substrates in the presence of both amines and amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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59
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Kamijo S, Takao G, Kamijo K, Hirota M, Tao K, Murafuji T. Photo-induced Substitutive Introduction of the Aldoxime Functional Group to Carbon Chains: A Formal Formylation of Non-Acidic C(sp3
)−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kamijo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Go Takao
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Kaori Kamijo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Masaki Hirota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Keisuke Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
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60
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Kamijo S, Takao G, Kamijo K, Hirota M, Tao K, Murafuji T. Photo-induced Substitutive Introduction of the Aldoxime Functional Group to Carbon Chains: A Formal Formylation of Non-Acidic C(sp3
)−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9695-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kamijo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Go Takao
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Kaori Kamijo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Masaki Hirota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Keisuke Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
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61
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Hu J, Lan T, Sun Y, Chen H, Yao J, Rao Y. Unactivated C(sp(3))-H hydroxylation through palladium catalysis with H2O as the oxygen source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14929-32. [PMID: 26307027 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel palladium catalyzed hydroxylation of unactivated aliphatic C(sp(3))-H bonds was successfully developed. Different from conventional methods, water serves as the hydroxyl group source in the reaction. This new reaction demonstrates good reactivity and broad functional group tolerance. The C-H hydroxylated products can be readily transformed into various highly valuable chemicals via known transformations. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, a mechanism involving the Pd(II)/(IV) pathway is proposed for this hydroxylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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62
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5776-9. [PMID: 27059402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bulky iron complexes are described that catalyze the site-selective oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. Steric bulk at the iron center is introduced by appending trialkylsilyl groups at the meta-position of the pyridines in tetradentate aminopyridine ligands, and this effect translates into high product yields, an enhanced preferential oxidation of secondary over tertiary C-H bonds, and the ability to perform site-selective oxidation of methylenic sites in terpenoid and steroidal substrates. Unprecedented site selective oxidation at C6 and C12 methylenic sites in steroidal substrates is shown to be governed by the chirality of the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J M Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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63
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
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64
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Yang Z, Yu P, Houk KN. Molecular Dynamics of Dimethyldioxirane C–H Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4237-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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65
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Durak LJ, Payne JT, Lewis JC. Late-Stage Diversification of Biologically Active Molecules via Chemoenzymatic C-H Functionalization. ACS Catal 2016; 6:1451-1454. [PMID: 27274902 PMCID: PMC4890977 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engineered variants of rebeccamycin halogenase were used to selectively halogenate a number of biologically active aromatic compounds. Subsequent Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions on the crude extracts of these reactions were used to install aryl, amine, and ether substituents at the halogenation site. This simple, chemoenzymatic method enables non-directed functionalization of C-H bonds on a range of substrates to provide access to derivatives that would be challenging or inefficient to prepare by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J. Durak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James T. Payne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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66
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Andorfer MC, Park HJ, Vergara-Coll J, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of RebH for Catalyst-Controlled Halogenation of Indole C-H Bonds. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3720-3729. [PMID: 27347367 PMCID: PMC4917012 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04680g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RebH variants capable of chlorinating substituted indoles ortho-, meta-, and para- to the indole nitrogen were evolved by directly screening for altered selectivity on deuterium-substituted probe substrates using mass spectrometry. This systematic approach allowed for rapid accumulation of beneficial mutations using simple adaptive walks and should prove generally useful for altering and optimizing the selectivity of C-H functionalization catalysts. Analysis of the beneficial mutations showed that structure-guided selection of active site residues for targeted mutagenesis can be complicated either by activity/selectivity tradeoffs that reduce the possibility of detecting such mutations or by epistatic effects that actually eliminate the benefits of a mutation in certain contexts. As a corollary to this finding, the precise manner in which the beneficial mutations identified led to the observed changes in RebH selectivity is not clear. Docking simulations suggest that tryptamine binds to these variants as tryptophan does to native halogenases, but structural studies will be required to confirm these models and shed light on how particular mutations impact tryptamine binding. Similar directed evolution efforts on other enzymes or artificial metalloenzymes could enable a wide range of C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Andorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Hyun June Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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67
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Qiu Y, Gao S. Trends in applying C-H oxidation to the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:562-81. [PMID: 26847167 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2015C-H functionalization remains one of the frontier challenges in organic chemistry and drives quite an active area of research. It has recently been applied in various novel strategies for the synthesis of natural products. It can dramatically increase synthetic efficiency when incorporated into retrosynthetic analyses of complex natural products, making it an essential part of current trends in organic synthesis. In this Review, we focus on selected case studies of recent applications of C-H oxidation methodologies in which the C-H bond has been exploited effectively to construct C-O and C-N bonds in natural product syntheses. Examples of syntheses representing different types of C-H oxidation are discussed to illustrate the potential of this approach and inspire future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
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68
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Cernak T, Dykstra KD, Tyagarajan S, Vachal P, Krska SW. The medicinal chemist's toolbox for late stage functionalization of drug-like molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:546-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 976] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The advent of modern C–H functionalization chemistries has enabled medicinal chemists to consider a synthetic strategy, late stage functionalization (LSF), which utilizes the C–H bonds of drug leads as points of diversification for generating new analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Cernak
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Boston
- USA
| | - Kevin D. Dykstra
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Sriram Tyagarajan
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Petr Vachal
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
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69
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Narayan ARH, Jiménez-Osés G, Liu P, Negretti S, Zhao W, Gilbert MM, Ramabhadran RO, Yang YF, Furan LR, Li Z, Podust LM, Montgomery J, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Enzymatic hydroxylation of an unactivated methylene C-H bond guided by molecular dynamics simulations. Nat Chem 2015. [PMID: 26201742 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of enzymes from secondary metabolic pathways is the pairing of powerful reactivity with exquisite site selectivity. The application of these biocatalytic tools in organic synthesis, however, remains under-utilized due to limitations in substrate scope and scalability. Here, we report how the reactivity of a monooxygenase (PikC) from the pikromycin pathway is modified through computationally guided protein and substrate engineering, and applied to the oxidation of unactivated methylene C-H bonds. Molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical calculations were used to develop a predictive model for substrate scope, site selectivity and stereoselectivity of PikC-mediated C-H oxidation. A suite of menthol derivatives was screened computationally and evaluated through in vitro reactions, where each substrate adhered to the predicted models for selectivity and conversion to product. This platform was also expanded beyond menthol-based substrates to the selective hydroxylation of a variety of substrate cores ranging from cyclic to fused bicyclic and bridged bicyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Solymar Negretti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Yun-Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Lawrence R Furan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy &Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - John Montgomery
- 1] Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- 1] Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [4] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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70
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Salamone M, Ortega VB, Bietti M. Enhanced Reactivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Tertiary Sites of Cyclohexanes and Decalins via Strain Release: Equatorial C-H Activation vs Axial C-H Deactivation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4710-5. [PMID: 25848679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Absolute rate constants for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from cycloalkanes and decalins to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO(•)) were measured by laser flash photolysis. Very similar reactivities were observed for the C-H bonds of cyclopentane and cyclohexane, while the tertiary C-H bond of methylcyclopentane was found to be 6 times more reactive than the tertiary axial C-H bond of methylcyclohexane, pointing toward a certain extent of tertiary axial C-H bond deactivation. Comparison between the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane and decalin provides a quantitative evaluation of the role played by strain release in these reactions. kH values for HAT from tertiary equatorial C-H bonds were found to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher than those for HAT from the corresponding tertiary axial C-H bonds (kH(eq)/kH(ax) = 10-14). The higher reactivity of tertiary equatorial C-H bonds was explained in terms of 1,3-diaxial strain release in the HAT transition state. Increase in torsional strain in the HAT transition state accounts instead for tertiary axial C-H bond deactivation. The results are compared with those obtained for the corresponding C-H functionalization reactions by dioxiranes and nonheme metal-oxo species indicating that CumO(•) can represent a convenient model for the reactivity patterns of these oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanesa B Ortega
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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71
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Naganawa Y, Aoyama T, Nishiyama H. Cu(ii)-catalyzed enantioselective oxygen atom transfer from oxaziridine to oxindole derivatives with chiral phenanthroline. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11499-506. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of a Cu(ii) complex of chiral, N,N,O-tridentate phenanthroline ligand (S)-2, asymmetric oxygen atom transfer of oxindole (3) using Davis’ oxaziridine (4) occurred to give the corresponding 3-aryl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives (1) with excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Naganawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Aoyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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72
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Hwang KC, Sagadevan A. One-pot room-temperature conversion of cyclohexane to adipic acid by ozone and UV light. Science 2014; 346:1495-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1259684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Arunachalam Sagadevan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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73
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Schmidt VA, Quinn RK, Brusoe AT, Alexanian EJ. Site-Selective Aliphatic C–H Bromination Using N-Bromoamides and Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14389-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508469u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ryan K. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew T. Brusoe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erik J. Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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74
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Michaudel Q, Journot G, Regueiro-Ren A, Goswami A, Guo Z, Tully TP, Zou L, Ramabhadran RO, Houk KN, Baran PS. Improving physical properties via C-H oxidation: chemical and enzymatic approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12091-6. [PMID: 25244630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties constitute a key factor for the success of a drug candidate. Whereas many strategies to improve the physicochemical properties of small heterocycle-type leads exist, complex hydrocarbon skeletons are more challenging to derivatize because of the absence of functional groups. A variety of C-H oxidation methods have been explored on the betulin skeleton to improve the solubility of this very bioactive, yet poorly water-soluble, natural product. Capitalizing on the innate reactivity of the molecule, as well as the few molecular handles present on the core, allowed oxidations at different positions across the pentacyclic structure. Enzymatic oxidations afforded several orthogonal oxidations to chemical methods. Solubility measurements showed an enhancement for many of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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75
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Michaudel Q, Journot G, Regueiro-Ren A, Goswami A, Guo Z, Tully TP, Zou L, Ramabhadran RO, Houk KN, Baran PS. Improving Physical Properties via CH Oxidation: Chemical and Enzymatic Approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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76
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Moteki SA, Selvakumar S, Zhang T, Usui A, Maruoka K. A Practical Approach for the Oxidation of Unactivated Csp3H Bonds witho-Nitro(diacetoxyiodo)benzene as an Efficient Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Based Oxidizing Agent. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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77
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Morcillo SP, Miguel D, Campaña AG, Álvarez de Cienfuegos L, Justicia J, Cuerva JM. Recent applications of Cp2TiCl in natural product synthesis. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Titanocene(iii)-based approaches have been demonstrated to be useful in the straightforward syntheses of many natural products from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. Morcillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Delia Miguel
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada 18071, Spain
| | | | - José Justicia
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada 18071, Spain
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78
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Roizen JL, Zalatan DN, Bois JD. Selective intermolecular amination of C-H bonds at tertiary carbon centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11343-6. [PMID: 24000186 PMCID: PMC5483380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
C-H insertion: A method for intermolecular amination of tertiary CH bonds is described that uses limiting amounts of substrate and a convenient phenol-derived nitrogen source. Structure-selectivity and mechanistic studies suggest that steric interaction between the substrate and active oxidant is the principal determinant of product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 3236 French Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0346 (USA)
| | - David N. Zalatan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5080 (USA),
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
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79
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Justicia J, Jiménez T, Miguel D, Contreras-Montoya R, Chahboun R, Álvarez-Manzaneda E, Collado-Sanz D, Cárdenas DJ, Cuerva JM. Titanocene(III)-Catalyzed 6-exoVersus 7-endoCyclizations of Epoxypolyprenes: Efficient Control and Synthesis of Versatile Terpenic Building Blocks. Chemistry 2013; 19:14484-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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Roizen JL, Zalatan DN, Du Bois J. Selective Intermolecular Amination of CH Bonds at Tertiary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Moteki SA, Usui A, Zhang T, Solorio Alvarado CR, Maruoka K. Site-Selective Oxidation of Unactivated C sp 3H Bonds with Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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82
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Moteki SA, Usui A, Zhang T, Solorio Alvarado CR, Maruoka K. Site-Selective Oxidation of Unactivated C sp 3H Bonds with Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8657-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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83
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Zou L, Paton RS, Eschenmoser A, Newhouse TR, Baran PS, Houk KN. Enhanced reactivity in dioxirane C-H oxidations via strain release: a computational and experimental study. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4037-48. [PMID: 23461537 PMCID: PMC3631471 DOI: 10.1021/jo400350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The site selectivities and stereoselectivities of C-H oxidations of substituted cyclohexanes and trans-decalins by dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) were investigated computationally with quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT). The multiconfiguration CASPT2 method was employed on model systems to establish the preferred mechanism and transition state geometry. The reaction pathway involving a rebound step is established to account for the retention of stereochemistry. The oxidation of sclareolide with dioxirane reagents is reported, including the oxidation by the in situ generated tBu-TFDO, a new dioxirane that better discriminates between C-H bonds on the basis of steric effects. The release of 1,3-diaxial strain in the transition state contributes to the site selectivity and enhanced equatorial C-H bond reactivity for tertiary C-H bonds, a result of the lowering of distortion energy. In addition to this strain release factor, steric and inductive effects contribute to the rates of C-H oxidation by dioxiranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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84
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Gómez L, Canta M, Font D, Prat I, Ribas X, Costas M. Regioselective Oxidation of Nonactivated Alkyl C–H Groups Using Highly Structured Non-Heme Iron Catalysts. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1421-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302196q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - David Font
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Irene Prat
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia,
Spain
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85
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Prat I, Gómez L, Canta M, Ribas X, Costas M. An iron catalyst for oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds showing enhanced selectivity for methylenic sites. Chemistry 2012; 19:1908-13. [PMID: 23255355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many are called but few are chosen: A nonheme iron complex catalyzes the oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds by using H(2)O(2) as the oxidant, showing an enhanced selectivity for secondary over tertiary C-H bonds (see scheme).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Prat
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
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86
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Domingo V, Lorenzo L, Quilez del Moral JF, Barrero AF. First synthesis of (+)-myrrhanol C, an anti-prostate cancer lead. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:559-62. [PMID: 23147747 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of (+)-myrrhanol C (1), an antitumor polypodane-type bicyclic triterpene with inhibitory activity against androgen insensitive prostate cancers, is reported herein (IC(50) 10 μmolar). A key step in our convergent synthesis of (+)-myrrhanol C and related analogues is the employment of a microbial stereo- and regioselective late stage C-H oxidation. A low-waste and sustainable process has been developed to prepare (+)-myrrhanol C for further biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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87
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Amaoka Y, Kamijo S, Hoshikawa T, Inoue M. Radical Amination of C(sp3)–H Bonds Using N-Hydroxyphthalimide and Dialkyl Azodicarboxylate. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9959-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Amaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
| | - Tamaki Hoshikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
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88
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Liu W, Huang X, Cheng MJ, Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA, Groves JT. Oxidative aliphatic C-H fluorination with fluoride ion catalyzed by a manganese porphyrin. Science 2012; 337:1322-5. [PMID: 22984066 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of fluorinated organic compounds in drug development, there are no direct protocols for the fluorination of aliphatic C-H bonds using conveniently handled fluoride salts. We have discovered that a manganese porphyrin complex catalyzes alkyl fluorination by fluoride ion under mild conditions in conjunction with stoichiometric oxidation by iodosylbenzene. Simple alkanes, terpenoids, and even steroids were selectively fluorinated at otherwise inaccessible sites in 50 to 60% yield. Decalin was fluorinated predominantly at the C2 and C3 methylene positions. Bornyl acetate was converted to exo-5-fluoro-bornyl acetate, and 5α-androstan-17-one was fluorinated selectively in the A ring. Mechanistic analysis suggests that the regioselectivity for C-H bond cleavage is directed by an oxomanganese(V) catalytic intermediate followed by F delivery via an unusual manganese(IV) fluoride that has been isolated and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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89
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Jiménez T, Morcillo SP, Martín-Lasanta A, Collado-Sanz D, Cárdenas DJ, Gansäuer A, Justicia J, Cuerva JM. Combining the Power of TiIII-Mediated Processes for Easy Access to Hydroxylated Polycyclic Terpenoids: Synthesis of Sesterstatin 1 and C-D Rings of Aspergilloxide. Chemistry 2012; 18:12825-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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90
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Motiwala HF, Gülgeze B, Aubé J. Copper-catalyzed oxaziridine-mediated oxidation of C-H bonds. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7005-22. [PMID: 22830300 DOI: 10.1021/jo3012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly regio- and chemoselective oxidation of activated C-H bonds has been observed via copper-catalyzed reactions of oxaziridines. The oxidation proceeded with a variety of substrates, primarily comprising allylic and benzylic examples, as well as one example of an otherwise unactivated tertiary C-H bond. The mechanism of the reaction is proposed to involve single-electron transfer to the oxaziridines to generate a copper-bound radical anion, followed by hydrogen atom abstraction and collapse to products, with regeneration of the catalyst by a final single-electron transfer event. The involvement of allylic radical intermediates was supported by a radical-trapping experiment with TEMPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2121 Simons Drive, West Campus, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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91
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Wang X, Peter S, Kinne M, Hofrichter M, Groves JT. Detection and kinetic characterization of a highly reactive heme-thiolate peroxygenase compound I. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12897-900. [PMID: 22827262 DOI: 10.1021/ja3049223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular heme-thiolate peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeAPO) has been shown to hydroxylate alkanes and numerous other substrates using hydrogen peroxide as the terminal oxidant. We describe the kinetics of formation and decomposition of AaeAPO compound I upon its reaction with mCPBA. The UV-vis spectral features of AaeAPO-I (361, 694 nm) are similar to those of chloroperoxidase-I and the recently described cytochrome P450-I. The second-order rate constant for AaeAPO-I formation was 1.0 (±0.4) × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 5.0, 4 °C. The relatively slow decomposition rate, 1.4 (±0.03) s(-1), allowed the measurement of its reactivity toward a panel of substrates. The observed rate constants, k2', spanned 5 orders of magnitude and correlated linearly with bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of strong C-H bond substrates with a log k2' vs BDE slope of ∼0.4. However, the hydroxylation rate was insensitive to a C-H BDE below 90 kcal/mol, similar to the behavior of the tert-butoxyl radical. The shape and slope of the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi plot indicate a symmetrical transition state for the stronger C-H bonds and suggest entropy control of the rate in an early transition state for weaker C-H bonds. The AaeAPO-II Fe(IV)O-H BDE was estimated to be ∼103 kcal/mol. All results support the formation of a highly reactive AaeAPO oxoiron(IV) porphyrin radical cation intermediate that is the active oxygen species in these hydroxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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92
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Brückl T, Baxter RD, Ishihara Y, Baran PS. Innate and guided C-H functionalization logic. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:826-39. [PMID: 22017496 DOI: 10.1021/ar200194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The combustion of organic matter is perhaps the oldest and most common chemical transformation utilized by mankind. The generation of a C-O bond at the expense of a C-H bond during this process may be considered the most basic form of C-H functionalization. This illustrates the extreme generality of the term "C-H functionalization", because it can describe the conversion of literally any C-H bond into a C-X bond (X being anything except H). Therefore, it may be of use to distinguish between what, in our view, are two distinct categories of C-H functionalization logic: "guided" and "innate". Guided C-H functionalizations, as the name implies, are guided by external reagents or directing groups (covalently or fleetingly bound) to install new functional groups at the expense of specifically targeted C-H bonds. Conversely, innate C-H functionalizations may be broadly defined as reactions that exchange C-H bonds for new functional groups based solely on natural reactivity patterns in the absence of other directing forces. Two substrates that illustrate this distinction are dihydrojunenol and isonicotinic acid. The C-H functionalization processes of hydroxylation or arylation, respectively, can take place at multiple locations on each molecule. Innate functionalizations lead to substitution patterns that are dictated by the inherent bias (steric or electronic) of the substrate undergoing C-H cleavage, whereas guided functionalizations lead to substitution patterns that are controlled by external directing forces such as metal complexation or steric bias of the reagent. Although the distinction between guided and innate C-H functionalizations may not always be clear in cases that do not fit neatly into a single category, it is a useful convention to consider when analyzing reactivity patterns and strategies for synthesis. We must emphasize that although a completely rigorous distinction between guided and innate C-H functionalization may not be practical, we have nonetheless found it to be a useful tool at the planning stage of synthesis. In this Account, we trace our own studies in the area of C-H functionalization in synthesis through the lens of "guided" and "innate" descriptors. We show how harnessing innate reactivity can be beneficial for achieving unique bond constructions between heterocycles and carbonyl compounds, enabling rapid and scalable total syntheses. Guided and innate functionalizations were used synergistically to create an entire family of terpenes in a controlled fashion. We continue with a discussion of the synthesis of complex alkaloids with high nitrogen content, which required the invention of a uniquely chemoselective innate C-H functionalization protocol. These findings led us to develop a series of innate C-H functionalization reactions for forging C-C bonds of interest to the largest body of practicing organic chemists: medicinal chemists. Strategic use of C-H functionalization logic can have a dramatically positive effect on the efficiency of synthesis, whether guided or innate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brückl
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037
| | - Ryan D. Baxter
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037
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93
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Nguyen Q, Sun K, Driver TG. Rh2(II)-catalyzed intramolecular aliphatic C-H bond amination reactions using aryl azides as the N-atom source. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7262-5. [PMID: 22519742 PMCID: PMC3397916 DOI: 10.1021/ja301519q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium(II) dicarboxylate complexes were discovered to catalyze the intramolecular amination of unactivated primary, secondary, or tertiary aliphatic C-H bonds using aryl azides as the N-atom precursor. While a strong electron-withdrawing group on the nitrogen atom is typically required to achieve this reaction, we found that both electron-rich and electron-poor aryl azides are efficient sources for the metal nitrene reactive intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA 60607-7061
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA 60607-7061
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA 60607-7061
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94
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Company A, Lloret J, Gómez L, Costas M. Alkane C–H Oxygenation Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes. CATALYSIS BY METAL COMPLEXES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3698-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Kamijo S. New Development toward Direct C-H Functionalization Strategies: Oxidations and Carbon-Unit Installations. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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96
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Fung YS, Yan SC, Wong MK. Selective oxidation of unactivated C–H bonds by supramolecular control. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3122-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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97
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Zhao Y, Yim WL, Tan CK, Yeung YY. An unexpected oxidation of unactivated methylene C-H using DIB/TBHP protocol. Org Lett 2011; 13:4308-11. [PMID: 21786789 DOI: 10.1021/ol2016466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in situ generated hypervalent iodine species, bis(tert-butylperoxy)iodobenzene, was used as a peroxy radical source for the oxidation of unreactive, remote, and isolated alkyl (cyclic or aliphatic) esters and amides to the corresponding keto compounds under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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98
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Ochiai M, Miyamoto K, Kaneaki T, Hayashi S, Nakanishi W. Highly regioselective amination of unactivated alkanes by hypervalent sulfonylimino-λ³-bromane. Science 2011; 332:448-51. [PMID: 21512029 DOI: 10.1126/science.1201686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Amination of alkanes has generally required metal catalysts and/or high temperatures. Here we report that simple exposure of a broad range of alkanes to N-triflylimino-λ(3)-bromane 1 at ambient temperature results in C-H insertion of the nitrogen functionality to afford triflyl-substituted amines in moderate to high yields. Marked selectivity for tertiary over secondary C-H bonds was observed; primary (methyl) C-H bonds were inert. Addition of hexafluoroisopropanol to inhibit decomposition of 1 dramatically improved the C-H amination efficiencies. Second-order kinetics, activation parameters (negative activation entropy), deuterium isotope effects, and theoretical calculations suggest a concerted asynchronous bimolecular transition state for the metal-free C-H amination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ochiai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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99
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. If C-H bonds could talk: selective C-H bond oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3362-74. [PMID: 21413105 PMCID: PMC3980681 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxidation has a long history and an ongoing presence in research at the forefront of chemistry and interrelated fields. As such, numerous highly useful articles and reviews have been written on this subject. Logically, these are generally written from the perspective of the scope and limitations of the reagents employed. This Minireview instead attempts to emphasize chemoselectivity imposed by the nature of the substrate. Consequently, many landmark discoveries in the field of C-H oxidation are not discussed, but hopefully the perspective taken herein will allow C-H oxidation reactions to be more readily incorporated into synthetic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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100
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. Wenn C-H-Bindungen sprechen könnten - selektive Oxidationen von C-H-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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