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Kwon SP, Jeon S, Lee SH, Yoon HY, Ryu JH, Choi D, Kim JY, Kim J, Park JH, Kim DE, Kwon IC, Kim K, Ahn CH. Thrombin-activatable fluorescent peptide incorporated gold nanoparticles for dual optical/computed tomography thrombus imaging. Biomaterials 2017; 150:125-136. [PMID: 29035738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is an important pathophysiologic phenomenon in various cardiovascular diseases, which can lead to oxygen deprivation and infarction of tissues by generation of a thrombus. Thus, direct thrombus imaging can provide beneficial in diagnosis and therapy of thrombosis. Herein, we developed thrombin-activatable fluorescent peptide (TAP) incorporated silica-coated gold nanoparticles (TAP-SiO2@AuNPs) for direct imaging of thrombus by dual near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging, wherein TAP molecules were used as targeted thrombin-activatable peptide probes for thrombin-specific NIRF imaging. The freshly prepared TAP-SiO2@AuNPs had an average diameter of 39.8 ± 2.55 nm and they showed the quenched NIRF signal in aqueous condition, due to the excellent quenching effect of TAP molecules on the silica-gold nanoparticle surface. However, 30.31-fold higher NIRF intensity was rapidly recovered in the presence of thrombin in vitro, due to the thrombin-specific cleavage of quenched TAP molecules on the gold particle surface. Furthermore, TAP-SiO2@AuNPs were successfully accumulated in thrombus by their particle size-dependent capturing property, and they presented a potential X-ray absorption property in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, thrombotic lesion was clearly distinguished from peripheral tissues by dual NIRF/micro-CT imaging after intravenous injection of TAP-SiO2@AuNPs in the in situ thrombotic mouse model, simultaneously. This study showed that thrombin-activatable fluorescent peptide incorporated silica-coated gold nanoparticles can be potentially used as a dual imaging probe for direct thrombus imaging and therapy in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Pil Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayil Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Hee Ahn
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ducros N, Abascal JFPJ, Sixou B, Rit S, Peyrin F. Regularization of nonlinear decomposition of spectral x-ray projection images. Med Phys 2017; 44:e174-e187. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ducros
- Univ Lyon; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm; CREATIS UMR 5220 Lyon U1206, F69621 France
| | - Juan Felipe Perez-Juste Abascal
- Univ Lyon; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm; CREATIS UMR 5220 Lyon U1206, F69621 France
| | - Bruno Sixou
- Univ Lyon; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm; CREATIS UMR 5220 Lyon U1206, F69621 France
| | - Simon Rit
- Univ Lyon; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm; CREATIS UMR 5220 Lyon U1206, F69621 France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm; CREATIS UMR 5220 Lyon U1206, F69621 France
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53
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Multicolor spectral photon-counting computed tomography: in vivo dual contrast imaging with a high count rate scanner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4784. [PMID: 28684756 PMCID: PMC5500581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new prototype spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT) based on a modified clinical CT system has been developed. SPCCT analysis of the energy composition of the transmitted x-ray spectrum potentially allows simultaneous dual contrast agent imaging, however, this has not yet been demonstrated with such a system. We investigated the feasibility of using this system to distinguish gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and an iodinated contrast agent. The contrast agents and calcium phosphate were imaged in phantoms. Conventional CT, gold K-edge, iodine and water images were produced and demonstrated accurate discrimination and quantification of gold and iodine concentrations in a phantom containing mixtures of the contrast agents. In vivo experiments were performed using New Zealand White rabbits at several times points after injections of AuNP and iodinated contrast agents. We found that the contrast material maps clearly differentiated the distributions of gold and iodine in the tissues allowing quantification of the contrast agents’ concentrations, which matched their expected pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, rapid, repetitive scanning was done, which allowed measurement of contrast agent kinetics with high temporal resolution. In conclusion, a clinical scale, high count rate SPCCT system is able to discriminate gold and iodine contrast media in different organs in vivo.
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Yeh BM, FitzGerald PF, Edic PM, Lambert JW, Colborn RE, Marino ME, Evans PM, Roberts JC, Wang ZJ, Wong MJ, Bonitatibus PJ. Opportunities for new CT contrast agents to maximize the diagnostic potential of emerging spectral CT technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:201-222. [PMID: 27620496 PMCID: PMC5344792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of spectral CT imaging in the form of fast clinical dual-energy CT enabled contrast material to be differentiated from other radiodense materials, improved lesion detection in contrast-enhanced scans, and changed the way that existing iodine and barium contrast materials are used in clinical practice. More profoundly, spectral CT can differentiate between individual contrast materials that have different reporter elements such that high-resolution CT imaging of multiple contrast agents can be obtained in a single pass of the CT scanner. These spectral CT capabilities would be even more impactful with the development of contrast materials designed to complement the existing clinical iodine- and barium-based agents. New biocompatible high-atomic number contrast materials with different biodistribution and X-ray attenuation properties than existing agents will expand the diagnostic power of spectral CT imaging without penalties in radiation dose or scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Yeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States.
| | - Paul F FitzGerald
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Peter M Edic
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Jack W Lambert
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Robert E Colborn
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Michael E Marino
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Paul M Evans
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Road, Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9LL, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette C Roberts
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Margaret J Wong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Peter J Bonitatibus
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
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Taguchi K, Polster C, Lee O, Stierstorfer K, Kappler S. Spatio-energetic cross talk in photon counting detectors: Detector model and correlated Poisson data generator. Med Phys 2017; 43:6386. [PMID: 27908175 DOI: 10.1118/1.4966699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An x-ray photon interacts with photon counting detectors (PCDs) and generates an electron charge cloud or multiple clouds. The clouds (thus, the photon energy) may be split between two adjacent PCD pixels when the interaction occurs near pixel boundaries, producing a count at both of the pixels. This is called double-counting with charge sharing. (A photoelectric effect with K-shell fluorescence x-ray emission would result in double-counting as well). As a result, PCD data are spatially and energetically correlated, although the output of individual PCD pixels is Poisson distributed. Major problems include the lack of a detector noise model for the spatio-energetic cross talk and lack of a computationally efficient simulation tool for generating correlated Poisson data. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation can accurately simulate these phenomena and produce noisy data; however, it is not computationally efficient. METHODS In this study, the authors developed a new detector model and implemented it in an efficient software simulator that uses a Poisson random number generator to produce correlated noisy integer counts. The detector model takes the following effects into account: (1) detection efficiency; (2) incomplete charge collection and ballistic effect; (3) interaction with PCDs via photoelectric effect (with or without K-shell fluorescence x-ray emission, which may escape from the PCDs or be reabsorbed); and (4) electronic noise. The correlation was modeled by using these two simplifying assumptions: energy conservation and mutual exclusiveness. The mutual exclusiveness is that no more than two pixels measure energy from one photon. The effect of model parameters has been studied and results were compared with MC simulations. The agreement, with respect to the spectrum, was evaluated using the reduced χ2 statistics or a weighted sum of squared errors, χred2(≥1), where χred2=1 indicates a perfect fit. RESULTS The model produced spectra with flat field irradiation that qualitatively agree with previous studies. The spectra generated with different model and geometry parameters allowed for understanding the effect of the parameters on the spectrum and the correlation of data. The agreement between the model and MC data was very strong. The mean spectra with 90 keV and 140 kVp agreed exceptionally well: χred2 values were 1.049 with 90 keV data and 1.007 with 140 kVp data. The degrees of cross talk (in terms of the relative increase from single pixel irradiation to flat field irradiation) were 22% with 90 keV and 19% with 140 kVp for MC simulations, while they were 21% and 17%, respectively, for the model. The covariance was in strong agreement qualitatively, although it was overestimated. The noisy data generation was very efficient, taking less than a CPU minute as opposed to CPU hours for MC simulators. CONCLUSIONS The authors have developed a novel, computationally efficient PCD model that takes into account double-counting and resulting spatio-energetic correlation between PCD pixels. The MC simulation validated the accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Taguchi
- Division of Medical Imaging Physics, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Christoph Polster
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich 80539, Germany and Computed Tomography, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim 91301, Germany
| | - Okkyun Lee
- Division of Medical Imaging Physics, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Karl Stierstorfer
- Computed Tomography, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim 91301, Germany
| | - Steffen Kappler
- Computed Tomography, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim 91301, Germany
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56
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Zou Y, Wei Y, Wang G, Meng F, Gao M, Storm G, Zhong Z. Nanopolymersomes with an Ultrahigh Iodine Content for High-Performance X-Ray Computed Tomography Imaging In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603997. [PMID: 28054400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable nanopolymersomes with an unprecedented iodine content, low viscosity, and iso-osmolality achieve significantly enhanced CT imaging of blood pool and the reticuloendothelial system. Moreover, in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models in mice, they show enhanced in vivo imaging when compared to iohexol, a clinically used small-molecule contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yaohua Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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57
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Energy-sensitive photon counting detector-based X-ray computed tomography. Radiol Phys Technol 2017; 10:8-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-017-0390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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58
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Opacic T, Paefgen V, Lammers T, Kiessling F. Status and trends in the development of clinical diagnostic agents. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Opacic
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Vera Paefgen
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics; University of Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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Karunamuni R, Naha PC, Lau KC, Al-Zaki A, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ, Tsourkas A, Cormode DP, Maidment ADA. Development of silica-encapsulated silver nanoparticles as contrast agents intended for dual-energy mammography. Eur Radiol 2016; 26:3301-9. [PMID: 26910906 PMCID: PMC4974128 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual-energy (DE) mammography has recently entered the clinic. Previous theoretical and phantom studies demonstrated that silver provides greater contrast than iodine for this technique. Our objective was to characterize and evaluate in vivo a prototype silver contrast agent ultimately intended for DE mammography. METHODS The prototype silver contrast agent was synthesized using a three-step process: synthesis of a silver core, silica encapsulation and PEG coating. The nanoparticles were then injected into mice to determine their accumulation in various organs, blood half-life and dual-energy contrast. All animal procedures were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. RESULTS The final diameter of the nanoparticles was measured to be 102 (±9) nm. The particles were removed from the vascular circulation with a half-life of 15 min, and accumulated in macrophage-rich organs such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Dual-energy subtraction techniques increased the signal difference-to-noise ratio of the particles by as much as a factor of 15.2 compared to the single-energy images. These nanoparticles produced no adverse effects in mice. CONCLUSION Silver nanoparticles are an effective contrast agent for dual-energy x-ray imaging. With further design improvements, silver nanoparticles may prove valuable in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. KEY POINTS • Silver has potential as a contrast agent for DE mammography. • Silica-coated silver nanoparticles are biocompatible and suited for in vivo use. • Silver nanoparticles produce strong contrast in vivo using DE mammography imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Karunamuni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pratap C Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kristen C Lau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajlan Al-Zaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew D A Maidment
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Campodoni E, Adamiano A, Dozio SM, Panseri S, Montesi M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Sandri M. Development of innovative hybrid and intrinsically magnetic nanobeads as a drug delivery system. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2119-30. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Synthesis of superparamagnetic hybrid nanobeads (MHNs) made of iron-substituted hydroxyapatite nanophase mineralizing a self-assembling alginate (Alg) matrix to be used as drug carriers, with ability of remote activation by magnetic signaling. Materials & methods: Iron-doped apatite was heterogeneously nucleated on the self-assembling Alg matrix by a bioinspired mineralization process and MHNs are formed by a subsequent emulsification by oil-in-water technique. Results: The obtained MHNs exhibited biomimetic composition, adequate swelling properties in physiological-like environment and superparamagnetic properties. The assembling of Alg induced the egg-like rearrangement of the mineralized composite that was then stabilized through cross-linking reaction with calcium ions. Conclusion: The new MHNs can be considered as a promising biocompatible and bio-resorbable drug delivery system with magnetic properties, thus opening to smart applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Campodoni
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Alessio Adamiano
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Samuele M Dozio
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
- University “Gabriele D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Panseri
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Monica Montesi
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
| | - Monica Sandri
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy, ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, Italy
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Chakravarty S, Unold J, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Blanco-Fernandez B, Shapiro EM. Surface engineering of bismuth nanocrystals to counter dissolution. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13217-22. [PMID: 27356280 PMCID: PMC5817880 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid dissolution of Bi Nanocrystals (NCs) in lysosomal conditions results in poor biocompatibility. We report that an in situ surface coating of Bi nanocrystals with Ganex® V216, a cosmetic dispersant, limits its dissolution under physiological conditions. These Bi Ganex (BiG) NCs are readily encapsulated in FDA approved polymer poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by an oil-in-water emulsion technique and also undergo facile SiO2 coating. BiG NCs in BiG@PLGA and BiG@SiO2 nanoparticles dissolve slowly under physiological conditions and exhibit excellent biocompatibility, as opposed to uncoated Bi NCs. Finally, these Bi nanoconstructs are shown to be strong CT CAs, even at relatively low Bi concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatadru Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Bernstein AL, Dhanantwari A, Jurcova M, Cheheltani R, Naha PC, Ivanc T, Shefer E, Cormode DP. Improved sensitivity of computed tomography towards iodine and gold nanoparticle contrast agents via iterative reconstruction methods. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26177. [PMID: 27185492 PMCID: PMC4868985 DOI: 10.1038/srep26177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography is a widely used medical imaging technique that has high spatial and temporal resolution. Its weakness is its low sensitivity towards contrast media. Iterative reconstruction techniques (ITER) have recently become available, which provide reduced image noise compared with traditional filtered back-projection methods (FBP), which may allow the sensitivity of CT to be improved, however this effect has not been studied in detail. We scanned phantoms containing either an iodine contrast agent or gold nanoparticles. We used a range of tube voltages and currents. We performed reconstruction with FBP, ITER and a novel, iterative, modal-based reconstruction (IMR) algorithm. We found that noise decreased in an algorithm dependent manner (FBP > ITER > IMR) for every scan and that no differences were observed in attenuation rates of the agents. The contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of iodine was highest at 80 kV, whilst the CNR for gold was highest at 140 kV. The CNR of IMR images was almost tenfold higher than that of FBP images. Similar trends were found in dual energy images formed using these algorithms. In conclusion, IMR-based reconstruction techniques will allow contrast agents to be detected with greater sensitivity, and may allow lower contrast agent doses to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Jurcova
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rabee Cheheltani
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pratap Chandra Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - David Peter Cormode
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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63
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Wang Y, Jiang C, He W, Ai K, Ren X, Liu L, Zhang M, Lu L. Targeted Imaging of Damaged Bone in Vivo with Gemstone Spectral Computed Tomography. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4164-4172. [PMID: 27043072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high-resolution imaging of bone-cracks and even monitoring them in live organisms are of great significance for understanding their extreme biological effects but remain quite challenging, especially for adopting commercial imaging systems. Herein, we explore the use of the clinical gemstone spectral computed tomography (GSCT) technique as a powerful tool for targeted imaging of bone-cracks in rats via intramuscularly administrating crack-targeted ytterbium-based contrast agents (CAs). Material density images of GSCT reveal that bone-cracks targeted with CAs can be successfully differentiated from healthy bone based on their different X-ray attenuation characteristics, giving GSCT a distinct advantage over conventional CT. More importantly, the superior imaging capability of GSCT allows us to real-time monitor the targeting and accumulation of CAs toward bone-crack in vivo. These results highlight that clinical GSCT, combined with ytterbium-based CAs, provides a promising opportunity for understanding bone-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wenhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Mengchao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lehui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Rathnayake S, Mongan J, Torres AS, Colborn R, Gao DW, Yeh BM, Fu Y. In vivo comparison of tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth enteric contrast agents to complement intravenous iodine for double-contrast dual-energy CT of the bowel. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:254-61. [PMID: 26892945 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the ability of dual-energy CT (DECT) to separate intravenous contrast of bowel wall from intraluminal contrast, we scanned 16 rabbits on a clinical DECT scanner: n = 3 using only iodinated intravenous contrast, and n = 13 double-contrast enhanced scans using iodinated intravenous contrast and experimental enteric non-iodinated contrast agents in the bowel lumen (five bismuth, four tungsten, and four tantalum based). Representative image pairs from conventional CT images and DECT iodine density maps of small bowel (116 pairs from 232 images) were viewed by four abdominal imaging attending radiologists to independently score each comparison pair on a visual analog scale (-100 to +100%) for (1) preference in small bowel wall visualization and (2) preference in completeness of intraluminal enteric contrast subtraction. Median small bowel wall visualization was scored 39 and 42 percentage points (95% CI 30-44% and 36-45%, both p < 0.001) higher for double-contrast DECT than for conventional CT with enteric tungsten and tantalum contrast, respectively. Median small bowel wall visualization for double-contrast DECT was scored 29 and 35 percentage points (95% CI 20-35% and 33-39%, both p < 0.001) higher with enteric tungsten and tantalum, respectively, than with bismuth contrast. Median completeness of intraluminal enteric contrast subtraction in double-contrast DECT iodine density maps was scored 28 and 29 percentage points (95% CI 15-31% and 28-33%, both p < 0.001) higher with enteric tungsten and tantalum, respectively, than with bismuth contrast. Results suggest that in vivo double-contrast DECT with iodinated intravenous and either tantalum- or tungsten-based enteric contrast provides better visualization of small bowel than conventional CT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rathnayake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Mongan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Torres
- GE Global Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York, USA
| | - Robert Colborn
- GE Global Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York, USA
| | - Dong-Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Yeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanjun Fu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhou D, Li C, He M, Ma M, Li P, Gong Y, Ran H, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Sun Y. Folate-targeted perfluorohexane nanoparticles carrying bismuth sulfide for use in US/CT dual-mode imaging and synergistic high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of cervical cancer. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4164-4181. [PMID: 32264619 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00261g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multifunctional contrast agents with HIFU synergistic therapy could real-time guide, monitor, and assess cancer therapeutic procedures and effects.
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66
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Ashton JR, West JL, Badea CT. In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:256. [PMID: 26581654 PMCID: PMC4631946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most valuable modalities for in vivo imaging because it is fast, high-resolution, cost-effective, and non-invasive. Moreover, CT is heavily used not only in the clinic (for both diagnostics and treatment planning) but also in preclinical research as micro-CT. Although CT is inherently effective for lung and bone imaging, soft tissue imaging requires the use of contrast agents. For small animal micro-CT, nanoparticle contrast agents are used in order to avoid rapid renal clearance. A variety of nanoparticles have been used for micro-CT imaging, but the majority of research has focused on the use of iodine-containing nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Both nanoparticle types can act as highly effective blood pool contrast agents or can be targeted using a wide variety of targeting mechanisms. CT imaging can be further enhanced by adding spectral capabilities to separate multiple co-injected nanoparticles in vivo. Spectral CT, using both energy-integrating and energy-resolving detectors, has been used with multiple contrast agents to enable functional and molecular imaging. This review focuses on new developments for in vivo small animal micro-CT using novel nanoparticle probes applied in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA ; Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Cristian T Badea
- Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
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Hu HY, Lim NH, Juretschke HP, Ding-Pfennigdorff D, Florian P, Kohlmann M, Kandira A, Peter von Kries J, Saas J, Rudolphi KA, Wendt KU, Nagase H, Plettenburg O, Nazare M, Schultz C. In vivo visualization of osteoarthritic hypertrophic lesions. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6256-6261. [PMID: 30090244 PMCID: PMC6054140 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases in the aging population. While disease progress in humans is monitored indirectly by X-ray or MRI, small animal OA lesions detection always requires surgical intervention and histology. Here we introduce bimodal MR/NIR probes based on cartilage-targeting 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid amide (DOTAM) that are directly administered to the joint cavity. We demonstrate applications in healthy and diseased rat joints by MRI in vivo. The same joints are inspected post-mortem by fluorescence microscopy, showing not only the precise location of the reagents but also revealing details such as focal cartilage damage and chondrophyte or osteophyte formation. This allows for determining the distinct pathological state of the disease and the regeneration capability of the animal model and will help to correctly assess the effect of potential disease modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Hu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Interdisciplinary Chemistry Group , Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstr. 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica , Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , 1 Xiannongtan Street , 100050 , Beijing , China
| | - Ngee-Han Lim
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology , University of Oxford , Roosevelt Drive , Headington , Oxford OX37FY , UK
| | - Hans-Paul Juretschke
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | - Peter Florian
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Markus Kohlmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Abdullah Kandira
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Joachim Saas
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Karl A Rudolphi
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - K Ulrich Wendt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Hoechst , 65962 Frankfurt , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Campus Berlin-Buch , Robert-Roessle-Str. 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Interdisciplinary Chemistry Group , Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstr. 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
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Ding H, Cho HM, Barber WC, Iwanczyk JS, Molloi S. Characterization of energy response for photon-counting detectors using x-ray fluorescence. Med Phys 2015; 41:121902. [PMID: 25471962 DOI: 10.1118/1.4900820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of characterizing a Si strip photon-counting detector using x-ray fluorescence. METHODS X-ray fluorescence was generated by using a pencil beam from a tungsten anode x-ray tube with 2 mm Al filtration. Spectra were acquired at 90° from the primary beam direction with an energy-resolved photon-counting detector based on an edge illuminated Si strip detector. The distances from the source to target and the target to detector were approximately 19 and 11 cm, respectively. Four different materials, containing silver (Ag), iodine (I), barium (Ba), and gadolinium (Gd), were placed in small plastic containers with a diameter of approximately 0.7 cm for x-ray fluorescence measurements. Linear regression analysis was performed to derive the gain and offset values for the correlation between the measured fluorescence peak center and the known fluorescence energies. The energy resolutions and charge-sharing fractions were also obtained from analytical fittings of the recorded fluorescence spectra. An analytical model, which employed four parameters that can be determined from the fluorescence calibration, was used to estimate the detector response function. RESULTS Strong fluorescence signals of all four target materials were recorded with the investigated geometry for the Si strip detector. The average gain and offset of all pixels for detector energy calibration were determined to be 6.95 mV/keV and -66.33 mV, respectively. The detector's energy resolution remained at approximately 2.7 keV for low energies, and increased slightly at 45 keV. The average charge-sharing fraction was estimated to be 36% within the investigated energy range of 20-45 keV. The simulated detector output based on the proposed response function agreed well with the experimental measurement. CONCLUSIONS The performance of a spectral imaging system using energy-resolved photon-counting detectors is very dependent on the energy calibration of the detector. The proposed x-ray fluorescence technique offers an accurate and efficient way to calibrate the energy response of a photon-counting detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Ding
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Hyo-Min Cho
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | | | - Sabee Molloi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Pak VN, Golov OV, Grabov VM, Demidov EV, Stozharov VM. Porous glass as reactor for preparation of bismuth nanoparticles. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Abstract
X-rays are commonly used as a means to image the inside of objects opaque to visible light, as their short wavelength allows penetration through matter and the formation of high spatial resolution images. This physical effect has found particular importance in medicine where x-ray based imaging is routinely used as a diagnostic tool. Increasingly, however, imaging modalities that provide functional as well as morphological information are required. In this study the potential to use x-ray phase based imaging as a functional modality through the use of microbubbles that can be targeted to specific biological processes is explored. We show that the concentration of a microbubble suspension can be monitored quantitatively whilst in flow using x-ray phase contrast imaging. This could provide the basis for a dynamic imaging technique that combines the tissue penetration, spatial resolution, and high contrast of x-ray phase based imaging with the functional information offered by targeted imaging modalities.
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71
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Ding H, Zhao B, Baturin P, Behroozi F, Molloi S. Breast tissue decomposition with spectral distortion correction: a postmortem study. Med Phys 2015; 41:101901. [PMID: 25281953 DOI: 10.1118/1.4894724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of an accurate measurement of water, lipid, and protein composition of breast tissue using a photon-counting spectral computed tomography (CT) with spectral distortion corrections. METHODS Thirty-eight postmortem breasts were imaged with a cadmium-zinc-telluride-based photon-counting spectral CT system at 100 kV. The energy-resolving capability of the photon-counting detector was used to separate photons into low and high energy bins with a splitting energy of 42 keV. The estimated mean glandular dose for each breast ranged from 1.8 to 2.2 mGy. Two spectral distortion correction techniques were implemented, respectively, on the raw images to correct the nonlinear detector response due to pulse pileup and charge-sharing artifacts. Dual energy decomposition was then used to characterize each breast in terms of water, lipid, and protein content. In the meantime, the breasts were chemically decomposed into their respective water, lipid, and protein components to provide a gold standard for comparison with dual energy decomposition results. RESULTS The accuracy of the tissue compositional measurement with spectral CT was determined by comparing to the reference standard from chemical analysis. The averaged root-mean-square error in percentage composition was reduced from 15.5% to 2.8% after spectral distortion corrections. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that spectral CT can be used to quantify the water, lipid, and protein content in breast tissue. The accuracy of the compositional analysis depends on the applied spectral distortion correction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Ding
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Pavlo Baturin
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Farnaz Behroozi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Sabee Molloi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Starosolski Z, Villamizar CA, Rendon D, Paldino MJ, Milewicz DM, Ghaghada KB, Annapragada AV. Ultra High-Resolution In vivo Computed Tomography Imaging of Mouse Cerebrovasculature Using a Long Circulating Blood Pool Contrast Agent. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10178. [PMID: 25985192 PMCID: PMC4650815 DOI: 10.1038/srep10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the cerebrovascular system play a central role in many neurologic diseases. The on-going expansion of rodent models of human cerebrovascular diseases and the need to use these models to understand disease progression and treatment has amplified the need for reproducible non-invasive imaging methods for high-resolution visualization of the complete cerebral vasculature. In this study, we present methods for in vivo high-resolution (19 μm isotropic) computed tomography imaging of complete mouse brain vasculature. This technique enabled 3D visualization of large cerebrovascular networks, including the Circle of Willis. Blood vessels as small as 40 μm were clearly delineated. ACTA2 mutations in humans cause cerebrovascular defects, including abnormally straightened arteries and a moyamoya-like arteriopathy characterized by bilateral narrowing of the internal carotid artery and stenosis of many large arteries. In vivo imaging studies performed in a mouse model of Acta2 mutations demonstrated the utility of this method for studying vascular morphometric changes that are practically impossible to identify using current histological methods. Specifically, the technique demonstrated changes in the width of the Circle of Willis, straightening of cerebral arteries and arterial stenoses. We believe the use of imaging methods described here will contribute substantially to the study of rodent cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Starosolski
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos A Villamizar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David Rendon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Michael J Paldino
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ketan B Ghaghada
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ananth V Annapragada
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Branca M, Pelletier F, Cottin B, Ciuculescu D, Lin CC, Serra R, Mattei JG, Casanove MJ, Tan R, Respaud M, Amiens C. Design of FeBi nanoparticles for imaging applications. Faraday Discuss 2015; 175:97-111. [PMID: 25271897 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of imaging technologies are now routinely used in the medical field, their use being continuously enlarged through the development of contrast agents. Recently nanoparticles (NPs) proved efficient to improve imaging in vivo by increasing contrast and targeting capabilities. The current trend is now focused on the development of dual contrast agents combining two or more functionalities on the same NP. Motivated by this new challenge we developed FeBi NPs as new nanomaterials with potential application as a contrast agent for MRI and CT imaging. In addition to the well-known use of iron in the development MRI contrast agents, we chose Bi as a CT imaging agent rather than the more documented gold, because it possesses a larger X-ray attenuation coefficient and is much less expensive. Two sets of NPs, with sizes around 150 nm and 14 nm, were synthesized using organometallic approaches. In both cases, the NPs are spherical, and contain distinct domains of Fe and Bi, with the surface being enriched with Fe, and a hydrophobic coating. This coating differs from one sample to the other: the surfaces of the 150 nm large NPs are coated by amine ligands, while those of the 14 nm large NPs are coated by a mixture of an amine and its hydrochloride salt. Exchange of the surface ligands to afford water soluble NPs has been attempted. We show that only the larger NPs could be functionalized with water soluble ligands, which is in agreement with the lability of their initial surface coating. Colloidal aqueous solutions of FeBi NPs with glycoPEG ligands have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Branca
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has experienced considerable growth in recent years as the translation of pre-clinical biomaterials and cell- and gene-based therapies begin to reach clinical application. Until recently, the ability to monitor the serial responses to therapeutic treatments has been limited to post-mortem tissue analyses. With improvements in existing imaging modalities and the emergence of hybrid imaging systems, it is now possible to combine information related to structural remodeling with associated molecular events using non-invasive imaging. This review summarizes the established and emerging imaging modalities that are available for in vivo monitoring of clinical regenerative medicine therapies and discusses the strengths and limitations of each imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel R. Stacy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208017, Dana-3, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Albert J. Sinusas
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208017, Dana-3, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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Yi Z, Lu W, Liu H, Zeng S. High quality polyacrylic acid modified multifunction luminescent nanorods for tri-modality bioimaging, in vivo long-lasting tracking and biodistribution. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:542-550. [PMID: 25412698 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) modified NaYF4:Gd/Yb/Er upconversion nanorods (denoted as PAA-UCNRs) are demonstrated for tri-modal upconversion (UC) optical, computed X-ray tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hydrophilic PAA-UCNRs were obtained from hydrophobic oleic acid (OA) capped UCNRs (denoted as OA-UCNRs) using a ligand exchange method. The as-prepared UCNRs with a hexagonal phase structure present high monodispersity. These PAA-UCNRs are successfully used as ideal probes for in vivo UC luminescence bioimaging and synergistic X-ray and UC bioimaging. Moreover, X-ray CT imaging reveals that PAA-UCNRs can act as contrast agents for improved detection of the liver and spleen. In addition, a significant signal enhancement in the liver is observed in in vivo MRI, indicating that PAA-UCNRs are ideal T1-weighted MRI agents. More importantly, in vivo long-term tracking based on these PAA-UCNRs in the live mice and the corresponding ex vivo bioimaging of isolated organs also verify the translocation of PAA-UCNRs from the liver to the spleen, and the observed intense UC signals from the feces reveal the biliary excretion mechanism of these UCNRs. These findings contribute to understanding of the translocation and potential route for excretion of PAA-UCNRs, which can provide an important guide for the diagnosis and detection of diseases based on these UCNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Yi
- College of Physics and Information Science and Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Application of Disease-Directed Agents. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2015_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Naha PC, Zaki AA, Hecht E, Chorny M, Chhour P, Blankemeyer E, Yates DM, Witschey WRT, Litt HI, Tsourkas A, Cormode DP. Dextran coated bismuth-iron oxide nanohybrid contrast agents for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8239-8248. [PMID: 25485115 PMCID: PMC4251562 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth nanoparticles have been proposed as a novel CT contrast agent, however few syntheses of biocompatible bismuth nanoparticles have been achieved. We herein report the synthesis of composite bismuth-iron oxide nanoparticles (BION) that are based on a clinically approved, dextran-coated iron oxide formulation; the particles have the advantage of acting as contrast agents for both CT and MRI. BION were synthesized and characterized using various analytical methods. BION CT phantom images revealed that the X-ray attenuation of the different formulations was dependent upon the amount of bismuth present in the nanoparticle, while T2-weighted MRI contrast decreased with increasing bismuth content. No cytotoxicity was observed in Hep G2 and BJ5ta cells after 24 hours incubation with BION. The above properties, as well as the yield of synthesis and bismuth inclusion efficiency, led us to select the Bi-30 formulation for in vivo experiments, performed in mice using a micro-CT and a 9.4 T MRI system. X-ray contrast was observed in the heart and blood vessels over a 2 hour period, indicating that Bi-30 has a prolonged circulation half-life. Considerable signal loss in T2-weighted MR images was observed in the liver compared to pre-injection scans. Evaluation of the biodistribution of Bi-30 revealed that bismuth is excreted via the urine, with significant concentrations found in the kidneys and urine. In vitro experiments confirmed the degradability of Bi-30. In summary, dextran coated BION are biocompatible, biodegradable, possess strong X-ray attenuation properties and also can be used as T2-weighted MR contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap C. Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajlan Al Zaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hecht
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Chorny
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Chhour
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Blankemeyer
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Douglas M. Yates
- Nanoscale Characterization Facility, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Walter R. T. Witschey
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I. Litt
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David P. Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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79
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Yi Z, Lu W, Xu Y, Yang J, Deng L, Qian C, Zeng T, Wang H, Rao L, Liu H, Zeng S. PEGylated NaLuF4: Yb/Er upconversion nanophosphors for in vivo synergistic fluorescence/X-ray bioimaging and long-lasting, real-time tracking. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9689-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cammin J, Xu J, Barber WC, Iwanczyk JS, Hartsough NE, Taguchi K. A cascaded model of spectral distortions due to spectral response effects and pulse pileup effects in a photon-counting x-ray detector for CT. Med Phys 2014; 41:041905. [PMID: 24694136 DOI: 10.1118/1.4866890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Energy discriminating, photon-counting detectors (PCDs) are an emerging technology for computed tomography (CT) with various potential benefits for clinical CT. The photon energies measured by PCDs can be distorted due to the interactions of a photon with the detector and the interaction of multiple coincident photons. These effects result in distorted recorded x-ray spectra which may lead to artifacts in reconstructed CT images and inaccuracies in tissue identification. Model-based compensation techniques have the potential to account for the distortion effects. This approach requires only a small number of parameters and is applicable to a wide range of spectra and count rates, but it needs an accurate model of the spectral distortions occurring in PCDs. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of those spectral distortions and to evaluate the model using a PCD (model DXMCT-1; DxRay, Inc., Northridge, CA) and various x-ray spectra in a wide range of count rates. METHODS The authors hypothesize that the complex phenomena of spectral distortions can be modeled by: (1) separating them into count-rate independent factors that we call the spectral response effects (SRE), and count-rate dependent factors that we call the pulse pileup effects (PPE), (2) developing separate models for SRE and PPE, and (3) cascading the SRE and PPE models into a combined SRE+PPE model that describes PCD distortions at both low and high count rates. The SRE model describes the probability distribution of the recorded spectrum, with a photo peak and a continuum tail, given the incident photon energy. Model parameters were obtained from calibration measurements with three radioisotopes and then interpolated linearly for other energies. The PPE model used was developed in the authors' previous work [K. Taguchi et al., "Modeling the performance of a photon counting x-ray detector for CT: Energy response and pulse pileup effects," Med. Phys. 38(2), 1089-1102 (2011)]. The agreement between the x-ray spectra calculated by the cascaded SRE+PPE model and the measured spectra was evaluated for various levels of deadtime loss ratios (DLR) and incident spectral shapes, realized using different attenuators, in terms of the weighted coefficient of variation (COVW), i.e., the root mean square difference weighted by the statistical errors of the data and divided by the mean. RESULTS At low count rates, when DLR < 10%, the distorted spectra measured by the DXMCT-1 were in agreement with those calculated by SRE only, with COVW's less than 4%. At higher count rates, the measured spectra were also in agreement with the ones calculated by the cascaded SRE+PPE model; with PMMA as attenuator, COVW was 5.6% at a DLR of 22% and as small as 6.7% for a DLR as high as 55%. CONCLUSIONS The x-ray spectra calculated by the proposed model agreed with the measured spectra over a wide range of count rates and spectral shapes. The SRE model predicted the distorted, recorded spectra with low count rates over various types and thicknesses of attenuators. The study also validated the hypothesis that the complex spectral distortions in a PCD can be adequately modeled by cascading the count-rate independent SRE and the count-rate dependent PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Cammin
- Division of Medical Imaging Physics, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Jennifer Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | | | | | | | - Katsuyuki Taguchi
- Division of Medical Imaging Physics, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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81
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Swy ER, Schwartz-Duval AS, Shuboni DD, Latourette MT, Mallet CL, Parys M, Cormode DP, Shapiro EM. Dual-modality, fluorescent, PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles for molecular and cellular fluorescence imaging and computed tomography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13104-12. [PMID: 25248645 PMCID: PMC4362618 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01405g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reports of molecular and cellular imaging using computed tomography (CT) are rapidly increasing. Many of these reports use gold nanoparticles. Bismuth has similar CT contrast properties to gold while being approximately 1000-fold less expensive. Herein we report the design, fabrication, characterization, and CT and fluorescence imaging properties of a novel, dual modality, fluorescent, polymer encapsulated bismuth nanoparticle construct for computed tomography and fluorescence imaging. We also report on cellular internalization and preliminary in vitro and in vivo toxicity effects of these constructs. 40 nm bismuth(0) nanocrystals were synthesized and encapsulated within 120 nm Poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion methodologies. Coumarin-6 was co-encapsulated to impart fluorescence. High encapsulation efficiency was achieved ∼70% bismuth w/w. Particles were shown to internalize within cells following incubation in culture. Bismuth nanocrystals and PLGA encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles exhibited >90% and >70% degradation, respectively, within 24 hours in acidic, lysosomal environment mimicking media and both remained nearly 100% stable in cytosolic/extracellular fluid mimicking media. μCT and clinical CT imaging was performed at multiple X-ray tube voltages to measure concentration dependent attenuation rates as well as to establish the ability to detect the nanoparticles in an ex vivo biological sample. Dual fluorescence and CT imaging is demonstrated as well. In vivo toxicity studies in rats revealed neither clinically apparent side effects nor major alterations in serum chemistry and hematology parameters. Calculations on minimal detection requirements for in vivo targeted imaging using these nanoparticles are presented. Indeed, our results indicate that these nanoparticles may serve as a platform for sensitive and specific targeted molecular CT and fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Swy
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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82
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Abstract
Molecular imaging non-invasively visualizes and characterizes the biologic functions and mechanisms in living organisms at a molecular level. In recent years, advances in imaging instruments, imaging probes, assay methods, and quantification techniques have enabled more refined and reliable images for more accurate diagnoses. Multimodal imaging combines two or more imaging modalities into one system to produce details in clinical diagnostic imaging that are more precise than conventional imaging. Multimodal imaging offers complementary advantages: high spatial resolution, soft tissue contrast, and biological information on the molecular level with high sensitivity. However, combining all modalities into a single imaging probe involves problems yet to be solved due to the requirement of high dose contrast agents for a component of imaging modality with low sensitivity. The introduction of targeting moieties into the probes enhances the specific binding of targeted multimodal imaging modalities and selective accumulation of the imaging agents at a disease site to provide more accurate diagnoses. An extensive list of prior reports on the targeted multimodal imaging probes categorized by each modality is presented and discussed. In addition to accurate diagnosis, targeted multimodal imaging agents carrying therapeutic medications make it possible to visualize the theranostic effect and the progress of disease. This will facilitate the development of an imaging-guided therapy, which will widen the application of the targeted multimodal imaging field to experiments in vivo.
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83
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Toy R, Bauer L, Hoimes C, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:79-97. [PMID: 25116445 PMCID: PMC4169743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle imaging agents provide many benefits and new opportunities to facilitate accurate diagnosis of cancer and significantly impact patient outcome. Due to the highly engineerable nature of nanotechnology, targeted nanoparticles exhibit significant advantages including increased contrast sensitivity, binding avidity and targeting specificity. Considering the various nanoparticle designs and their adjustable ability to target a specific site and generate detectable signals, nanoparticles can be optimally designed in terms of biophysical interactions (i.e., intravascular and interstitial transport) and biochemical interactions (i.e., targeting avidity towards cancer-related biomarkers) for site-specific detection of very distinct microenvironments. This review seeks to illustrate that the design of a nanoparticle dictates its in vivo journey and targeting of hard-to-reach cancer sites, facilitating early and accurate diagnosis and interrogation of the most aggressive forms of cancer. We will report various targeted nanoparticles for cancer imaging using X-ray computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging and optical imaging. Finally, to realize the full potential of targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging, we will describe the challenges and opportunities for the clinical translation and widespread adaptation of targeted nanoparticles imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher Hoimes
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ketan B Ghaghada
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Efstathios Karathanasis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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84
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Cormode DP, Naha PC, Fayad ZA. Nanoparticle contrast agents for computed tomography: a focus on micelles. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:37-52. [PMID: 24470293 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an X-ray-based whole-body imaging technique that is widely used in medicine. Clinically approved contrast agents for CT are iodinated small molecules or barium suspensions. Over the past seven years there has been a great increase in the development of nanoparticles as CT contrast agents. Nanoparticles have several advantages over small molecule CT contrast agents, such as long blood-pool residence times and the potential for cell tracking and targeted imaging applications. Furthermore, there is a need for novel CT contrast agents, owing to the growing population of renally impaired patients and patients hypersensitive to iodinated contrast. Micelles and lipoproteins, a micelle-related class of nanoparticle, have notably been adapted as CT contrast agents. In this review we discuss the principles of CT image formation and the generation of CT contrast. We discuss the progress in developing nontargeted, targeted and cell tracking nanoparticle CT contrast agents. We feature agents based on micelles and used in conjunction with spectral CT. The large contrast agent doses needed will necessitate careful toxicology studies prior to clinical translation. However, the field has seen tremendous advances in the past decade and we expect many more advances to come in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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85
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Chen J, Yang XQ, Meng YZ, Huang HH, Qin MY, Yan DM, Zhao YD, Ma ZY. In vitro and in vivo CT imaging using bismuth sulfide modified with a highly biocompatible Pluronic F127. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:295103. [PMID: 24990410 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/29/295103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Probe bismuth sulfide modified with Pluronic F127 (Bi2S3-PF127), which has high biocompatibility and dispersibility, is synthesized using triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 to modify hydrophobic Bi2S3 nanoparticles that are prepared by a hot injection method. TEM results show that most of the probe has a length of about 14.85 ± 1.70 nm and a breadth of about 4.79 ± 0.63 nm. After injected into the tail vein of a mouse, the probe has obvious CT contrast enhancement capability from x-ray CT imaging results. Meanwhile, the probe's in vivo toxicity is also studied. It is found that hematoxylin and eosin stains of major organs have no change. A biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) prove the probe has no adverse effects. The results of a blood analysis (white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and platelet count) are also normal. The biological distribution of Bi by ICP-AES shows that most of nanoparticles are cleaned out after injection 48 h, and the circulation half-life of the probe is 5.0 h, suggesting that Bi2S3-PF127 has a long circulation and indicating that the Bi2S3-PF127 probe has good biocompatibility and safety.
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86
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Boussel L, Coulon P, Thran A, Roessl E, Martens G, Sigovan M, Douek P. Photon counting spectral CT component analysis of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque samples. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130798. [PMID: 24874766 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the capabilities of photon counting spectral CT to differentiate components of coronary atherosclerotic plaque based on differences in spectral attenuation and iodine-based contrast agent concentration. METHODS 10 calcified and 13 lipid-rich non-calcified histologically demonstrated atheromatous plaques from post-mortem human coronary arteries were scanned with a photon counting spectral CT scanner. Individual photons were counted and classified in one of six energy bins from 25 to 70 keV. Based on a maximum likelihood approach, maps of photoelectric absorption (PA), Compton scattering (CS) and iodine concentration (IC) were reconstructed. Intensity measurements were performed on each map in the vessel wall, the surrounding perivascular fat and the lipid-rich and the calcified plaques. PA and CS values are expressed relative to pure water values. A comparison between these different elements was performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests with pairwise post hoc Mann-Whitney U-tests and Sidak p-value adjustments. RESULTS RESULTS for vessel wall, surrounding perivascular fat and lipid-rich and calcified plaques were, respectively, 1.19 ± 0.09, 0.73 ± 0.05, 1.08 ± 0.14 and 17.79 ± 6.70 for PA; 0.96 ± 0.02, 0.83 ± 0.02, 0.91 ± 0.03 and 2.53 ± 0.63 for CS; and 83.3 ± 10.1, 37.6 ± 8.1, 55.2 ± 14.0 and 4.9 ± 20.0 mmol l(-1) for IC, with a significant difference between all tissues for PA, CS and IC (p < 0.012). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the capability of energy-sensitive photon counting spectral CT to differentiate between calcifications and iodine-infused regions of human coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque samples by analysing differences in spectral attenuation and iodine-based contrast agent concentration. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Photon counting spectral CT is a promising technique to identify plaque components by analysing differences in iodine-based contrast agent concentration, photoelectric attenuation and Compton scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boussel
- 1 Department of Radiology, CREATIS, UMR CNRS 5515, INSERM U1044, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
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87
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Xu Q, Sawatzky A, Anastasio MA, Schirra CO. Sparsity-regularized image reconstruction of decomposed K-edge data in spectral CT. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:N65-79. [PMID: 24778365 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/10/n65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of spectral computed tomography (CT) using binned photon-counting detectors has garnered great interest in recent years and has enabled selective imaging of K-edge materials. A practical challenge in CT image reconstruction of K-edge materials is the mitigation of image artifacts that arise from reduced-view and/or noisy decomposed sinogram data. In this note, we describe and investigate sparsity-regularized penalized weighted least squares-based image reconstruction algorithms for reconstructing K-edge images from few-view decomposed K-edge sinogram data. To exploit the inherent sparseness of typical K-edge images, we investigate use of a total variation (TV) penalty and a weighted sum of a TV penalty and an ℓ1-norm with a wavelet sparsifying transform. Computer-simulation and experimental phantom studies are conducted to quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed reconstruction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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88
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Taguchi K, Iwanczyk JS. Vision 20/20: Single photon counting x-ray detectors in medical imaging. Med Phys 2014; 40:100901. [PMID: 24089889 DOI: 10.1118/1.4820371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon counting detectors (PCDs) with energy discrimination capabilities have been developed for medical x-ray computed tomography (CT) and x-ray (XR) imaging. Using detection mechanisms that are completely different from the current energy integrating detectors and measuring the material information of the object to be imaged, these PCDs have the potential not only to improve the current CT and XR images, such as dose reduction, but also to open revolutionary novel applications such as molecular CT and XR imaging. The performance of PCDs is not flawless, however, and it seems extremely challenging to develop PCDs with close to ideal characteristics. In this paper, the authors offer our vision for the future of PCD-CT and PCD-XR with the review of the current status and the prediction of (1) detector technologies, (2) imaging technologies, (3) system technologies, and (4) potential clinical benefits with PCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Taguchi
- Division of Medical Imaging Physics, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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89
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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90
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Brown AL, Naha PC, Benavides-Montes V, Litt HI, Goforth AM, Cormode DP. Synthesis, X-ray Opacity, and Biological Compatibility of Ultra-High Payload Elemental Bismuth Nanoparticle X-ray Contrast Agents. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:2266-2274. [PMID: 24803727 PMCID: PMC3985738 DOI: 10.1021/cm500077z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoscale X-ray contrast agents (XCAs) offer many potential advantages over currently used intravascular molecular contrast agents, including longer circulation and retention times, lower administration volumes, and greater potential for site directed imaging. Elemental bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) are particularly attractive candidate XCAs due to the low cost, the high atomic number and high density of bismuth, and the likelihood that BiNPs will oxidatively decompose to biocompatible bismuth(III) ions at controlled rates for renal excretion. Herein we describe the synthesis of ultrahigh payload BiNPs in 1,2-propanediol using a borane reducing agent and glucose as a biocompatible surface stabilizer. Both synthetic solvent (1,2-propanediol) and surfactant (glucose) are evident on the BiNP surfaces when analyzed by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies. These particles contain ∼6 million Bi atoms per NP and have large inorganic cores (74 nm by TEM) compared to their hydrodynamic size (86 nm by DLS). Thus, the dense BiNP core constitutes the majority (∼60%) of each particle's volume, a necessary property to realize the full potential of nanoscale XCAs. Using quantitative computed tomography in phantom and in vitro imaging studies, we demonstrate that these BiNPs have greater X-ray opacity than clinical small molecule iodinated contrast agents at the same concentrations. We furthermore demonstrate a favorable biocompatibility profile for these BiNPs in vitro. Altogether, these studies indicate that these ultrahigh payload BiNPs, synthesized from known biocompatible components, have promising physical and cytotoxicological properties for use as XCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Pratap C. Naha
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Harold I. Litt
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrea M. Goforth
- Department of Chemistry, Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- E-mail: (A.M.G.)
| | - David P. Cormode
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- E-mail: (D.P.C.)
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91
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Poly-ε-caprolactone tungsten oxide nanoparticles as a contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2981-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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92
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Recent advances in ytterbium-based contrast agents forin vivoX-ray computed tomography imaging: promises and prospects. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:26-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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93
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Pan D, Schirra CO, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Multicolor computed tomographic molecular imaging with noncrystalline high-metal-density nanobeacons. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:13-25. [PMID: 24470291 PMCID: PMC4076970 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most frequently pursued radiology technologies applied in the clinics today and in the preclinical field of biomedical imaging. Myriad advances have been made to make this technique more powerful with improved signal sensitivity, rapid image acquisition and faster reconstruction. Synergistic development of novel nanoparticles has been adopted to produce the next-generation CT contrasts agents for imaging specific biological markers. Nanometer-sized agents are anticipated to play a critical part in the prospect of medical diagnostics owing to their capabilities of targeting specific biological markers, extended blood circulation time and defined biological clearance. This review paper introduces the readers to the fundamental design principles of nanoparticulate CT contrast agents with a special emphasis on molecular imaging with noncrystalline high-metal-density nanobeacons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108 and Philips Medical System, Briarcliff, NY
| | - Carsten O. Schirra
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108 and Philips Medical System, Briarcliff, NY
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108 and Philips Medical System, Briarcliff, NY
| | - Gregory M Lanza
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108 and Philips Medical System, Briarcliff, NY
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Starmans LWE, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Rossin R, Berben M, Aime S, Daemen MJAP, Nicolay K, Grüll H. Evaluation of 111In-Labeled EPep and FibPep as Tracers for Fibrin SPECT Imaging. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4309-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400406x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W. E. Starmans
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M. J. van Duijnhoven
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Rossin
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Berben
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department
of Chemistry IFM and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mat J. A. P. Daemen
- Department
of Pathology, Academical Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging Research and Education (CIRE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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95
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Rivera EJ, Tran LA, Hernández-Rivera M, Yoon D, Mikos AG, Rusakova IA, Cheong BY, Cabreira-Hansen MDG, Willerson JT, Perin EC, Wilson LJ. Bismuth@US-tubes as a Potential Contrast Agent for X-ray Imaging Applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:10.1039/C3TB20742K. [PMID: 24288589 PMCID: PMC3840030 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20742k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of bismuth as BiOCl/Bi2O3 within ultra-short (ca. 50 nm) single-walled carbon nanocapsules (US-tubes) has been achieved. The Bi@US-tubes have been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Bi@US-tubes have been used for intracellular labeling of pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to show high X-ray contrast in computed tomography (CT) cellular imaging for the first time. The relatively high contrast is achieved with low bismuth loading (2.66% by weight) within the US-tubes and without compromising cell viability. X-ray CT imaging of Bi@US-tubes-labeled MSCs showed a nearly two-fold increase in contrast enhancement when compared to unlabeled MSCs in a 100 kV CT clinical scanner. The CT signal enhancement from the Bi@US-tubes is 500 times greater than polymer-coated Bi2S3 nanoparticles and several-fold that of any clinical iodinated contrast agent (CA) at the same concentration. Our findings suggest that the Bi@US-tubes can be used as a potential new class of X-ray CT agent for stem cell labeling and possibly in vivo tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio J. Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology MS-60, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Lesa A. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology MS-60, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Mayra Hernández-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology MS-60, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Diana Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, MS-142, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, MS-142, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Irene A. Rusakova
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5002, USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Cheong
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6720 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-270, Houston, TX 77030-2697, USA
| | - Maria da Graça Cabreira-Hansen
- Stem Cell Center, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, MC 2-255, P. O. Box 20345, Houston, TX 77225-0345, USA
| | - James T. Willerson
- Stem Cell Center, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, MC 2-255, P. O. Box 20345, Houston, TX 77225-0345, USA
| | - Emerson C. Perin
- Stem Cell Center, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, MC 2-255, P. O. Box 20345, Houston, TX 77225-0345, USA
| | - Lon J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology MS-60, P. O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892, USA
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96
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Liu Z, Ju E, Liu J, Du Y, Li Z, Yuan Q, Ren J, Qu X. Direct visualization of gastrointestinal tract with lanthanide-doped BaYbF5 upconversion nanoprobes. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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97
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Pope AG, Wu G, McWhorter FY, Merricks EP, Nichols TC, Czernuszewicz TJ, Gallippi CM, Oldenburg AL. Contrast-enhanced imaging of SPIO-labeled platelets using magnetomotive ultrasound. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:7277-90. [PMID: 24077004 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/20/7277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to image platelets in vivo can provide insight into blood clotting processes and coagulopathies, and aid in identifying sites of vascular endothelial damage related to trauma or cardiovascular disease. Toward this end, we have developed a magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) system that provides contrast-enhanced imaging of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeled platelets via magnetically-induced vibration. Platelets are a promising platform for functional imaging contrast because they readily take up SPIOs and are easily harvested from blood. Here we report a novel MMUS system that accommodates an arbitrarily thick sample while maintaining portability. We employed a frequency- and phase-locked motion detection algorithm based on bandpass filtering of the differential RF phase, which allows for the detection of sub-resolution vibration amplitudes on the order of several nanometers. We then demonstrated MMUS in homogenous tissue phantoms at SPIO concentrations as low as 0.09 mg ml(-1) Fe (p < 0.0001, n = 6, t-test). Finally, we showed that our system is capable of three-dimensional imaging of a 185 µL simulated clot containing SPIO-platelets. This highlights the potential utility for non-invasive imaging of platelet-rich clots, which would constitute a fundamental advance in technology for the study of hemostasis and detection of clinically relevant thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava G Pope
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3255, USA
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98
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Yin Q, Yap FY, Yin L, Ma L, Zhou Q, Dobrucki LW, Fan TM, Gaba RC, Cheng J. Poly(iohexol) nanoparticles as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13620-3. [PMID: 23987119 PMCID: PMC4232444 DOI: 10.1021/ja405196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible poly(iohexol) nanoparticles, prepared through cross-linking of iohexol and hexamethylene diisocyanate followed by coprecipitation of the resulting cross-linked polymer with mPEG-polylactide, were utilized as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. Compared to conventional small-molecule contrast agents, poly(iohexol) nanoparticles exhibited substantially protracted retention within the tumor bed and a 36-fold increase in CT contrast 4 h post injection, which makes it possible to acquire CT images with improved diagnosis accuracy over a broad time frame without multiple administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Felix Y. Yap
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lawrence W. Dobrucki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ron C. Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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99
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Hermannsdörfer J, Friedrich M, Kempe R. Colloidal Size Effect and Metal-Particle Migration in M@MOF/PCP Catalysis. Chemistry 2013; 19:13652-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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100
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Ding H, Ducote JL, Molloi S. Breast composition measurement with a cadmium-zinc-telluride based spectral computed tomography system. Med Phys 2013; 39:1289-97. [PMID: 22380361 DOI: 10.1118/1.3681273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of breast tissue composition in terms of water, lipid, and protein with a cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) based computed tomography (CT) system to help better characterize suspicious lesions. METHODS Simulations and experimental studies were performed using a spectral CT system equipped with a CZT-based photon-counting detector with energy resolution. Simulations of the figure-of-merit (FOM), the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the dual energy image with respect to the square root of mean glandular dose (MGD), were performed to find the optimal configuration of the experimental acquisition parameters. A calibration phantom 3.175 cm in diameter was constructed from polyoxymethylene plastic with cylindrical holes that were filled with water and oil. Similarly, sized samples of pure adipose and pure lean bovine tissues were used for the three-material decomposition. Tissue composition results computed from the images were compared to the chemical analysis data of the tissue samples. RESULTS The beam energy was selected to be 100 kVp with a splitting energy of 40 keV. The tissue samples were successfully decomposed into water, lipid, and protein contents. The RMS error of the volumetric percentage for the three-material decomposition, as compared to data from the chemical analysis, was estimated to be approximately 5.7%. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the CZT-based photon-counting detector may be employed in the CT system to quantify the water, lipid, and protein mass densities in tissue with a relatively good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Ding
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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