51
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Zhang SS, Senanayake RD, Zhao QQ, Su HF, Aikens CM, Wang XP, Tung CH, Sun D, Zheng LS. [Au18(dppm)6Cl4]4+: a phosphine-protected gold nanocluster with rich charge states. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3635-3640. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A diphosphine-protected 18-gold-atom nanocluster was isolated via a facile reduction of an AuI precursor by NaBH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | | | - Quan-Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | - Hai-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xing-Po Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
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52
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Li YZ, Ganguly R, Hong KY, Li Y, Tessensohn ME, Webster R, Leong WK. Stibine-protected Au 13 nanoclusters: syntheses, properties and facile conversion to GSH-protected Au 25 nanocluster. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8723-8730. [PMID: 30627392 PMCID: PMC6289101 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03132k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monostibine-protected ionic Au13 nanoclusters, namely, [Au13(L)8(Cl)4][Cl] (L= SbPh3, 2a·Cl; Sb(p-tolyl)3, 2b·Cl) were prepared by the direct reduction of Au(L)Cl with NaBH4 in dichloromethane. Anion exchange with 2a·Cl afforded [Au13(SbPh3)8(Cl)4][X] (X = PF6, 2a·PF6; BPh4, 2a·BPh4). All these have been characterized by multinuclear NMR, ESI-MS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Crystallographic analysis of 2a·BPh4 reveals that the cation possesses C 2v symmetry and the tridecagold core adopts a closed icosahedron configuration. The weaker coordinating ability of the stibine ligands leads to the ready reaction of 2b·Cl with PPh3 or glutathione (GSH) to form the smaller phosphine-protected cluster [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2][Cl] or larger thiolate-protected cluster Au25(SG)18, respectively. In the latter reaction, the addition of a small amount (0.5 to 3.5 equivalents) of a suitable oxidant such as K3(Fe(CN)6 accelerates the conversion rate significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhou Li
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Kar Yiu Hong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Malcolm Eugene Tessensohn
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Richard Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Weng Kee Leong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 .
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53
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Liu JY, Alkan F, Wang Z, Zhang ZY, Kurmoo M, Yan Z, Zhao QQ, Aikens CM, Tung CH, Sun D. Different Silver Nanoparticles in One Crystal: Ag210
(
i
PrPhS)71
(Ph3
P)5
Cl and Ag211
(
i
PrPhS)71
(Ph3
P)6
Cl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Fahri Alkan
- Department of Chemistry; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yi Zhang
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd.; P. R. China
| | - Mohamedally Kurmoo
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177; 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Zier Yan
- Rigaku Beijing Corporation; P. R. China
| | - Quan-Qin Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | | | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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54
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Liu JY, Alkan F, Wang Z, Zhang ZY, Kurmoo M, Yan Z, Zhao QQ, Aikens CM, Tung CH, Sun D. Different Silver Nanoparticles in One Crystal: Ag210
(
i
PrPhS)71
(Ph3
P)5
Cl and Ag211
(
i
PrPhS)71
(Ph3
P)6
Cl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:195-199. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Fahri Alkan
- Department of Chemistry; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yi Zhang
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd.; P. R. China
| | - Mohamedally Kurmoo
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177; 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Zier Yan
- Rigaku Beijing Corporation; P. R. China
| | - Quan-Qin Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | | | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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55
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Zhuang S, Liao L, Yuan J, Wang C, Zhao Y, Xia N, Gan Z, Gu W, Li J, Deng H, Yang J, Wu Z. Kernel Homology in Gold Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Wanmiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
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56
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Zhuang S, Liao L, Yuan J, Wang C, Zhao Y, Xia N, Gan Z, Gu W, Li J, Deng H, Yang J, Wu Z. Kernel Homology in Gold Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15450-15454. [PMID: 30290044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Homology is well known in organic chemistry; however, it has not yet been reported in nanochemistry. Herein, we introduce the concept of kernel homology to describe the phenomenon of metal nanoclusters sharing the same "functional group" in kernels with some similar properties. To illustrate this point, we synthesized two novel gold nanoclusters, Au44 (TBBT)26 and Au48 (TBBT)28 (TBBTH=4-tert-butylbenzenethiol), and solved their total structures by X-ray crystallography, which reveals that they have the same Au23 bi-icosahedron capped with a similar bottom cap (Au6 and Au8 , respectively) in the kernels. The two novel gold nanoclusters, together with the existing Au38 (PET)24 nanocluster (PETH=phenylethanethiol), have the same "functional group"-Au23 -in their kernels and have some similar properties (e.g., electrochemical properties); therefore, they are comparable to the homologues in organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zibao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Wanmiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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57
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Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled atomically precise gold clusters. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this article, synthetic strategies and characterization methodologies of atomically precise gold clusters have been summarized. The typical and effective synthetic strategies including a systematic “size-focusing” methodology has been developed for attaining atomically precise gold clusters with size control. Another universal synthetic methodology is ligand exchange-induced size/structure transformation (LEIST) based on from one stable size to another. These two methodologies have largely expanded the “universe” of atomically precise gold clusters. Elite of typical synthetic case studies of ligand protected gold clusters are presented. Important characterization techniques of these atomically precise gold clusters also are included. The identification and characterization of gold clusters have been achieved in terms of nuclearity (size), molecular formulation, and geometrical structures by the combination of these techniques. The determination of gold cluster structure based on single crystals is of paramount importance in understanding the relationship of structure–property. The criterion and selection of these typical gold clusters are all “strictly” atomically precise that all have been determined ubiquitously by single crystal diffraction. These related crystallographic data are retrieved from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) up to 30th November 2017. Meanwhile, the cutting edge and other important characterization methodologies including electron diffraction (ED), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXFAS), and synchrotron sources are briefly reviewed. The new techniques hold the promise of pushing the limits of crystallization of gold clusters. This article is not just an exhaustive and up to date review, generally summarized synthetic strategies, but also a practical guide regarding gold cluster synthesis. We called it a “Cookbook” of ligand protected gold clusters, including synthetic recipes and characterization details.Graphical Abstract:
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58
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Duan GX, Tian L, Wen JB, Li LY, Xie YP, Lu X. An atomically precise all-tert-butylethynide-protected Ag 51 superatom nanocluster with color tunability. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18915-18919. [PMID: 30285022 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06399k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tert-butylethynide ligand has been employed to construct an atomically precise all-tert-butylethynide-protected silver superatom nanocluster, Ag51(tBuC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)32 (hereafter denoted as Ag51). The identity of Ag51 is confirmed by high resolution ESI-MS and elemental analysis. Single crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the structure of Ag51 features a three-shell arrangement, Ag@Ag8/Ag6@Ag36@C24/C8. Ag51 exhibits a strong solvatochromic effect, and the emissions are strongly dependent on the solvent polarity and are tunable from blue to red by changing the solvent from less polar dichloromethane to highly polar methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xiong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.
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59
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Lei Z, Wan XK, Yuan SF, Guan ZJ, Wang QM. Alkynyl Approach toward the Protection of Metal Nanoclusters. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2465-2474. [PMID: 30272944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed great advances in the synthesis, structure determination, and properties investigation of coinage metal nanoclusters. These monodisperse clusters have well-defined molecular structures, which is advantageous in correlating structures and properties. Metal nanoclusters are large molecules consisting of many components, so it is a big challenge to prepare them in a rational way. Strenuous efforts have been made to control their geometric and electronic structures, in order to optimize their various properties. A metal nanocluster normally contains a metal core and a peripheral ligand shell. The ligands do not only function as simple stabilizing agents. It has been revealed that these ligands are able to influence the formation processes of the nanoclusters, and they may also dictate the sizes, shapes, and properties of nanoclusters. There are mainly three types of ligands that are widely used as surface anchors on coinage metal nanoclusters: thiolates, phosphines, and halides. Recent ligand engineering has extended the scope to alkynyl ligands. As alkynyl ligands are versatile in interacting with metal atoms, interesting alkynyl-metal interfacial structures including linear, L-shaped, and V-shaped staple motifs can be generated, as well as a series of novel coinage metal nanoclusters that exhibit intriguing molecular geometries. The staple motifs do not simply resemble the surface structures of thiolate-protected nanoclusters, because the incorporation of alkynyl ligands may significantly alter diverse properties of nanoclusters. Compared with thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, alkynyl-protected ones with identical metal cores exhibit distinctly different absorption profiles and show much improved catalytic activities for semihydrogenation of alkynes. In addition, the participation of alkynyl ligands could profoundly affect the luminescent properties of nanoclusters. These "ligand effects" are mainly attributed to the different nature of alkynyl ligands, as electronic perturbation through π-conjugated units may largely modulate the electronic structure of the whole cluster. In this Account, we describe the development of coinage metal nanoclusters protected with alkynyl ligands. We will first briefly bring up the emergence of alkynyl ligands as anchoring groups on the surfaces of nanoclusters. Then we present the direct reduction method for the synthesis of the following four categories of nanoclusters: (a) gold nanoclusters with mixed-ligand shells, (b) all alkynyl-protected gold nanoclusters, (c) heterobimetallic gold nanoclusters, and (d) silver nanoclusters. Their molecular structures are described, and their various alkynyl-metal interfacial structures are compared with thiolate-metal staples. Finally, ligand effects on the properties of the clusters, including optical absorption, luminescence, and catalysis, are discussed. The alkynyl ligands play an important role in terms of both structural and property aspects. We believe this Account will attract increasing attention to alkynyl ligands, which have shown promising potential in generating new structures and properties of coinage metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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60
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Li Y, Chen Y, House SD, Zhao S, Wahab Z, Yang JC, Jin R. Interface Engineering of Gold Nanoclusters for CO Oxidation Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29425-29434. [PMID: 30091579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts based on atomically precise gold nanoclusters serve as an ideal model to relate the catalytic activity to the geometrical and electronic structures as well as the ligand effect. Herein, we investigate three series of ligand (thiolate)-protected gold nanoclusters, including Au38(SR)24, Au36(SR')24, and Au25(SR″)18, with a focus on their interface effects using carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation as a probe reaction. The first comparison is within each series, which reveals the same trend for the three series that, rather than the bulkiness of carbon tails as commonly thought, the steric hindrance of ligands at the interface between the thiolate, Au, and CeO2 inhibits CO adsorption onto Au sites and hence adversely affects the activity of CO oxidation. The second comparison is between the sets Au38(SR)24 and Au36(SR')24 of nearly the same size, which reveals that the Au36(SR')24 nanoclusters (with face centered cubic structure) are not sensitive to thermal pretreatment conditions, whereas the Au38(SR)24 catalysts (icosahedral structure) are and an optimum activity is observed at a pretreatment temperature of 150 °C. Overall, the atomically precise Au n(SR) m nanoclusters have revealed unprecedented details on the catalytic interface and atomic structure effects. It is hoped that such insights will benefit the ultimate goal of catalysis in future design of enzymelike catalysts for environmentally friendly green catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Stephen D House
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Zahid Wahab
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Kohat University of Science and Technology , Kohat District 26000 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Judith C Yang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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61
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Nasaruddin RR, Chen T, Yan N, Xie J. Roles of thiolate ligands in the synthesis, properties and catalytic application of gold nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Lei Z, Li J, Wan X, Zhang W, Wang Q. Isolation and Total Structure Determination of an All‐Alkynyl‐Protected Gold Nanocluster Au
144. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8639-8643. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiao‐Jiao Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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63
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Lei Z, Li J, Wan X, Zhang W, Wang Q. Isolation and Total Structure Determination of an All‐Alkynyl‐Protected Gold Nanocluster Au
144. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiao‐Jiao Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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64
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Guan ZJ, Zeng JL, Yuan SF, Hu F, Lin YM, Wang QM. Au57
Ag53
(C≡CPh)40
Br12
: A Large Nanocluster with C
1
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5703-5707. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiu-Lian Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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65
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Guan ZJ, Zeng JL, Yuan SF, Hu F, Lin YM, Wang QM. Au57
Ag53
(C≡CPh)40
Br12
: A Large Nanocluster with C
1
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiu-Lian Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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66
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Gupta AK, Orthaber A. Alkynyl Coinage Metal Clusters and Complexes-Syntheses, Structures, and Strategies. Chemistry 2018; 24:7536-7559. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Sweden
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67
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Zhu M, Wang P, Yan N, Chai X, He L, Zhao Y, Xia N, Yao C, Li J, Deng H, Zhu Y, Pei Y, Wu Z. The Fourth Alloying Mode by Way of Anti-Galvanic Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4500-4504. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; Xiangtan University, Hunan Province; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Nan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xiaoqi Chai
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; Xiangtan University, Hunan Province; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
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68
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Zhu M, Wang P, Yan N, Chai X, He L, Zhao Y, Xia N, Yao C, Li J, Deng H, Zhu Y, Pei Y, Wu Z. The Fourth Alloying Mode by Way of Anti-Galvanic Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; Xiangtan University, Hunan Province; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Nan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xiaoqi Chai
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Nan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; Xiangtan University, Hunan Province; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; Institute of Solid State Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology; Anhui University; Hefei 230031 China
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69
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70
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Weerawardene KLDM, Häkkinen H, Aikens CM. Connections Between Theory and Experiment for Gold and Silver Nanoclusters. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:205-229. [PMID: 29490202 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles are of tremendous current interest in sensing, catalysis, and energy applications. Experimental and theoretical studies have closely interacted to elucidate properties such as the geometric and electronic structures of these fascinating systems. In this review, the interplay between theory and experiment is described; areas such as optical absorption and doping, where the theory-experiment connections are well established, are discussed in detail; and the current status of these connections in newer fields of study, such as luminescence, transient absorption, and the effects of solvent and the surrounding environment, are highlighted. Close communication between theory and experiment has been extremely valuable for developing an understanding of these nanocluster systems in the past decade and will undoubtedly continue to play a major role in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA;
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71
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Zhang SS, Feng L, Senanayake RD, Aikens CM, Wang XP, Zhao QQ, Tung CH, Sun D. Diphosphine-protected ultrasmall gold nanoclusters: opened icosahedral Au 13 and heart-shaped Au 8 clusters. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1251-1258. [PMID: 29675171 PMCID: PMC5885941 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03566g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to distinctive quantum confinement effects, ultrasmall gold nanoparticles usually exhibit interesting electronic structure and molecular-like properties. However, the lack of atomically-precise structural information makes the understanding of them almost impossible, such as understanding the relationships between their compositions and unique properties. Herein, by reducing a diphosphine AuI precursor (Au2(dppm)2Cl2; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with or without a S2- releasing reagent, we enriched our knowledge of the members in the families of Au13 and Au8 by the structural determinations of two new dppm-protected gold nanoclusters, [Au13(dppm)6]5+ (SD/Au1) and [Au8(dppm)4S2]2+ (SD/Au2), respectively. Within SD/Au1, the Au13 kernel significantly deviates from the ideal Ih icosahedron by the elongation of three surface Au-Au bonds to ∼3.5 Å, giving it C3 symmetry, whereas SD/Au2 has a novel heart-shaped C2 symmetric Au8S2 core (central Au4 tetrahedron + two Au2S units) protected by four μ2-dppm ligands in the outer shell. Of note, SD/Au1 represents a rare Au13 nanocluster with an opened icosahedral geometry, and SD/Au2 shows a new edge-shared "core + 4exo" structure type that has never been observed before. The electronic structures and optical absorption spectra of these systems are correlated with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Based on the spherical jellium model, the stability of the Au13 and Au8 nanoclusters can be ascribed to 8- and 2-electron superatoms with 1S21P6 and 1S2 configurations, respectively. Interestingly, the cluster SD/Au2 exhibits bright yellow luminescence with an emission maximum at 591 nm that slightly hypsochromically shifts to 581 nm upon cooling to 93 K. Our findings not only enrich the family of diphosphine-protected ultrasmall gold nanoclusters, but also demonstrate the rich variations of gold kernels during the transformation from a simple AuI precursor to Au nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
| | - Lei Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
| | | | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , USA
| | - Xing-Po Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
| | - Quan-Qin Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
| | - Di Sun
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P. R. China .
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72
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Zhuang S, Liao L, Zhao Y, Yuan J, Yao C, Liu X, Li J, Deng H, Yang J, Wu Z. Is the kernel-staples match a key-lock match? Chem Sci 2018; 9:2437-2442. [PMID: 29732119 PMCID: PMC5914134 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters provide excellent references for understanding metal nanoparticle surfaces, which remain mysterious due to the difficulty of atomically precise characterization. Although some remarkable advances have been achieved for understanding the structure of metal nanoclusters, it is still unknown if the inner kernel-outer staples match is a key-lock match and how the surface staples influence some of the properties of metal nanoclusters. Herein, we have developed an acid-induction method for synthesizing a novel gold nanocluster whose composition is determined to be Au42(TBBT)26 (TBBT: 4-tert-butylbenzenelthiolate) by ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray crystallography (SCXC). SCXC also reveals that Au42(TBBT)26 has an identical kernel but different staples with an existing gold nanocluster Au44(TBBT)28, indicating that the kernel-staples match is not a key-lock match and the existence of homo-ligand-homo-kernel-hetero-staples phenomenon in metal nanoclusters provides some reference for understanding the growth or transformation of metal nanoclusters. Further experiments reveal that the staples greatly contribute to the stability of gold nanoclusters and influence their photoluminescence intensity and that minute differences in the interfacial structure can lead to enhanced stability and photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physics Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physics Sciences at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics , Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology , CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China . .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , P. R. China
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73
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Wang T, Zhang WH, Yuan SF, Guan ZJ, Wang QM. An alkynyl-protected Au40 nanocluster featuring PhCC–Au–P^P motifs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10367-10370. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An alkynyl-protected gold nanocluster [Au40(PhCC)20(dppm)4](SbF6)4 (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) (1) has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
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74
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Cook AW, Jones ZR, Wu G, Scott SL, Hayton TW. An Organometallic Cu20 Nanocluster: Synthesis, Characterization, Immobilization on Silica, and “Click” Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:394-400. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zachary R. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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75
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Shen H, Mizuta T. An Alkynyl-Stabilized Pt5Ag22Cluster Featuring a Two-Dimensional Alkynyl-Platinum “Crucifix Motif”. Chemistry 2017; 23:17885-17888. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; Kagamiyama 1-3-1 Higashi-hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mizuta
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; Kagamiyama 1-3-1 Higashi-hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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76
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Wan XK, Wang JQ, Nan ZA, Wang QM. Ligand effects in catalysis by atomically precise gold nanoclusters. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701823. [PMID: 28989966 PMCID: PMC5630233 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters are ideal model catalysts with well-defined compositions and tunable structures. Determination of the ligand effect on catalysis requires the use of gold nanoclusters with protecting ligands as the only variable. Two isostructural Au38 nanoclusters, [Au38(L)20(Ph3P)4]2+ (L = alkynyl or thiolate), have been synthesized by a direct reduction method, and they have an unprecedented face-centered cubic (fcc)-type Au34 kernel surrounded by 4 AuL2 staple motifs, 4 Ph3P, and 12 bridging L ligands. The Au34 kernel can be derived from the fusion of two fcc-type Au20 via sharing a Au6 face. Catalytic performance was studied with these two nanoclusters supported on TiO2 (1/TiO2 and 2/TiO2) as catalysts. The alkynyl-protected Au38 are very active (>97%) in the semihydrogenation of alkynes (including terminal and internal ones) to alkenes, whereas the thiolated Au38 showed a very low conversion (<2%). This fact suggests that the protecting ligands play an important role in H2 activation. This work presents a clear demonstration that catalytic performance of gold nanoclusters can be modulated by the controlled construction of ligand spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Ang Nan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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77
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Qu M, Li H, Xie LH, Yan ST, Li JR, Wang JH, Wei CY, Wu YW, Zhang XM. Bidentate Phosphine-Assisted Synthesis of an All-Alkynyl-Protected Ag74 Nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12346-12349. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qu
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin-Hua Xie
- Beijing
Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy
Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuai-Ting Yan
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Beijing
Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy
Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jun-Hao Wang
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wei
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- Institute
of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
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78
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Yuan SF, Li P, Tang Q, Wan XK, Nan ZA, Jiang DE, Wang QM. Alkynyl-protected silver nanoclusters featuring an anticuboctahedral kernel. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11405-11409. [PMID: 28580988 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two unique silver nanoclusters protected by alkynyl and diphosphine ligands have been synthesized. Single crystal structural determination reveals that they have a centered anticuboctahedral Ag13 kernel. Such a kernel is observed for the first time in a coinage metal nanocluster. This work offers new insights into the fact that the PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C ligand represents a new direction in synthesizing novel metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 P. R. China
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79
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Wan XK, Guan ZJ, Wang QM. Homoleptic Alkynyl-Protected Gold Nanoclusters: Au44
(PhC≡C)28
and Au36
(PhC≡C)24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
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80
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Wan XK, Guan ZJ, Wang QM. Homoleptic Alkynyl-Protected Gold Nanoclusters: Au44
(PhC≡C)28
and Au36
(PhC≡C)24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11494-11497. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 10084 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 P.R. China
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81
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Wan XK, Cheng XL, Tang Q, Han YZ, Hu G, Jiang DE, Wang QM. Atomically Precise Bimetallic Au19Cu30 Nanocluster with an Icosidodecahedral Cu30 Shell and an Alkynyl–Cu Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9451-9454. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Zi Han
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - De-en Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
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82
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Tang Q, Lee Y, Li DY, Choi W, Liu CW, Lee D, Jiang DE. Lattice-Hydride Mechanism in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Structurally Precise Copper-Hydride Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yongjin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Dai-Ying Li
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Woojun Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - De-en Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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83
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Lei Z, Wan XK, Yuan SF, Wang JQ, Wang QM. Alkynyl-protected gold and gold–silver nanoclusters. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3427-3434. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04763g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alkynyl-protected coinage metal nanoclusters show new structural features and have interesting luminescence properties and catalytic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xian-Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shang-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- 100084 P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
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84
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Wang Z, Senanayake R, Aikens CM, Chen WM, Tung CH, Sun D. Gold-doped silver nanocluster [Au 3Ag 38(SCH 2Ph) 24X 5] 2- (X = Cl or Br). NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18905-18911. [PMID: 27747330 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the single-crystal structure, experimental and theoretical characterization of a 41-metal atom Au-Ag alloy nanocluster [Au3Ag38(SCH2Ph)24X5]2- (1, X = Cl or Br). The nanocluster 1 is co-protected by thiolate and halogen atoms and features an all-metallic face-fused biicosahedral Au2@AuAg20 rod-like kernel enwrapped by the outermost Ag18(SCH2Ph)24X3 shell. Two sites on the surface of the biicosahedral kernel are partially occupied by Au and Ag atoms. The outer Ag18(SCH2Ph)24X3 shell is composed of two Ag6S6 cycles at the two poles and one Ag6S2X3 arc at the equator with both 2- and 3-coordinated Ag atoms, which has not been observed in gold or silver nanoclusters ever before. Theoretical calculations elucidate its electronic structure as well as optical properties, thus producing informative correlations between its structure and properties. This nanocluster exhibits near-infrared (NIR) emission around 825 nm. This work (i) snapshots a rare crystal structure of an Au-doped silver alloyed nanocluster; (ii) gives a deep insight to understand how the capping ligand or anions affect the structure of the alloy nanocluster; and (iii) provides precise information about gold atom doping site that is very significant in the recognition of potential active catalytic sites of the alloy nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.
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85
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Abstract
A grand unified model (GUM) is developed to achieve fundamental understanding of rich structures of all 71 liganded gold clusters reported to date. Inspired by the quark model by which composite particles (for example, protons and neutrons) are formed by combining three quarks (or flavours), here gold atoms are assigned three 'flavours' (namely, bottom, middle and top) to represent three possible valence states. The 'composite particles' in GUM are categorized into two groups: variants of triangular elementary block Au3(2e) and tetrahedral elementary block Au4(2e), all satisfying the duet rule (2e) of the valence shell, akin to the octet rule in general chemistry. The elementary blocks, when packed together, form the cores of liganded gold clusters. With the GUM, structures of 71 liganded gold clusters and their growth mechanism can be deciphered altogether. Although GUM is a predictive heuristic and may not be necessarily reflective of the actual electronic structure, several highly stable liganded gold clusters are predicted, thereby offering GUM-guided synthesis of liganded gold clusters by design.
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86
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Gao X, He S, Zhang C, Du C, Chen X, Xing W, Chen S, Clayborne A, Chen W. Single Crystal Sub-Nanometer Sized Cu 6(SR) 6 Clusters: Structure, Photophysical Properties, and Electrochemical Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600126. [PMID: 27981004 PMCID: PMC5157172 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic ligand-protected metal nanoclusters have attracted extensively attention owing to their atomically precise composition, determined atom-packing structure and the fascinating properties and promising applications. To date, most research has been focused on thiol-stabilized gold and silver nanoclusters and their single crystal structures. Here the single crystal copper nanocluster species (Cu6(SC7H4NO)6) determined by X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry is presented. The hexanuclear copper core is a distorted octahedron surrounded by six mercaptobenzoxazole ligands as protecting units through a simple bridging bonding motif. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide insight into the electronic structure and show the cluster can be viewed as an open-shell nanocluster. The UV-vis spectra are analyzed using time-dependent DFT and illustrates high-intensity transitions involving primarily ligand states. Furthermore, the as-synthesized copper clusters can serve as promising nonenzymatic sensing materials for high sensitive and selective detection of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences100039BeijingChina
| | - Shuijian He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences100039BeijingChina
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences100039BeijingChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFI‐40014Finland
| | - Wei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
| | - Shengli Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Andre Clayborne
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFI‐40014Finland
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryInstitution Changchun institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022JilinChina
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87
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Konishi K, Iwasaki M, Sugiuchi M, Shichibu Y. Ligand-Based Toolboxes for Tuning of the Optical Properties of Subnanometer Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4267-4274. [PMID: 27735186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the crystal structure determination of ligand-protected metal clusters have revealed that their electronic structures and optical features are essentially governed by the nuclearity and geometries of the inorganic frameworks. In this Perspective, we point out the definite effects of the exterior ligand moieties on the properties of small gold clusters. On the basis of systematic experimental studies on the optical properties of Au8 and Au13 clusters with various anionic ligands, it was shown that not only the "through-bond" electronic effects of coordinating atoms but also the nonbonding interaction with neighboring heteroatoms and the electronic coupling with π-systems cause substantial perturbations. We also suggest that the steric rigidity of the ligand environments affects their photoluminescence efficiencies. These findings imply the feasibility of the facile modulation of the cluster properties through the appropriate choice of ligand modules, which may lead to the evolution of novel cluster-based materials with unique properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Konishi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science and ‡Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science and ‡Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Mizuho Sugiuchi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science and ‡Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukatsu Shichibu
- Graduate School of Environmental Science and ‡Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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88
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Sheong FK, Zhang JX, Lin Z. An [Au13]5+ Approach to the Study of Gold Nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11348-11353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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89
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Knoppe S, Zhang QF, Wan XK, Wang QM, Wang LS, Verbiest T. Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Scattering Properties of Phosphine-Protected Au20 Clusters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xian-Kai Wan
- Department
of Chemistry, Xiamen University, XiamCen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Xiamen University, XiamCen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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90
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Jin R, Zeng C, Zhou M, Chen Y. Atomically Precise Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10346-413. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1953] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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91
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Zeng JL, Guan ZJ, Du Y, Nan ZA, Lin YM, Wang QM. Chloride-Promoted Formation of a Bimetallic Nanocluster Au80Ag30 and the Total Structure Determination. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7848-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Lian Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Zi-Ang Nan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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92
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Guo H, He X, Wan CQ, Zhao L. A stepwise bulk-to-cluster-to-particle transformation toward the efficient synthesis of alkynyl-protected silver nanoclusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7723-6. [PMID: 27241312 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02950g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the efficient synthesis of alkynyl-protected silver nanoclusters in terms of macrocycle-assisted bulk-to-cluster-to-nanoparticle transformation. Different substituted phenylacetylide ligands are applied to stabilize the silver nanoclusters by metal-carbon bonds and meanwhile determine the size of silver nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chong-Qing Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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93
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Zhang QF, Williard PG, Wang LS. Polymorphism of Phosphine-Protected Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Characterization of a New 22-Gold-Atom Cluster. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2518-2525. [PMID: 27007493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new Au22 nanocluster, protected by bis(2-diphenyl-phosphino)ethyl ether (dppee or C28 H28 OP2 ) ligand, has been synthsized and purified with high yield. Electrospray mass spectrometry shows that the new cluster has a formula of Au22 (dppee)7 , containing 22 gold atoms and seven dppee ligands. The cluster is found to be stable as a solid, but metastable in solution. The new cluster has been characterized by UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, collision-induced dissociation, and (31) P-NMR. The properties of the new cluster have been compared with the previous Au22 (dppo)6 nanocluster (dppo = 1,8-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)octane or C32 H36 P2 ), which contains two fused Au11 units. All the experimental data indicate that the new Au22 (dppee)7 cluster is different from the previously known Au22 (dppo)6 cluster and represents a new Au22 core, which contains most likely one Au11 motif with several Au2 (dppee) or Au(dppee) units. The Au22 (dppee)7 cluster provides a new example of the ligand effects on the nuclearity and structural polymorphism of phosphine-protected atom-precise gold nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Paul G Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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94
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Higaki T, Liu C, Zeng C, Jin R, Chen Y, Rosi NL, Jin R. Controlling the Atomic Structure of Au30
Nanoclusters by a Ligand-Based Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Renxi Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- School of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University, Changchun; Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Rosi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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95
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Higaki T, Liu C, Zeng C, Jin R, Chen Y, Rosi NL, Jin R. Controlling the Atomic Structure of Au30
Nanoclusters by a Ligand-Based Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6694-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Renxi Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- School of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University, Changchun; Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Rosi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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96
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Wang Y, Wan XK, Ren L, Su H, Li G, Malola S, Lin S, Tang Z, Häkkinen H, Teo BK, Wang QM, Zheng N. Atomically Precise Alkynyl-Protected Metal Nanoclusters as a Model Catalyst: Observation of Promoting Effect of Surface Ligands on Catalysis by Metal Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3278-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xian-Kai Wan
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liting Ren
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haifeng Su
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments
of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014Finland
| | - Shuichao Lin
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments
of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014Finland
| | - Boon K Teo
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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97
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Zhang R, Zhao C, Li X, Zhang Z, Ai X, Chen H, Cao R. A homoleptic, all-alkynyl-stabilized highly luminescent Au8Ag8cluster with a single crystal X-ray structure. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12772-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An all-alkynyl-stabilized, intensely luminescent Au–Ag cluster was synthesized and characterized with a very high solution quantum yield at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Chongyang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xiumin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Xicheng Ai
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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98
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Song XR, Goswami N, Yang HH, Xie J. Functionalization of metal nanoclusters for biomedical applications. Analyst 2016; 141:3126-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00773b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are emerging as a new class of functional nanomaterials in the area of biological sensing, labelling, imaging and therapy due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as ultrasmall size, HOMO–LUMO transition, strong luminescence together with good photostability and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
| | - Nirmal Goswami
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Huang-Hao Yang
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
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99
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Wu L, Fang W, Chen X. The photoluminescence mechanism of ultra-small gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17320-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence mechanism of ultra-small gold clusters was proposed to reveal the origin of excited states formed by aurophilic interactions and their radiative decays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
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100
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Chen Y, Zeng C, Liu C, Kirschbaum K, Gayathri C, Gil RR, Rosi NL, Jin R. Crystal Structure of Barrel-Shaped Chiral Au130(p-MBT)50 Nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10076-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kristin Kirschbaum
- College of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Chakicherla Gayathri
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nathaniel L. Rosi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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