51
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Capaldo L, Quadri LL, Merli D, Ravelli D. Photoelectrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with strong aliphatic C-H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4424-4427. [PMID: 33949468 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical strategy for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling of unactivated aliphatic hydrogen donors (e.g. alkanes) with benzothiazoles is reported. We used tetrabutylammonium decatungstate as the photocatalyst to activate strong C(sp3)-H bonds in the chosen substrates, while electrochemistry scavenged the extra electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo L Quadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Davide Ravelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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52
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53
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C−H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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54
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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55
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Chen R, Yang C, Zhou Z, Haeffner F, Dersjant A, Dulock N, Dong Q, He D, Jin J, Zhao Y, Niu J, Wang D. Electrochemically Triggered Chain Reactions for the Conversion of Furan Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Cangjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Fredrik Haeffner
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Alinda Dersjant
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Nicholas Dulock
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Qi Dong
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Da He
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon St. Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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56
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Chen R, Yang C, Zhou Z, Haeffner F, Dersjant A, Dulock N, Dong Q, He D, Jin J, Zhao Y, Niu J, Wang D. Electrochemically Triggered Chain Reactions for the Conversion of Furan Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7534-7539. [PMID: 33444481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical method for coupling biomass-derived C5/C6 compounds to value-added fuel precursors. Using only 2 % of equivalent charges, 2-methylfuran (2-MF) was oxidized to yield a cation radical, which readily reacted with 3-hexene-2,5-dione, a derivate of 2,5-dimethylfuran, to produce 3-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)hexane-2,5-dione. The product was converted to 4-ethylnonane (a component of biodiesel/jet fuel) in a single step in excellent yield. Importantly, the reaction was not sensitive to oxygen, and a trace amount of water was found to promote the reaction. Detailed mechanistic studies confirmed the proposed reaction pathways. Key to the mechanism is the radical generation that is enabled by electrochemistry. The radical is regenerated at the end of a reaction cycle to ensure chain propagation for an average of ca. 47 times, resulting in an apparent Faradaic efficiency of 4700 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Cangjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Fredrik Haeffner
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Alinda Dersjant
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Nicholas Dulock
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Da He
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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57
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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58
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Targos K, Williams OP, Wickens ZK. Unveiling Potent Photooxidation Behavior of Catalytic Photoreductants. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4125-4132. [PMID: 33724018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that reveals latent photooxidant behavior from one of the most reducing conventional photoredox catalysts, N-phenylphenothiazine (PTH). This aerobic photochemical reaction engages difficult to oxidize feedstocks, such as benzene, in C(sp2)-N coupling reactions through direct oxidation. Mechanistic studies are consistent with activation of PTH via photooxidation and with Lewis acid cocatalysts scavenging inhibitors inextricably formed in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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59
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Pokluda A, Anwar Z, Boguschová V, Anusiewicz I, Skurski P, Sikorski M, Cibulka R. Robust Photocatalytic Method Using Ethylene‐Bridged Flavinium Salts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Unactivated Benzylic Substrates. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pokluda
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61–614 Poznań Poland
| | - Veronika Boguschová
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Iwona Anusiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 63 80–308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 63 80–308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61–614 Poznań Poland
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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60
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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61
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Abstract
The nature of the terminal oxidant in oxidation reactions is an important reaction variable that can profoundly impact the mechanism, efficiency, and practicality of a synthetic protocol. One might reasonably categorize catalytic oxidation reactions into either "oxygenase" type reactions, in which the oxidant serves as an atom- or group-transfer reagent, or "oxidase" type reactions, where the oxidant is involved in catalyst turnover but does not become structurally incorporated into the product. As the field of photoredox catalysis has matured over the past decade, many successful oxygenase-type photoreactions have been reported. The development of photocatalytic oxidase reactions, on the other hand, has been somewhat slower. This tutorial review presents selected examples of some of the key classes of terminal oxidants that have been used in the design of photoredox oxidase transformations, along with the mechanistic features and benefits of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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62
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Yan H, Zhu S, Xu HC. Integrating Continuous-Flow Electrochemistry and Photochemistry for the Synthesis of Acridinium Photocatalysts Via Site-Selective C–H Alkylation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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63
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Li P, Zhang T, Mushtaq MA, Wu S, Xiang X, Yan D. Research Progress in Organic Synthesis by Means of Photoelectrocatalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:841-857. [PMID: 33656241 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of radical chemistry has spurred several innovative strategies for organic synthesis. The novel approaches for organic synthesis play a critical role in promoting and regulating the single-electron redox activity. Among them, photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) has attained considerable attention as the most promising strategy to convert organic compounds into fine chemicals. This review highlights the current progress in organic synthesis through PEC, including various catalytic reactions, catalyst systems and practical applications. The numerous catalytic reactions suffer the high overpotential and poor conversion efficiency, depending on the design of electrolyzers and the reaction mechanisms. We also considered the recent developments with special emphasis on scientific problems and efficient solutions, which enhance accessibility to utilize and further develop the photoelectrocatalytic technology for the specific chemical bonds formation and the fabrication of numerous catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Asim Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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64
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Cheng Y, Ding X, Han B. Porous Organic Polymers for Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Zhe Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuesong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Bao‐Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100049 China
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65
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemical generation of nitrogen-centered radicals for organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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66
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Shen T, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic diamination of vicinal C-H bonds. Science 2021; 371:620-626. [PMID: 33542135 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds to carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonds is a highly valued transformation. Existing strategies typically accomplish such reactions at only a single C-H site because the first derivatization diminishes the reactivity of surrounding C-H bonds. Here, we show that alkylated arenes can undergo vicinal C-H diamination reactions to form 1,2-diamine derivatives through an electrophotocatalytic strategy, using acetonitrile as both solvent and nitrogen source. The reaction is catalyzed by a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion, which undergoes anodic oxidation to furnish a stable radical dication while the cathodic reaction reduces protons to molecular hydrogen. Irradiation of the TAC radical dication (wavelength of maximum absorption of 450 to 550 nanometers) with a white-light compact fluorescent light generates a strongly oxidizing photoexcited intermediate. Depending on the electrolyte used, either 3,4-dihydroimidazole or aziridine products are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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67
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Yang G, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Advances in Organic Photoelectrochemical Synergistic Catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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68
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Wu S, Žurauskas J, Domański M, Hitzfeld PS, Butera V, Scott DJ, Rehbein J, Kumar A, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J, Barham JP. Hole-mediated photoredox catalysis: tris(p-substituted)biarylaminium radical cations as tunable, precomplexing and potent photooxidants. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamines are demonstrated as novel, tunable electroactivated photocatalysts that use dispersion precomplexation to harness the full potential of the visible photon (>4.0 V vs. SCE) in anti-Kasha photo(electro)chemical super-oxidations of arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick S. Hitzfeld
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology
- CEITEC
- 61200 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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69
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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70
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Panferova LI, Zubkov MO, Kokorekin VA, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Using the Thiyl Radical for Aliphatic Hydrogen-Atom Transfer: Thiolation of Unactivated C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2849-2854. [PMID: 33146419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A metal- and catalyst-free thiyl-radical-mediated activation of alkanes is described. Tetrafluoropyridinyl disulfide is used to perform thiolation of the C-H bonds under irradiation with 400 nm light-emitting diodes. The key C-H activation step is believed to proceed via hydrogen-atom abstraction effected by the fluorinated thiyl radical. Secondary, tertiary, and heteroatom-substituted C-H bonds can be involved in the thiolation reaction. The resulting sulfides have wide potential as photoredox-active radical precursors in reactions with alkenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I Panferova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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71
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Panferova LI, Zubkov MO, Kokorekin VA, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Using the Thiyl Radical for Aliphatic Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer: Thiolation of Unactivated C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I. Panferova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O. Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V. Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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72
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Walter A, Storch G. Synthetic C6-Functionalized Aminoflavin Catalysts Enable Aerobic Bromination of Oxidation-Prone Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22505-22509. [PMID: 32790228 PMCID: PMC7756793 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavoenzymes catalyze oxidations via hydroperoxide intermediates that result from activation of molecular O2. These reactions—such as hydroxylation and halogenation—depend on the additional catalytic activity of functional groups in the peptide environment of the flavin cofactor. We report synthetic flavin catalysts that contain C6 amino modifications at the isoalloxazine core and are consequently capable of mediating halogenations outside the peptide surrounding. The catalysts are competent in the selective, biomimetic bromination of oxidation‐prone phenols, flavones, and flavanones using a halide salt in combination with 2,6‐lutidinium oxalate as a flavin reductant under visible‐light irradiation. Our studies show the beneficial effect of stacked bisflavins as well as the catalytic activity of the flavin modifications. The designed flavin catalysts outperform isolated natural (−)‐riboflavin and contribute to the continuing search for tailored flavins in oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walter
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Golo Storch
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
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73
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Shen Z, Zhao Z, Ren Y, Liu W, Tian X, Zheng X, Zhao B. Nitric‐Acid‐Catalyzed Aerobic Conversion of Benzyl Ethers to Benzaldehydes at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Shen
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang Henan 471003 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang Henan 471003 P. R. China
| | - Yun‐Lai Ren
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
| | - Xinzhe Tian
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Science Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan 450002 P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang Henan 471003 P. R. China
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74
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Walter A, Storch G. Synthetische, C6‐funktionalisierte Aminoflavinkatalysatoren ermöglichen die aerobe Bromierung oxidationsanfälliger Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walter
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Golo Storch
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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75
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Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Mohamed YM, Pacheco C, Zheng N, Zare RN, Chen H. Electrocatalytic redox neutral [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:969-975. [PMID: 34163863 PMCID: PMC8179209 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic organic electrochemistry (EC) has advanced significantly, net redox neutral electrosynthesis is quite rare. Two approaches have been employed to achieve this type of electrosynthesis. One relies on turnover of the product by the reactant in a chain mechanism. The other involves both oxidation on the anode and reduction on the cathode in which the radical cation or the radical anion of the product has to migrate between two electrodes. Herein, a home-built electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) platform was used to generate an N-cyclopropylaniline radical cation electrochemically and to monitor its reactivity toward alkenes by mass spectrometry (MS), which led to the discovery of a new redox neutral reaction of intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes to provide an aniline-substituted 5-membered carbocycle via direct electrolysis (yield up to 81%). A chain mechanism, involving the regeneration of the substrate radical cation and the formation of the neutral product, is shown to be responsible for promoting such a redox neutral annulation reaction, as supported by experimental evidence of EC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Qile Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Yuexiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Yasmine M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Carlos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford California 94305-5080 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
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76
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Talukdar R. Tracking down the brominated single electron oxidants in recent organic red-ox transformations: photolysis and photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8294-8345. [PMID: 33020775 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01652g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of organic and inorganic brominated compounds including molecular bromine have been extensively used as oxidants in many organic photo-redox transformations in recent years, an area of ever growing interest because of greener and milder approaches. The oxidation power of these compounds is utilized through both mechanistic pathways (by hydrogen atom transfer or HAT in the absence of a photocatalyst and a combination of single electron transfer or SET and/or HAT in the presence of a photocatalyst). Not only as terminal oxidants for regeneration of photocatalysts, but brominated reactants have also contributed to the oxidation of the reaction intermediate(s) to carry on the radical chain process in several reactions. Here in this review mainly the non-brominative oxidative product formations are discussed, carried out since the last two decades, skipping the instances where they acted as terminal oxidants only to regenerate photocatalysts. The reactions are used to generate natural products, pharmaceuticals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadeep Talukdar
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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77
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Okai H, Tanimoto K, Ohkado R, Iida H. Multicomponent Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: Aerobic Oxidative Formation of C–N and C–S Bonds by Flavin–Iodine-Coupled Organocatalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:8002-8006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayaki Okai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Tanimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohkado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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78
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79
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Niu L, Jiang C, Liang Y, Liu D, Bu F, Shi R, Chen H, Chowdhury AD, Lei A. Manganese-Catalyzed Oxidative Azidation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds under Electrophotocatalytic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17693-17702. [PMID: 32941025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The selective installation of azide groups into C(sp3)-H bonds is a priority research topic in organic synthesis, particularly in pharmaceutical discovery and late-stage diversification. Herein, we demonstrate a generalized manganese-catalyzed oxidative azidation methodology of C(sp3)-H bonds using nucleophilic NaN3 as an azide source under electrophotocatalytic conditions. This approach allows us to perform the reaction without the necessity of adding an excess of the substrate and successfully avoiding the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants such as iodine(III) reagent or NFSI. A series of tertiary and secondary benzylic C(sp3)-H, aliphatic C(sp3)-H, and drug-molecule-based C(sp3)-H bonds in substrates are well tolerated under our protocol. The simultaneous gram-scale synthesis and the ease of transformation of azide to amine collectively advocate for the potential application in the preparative synthesis. Good reactivity of the tertiary benzylic C(sp3)-H bond and selectivity of the tertiary aliphatic C(sp3)-H bond in substrates to incorporate nitrogen-based functionality at the tertiary alkyl group also provide opportunities to manipulate numerous potential medicinal candidates. We anticipate our synthetic protocol, consisting of metal catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, would provide a new sustainable option to execute challenging organic synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingdong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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80
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Abstract
From the understanding of biological processes and metalloenzymes to the development of inorganic catalysts, electro- and photocatalytic systems for fuel generation have evolved considerably during the last decades. Recently, organic and hybrid organic systems have emerged to challenge the classical inorganic structures through their enormous chemical diversity and modularity that led earlier to their success in organic (opto)electronics. This Minireview describes recent advances in the design of synthetic organic architectures and promising strategies toward (solar) fuel synthesis, highlighting progress on materials from organic ligands and chromophores to conjugated polymers and covalent organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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81
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Mohite AR, Phatake RS, Dubey P, Agbaria M, Shames AI, Lemcoff NG, Reany O. Thiourea-Mediated Halogenation of Alcohols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12901-12911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amar R. Mohite
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra’anana 4353701, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ravindra S. Phatake
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Pooja Dubey
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra’anana 4353701, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander I. Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - N. Gabriel Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ofer Reany
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra’anana 4353701, Israel
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82
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Liu J, Lu L, Wood D, Lin S. New Redox Strategies in Organic Synthesis by Means of Electrochemistry and Photochemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1317-1340. [PMID: 32875074 PMCID: PMC7453421 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the breadth of radical chemistry grows, new means to promote and regulate single-electron redox activities play increasingly important roles in driving modern synthetic innovation. In this regard, photochemistry and electrochemistry-both considered as niche fields for decades-have seen an explosive renewal of interest in recent years and gradually have become a cornerstone of organic chemistry. In this Outlook article, we examine the current state-of-the-art in the areas of electrochemistry and photochemistry, as well as the nascent area of electrophotochemistry. These techniques employ external stimuli to activate organic molecules and imbue privileged control of reaction progress and selectivity that is challenging to traditional chemical methods. Thus, they provide alternative entries to known and new reactive intermediates and enable distinct synthetic strategies that were previously unimaginable. Of the many hallmarks, electro- and photochemistry are often classified as "green" technologies, promoting organic reactions under mild conditions without the necessity for potent and wasteful oxidants and reductants. This Outlook reviews the most recent growth of these fields with special emphasis on conceptual advances that have given rise to enhanced accessibility to the tools of the modern chemical trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
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83
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84
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Costentin C, Fortage J, Collomb MN. Electrophotocatalysis: Cyclic Voltammetry as an Analytical Tool. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6097-6104. [PMID: 32635738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrophotocatalysis (e-PC) is currently experiencing a renewed interest. By taking advantage of the highly oxidizing or reducing power of excited state of electrogenerated ion radicals, it allows thermodynamically difficult redox reactions to be performed. However, e-PC is facing various specific issues, such as its fundamentally heterogeneous nature, implying that mass transport is coupled to chemical reactions and light absorption; back electron transfer of the ion radical excited state with the electrode; and local heating near the electrode surface modifying mass transport conditions. Herein, we address these issues in the context of cyclic voltammetry as an analytical tool and we provide a rational framework for kinetic studies of electrophotocatalytic reactions under realistic conditions and hypothesis based on literature data. This approach may be beneficial to rationalize the design and the efficiency of present and future e-PC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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86
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Barham JP, König B. Synthetic Photoelectrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11732-11747. [PMID: 31805216 PMCID: PMC7383880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) and synthetic organic electrochemistry (SOE) are often considered competing technologies in organic synthesis. Their fusion has been largely overlooked. We review state-of-the-art synthetic organic photoelectrochemistry, grouping examples into three categories: 1) electrochemically mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC), 2) decoupled photoelectrochemistry (dPEC), and 3) interfacial photoelectrochemistry (iPEC). Such synergies prove beneficial not only for synthetic "greenness" and chemical selectivity, but also in the accumulation of energy for accessing super-oxidizing or -reducing single electron transfer (SET) agents. Opportunities and challenges in this emerging and exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
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87
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Xu P, Chen P, Xu H. Scalable Photoelectrochemical Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling of Heteroarenes with Aliphatic C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14275-14280. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peng‐Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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88
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Xu P, Chen P, Xu H. Scalable Photoelectrochemical Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling of Heteroarenes with Aliphatic C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peng‐Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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89
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Deazaflavin reductive photocatalysis involves excited semiquinone radicals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3174. [PMID: 32576821 PMCID: PMC7311442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin-mediated photocatalytic oxidations are established in synthetic chemistry. In contrast, their use in reductive chemistry is rare. Deazaflavins with a much lower reduction potential are even better suited for reductive chemistry rendering also deazaflavin semiquinones as strong reductants. However, no direct evidence exists for the involvement of these radical species in reductive processes. Here, we synthesise deazaflavins with different substituents at C5 and demonstrate their photocatalytic activity in the dehalogenation of p-halogenanisoles with best performance under basic conditions. Mechanistic investigations reveal a consecutive photo-induced electron transfer via the semiquinone form of the deazaflavin as part of a triplet-correlated radical pair after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor to the triplet state. A second electron transfer from the excited semiquinone to p-halogenanisoles triggers the final product formation. This study provides first evidence that the reductive power of excited deazaflavin semiquinones can be used in photocatalytic reductive chemistry. Flavins and deazaflavins are well suited for photoredox processes but their application in photoreductions is challenging. Here, the authors provide direct evidence of the high reductive power of excited deazaflavin semiquinones and their application in catalytic photodehalogenations.
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90
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Cottrell Scholars 2020 / Polymer International‐IUPAC‐Preis: G. Yu. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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91
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Cottrell Scholars 2020 / Polymer International IUPAC Award: G. Yu. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7295. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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92
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Lai X, Shu X, Song J, Xu H. Electrophotocatalytic Decarboxylative C−H Functionalization of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Min Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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93
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Lai X, Shu X, Song J, Xu H. Electrophotocatalytic Decarboxylative C−H Functionalization of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10626-10632. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Min Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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94
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Multiphotonen‐Anregung in der Photoredoxkatalyse: Konzepte, Anwendungen und Methoden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
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95
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Multi-Photon Excitation in Photoredox Catalysis: Concepts, Applications, Methods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10266-10284. [PMID: 31945241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The energy of visible photons and the accessible redox potentials of common photocatalysts set thermodynamic limits to photochemical reactions that can be driven by traditional visible-light irradiation. UV excitation can be damaging and induce side reactions, hence visible or even near-IR light is usually preferable. Thus, photochemistry currently faces two divergent challenges, namely the desire to perform ever more thermodynamically demanding reactions with increasingly lower photon energies. The pooling of two low-energy photons can address both challenges simultaneously, and whilst multi-photon spectroscopy is well established, synthetic photoredox chemistry has only recently started to exploit multi-photon processes on the preparative scale. Herein, we have a critical look at currently developed reactions and mechanistic concepts, discuss pertinent experimental methods, and provide an outlook into possible future developments of this rapidly emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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97
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D. The Dark Side of Photocatalysis: One Thousand Ways to Close the Cycle. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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98
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Jin L, Cheng F, Li H, Xie K. Porous Tantalum Nitride Single Crystal at Two‐Centimeter Scale with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8891-8895. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Kui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Design & Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
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99
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Jin L, Cheng F, Li H, Xie K. Porous Tantalum Nitride Single Crystal at Two‐Centimeter Scale with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Kui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Design & Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
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100
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Kim H, Kim H, Lambert TH, Lin S. Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light To Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2087-2092. [PMID: 31951390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of -3.2 V vs SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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