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Ghazanfari S, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT. Modulation of collagen fiber orientation by strain-controlled enzymatic degradation. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:118-26. [PMID: 26923531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collagen fiber anisotropy has a significant influence on the function and mechanical properties of cardiovascular tissues. We investigated if strain-dependent collagen degradation can explain collagen orientation in response to uniaxial and biaxial mechanical loads. First, decellularized pericardial samples were stretched to a fixed uniaxial strain and after adding a collagen degrading enzyme (collagenase), force relaxation was measured to calculate the degradation rate. This data was used to identify the strain-dependent degradation rate. A minimum was observed in the degradation rate curve. It was then demonstrated, for the first time, that biaxial strain in combination with collagenase alters the collagen fiber alignment from an initially isotropic distribution to an anisotropic distribution with a mean alignment corresponding with the strain at the minimum degradation rate, which may be in between the principal strain directions. When both strains were smaller than the minimum degradation point, fibers tended to align in the direction of the larger strain and when both strains were larger than the minimum degradation, fibers mainly aligned in the direction of the smaller strain. However, when one strain was larger and one was smaller than the minimum degradation point, the observed fiber alignment was in between the principal strain directions. In the absence of collagenase, uniaxial and biaxial strains only had a slight effect on the collagen (re)orientation of the decellularized samples. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Collagen fiber orientation is a significant determinant of the mechanical properties of native tissues. To mimic the native-like collagen alignment in vitro, we need to understand the underlying mechanisms that direct this alignment. In the current study, we aimed to control collagen fiber orientation by applying biaxial strains in the presence of collagenase. We hypothesized that strain-dependent collagen degradation can describe specific collagen orientation when biaxial mechanical strains are applied. Based on this hypothesis, collagen fibers align in the direction where the degradation is minimal. Pericardial tissues, as isotropic collagen matrices, were decellularized and subjected to a fixed uniaxial strain. Then, collagenase was added to initiate the collagen degradation and the relaxation of force was measured to indicate the degradation rate. The V-shaped relationship between degradation rate and strain was obtained to identify the minimum degradation rate point. It was then demonstrated, for the first time, that biaxial strain in combination with collagenase alters the collagen fiber alignment from almost isotropic to a direction corresponding with the strain at the minimum degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghazanfari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Driessen-Mol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F P T Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Collagens mediate essential hemostasis by maintaining the integrity and stability of the vascular wall. Imbalanced turnover of collagens by uncontrolled formation and/or degradation may result in pathologic conditions such as fibrosis. Thickening of the vessel wall because of accumulation of collagens may lead to arterial occlusion or thrombosis. Thinning of the wall because of collagen degradation or deficiency may lead to rupture of the vessel wall or aneurysm. Preventing excessive hemorrhage or thrombosis relies on collagen-mediated actions. Von Willebrand factor, integrins and glycoprotein VI, as well as clotting factors, can bind collagen to restore normal hemostasis after trauma. This review outlines the essential roles of collagens in mediating hemostasis, with a focus on collagens types I, III, IV, VI, XV, and XVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N G Kjeld
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
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Xuan M, Wang S, Liu X, He Y, Li Y, Zhang Y. Proteins of the corneal stroma: importance in visual function. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 364:9-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Slatter DA, Farndale RW. Structural constraints on the evolution of the collagen fibril: convergence on a 1014-residue COL domain. Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.140220. [PMID: 25994354 PMCID: PMC4450265 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen is the fundamental component of the extracellular matrix. Its α1 gene is the direct descendant of ancestral fibrillar collagen and contains 57 exons encoding the rod-like triple-helical COL domain. We trace the evolution of the COL domain from a primordial collagen 18 residues in length to its present 1014 residues, the limit of its possible length. In order to maintain and improve the essential structural features of collagen during evolution, exons can be added or extended only in permitted, non-random increments that preserve the position of spatially sensitive cross-linkage sites. Such sites cannot be maintained unless the twist of the triple helix is close to 30 amino acids per turn. Inspection of the gene structure of other long structural proteins, fibronectin and titin, suggests that their evolution might have been subject to similar constraints.
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases are sensors of energy metabolism, oxygen availability, and iron homeostasis: potential role in the regulation of aging process. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3897-914. [PMID: 26118662 PMCID: PMC11114064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the members of an ancient family of nonheme Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDO) are involved in the functions associated with the aging process. 2-Oxoglutarate and O2 are the obligatory substrates and Fe(2+) a cofactor in the activation of 2-OGDO enzymes, which can induce the hydroxylation of distinct proteins and the demethylation of DNA and histones. For instance, ten-eleven translocation 1-3 (TET1-3) are the demethylases of DNA, whereas Jumonji C domain-containing histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7) are the major epigenetic regulators of chromatin landscape, known to be altered with aging. The functions of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-3) as well as those of collagen hydroxylases are associated with age-related degeneration. Moreover, the ribosomal hydroxylase OGFOD1 controls mRNA translation, which is known to decline with aging. 2-OGDO enzymes are the sensors of energy metabolism, since the Krebs cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate is an activator whereas succinate and fumarate are the potent inhibitors of 2-OGDO enzymes. In addition, O2 availability and iron redox homeostasis control the activities of 2-OGDO enzymes in tissues. We will briefly elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of 2-OGDO enzymes and then review the potential functions of the above-mentioned 2-OGDO enzymes in the control of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.
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56
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Immel F, Gaspard D, Marie A, Guichard N, Cusack M, Marin F. Shell proteome of rhynchonelliform brachiopods. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:360-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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57
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Ehrlich H, Witkowski A. Biomineralization in Diatoms: The Organic Templates. BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED SYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9398-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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58
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Szatkowski T, Wysokowski M, Lota G, Pęziak D, Bazhenov VV, Nowaczyk G, Walter J, Molodtsov SL, Stöcker H, Himcinschi C, Petrenko I, Stelling AL, Jurga S, Jesionowski T, Ehrlich H. Novel nanostructured hematite–spongin composite developed using an extreme biomimetic approach. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic mineral-free fibrous skeletons (made of structural protein-spongin) of H. communis (Demospongiae: Porifera) was used as a structural template in hydrothermal synthesis of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles.
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59
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Price S, Toal S, Anandan S. The TrpA protein of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 is a non-fibril-forming collagen and a component of the outer sheath. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2148-2156. [PMID: 25009239 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Collagen molecules are structural in nature and primarily found in eukaryotic, multicellular organisms. Recently, a collagen-like protein, TrpA, was identified and characterized in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS 101, and it was shown to be involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the trichomes. The TrpA protein contains one glycine interruption in the otherwise perfectly uninterrupted collagenous domain. In this study, we used phylogenetic analysis to determine that the TrpA protein sequence is most closely associated with non-fibril-forming collagen proteins. Structural modelling and circular dichroism data suggest that the glycine insertion decreases the stability of TrpA compared to uninterrupted collagen sequences. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy revealed that TrpA is expressed entirely on the surface of the trichomes, with no specific pattern of localization. These data indicate that the TrpA protein is part of the outer sheath of this organism. As such, this protein may function to promote adhesion between individual T. erythraeum trichomes, and between this organism and heterotrophic bacteria found in the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simara Price
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Siobhan Toal
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shivanthi Anandan
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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60
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Xia XY, Li WW, Li N, Wu QY, Cui YX, Li XJ. A novel mild variant of osteogenesis imperfecta type I caused by a Gly1088Glu mutation in COL1A1. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2187-90. [PMID: 24682174 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, characterized by multiplicative osteopsathyrosis, blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta and mild audition, is a rare inherited connective tissue disease. There are seven types of OI, I to VII, among which type I-IV are relatively common and associated with type I collagen. Defects in type I collagen synthesis or structure are responsible for the majority of clinical OI cases since collagen is the major matrix protein of all connective tissues. Type I collagen consists of two pro-α1 chains and one pro-α2 chain, which are encoded by two genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, respectively. The two subunits have a Gly-X-Y repeat domain, of which glycine is highly conserved in the majority of species. Point mutations on these sites appear to trigger OI. In the current study, a heterozygous mutation, c.3263G>A, p.Gly1088Glu, was identified in the Gly-X-Y domain of type I collagen in an affected individual with type I OI. A lethal phenotype with the p.Gly1088Ala mutation was observed at the same site as the current findings. This suggests that variant characteristics of the substitution for Gly may trigger a varying degree of OI from lethal to mild, even when the mutation occurs at the same site. It is hypothesized that the study may provide insight into the phenotype-genotype association and may assist, not only in the clinical diagnosis, but also in investigating the mechanism of collagen-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yue Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Xia Cui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China
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61
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Ehrlich H, Kaluzhnaya OV, Tsurkan MV, Ereskovsky A, Tabachnick KR, Ilan M, Stelling A, Galli R, Petrova OV, Nekipelov SV, Sivkov VN, Vyalikh D, Born R, Behm T, Ehrlich A, Chernogor LI, Belikov S, Janussen D, Bazhenov VV, Wörheide G. First report on chitinous holdfast in sponges (Porifera). Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130339. [PMID: 23677340 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A holdfast is a root- or basal plate-like structure of principal importance that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, including sponges, to hard substrates. There is to date little information about the nature and origin of sponges' holdfasts in both marine and freshwater environments. This work, to our knowledge, demonstrates for the first time that chitin is an important structural component within holdfasts of the endemic freshwater demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Using a variety of techniques (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, Raman, electrospray ionization mas spectrometry, Morgan-Elson assay and Calcofluor White staining), we show that chitin from the sponge holdfast is much closer to α-chitin than to β-chitin. Most of the three-dimensional fibrous skeleton of this sponge consists of spicule-containing proteinaceous spongin. Intriguingly, the chitinous holdfast is not spongin-based, and is ontogenetically the oldest part of the sponge body. Sequencing revealed the presence of four previously undescribed genes encoding chitin synthases in the L. baicalensis sponge. This discovery of chitin within freshwater sponge holdfasts highlights the novel and specific functions of this biopolymer within these ancient sessile invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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62
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Yafremava LS, Wielgos M, Thomas S, Nasir A, Wang M, Mittenthal JE, Caetano-Anollés G. A general framework of persistence strategies for biological systems helps explain domains of life. Front Genet 2013; 4:16. [PMID: 23443991 PMCID: PMC3580334 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature and cause of the division of organisms in superkingdoms is not fully understood. Assuming that environment shapes physiology, here we construct a novel theoretical framework that helps identify general patterns of organism persistence. This framework is based on Jacob von Uexküll's organism-centric view of the environment and James G. Miller's view of organisms as matter-energy-information processing molecular machines. Three concepts describe an organism's environmental niche: scope, umwelt, and gap. Scope denotes the entirety of environmental events and conditions to which the organism is exposed during its lifetime. Umwelt encompasses an organism's perception of these events. The gap is the organism's blind spot, the scope that is not covered by umwelt. These concepts bring organisms of different complexity to a common ecological denominator. Ecological and physiological data suggest organisms persist using three strategies: flexibility, robustness, and economy. All organisms use umwelt information to flexibly adapt to environmental change. They implement robustness against environmental perturbations within the gap generally through redundancy and reliability of internal constituents. Both flexibility and robustness improve survival. However, they also incur metabolic matter-energy processing costs, which otherwise could have been used for growth and reproduction. Lineages evolve unique tradeoff solutions among strategies in the space of what we call "a persistence triangle." Protein domain architecture and other evidence support the preferential use of flexibility and robustness properties. Archaea and Bacteria gravitate toward the triangle's economy vertex, with Archaea biased toward robustness. Eukarya trade economy for survivability. Protista occupy a saddle manifold separating akaryotes from multicellular organisms. Plants and the more flexible Fungi share an economic stratum, and Metazoa are locked in a positive feedback loop toward flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila S Yafremava
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
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63
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Momota R, Narasaki M, Komiyama T, Naito I, Ninomiya Y, Ohtsuka A. Drosophila type XV/XVIII collagen mutants manifest integrin mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, which is improved by cyclosporin A and losartan. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1003-11. [PMID: 23454281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate collagen types XV and XVIII are broadly distributed basement membrane components, classified into a structurally distinct subgroup called "multiplexin collagens". Mutations in mammalian multiplexins are identified in some degenerative diseases such as Knobloch syndrome 1 (KNO1) or skeletal/cardiac myopathies, however, these progressive properties have not been elucidated. Here we investigated Drosophila mutants of Multiplexin (Mp), the only orthologue of vertebrate collagen types XV and XVIII, to understand the pathogenesis of multiplexin-related diseases. The mp mutants exhibited morphological changes in cardiomyocytes and progressive dysfunction of the skeletal muscles, reminiscent phenotypes observed in Col15a1-null mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed morphologically altered mitochondria in mutants' indirect flight muscles (IFMs), resulting in severely attenuated ATP production and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, mutants' IFMs exhibited diminished βPS integrin clustering and abolished focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, mutants' defective IFMs are improved by the administrations of cyclosporin A, an inhibitor against mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening or losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker. Thus, our results suggest that Mp modulates mPTP opening and AT1R activity through its binding to integrin and that lack of Mp causes unregulated mPTP opening and AT1R activity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions. Hence, our results provide new insights towards the roles of multiplexin collagens in mitochondrial homeostasis and may serve as pharmacological evidences for the potential use of cyclosporin A or losartan for the therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Momota
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita, Okayama 7008558, Japan.
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64
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Abstract
The interaction between mineral structures and living beings is increasingly attracting the interest of research. The formation of skeletons, geomicrobiology, the study of the origin of life, soil biology, benthos biology, human and mammalian diseases generated by the inhalation of dust and biomaterials are some examples of scientific areas where the topic has a relevance. In this chapter we focus on cell reactivity to siliceous rocks and to the various forms of silicon dioxide, in particular. The examples here reported carefully review how such minerals may strongly affect different living beings, from simple ones to humans. The biomineralogy concept is explained, focusing on the effects of rocks on cell growth and development. The toxic action of silicon dioxide in mammalian lungs is the oldest evidence of crystalline silica bioactivity. More recently, we could demonstrate that crystalline silica has a deep impact on cell biology throughout the whole animal kingdom. One of the most illustrative case studies is the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis, which has the amazing ability to incorporate and etch crystalline silica releasing dissolved silicates in the medium. This specific and selective action is due to the chemical reaction of ascorbic acid with quartz surfaces. One consequence of this is an increased production of collagen. The discovery of this mechanism opened the door to a new understanding of silica toxicity for animal cells and mammalian cells in particular. The presence of silica in sea water and substrates also affects processes like the settlement of larvae and the growth of diatoms. The following sections review all such aspects.
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65
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Correlations Between the Biochemistry and Mechanical States of a Sea-Urchin Ligament: A Mutable Collagenous Structure. Biointerphases 2012; 7:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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66
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Veres SP, Lee JM. Designed to fail: a novel mode of collagen fibril disruption and its relevance to tissue toughness. Biophys J 2012; 102:2876-84. [PMID: 22735538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen fibrils are nanostructured biological cables essential to the structural integrity of many of our tissues. Consequently, understanding the structural basis of their robust mechanical properties is of great interest. Here we present what to our knowledge is a novel mode of collagen fibril disruption that provides new insights into both the structure and mechanics of native collagen fibrils. Using enzyme probes for denatured collagen and scanning electron microscopy, we show that mechanically overloading collagen fibrils from bovine tail tendons causes them to undergo a sequential, two-stage, selective molecular failure process. Denatured collagen molecules-meaning molecules with a reduced degree of time-averaged helicity compared to those packed in undamaged fibrils-were first created within kinks that developed at discrete, repeating locations along the length of fibrils. There, collagen denaturation within the kinks was concentrated within certain subfibrils. Additional denatured molecules were then created along the surface of some disrupted fibrils. The heterogeneity of the disruption within fibrils suggests that either mechanical load is not carried equally by a fibril's subcomponents or that the subcomponents do not possess homogenous mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the creation of denatured collagen molecules, which necessarily involves the energy intensive breaking of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, provides a physical basis for the toughness of collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Veres
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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67
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Ivanova VP, Krivchenko AI. A current viewpoint on structure and evolution of collagens. I. Fibrillar collagens. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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68
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Pozzolini M, Bruzzone F, Berilli V, Mussino F, Cerrano C, Benatti U, Giovine M. Molecular characterization of a nonfibrillar collagen from the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis Nardo 1847 and positive effects of soluble silicates on its expression. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:281-293. [PMID: 22072047 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report here the complete cDNA sequence of a nonfibrillar collagen (COLch) isolated from the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis, Nardo 1847 using a PCR approach. COLch cDNA consists of 2,563 nucleotides and includes a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 136 nucleotides, a 3' UTR of 198 nucleotides, and an open reading frame encoding for a protein of 743 amino acids with an estimated M (r) of 72.12 kDa. The phylogenetic analysis on the deduced amino acid sequence of C-terminal end shows that the isolated sequence belongs to the short-chain spongin-like collagen subfamily, a nonfibrillar group of invertebrate collagens similar to type IV collagen. In situ hybridization analysis shows higher expression of COLch mRNA in the cortical part than in the inner part of the sponge. Therefore, COLch seems to be involved in the formation of C. reniformis ectosome, where it could play a key role in the attachment to the rocky substrata and in the selective sediment incorporation typical of these organisms. qPCR analysis of COLch mRNA level, performed on C. reniformis tissue culture models (fragmorphs), also demonstrates that this matrix protein is directly involved in sponge healing processes and that soluble silicates positively regulate its expression. These findings confirm the essential role of silicon in the fibrogenesis process also in lower invertebrates, and they should give a tool for a sustainable production of marine collagen in sponge mariculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pozzolini
- Department for the Study of Territory and its Resources, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
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69
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Francis MP, Sachs PC, Madurantakam PA, Sell SA, Elmore LW, Bowlin GL, Holt SE. Electrospinning adipose tissue-derived extracellular matrix for adipose stem cell culture. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1716-24. [PMID: 22447769 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Basement membrane-rich extracellular matrices, particularly murine sarcoma-derived Matrigel, play important roles in regenerative medicine research, exhibiting marked cellular responses in vitro and in vivo, although with limited clinical applications. We find that a human-derived matrix from lipoaspirate fat, a tissue rich in basement membrane components, can be fabricated by electrospinning and used to support cell culture. We describe practical applications and purification of extracellular matrix (ECM) from adipose tissue (At-ECM) and its use in electrospinning scaffolds and adipose stem cell (ASC) culture. The matrix composition of this purified and electrospun At-ECM was assessed histochemically for basement membrane, connective tissue, collagen, elastic fibers/elastin, glycoprotein, and proteoglycans. Each histochemical stain was positive in fat tissue, purified At-ECM, and electrospun At-ECM, and to some extent positive in a 10:90 blend with polydioxanone (PDO). We also show that electrospun At-ECM, alone and blended with PDO, supports ASC attachment and growth, suggesting that electrospun At-ECM scaffolds support ASC cultivation. These studies show that At-ECM can be isolated and electrospun as a basement membrane-rich tissue engineering matrix capable of supporting stem cells, providing the groundwork for an array of future regenerative medicine advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Francis
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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70
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Ozbek S. The cnidarian nematocyst: a miniature extracellular matrix within a secretory vesicle. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:635-640. [PMID: 20957500 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nematocysts are the taxon-defining features of all cnidarians including jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They are highly sophisticated organelles used for the capture of prey and defense. The nematocyst capsule is produced within a giant post-Golgi vesicle, which is continuously fed by proteins from the secretory pathway. Mature nematocysts consist of a hollow capsule body in which a long tubule is coiled up that, upon discharge, is expelled in a harpoon-like fashion. This is accompanied by the release of a toxin cocktail stored in the capsule matrix. Nematocyst discharge, which is one of the fastest processes in biology, is driven by an extreme osmotic pressure of about 150 bar. The molecular analysis of the nematocyst has from the beginning indicated a collagenous nature of the capsule structure. In particular, a large family of unusual minicollagens has been demonstrated to form the highly resistant scaffold of the capsule. Recent findings on the molecular composition of Hydra nematocysts have confirmed the notion of a specialized extracellular matrix, which is assembled during an intracellular secretion process to form the most complex predatory apparatus at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Ozbek
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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71
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Ribeiro AR, Barbaglio A, Benedetto CD, Ribeiro CC, Wilkie IC, Carnevali MDC, Barbosa MA. New insights into mutable collagenous tissue: correlations between the microstructure and mechanical state of a sea-urchin ligament. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24822. [PMID: 21935473 PMCID: PMC3173489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms has the ability to undergo rapid and reversible changes in passive mechanical properties that are initiated and modulated by the nervous system. Since the mechanism of MCT mutability is poorly understood, the aim of this work was to provide a detailed morphological analysis of a typical mutable collagenous structure in its different mechanical states. The model studied was the compass depressor ligament (CDL) of a sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), which was characterized in different functional states mimicking MCT mutability. Transmission electron microscopy, histochemistry, cryo-scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, and field emission gun-environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to visualize CDLs at the micro- and nano-scales. This investigation has revealed previously unreported differences in both extracellular and cellular constituents, expanding the current knowledge of the relationship between the organization of the CDL and its mechanical state. Scanning electron microscopies in particular provided a three-dimensional overview of CDL architecture at the micro- and nano-scales, and clarified the micro-organization of the ECM components that are involved in mutability. Further evidence that the juxtaligamental cells are the effectors of these changes in mechanical properties was provided by a correlation between their cytology and the tensile state of the CDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ribeiro
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Biomaterials Division, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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72
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Lin Z, Solomon KL, Zhang X, Pavlos NJ, Abel T, Willers C, Dai K, Xu J, Zheng Q, Zheng M. In vitro evaluation of natural marine sponge collagen as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:968-77. [PMID: 21850206 PMCID: PMC3157271 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of a suitable scaffold matrix is critical for cell-based bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to identify and characterize natural marine sponges as potential bioscaffolds for osteogenesis. Callyspongiidae marine sponge samples were collected from the Fremantle coast of Western Australia. The sponge structure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Hematoxylin and eosin. Mouse primary osteoblasts were seeded onto the sponge scaffold and immunostained with F-actin to assess cell attachment and aggregation. Alkaline phosphatase expression, von Kossa staining and real-time PCR were performed to examine the osteogenic potential of sponge samples. SEM revealed that the sponge skeleton possessed a collagenous fibrous network consisting of interconnecting channels and a porous structure that support cellular adhesion, aggregation and growth. The average pore size of the sponge skeleton was measured 100 to 300 μm in diameter. F-actin staining demonstrated that osteoblasts were able to anchor onto the surface of collagen fibres. Alkaline phosphatase expression, a marker of early osteoblast differentiation, was evident at 7 days although expression decreased steadily with long term culture. Using von Kossa staining, mineralisation nodules were evident after 21 days. Gene expression of osteoblast markers, osteocalcin and osteopontin, was also observed at 7, 14 and 21 days of culture. Together, these results suggest that the natural marine sponge is promising as a new scaffold for use in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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73
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Pallela R, Bojja S, Janapala VR. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of collagens of marine sponge, Ircinia fusca (Porifera: Demospongiae: Irciniidae). Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Isolation, characterization and biological evaluation of jellyfish collagen for use in biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:967-983. [PMID: 21747742 PMCID: PMC3131555 DOI: 10.3390/md9060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar collagens are the more abundant extracellular proteins. They form a metazoan-specific family, and are highly conserved from sponge to human. Their structural and physiological properties have been successfully used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the increase of jellyfish has led us to consider this marine animal as a natural product for food and medicine. Here, we have tested different Mediterranean jellyfish species in order to investigate the economic potential of their collagens. We have studied different methods of collagen purification (tissues and experimental procedures). The best collagen yield was obtained using Rhizostoma pulmo oral arms and the pepsin extraction method (2–10 mg collagen/g of wet tissue). Although a significant yield was obtained with Cotylorhiza tuberculata (0.45 mg/g), R. pulmo was used for further experiments, this jellyfish being considered as harmless to humans and being an abundant source of material. Then, we compared the biological properties of R. pulmo collagen with mammalian fibrillar collagens in cell cytotoxicity assays and cell adhesion. There was no statistical difference in cytotoxicity (p > 0.05) between R. pulmo collagen and rat type I collagen. However, since heparin inhibits cell adhesion to jellyfish-native collagen by 55%, the main difference is that heparan sulfate proteoglycans could be preferentially involved in fibroblast and osteoblast adhesion to jellyfish collagens. Our data confirm the broad harmlessness of jellyfish collagens, and their biological effect on human cells that are similar to that of mammalian type I collagen. Given the bioavailability of jellyfish collagen and its biological properties, this marine material is thus a good candidate for replacing bovine or human collagens in selected biomedical applications.
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75
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Adamska M, Degnan BM, Green K, Zwafink C. What sponges can tell us about the evolution of developmental processes. ZOOLOGY 2011; 114:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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76
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Ehrlich H, Deutzmann R, Brunner E, Cappellini E, Koon H, Solazzo C, Yang Y, Ashford D, Thomas-Oates J, Lubeck M, Baessmann C, Langrock T, Hoffmann R, Wörheide G, Reitner J, Simon P, Tsurkan M, Ereskovsky AV, Kurek D, Bazhenov VV, Hunoldt S, Mertig M, Vyalikh DV, Molodtsov SL, Kummer K, Worch H, Smetacek V, Collins MJ. Mineralization of the metre-long biosilica structures of glass sponges is templated on hydroxylated collagen. Nat Chem 2010; 2:1084-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Stover DA, Verrelli BC. Comparative Vertebrate Evolutionary Analyses of Type I Collagen: Potential of COL1a1 Gene Structure and Intron Variation for Common Bone-Related Diseases. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:533-42. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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78
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Parenteau-Bareil R, Gauvin R, Berthod F. Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445871 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Parenteau-Bareil
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Robert Gauvin
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - François Berthod
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-418-682-7565; Fax: +1-418-682-8000
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79
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Exposito JY, Valcourt U, Cluzel C, Lethias C. The fibrillar collagen family. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:407-426. [PMID: 20386646 PMCID: PMC2852846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagens, or more precisely collagen-based extracellular matrices, are often considered as a metazoan hallmark. Among the collagens, fibrillar collagens are present from sponges to humans, and are involved in the formation of the well-known striated fibrils. In this review we discuss the different steps in the evolution of this protein family, from the formation of an ancestral fibrillar collagen gene to the formation of different clades. Genomic data from the choanoflagellate (sister group of Metazoa) Monosiga brevicollis, and from diploblast animals, have suggested that the formation of an ancestral alpha chain occurred before the metazoan radiation. Phylogenetic studies have suggested an early emergence of the three clades that were first described in mammals. Hence the duplication events leading to the formation of the A, B and C clades occurred before the eumetazoan radiation. Another important event has been the two rounds of "whole genome duplication" leading to the amplification of fibrillar collagen gene numbers, and the importance of this diversification in developmental processes. We will also discuss some other aspects of fibrillar collagen evolution such as the development of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of procollagen molecules and of striated fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Exposito
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +33-4-72-72-26-77; Fax: +33-4-72-72-26-04
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Kawasaki K, Buchanan AV, Weiss KM. Biomineralization in Humans: Making the Hard Choices in Life. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:119-42. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
| | - Anne V. Buchanan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
| | - Kenneth M. Weiss
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
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81
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Bhole AP, Flynn BP, Liles M, Saeidi N, Dimarzio CA, Ruberti JW. Mechanical strain enhances survivability of collagen micronetworks in the presence of collagenase: implications for load-bearing matrix growth and stability. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:3339-62. [PMID: 19657003 PMCID: PMC2865878 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been great interest in understanding the methods by which collagen-based load-bearing tissue is constructed, grown and maintained in vertebrate animals. To date, the responsibility for this process has largely been placed with mesenchymal fibroblastic cells that are thought to fully control the morphology of load-bearing extracellular matrix (ECM). However, given clear limitations in the ability of fibroblastic cells to precisely place or remove single collagen molecules to sculpt tissue, we have hypothesized that the material itself must play a critical role in the determination of the form of structural ECM. We here demonstrate directly, using live, dynamic, differential interference contrast imaging, that mechanically strained networks of collagen fibrils, exposed to collagenase (Clostridium histolyticum), degrade preferentially. Specifically, unstrained fibrils are removed 'quickly', while strained fibrils persist significantly longer. The demonstration supports the idea that collagen networks are mechanosensitive in that they are stabilized by mechanical strain. Thus, collagen molecules (together with their complement enzymes) may comprise the basis of a smart, load-adaptive, structural material system. This concept has the potential to drastically simplify the assumed role of the fibroblast, which would need only to provide ECM molecules and mechanical force to sculpt collagenous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit P. Bhole
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brendan P. Flynn
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melody Liles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charles A. Dimarzio
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Ruberti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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82
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Yoshizumi A, Yu Z, Silva T, Thiagarajan G, Ramshaw JAM, Inouye M, Brodsky B. Self-association of streptococcus pyogenes collagen-like constructs into higher order structures. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1241-51. [PMID: 19472339 DOI: 10.1002/pro.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of bacterial collagen-like proteins with Gly as every third residue and a high Pro content have been observed to form stable triple-helical structures despite the absence of hydroxyproline (Hyp). Here, the high yield cold-shock expression system is used to obtain purified recombinant collagen-like protein (V-CL) from Streptococcus pyogenes containing an N-terminal globular domain V followed by the collagen triple-helix domain CL and the modified construct with two tandem collagen domains V-CL-CL. Both constructs and their isolated collagenous domains form stable triple-helices characterized by very sharp thermal transitions at 35-37 degrees C and by high values of calorimetric enthalpy. Procedures for the formation of collagen SLS crystallites lead to parallel arrays of in register V-CL-CL molecules, as well as centrosymmetric arrays of dimers joined at their globular domains. At neutral pH and high concentrations, the bacterial constructs all show a tendency towards aggregation. The isolated collagen domains, CL and CL-CL, form units of diameter 4-5 nm which bundle together and twist to make larger fibrillar structures. Thus, although this S. pyogenes collagen-like protein is a cell surface protein with no indication of participation in higher order structure, the triple-helix domain has the potential of forming fibrillar structures even in the absence of hydroxyproline. The formation of fibrils suggests bacterial collagen proteins may be useful for biomaterials and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yoshizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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83
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Heinemann S, Heinemann C, Bernhardt R, Reinstorf A, Nies B, Meyer M, Worch H, Hanke T. Bioactive silica-collagen composite xerogels modified by calcium phosphate phases with adjustable mechanical properties for bone replacement. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1979-90. [PMID: 19345651 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of composites has been recognized as a promising strategy to fulfil the complex requirements of biomaterials. The present study reports on the modification of a novel silica-collagen composite material by varying the inorganic/organic mass ratio and introducing calcium phosphate cement (CPC) as a third component. The sol-gel technique is used for processing, followed by xerogel formation under specific temperature and relative humidity conditions. Cylindrical monolithic samples up to 400mm(3) were obtained without any sintering processes. Various hierarchical phases of the organic component were applied, ranging from tropocollagen and collagen fibrils up to collagen fibers, each characterized by atomic force microscopy. Focusing on the application of fibrils, various inorganic/organic mass ratios were used: 100/0, 85/15 and 70/30; their influence on the structure of the composite material was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The composition was extended by the addition of 25wt.% CPC which led to increased bioactivity by accelerating the formation of bone apatite layers in simulated body fluid. Synchrotron microcomputed tomography demonstrated the homogeneous distribution of the cement particles in the silica-collagen matrix. Compressive strength tests showed that the mechanical properties of the brittle pure silica gel are changed significantly due to collagen addition. The highest ultimate strength of about 115MPa at about 18% total strain was registered for the 70/30 silica-collagen composite xerogels. Incorporation of CPC lowered the gel's strength. By demonstrating differentiation of human monocytes into osteoclast-like cells, an important feature of the composite material regarding successful bone remodeling is fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Heinemann
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
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84
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Ereskovsky AV, Borchiellini C, Gazave E, Ivanisevic J, Lapébie P, Perez T, Renard E, Vacelet J. The Homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis, a promising sponge model in evolutionary and developmental biology: model sponge Oscarella lobularis. Bioessays 2009; 31:89-97. [PMID: 19154007 DOI: 10.1002/bies.080058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sponges branch basally in the metazoan phylogenetic tree and are believed to be composed of four distinct lineages with still uncertain relationships. Indeed, some molecular studies propose that Homoscleromorpha may be a fourth Sponge lineage, distinct from Demospongiae in which they were traditionally classified. They harbour many features that distinguish them from other sponges and are more evocative of those of the eumetazoans. They are notably the only sponges to possess a basement membrane with collagen IV and specialized cell-junctions, thus possessing true epithelia. Among Homoscleromorphs, we have chosen Oscarella lobularis as a model species. This common and easily accessible sponge is characterized by relatively simple histology and cell composition, absence of skeleton, and strongly pronounced epithelial structure. In this review, we explore the specific features that make O. lobularis a promising homoscleromorph sponge model for evolutionary and developmental researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Station marine d'Endoume, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS UMR 6540-DIMAR, rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France.
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85
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 'Collagens' are a family of structurally related proteins that play a wide variety of roles in the extracellular matrix. To date, there are at least 29 known types of collagen. Accordingly, abnormality in the various collagens produces a large category of diseases with heterogeneous symptoms. This review presents genetic and orthopedic aspects of type II, IX, and XI collagen disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Although a diverse group of conditions, mutation of collagens affecting the articular cartilage typically produces an epiphyseal skeletal dysplasia phenotype. Often, the ocular or auditory systems or both are also involved. Treatment of these collagenopathies is symptomatic and individualized. Study of tissue from animal models allows examination of mutation effects on the abnormal protein structure and function. SUMMARY The collagen superfamily comprises an important structural protein in mammalian connective tissue. Mutation of collagens produces a wide variety of genetic disorders, and those mutations affecting types II, IX, and XI collagens produce an overlapping spectrum of skeletal dysplasias. Findings range from lethal to mild, depending on the mutation of the collagen gene and its subsequent effect on the structure and/or metabolism of the resultant procollagen and/or collagen protein and its function in the body.
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Abstract
Major advances in the molecular genetics, paleobiology, and the evolutionary developmental biology of vertebrate skeletogenesis have improved our understanding of the early evolution and development of the vertebrate skeleton. These studies have involved genetic analysis of model organisms, human genetics, comparative developmental studies of basal vertebrates and nonvertebrate chordates, and both cladistic and histological analyses of fossil vertebrates. Integration of these studies has led to renaissance in the area of skeletal development and evolution. Among the major findings that have emerged is the discovery of an unexpectedly deep origin of the gene network that regulates chondrogenesis. In this chapter, we discuss recent progress in each these areas and identify a number of questions that need to be addressed in order to fill key gaps in our knowledge of early skeletal evolution.
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87
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Heino J, Huhtala M, Käpylä J, Johnson MS. Evolution of collagen-based adhesion systems. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:341-8. [PMID: 18790075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are large, triple-helical proteins that form fibrils and network-like structures in the extracellular matrix. The collagens may have participated in the evolution of the metazoans from their very earliest origins. Cell adhesion receptors, such as the integrins, are at least as old as the collagens. Still, the early metazoan cells might not have been able to anchor directly to collagen fibrils, since the integrin-type collagen receptors have only been identified in vertebrates. Instead, the early metazoans may have used integrin-type receptors in the recognition of collagen-binding glycoproteins. It is possible that specialized, high-avidity collagen-receptor integrins have become instrumental for the evolution of bone, cartilage, circulatory and immune systems in the chordates. In vertebrates, specific collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinases send signals into cells after adhesion to collagen. These receptors are members of the discoidin domain receptor (DDR) group. The evolutionary history of DDRs is poorly known at this time. DDR orthologs have been found in many invertebrates, but their ability to function as collagen receptors has not yet been tested. The two main categories of collagens, fibrillar and non-fibrillar, already exist in the most primitive metazoans, such as the sponges. Interestingly, both integrin and DDR families seem to have members that favor either one or the other of these two groups of collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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88
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Exposito JY, Larroux C, Cluzel C, Valcourt U, Lethias C, Degnan BM. Demosponge and sea anemone fibrillar collagen diversity reveals the early emergence of A/C clades and the maintenance of the modular structure of type V/XI collagens from sponge to human. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28226-35. [PMID: 18697744 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are often considered a metazoan hallmark, with the fibril-forming fibrillar collagens present from sponges to human. From evolutionary studies, three fibrillar collagen clades (named A, B, and C) have been defined and shown to be present in mammals, whereas the emergence of the A and B clades predates the protostome/deuterostome split. Moreover, several C clade fibrillar collagen chains are present in some invertebrate deuterostome genomes but not in protostomes whose genomes have been sequenced. The newly sequenced genomes of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, and the cnidarians Hydra magnipapillata (Hydra) and Nematostella vectensis (sea anemone) allow us to have a better understanding of the origin and evolution of fibrillar collagens. Analysis of these genomes suggests that an ancestral fibrillar collagen gene arose at the dawn of the Metazoa, before the divergence of sponge and eumetazoan lineages. The duplication events leading to the formation of the three fibrillar collagen clades (A, B, and C) occurred before the eumetazoan radiation. Interestingly, only the B clade fibrillar collagens preserved their characteristic modular structure from sponge to human. This observation is compatible with the suggested primordial function of type V/XI fibrillar collagens in the initiation of the formation of the collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Exposito
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), 7 passage du Vercors, Lyon, F69367, France, CNRS, UMR 5086.
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Hermann PM, Nicol JJ, Bulloch AGM, Wildering WC. RGD-dependent mechanisms in the endoneurial phagocyte response and axonal regeneration in the nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:491-501. [PMID: 18245625 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.013102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of phagocytic cells in the injury zone is a crucial step in the regeneration of peripheral axons. Many aspects of the mechanisms underlying the recruitment of active phagocytes remain, however, unclear. Notably, our understanding of the interactions between injury, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and phagocyte activation is limited. Most animal cell types, phagocytes included, interact with proteins of the ECM through one or more members of the integrin family, transmembrane cell adhesion receptors that typically bind their ligands through short linear amino acid sequences. This study focused on the role of one of the most common of such integrin recognition sequences, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif in the recruitment and activation of endoneurial phagocytes in the injury response of the nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Like the mammalian nervous system, the Lymnaea nervous system responds to injury with recruitment and activation of endoneurial phagocytes (i.e. phagocytes residing in Lymnaea's nerves), a process involving substantial changes in the morphology, motility and adhesion status of these cells. Using synthetic water-soluble RGD-peptides, we investigated the relevance of RGD-dependent mechanisms in the activation of endoneurial phagocytes and injury response of the organ-cultured nervous system of Lymnaea. Our results show that RGD-peptides modulate various aspects of phagocyte activation (i.e. spreading response, particle engulfment, oxidative burst) in vitro and in situ and significantly affect nerve regeneration in this model system. Surprisingly, while linear RGD-analogues suppressed both phagocyte activation and axonal regeneration, a circularized RGD-peptide analogue modulated these parameters in a concentration-dependent, biphasic manner. Collectively, these results emphasize the significance of RGD-dependent mechanisms in the regenerative response of the Lymnaea nervous system and implicate regulation of the cellular immune response as one of the factors in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
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90
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Heinemann S, Ehrlich H, Douglas T, Heinemann C, Worch H, Schatton W, Hanke T. Ultrastructural Studies on the Collagen of the Marine SpongeChondrosia reniformisNardo. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3452-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm700574y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Mohs A, Silva T, Yoshida T, Amin R, Lukomski S, Inouye M, Brodsky B. Mechanism of Stabilization of a Bacterial Collagen Triple Helix in the Absence of Hydroxyproline. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29757-65. [PMID: 17693404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus pyogenes cell-surface protein Scl2 contains a globular N-terminal domain and a collagen-like domain, (Gly-Xaa-X'aa)(79), which forms a triple helix with a thermal stability close to that seen for mammalian collagens. Hyp is a major contributor to triple-helix stability in animal collagens, but is not present in bacteria, which lack prolyl hydroxylase. To explore the basis of bacterial collagen triple-helix stability in the absence of Hyp, biophysical studies were carried out on recombinant Scl2 protein, the isolated collagen-like domain from Scl2, and a set of peptides modeling the Scl2 highly charged repetitive (Gly-Xaa-X'aa)(n) sequences. At pH 7, CD spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry of the Scl2 protein all showed a very sharp thermal transition near 36 degrees C, indicating a highly cooperative unfolding of both the globular and triple-helix domains. The collagen-like domain isolated by trypsin digestion showed a sharp transition at the same temperature, with an enthalpy of 12.5 kJ/mol of tripeptide. At low pH, Scl2 and its isolated collagen-like domain showed substantial destabilization from the neutral pH value, with two thermal transitions at 24 and 27 degrees C. A similar destabilization at low pH was seen for Scl2 charged model peptides, and the degree of destabilization was consistent with the strong pH dependence arising from the GKD tripeptide unit. The Scl2 protein contained twice as much charge as human fibril-forming collagens, and the degree of electrostatic stabilization observed for Scl2 was similar to the contribution Hyp makes to the stability of mammalian collagens. The high enthalpic contribution to the stability of the Scl2 collagenous domain supports the presence of a hydration network in the absence of Hyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mohs
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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92
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Müller WEG, Schlossmacher U, Eckert C, Krasko A, Boreiko A, Ushijima H, Wolf SE, Tremel W, Müller IM, Schröder HC. Analysis of the axial filament in spicules of the demosponge Geodia cydonium: Different silicatein composition in microscleres (asters) and megascleres (oxeas and triaenes). Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:473-87. [PMID: 17658193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton of the siliceous sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) is supported by spicules composed of bio-silica. In the axial canals of megascleres, harboring the axial filaments, three isoforms of the enzyme silicatein (-alpha, -beta and -gamma) have been identified until now, using the demosponges Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. Here we describe the composition of the proteinaceous components of the axial filament from small spicules, the microscleres, in the demosponge Geodia cydonium that possesses megascleres and microscleres. The morphology of the different spicule types is described. Also in G. cydonium the synthesis of the spicules starts intracellularly and they are subsequently extruded to the extracellular space. In contrast to the composition of the silicateins in the megascleres (isoforms: -alpha, -beta and -gamma), the axial filaments of the microscleres contain only one form of silicatein, termed silicatein-alpha/beta, with a size of 25kDa. Silicatein-alpha/beta undergoes three phosphorylation steps. The gene encoding silicatein-alpha/beta was identified and found to comprise the same characteristic sites, described previously for silicateins-alpha or -beta. It is hypothesized, that the different composition of the axial filaments, with respect to silicateins, contributes to the morphology of the different types of spicules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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93
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Ereskovsky AV, Tokina DB, Bézac C, Boury-Esnault N. Metamorphosis of cinctoblastula larvae (Homoscleromorpha, porifera). J Morphol 2007; 268:518-28. [PMID: 17427974 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The metamorphosis of the cinctoblastula of Homoscleromorpha is studied in five species belonging to three genera. The different steps of metamorphosis are similar in all species. The metamorphosis occurs by the invagination and involution of either the anterior epithelium or the posterior epithelium of the larva. During metamorphosis, morphogenetic polymorphism was observed, which has an individual character and does not depend on either external or species specific factors. In the rhagon, the development of the aquiferous system occurs only by epithelial morphogenesis and subsequent differentiation of cells. Mesohylar cells derive from flagellated cells after ingression. The formation of pinacoderm and choanoderm occurs by the differentiation of the larval flagellated epithelium. This is possibly due to the conservation of cell junctions in the external surface of the larval flagellated cells and of the basement membrane in their internal surface. The main difference in homoscleromorph metamorphosis compared with Demospongiae is the persistence of the flagellated epithelium throughout this process and even in the adult since exo- and endopinacoderm remain flagellated. The antero-posterior axis of the larva corresponds to the baso-apical axis of the adult in Homoscleromorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Biological Faculty, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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94
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Abstract
Proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion have been fundamental in the evolution of multicellular animals. Fibrillar collagens, proteoglycans, integrins, and cadherins are present in all animals from sponges to mammals, and many other adhesion proteins have arisen during animal evolution. In general, adhesion proteins are large multidomain molecules and are encoded in larger gene families in vertebrates than in invertebrates. With the increasing availability of completely sequenced genomes representing different points on the animal tree of life, bioinformatics is proving to be a very valuable approach for the analysis of the domain organization and relationships of adhesion proteins, which can direct or enhance experimental tests. Here we describe, with examples from the literature, the major methods for identifying sequence homologies; analyzing domain organization and potential for oligomerization; analyzing sequence relationships by multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and assessing adhesion proteins as components of functional pathways and tissue systems through comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Adams
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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95
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Nagai N, Anzawa T, Satoh Y, Suzuki T, Tajima K, Munekata M. Activities of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on gamma-irradiated salmon atelocollagen scaffold. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:511-4. [PMID: 16935254 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of gamma-irradiation on the activities of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on gamma-irradiated salmon atelocollagen (SAC) scaffolds. SAC-cultured samples were irradiated at doses of 10, 15, and 25 kGy. Gamma-irradiation had a significant impact on the activities of MC3T3-E1 cells. The proliferation rates and alkaline phosphatase activities of MC3T3-E1 cells increased with gamma-irradiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nagai
- Creative Research Initiative Sousei, Hokkaido University, N21-W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.
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96
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Zhang G, Miyamoto MM, Cohn MJ. Lamprey type II collagen and Sox9 reveal an ancient origin of the vertebrate collagenous skeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3180-5. [PMID: 16492784 PMCID: PMC1413883 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508313103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II collagen is the major cartilage matrix protein in the jawed vertebrate skeleton. Lampreys and hagfishes, by contrast, are thought to have noncollagenous cartilage. This difference in skeletal structure has led to the hypothesis that the vertebrate common ancestor had a noncollagenous skeleton, with type II collagen becoming the predominant cartilage matrix protein after the divergence of jawless fish from the jawed vertebrates approximately 500 million years ago. Here we report that lampreys have two type II collagen (Col2alpha1) genes that are expressed during development of the cartilaginous skeleton. We also demonstrate that the adult lamprey skeleton is rich in Col2alpha1 protein. Furthermore, we have isolated a lamprey orthologue of Sox9, a direct transcriptional regulator of Col2alpha1 in jawed vertebrates, and show that it is coexpressed with both Col2alpha1 genes during skeletal development. These results reveal that the genetic pathway for chondrogenesis in lampreys and gnathostomes is conserved through the activation of cartilage matrix molecules and suggest that a collagenous skeleton evolved surprisingly early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin J. Cohn
- Departments of Zoology and
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, 223 Bartram Hall, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611
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97
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Ruberti JW, Hallab NJ. Strain-controlled enzymatic cleavage of collagen in loaded matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:483-9. [PMID: 16140272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to support the novel hypothesis that collagenous matrices are intrinsically "smart" load-adapting biomaterials. This hypothesis is based fundamentally on the postulate that tensile strain directly modulates the susceptibility of collagen molecules to enzymatic degradation (i.e., protects molecules which are under load from cleavage). To test this postulate, collagenase (Clostridiopeptidase A) was applied to a uniaxially loaded, anisotropic, devitalized, collagenous matrix in which a subset of fibrils was loaded in tension while the remaining fibrils carried little or no load. The collagen degradation pattern (as assessed by polarization and transmission electron microscopy) was found to correspond inversely to the tensile stress field such that fibrils under lower tensile load were preferentially cleaved. These results have immediate implications for tissue engineering of load-bearing collagenous matrices in vitro and may contribute significantly to our understanding of synthesis, remodelling, and pathogenesis of collagen matrices in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Ruberti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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98
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Rychel AL, Smith SE, Shimamoto HT, Swalla BJ. Evolution and development of the chordates: collagen and pharyngeal cartilage. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 23:541-9. [PMID: 16280542 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordates evolved a unique body plan within deuterostomes and are considered to share five morphological characters, a muscular postanal tail, a notochord, a dorsal neural tube, an endostyle, and pharyngeal gill slits. The phylum Chordata typically includes three subphyla, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata, and Tunicata, the last showing a chordate body plan only as a larva. Hemichordates, in contrast, have pharyngeal gill slits, an endostyle, and a postanal tail but appear to lack a notochord and dorsal neural tube. Because hemichordates are the sister group of echinoderms, the morphological features shared with the chordates must have been present in the deuterostome ancestor. No extant echinoderms share any of the chordate features, so presumably they have lost these structures evolutionarily. We review the development of chordate characters in hemichordates and present new data characterizing the pharyngeal gill slits and their cartilaginous gill bars. We show that hemichordate gill bars contain collagen and proteoglycans but are acellular. Hemichordates and cephalochordates, or lancelets, show strong similarities in their gill bars, suggesting that an acellular cartilage may have preceded cellular cartilage in deuterostomes. Our evidence suggests that the deuterostome ancestor was a benthic worm with gill slits and acellular gill cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rychel
- Center for Developmental Biology and Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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99
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MacDonald BA, Sund M, Grant MA, Pfaff KL, Holthaus K, Zon LI, Kalluri R. Zebrafish to humans: evolution of the alpha3-chain of type IV collagen and emergence of the autoimmune epitopes associated with Goodpasture syndrome. Blood 2005; 107:1908-15. [PMID: 16254142 PMCID: PMC1895704 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune vascular disease associated with kidney and lung failure, with pathogenic circulating autoantibodies targeted to a set of discontinuous epitope sequences within the noncollagenous domain-1 (NC1) of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen (alpha3(IV)NC1), the Goodpasture autoantigen. We demonstrate that basement membrane extracted NC1 domain preparations from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Danio rerio do not bind Goodpasture autoantibodies, while Xenopus laevis, chicken, mouse and human alpha3(IV)NC1 domains bind autoantibodies. The alpha3(IV) chain is not present in C elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, but is first detected in the Danio rerio. Interestingly, native Danio rerio alpha3(IV)NC1 does not bind Goodpasture autoantibodies. Next, we cloned, sequenced, and generated recombinant Danio rerio alpha3(IV)NC1 domain. In contrast to recombinant human alpha3(IV)NC1 domain, there was complete absence of autoantibody binding to recombinant Danio rerio alpha3(IV)NC1. Three-dimensional molecular modeling from existing x-ray coordinates of human NC1 domain suggest that evolutionary alteration of electrostatic charge and polarity due to the emergence of critical serine, aspartic acid, and lysine residues, accompanied by the loss of asparagine and glutamine, contributes to the emergence of the 2 major Goodpasture epitopes on the human alpha3(IV)NC1 domain, as it evolved from the Danio rerio over 450 million years.
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100
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Oh J, Zhao C, Amadio PC, An KN, Zobitz ME, Wold LE. Immunolocalization of collagen types in the subsynovial connective tissue within the carpal tunnel in humans. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:1226-31. [PMID: 15921875 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tenosynovium within the carpal tunnel consists of a single layer of synovial cells, which lines the bursae within the carpal tunnel, and the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT), which contains the tendon vasculature and other structural elements. In this study, we used immunogold labeling to localize collagen types within the SSCT in three cadaver specimens and three patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Positive labeling for collagen types I, III and VI was found with immunoelectron microscopy. Collagen types I and III were codistributed within the SSCT. Type VI was primarily located in microfibrillar structures between collagen bundles, between elastin and collagen bundles and between collagen bundles and cells. There was no difference in the distribution of collagen types when comparing cadaver specimens and carpal tunnel patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrok Oh
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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