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Sammaritano LR, Bermas BL, Chakravarty EE, Chambers C, Clowse MEB, Lockshin MD, Marder W, Guyatt G, Branch DW, Buyon J, Christopher-Stine L, Crow-Hercher R, Cush J, Druzin M, Kavanaugh A, Laskin CA, Plante L, Salmon J, Simard J, Somers EC, Steen V, Tedeschi SK, Vinet E, White CW, Yazdany J, Barbhaiya M, Bettendorf B, Eudy A, Jayatilleke A, Shah AA, Sullivan N, Tarter LL, Birru Talabi M, Turgunbaev M, Turner A, D'Anci KE. 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Reproductive Health in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:461-488. [PMID: 32090466 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an evidence-based guideline on contraception, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), fertility preservation with gonadotoxic therapy, use of menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT), pregnancy assessment and management, and medication use in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD). METHODS We conducted a systematic review of evidence relating to contraception, ART, fertility preservation, HRT, pregnancy and lactation, and medication use in RMD populations, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology to rate the quality of evidence and a group consensus process to determine final recommendations and grade their strength (conditional or strong). Good practice statements were agreed upon when indirect evidence was sufficiently compelling that a formal vote was unnecessary. RESULTS This American College of Rheumatology guideline provides 12 ungraded good practice statements and 131 graded recommendations for reproductive health care in RMD patients. These recommendations are intended to guide care for all patients with RMD, except where indicated as being specific for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, those positive for antiphospholipid antibody, and/or those positive for anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies. Recommendations and good practice statements support several guiding principles: use of safe and effective contraception to prevent unplanned pregnancy, pre-pregnancy counseling to encourage conception during periods of disease quiescence and while receiving pregnancy-compatible medications, and ongoing physician-patient discussion with obstetrics/gynecology collaboration for all reproductive health issues, given the overall low level of available evidence that relates specifically to RMD. CONCLUSION This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations developed and reviewed by panels of experts and RMD patients. Many recommendations are conditional, reflecting a lack of data or low-level data. We intend that this guideline be used to inform a shared decision-making process between patients and their physicians on issues related to reproductive health that incorporates patients' values, preferences, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Sammaritano
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael D Lockshin
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Wendy Marder
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Jill Buyon
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - John Cush
- Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Plante
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane Salmon
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Evelyne Vinet
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Medha Barbhaiya
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | | | - Amanda Eudy
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Turner
- American College of Rheumatology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sammaritano LR, Bermas BL, Chakravarty EE, Chambers C, Clowse MEB, Lockshin MD, Marder W, Guyatt G, Branch DW, Buyon J, Christopher‐Stine L, Crow‐Hercher R, Cush J, Druzin M, Kavanaugh A, Laskin CA, Plante L, Salmon J, Simard J, Somers EC, Steen V, Tedeschi SK, Vinet E, White CW, Yazdany J, Barbhaiya M, Bettendorf B, Eudy A, Jayatilleke A, Shah AA, Sullivan N, Tarter LL, Birru Talabi M, Turgunbaev M, Turner A, D'Anci KE. 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Reproductive Health in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:529-556. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Marder
- University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Jill Buyon
- New York University School of Medicine New York New York
| | | | | | - John Cush
- Baylor Research Institute Dallas Texas
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Plante
- Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jane Salmon
- Weill Cornell MedicineHospital for Special Surgery New York New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Evelyne Vinet
- McGill University Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | | | - Medha Barbhaiya
- Weill Cornell MedicineHospital for Special Surgery New York New York
| | | | - Amanda Eudy
- Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Turner
- American College of Rheumatology Atlanta Georgia
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Eudy AM, Voora D, Myers RA, Clowse MEB. Effect of aspirin response signature gene expression on preterm birth and preeclampsia among women with lupus: a pilot study. Lupus 2019; 28:1640-1647. [PMID: 31684818 PMCID: PMC7001736 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319886069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with lupus have an increased risk of preeclampsia and preterm birth, and aspirin 81 mg/day is recommended as a preventative measure for preeclampsia. This pilot study quantified the association between a 60-gene aspirin response signature (ARS) gene expression with preterm birth and preeclampsia risk among women with lupus taking aspirin. METHODS The analysis included 48 RNA samples from 23 pregnancies in the Duke Autoimmunity Pregnancy Registry. RNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for ARS genes. The primary outcome was poor pregnancy outcome (preeclampsia or preterm birth). Gene expression was modeled as a response to presence or absence of a poor pregnancy outcome using linear regression models, stratified by trimester. RESULTS Of the 23 pregnancies, nine delivered preterm and four had preeclampsia. Expression of PBX1 and MMD was higher in the second trimester among patients who experienced a poor pregnancy outcome compared to those who did not. However, in a global test of all ARS genes, we identified no association between expression of ARS genes and poor pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION Our pilot study identified two candidate genes that are reflective of the platelet function response to aspirin. Further work is needed to determine the role of these genes in identifying women with lupus at high risk for preeclampsia and preterm delivery despite aspirin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Eudy
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deepak Voora
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rachel A. Myers
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan E. B. Clowse
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Dong Y, Yuan F, Dai Z, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Wang B. Preeclampsia in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:319-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kolstad KD, Mayo JA, Chung L, Chaichian Y, Kelly VM, Druzin M, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Simard JF. Preterm birth phenotypes in women with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2019; 127:70-78. [PMID: 31571337 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate preterm birth (PTB) phenotypes in women with different autoimmune rheumatic diseases in a large population-based cohort. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING California, USA. POPULATION All live singleton births in California between 2007 and 2011 were analysed. Patients with autoimmune disease at delivery were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), codes for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (DM/PM), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Maternally linked hospital and birth certificate records of 2 481 516 deliveries were assessed (SLE n = 2272, RA n = 1501, SSc n = 88, JIA n = 187, DM/PM n = 38). Multivariable Poisson regression models estimated the risk ratios (RRs) for different PTB phenotypes (relative to term deliveries) for each autoimmune disease compared with the general obstetric population, adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, education, payer, parity, and prenatal care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preterm birth (PTB) was assessed overall (20-36 weeks of gestation) and by subphenotype: preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), spontaneous birth, or medically indicated PTB. The risk of PTB overall and for each phenotype was partitioned by gestational age: early (20-31 weeks of gestation) and late (32-36 weeks of gestation). RESULTS Risks for PTB were elevated for each autoimmune disease evaluated: SLE (RR 3.27, 95% CI 3.01-3.56), RA (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.79-2.33), SSc (RR 3.74, 95% CI 2.51-5.58), JIA (RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.54-3.23), and DM/PM (RR 5.26, 95% CI 3.12-8.89). These elevated risks were observed for the majority of PTB phenotypes as well. CONCLUSIONS Women with systemic autoimmune diseases appear to have an elevated risk of various PTB phenotypes. Therefore, preconception counselling and close monitoring during pregnancy is crucial. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT This study found that women with systemic autoimmune diseases have an elevated risk of preterm birth phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Kolstad
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J A Mayo
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - L Chung
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Palo Alto VA and Stanford University Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Y Chaichian
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - V M Kelly
- Department of Rheumatology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - M Druzin
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - D K Stevenson
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - G M Shaw
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center at Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J F Simard
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Littlejohn EA. Pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 64:52-58. [PMID: 31672290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects women of childbearing age. Fertility, family planning, control of disease activity and birth outcomes are all important issues to be discussed at preconception counseling. New data has offered insight on trends of fertility, disease control during pregnancy, and birth outcomes. This chapter provides an updated overview on expected disease course and management issues at each juncture with a particular focus on maintenance of tight disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Adele Littlejohn
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 9500 Euclid Ave # A50, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Sammaritano LR. Contraception and preconception counseling in women with autoimmune disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 64:11-23. [PMID: 31679995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate contraception and preconception counseling are critical for women of reproductive age with systemic autoimmune diseases (AIDs) because clinical diagnosis, rheumatology medications, and disease activity may impact the safety or efficacy of certain contraceptives as well as the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The presence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies (anticardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I, and lupus anticoagulant) is the most important determinant of contraception choice, as women with these antibodies should not receive estrogen-containing contraceptives because of the increased risk of thrombosis. Prepregnancy counseling generally includes the assessment of preexisting disease-related organ damage, current disease activity, aPL antibodies, anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B antibodies, and medication safety in pregnancy. Quiescent AID for six months on pregnancy-compatible medications optimizes maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes for most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Sammaritano
- Hospital for Special Surgery - Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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58
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Kishore S, Mittal V, Majithia V. Obstetric outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2003–2011✰. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49:236-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mayer-Pickel K, Kolovetsiou-Kreiner V, Stern C, Münzker J, Eberhard K, Trajanoski S, Lakovschek IC, Ulrich D, Csapo B, Lang U, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Cervar-Zivkovic M. Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1/Placental Growth Factor (sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio) in Pregnancies at High Risk for the Development of Preeclampsia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1429. [PMID: 31510056 PMCID: PMC6780316 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) have been reported to be highly predictive several weeks before the onset of preeclampsia. OBJECTIVE To investigate longitudinal changes of serum levels sFlt-1 and PlGF in pregnant women at high risk for the development of preeclampsia and to reveal an impact of aspirin on maternal serum concentrations of sFlt-1 and PlGF. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study in 394 women with various risk factors for the development of preeclampsia (chronic hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome/APS or systemic lupus erythematosus/SLE, thrombophilia, women with a history of preeclampsia, pathologic first trimester screening for preeclampsia) and 68 healthy women. Serum levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF were measured prospectively at 4-week intervals (from gestational weeks 12 until postpartum). RESULTS The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was significantly higher in women with an adverse obstetric outcome compared to women with a normal pregnancy, starting between 20 and 24 weeks of gestation. There was no effect of aspirin on sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with chronic hypertension, APS/SLE, thrombophilia and controls. The use of aspirin showed a trend towards an improvement of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy and a significant effect on the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with a pathologic first trimester screening for preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal an impact of aspirin on sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with a pathologic first trimester screening for preeclampsia, strongly supporting its prophylactic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Mayer-Pickel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Christina Stern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Julia Münzker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Katharina Eberhard
- Department for Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Slave Trajanoski
- Department for Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ioana-Claudia Lakovschek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniela Ulrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Bence Csapo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Uwe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Mila Cervar-Zivkovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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Chew C, Rebić N, Baldwin C, Amiri N, Proulx L, De Vera MA. "r/Thritis", Pregnancy, and Parenting: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Reddit Forums to Explore Information Needs and Concerns of Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatol 2019; 1:485-492. [PMID: 31777829 PMCID: PMC6857968 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disproportionately affects more women than men, often striking during childbearing years. Because the Internet, particularly social media, is increasingly used by patients with chronic conditions seeking and sharing information, our objective was to conduct a qualitative descriptive study of threads on the social news website, Reddit, to understand the information needs and concerns of women with RA regarding pregnancy and parenting. Methods We searched threads (original posts and responses) on three subreddit sites, "r/Thritis," "r/Rheumatoid," and "r/BabyBumps," over a 10-year period between October 27, 2008, and October 27, 2018. All threads were reviewed, and those that specifically mentioned having RA and fertility/family planning, pregnancy/reproduction, and/or parenting/having children were included. We applied a thematic analysis to the threads, which involved initial line-by-line coding, clustering of codes into subcategories and categories, and abstraction into final themes. Results We identified 87 threads and included 59 for qualitative analysis. The thematic analysis led to the identification of five themes. Theme one (finding a community) captures motivations for seeking information online. Themes two (making decisions about pregnancy and having children) and three (worrying about the impacts of arthritis on pregnancy and parenting) capture women's concerns and thought processes. Themes four (information needs for managing arthritis throughout the perinatal period) and five (pregnancy information and resources for women with arthritis) describe the community's specific informational needs. Conclusion A qualitative analysis of publicly available threads about the relationship between RA and issues of pregnancy and parenting identified areas of concern and further information need. These forums also provided an online community where women with RA sought social support and encouragement. Altogether, findings speak to the importance of supporting the information and care needs of women with RA who are pregnant or considering pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Chew
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nevena Rebić
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Neda Amiri
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laurie Proulx
- Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary A De Vera
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chen D, Lao M, Cai X, Li H, Zhan Y, Wang X, Zhan Z. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy associated with adverse pregnant outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:3501-3509. [PMID: 31377919 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension disorders in pregnancy (HDP) were common complications in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the impact of HDP and the measures to prevent HDP-related fetal adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) remained to be explored. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study of 342 pregnant women with SLE was performed. Variables related to SLE and APOs were recorded. Fetal development was evaluated by umbilical artery Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS HDP was diagnosed in 45 (13.2%) patients, including pre-eclampsia in 42 and gestational hypertension in 3. Patients with HDP had higher incidence of preterm birth (71.1% vs 20.9%, P < 0.001), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) (37.8% vs 11.8%, P < 0.001), low-birth-weight infants (62.2% vs 17.2%, P < 0.001), and very-low-birth-weight infants (37.8% vs 2.7%, P < 0.001), compared with lupus patients without HDP. A total of 35 (77.8%) HDP patients had disease activation during pregnancy. All the events occurred during the second and third trimesters, mainly presenting as moderate-to-high activity (65.7%). Active disease [odds ratios (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidential interval (CI) 1.5-9.7, P = 0.004] and positive anticardiolipin (aCL) antibody (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 2.7-18.6, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for HDP in lupus patients. Doppler RI and S/D ratio predicted APOs in patients with HDP. The optimal cut-off values for RI and S/D ratio were 0.7 (sensitivity 48.1%, specificity 53.3%) and 3.4 (sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS HDP was a common pregnant complication and caused various fetal and maternal adverse outcomes in patients with SLE. Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasonography was effective in predicting fetal APOs in lupus patients with HDP.Key Points• HDP induced preterm birth, IUGR, low-birth-weight infants, and very-low-birth-weight infants in patients with SLE.• HDP led to lupus activation during the second and third trimesters.• Disease activation and aCL positivity were predictors for HDP.• RI and S/D ratio from umbilical artery Doppler predicted APOs in patients with HDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Minxi Lao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No 16, Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Zhongping Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Stratifying management of rheumatic disease for pregnancy and breastfeeding. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:391-402. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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63
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Keeling SO, Bowker SL, Savu A, Kaul P. A Population-level Analysis of the Differing Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis on Peripartum Outcomes. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:197-203. [PMID: 31043549 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.181320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) on maternal and neonatal outcomes at a population level have not previously been well compared. METHODS A contemporary pregnancy cohort of 312,081 women and corresponding birth events was assembled for the province of Alberta from the random selection of 1 live birth event per woman. We identified 3 groups: (1) no inflammatory arthritis (no IA, n = 308,989), (2) RA (n = 631), and (3) SpA (n = 2461). We compared maternal and neonatal outcomes, comorbid conditions, and medication use among the 3 groups. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the independent association between RA and SpA, relative to no IA, and the outcomes of small for gestation age (SGA) and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. RESULTS Pregnant women with RA were significantly more likely to have preterm delivery (13.5%), cesarean delivery (33.9%), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (10.5%), and SGA babies (15.6%), compared to pregnant women with either SpA or no IA. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and corticosteroid use were significantly higher in pregnant women with RA compared to the other groups. Women with RA were significantly more likely to have an SGA baby (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.21-1.88; p < 0.01), and hypertensive disorder in pregnancy (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.16-1.97; p < 0.01), compared to women with no IA, while no difference was found between women with SpA and those with no IA. CONCLUSION Women with RA have a higher risk of worse maternal and neonatal outcomes, whereas the risk of these events is similar between women with and without SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie O Keeling
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,S.O. Keeling, MD, MSc, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; S.L. Bowker, PhD, Research Associate, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; A. Savu, PhD, Biostatistician, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; P. Kaul, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta.
| | - Samantha L Bowker
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,S.O. Keeling, MD, MSc, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; S.L. Bowker, PhD, Research Associate, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; A. Savu, PhD, Biostatistician, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; P. Kaul, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Anamaria Savu
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,S.O. Keeling, MD, MSc, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; S.L. Bowker, PhD, Research Associate, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; A. Savu, PhD, Biostatistician, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; P. Kaul, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Padma Kaul
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,S.O. Keeling, MD, MSc, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; S.L. Bowker, PhD, Research Associate, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; A. Savu, PhD, Biostatistician, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; P. Kaul, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
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Larosa M, Del Ross T, Calligaro A, Favaro M, Zanatta E, Iaccarino L, Doria A. Clinical outcomes and predictors of maternal and fetal complications in pregnancies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:617-627. [PMID: 30933534 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1601557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) mostly affects women during their childbearing years. Fertility is preserved in SLE patients, but pregnancy is often characterized by a high number of maternal and fetal complications. Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) have been widely studied over the last decades and several investigators have focused on the potential clinical and serological predictors of maternal and fetal complications. Areas covered: In this review, we analyzed maternal and fetal complications in SLE patients and predictors of APO. Active disease in the 6 months before conception, lupus nephritis, anti-phospholipid (aPL), anti-SSA/Ro and/or anti-SSB/La antibodies have been identified as the most consistent predictors of maternal and fetal complications to date. However, molecular mechanisms and underlying immunological pathways involved in APO still remain elusive. Expert opinion: Difficulties in assessing prevalence and predictors of APO in SLE patients are due to lack of uniformity in the definitions and methods used in the different studies. In addition, some maternal and fetal complications are difficult to diagnose and to differentiate from each other. Preconception counseling is paramount to prevent APO, and it should consider four main factors: disease activity/lupus nephritis, safety of drugs, aPL, anti-SSA/Ro, and/or anti-SSB/La antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Larosa
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Teresa Del Ross
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Antonia Calligaro
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Maria Favaro
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanatta
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- a Department of Medicine - DIMED, Division of Rheumatology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Strouse J, Donovan BM, Fatima M, Fernandez-Ruiz R, Baer RJ, Nidey N, Forbess C, Bandoli G, Paynter R, Parikh N, Jeliffe-Pawlowski L, Ryckman KK, Singh N. Impact of autoimmune rheumatic diseases on birth outcomes: a population-based study. RMD Open 2019; 5:e000878. [PMID: 31168407 PMCID: PMC6525602 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) affect women of childbearing age and have been associated with adverse birth outcomes. The impact of diseases like ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) on birth outcomes remains less studied to date. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of ARDs on preterm birth (PTB), congenital anomalies, low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA), in a large cohort of women. Methods We conducted a propensity score-matched analysis to predict ARD from a retrospective birth cohort of all live, singleton births in California occurring between 2007 and 2012. Data were derived from birth certificate records linked to hospital discharge International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision codes. Results We matched 10 244 women with a recorded ARD diagnosis (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome, PsA); ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) to those without an ARD diagnosis. The adjusted OR (aOR) of PTB was increased for women with any ARD (aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.78 to 2.10) and remained significant for those with RA, SLE, PsA and JIA. The odds of LBW and SGA were also significantly increased among women with an ARD diagnosis. ARDs were not associated with increased odds of congenital anomalies. Conclusion Consistent with prior literature, we found that women with ARDs are more likely to have PTB or deliver an SGA infant. Some reassurance is provided that an increase in congenital anomalies was not found even in this large cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Strouse
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brittney M Donovan
- Internal Medicine, Vanderbilty University Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Munazza Fatima
- Internal Medicine, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J Baer
- Pediatrics, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nichole Nidey
- Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chelsey Forbess
- Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Gretchen Bandoli
- Pediatrics, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Randi Paynter
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nisha Parikh
- Internal Medicine, Div of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Jeliffe-Pawlowski
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Namrata Singh
- Rheumatology, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Rheumatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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66
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Biel F, Darney B, Caughey A, Horner-Johnson W. Medical indications for primary cesarean delivery in women with and without disabilities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3391-3398. [PMID: 30879367 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1572740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prior research has found that women with disabilities are more likely to deliver by cesarean than are women without disabilities. It is not clear whether all of the cesarean deliveries among women with disabilities are medically necessary.Objectives: To examine the associations between maternal disability status and type, mode of delivery, and medical indications for cesarean delivery in California deliveries.Study design: Retrospective cohort study of all nulliparous births in California between 2000 and 2012. We classified births as to whether or not women underwent a trial of labor and determined if medical indications for cesarean delivery were present. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association of disability with trial of labor and indications for cesarean delivery.Results: Women with disabilities had lower odds of having a labored delivery, compared to women without disabilities (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.49). In the sample of women who labored (90.5% of total), women with disabilities were more likely to have a medical indication for cesarean delivery (aOR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21) and were more likely to have a cesarean delivery (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.38-1.54). In the subsample of unlabored cesarean deliveries, women with disabilities were less likely to have documented medical indications for cesarean delivery (aOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.41-0.50).Conclusions: Women with disabilities were less likely to labor, and these unlabored cesarean deliveries were less likely to have a medical indication for cesarean, compared to women without disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Biel
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Blair Darney
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Caughey
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy: A Brief Review. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2019; 69:104-109. [PMID: 30956462 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-019-01212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic multisystemic autoimmune disease that predominantly affects young women of childbearing age group. There is a complex immunologic interplay during pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The pregnancy has direct impact on the disease where an increased rate of flares is noted, and lupus leads to increased risk of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, preterm birth as well as miscarriages, particularly those with antiphospholipid antibodies. Neonates born to patients with lupus are at increased risk of neonatal lupus as well as heart block if born to patients with positive SSA/SSB. Despite the increased risk of morbidity, recent data suggest improved outcomes in pregnant patients with lupus. A multidisciplinary approach with careful monitoring of pregnancy and lupus could reduce adverse outcomes in these patients. This requires careful pregnancy planning, defining the clinical and serologic involvement of lupus, careful monitoring the patient for adverse pregnancy outcome as well as lupus flares and comprehensive understanding of the drugs that can be safely used in pregnancy. Fetuses should be carefully monitored for heart and neonates for neonatal lupus. Hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine and corticosteroids can be used during pregnancy and may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Similarly, appropriate therapy needs to be instituted for hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Anticoagulant therapy may be necessary for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.
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68
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Arese V, Murabito P, Ribero S, Panzone M, Tonella L, Fierro MT, Papini M, Quaglino P. Autoimmune connective tissue diseases and pregnancy. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:263-276. [PMID: 30650958 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune connective tissue-diseases are more frequent in women and deserve a multidisciplinary approach in which the dermatologist play a major role together with other physicians. Pregnancy in these patients has to be considered a high-risk situation, because of possible worsening of the mother's disease and increased morbility and mortality for the fetus; also, therapies have to be chosen carefully because some drugs cannot be used during pregnancy. For all these reasons, the decision to become pregnant needs to consider the type of disease, stage of disease, age and clinical condition, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. A correct counselling, a close monitoring, a specific approach based on the risks involved and the use of appropriate therapies are the keys to obtain optimal pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Arese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierangela Murabito
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michele Panzone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Tonella
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria T Fierro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Papini
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic of Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
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69
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Jethwa H, Lam S, Smith C, Giles I. Does Rheumatoid Arthritis Really Improve During Pregnancy? A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2018; 46:245-250. [PMID: 30385703 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.180226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis to assess rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity during pregnancy using objective disease activity scoring systems. METHODS A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE/Medline, Cochrane, and LactMed databases was performed. Our inclusion criteria for analysis were prospective studies, more than 5 patients per study, and data on RA using an objective scoring system conducted by a clinician/health professional. RESULTS Ten studies were eligible for final analysis, which included 237 patients, of which prepartum data were available for 204 patients. Postpartum disease activity was recorded in 135 pregnancies. CONCLUSION Disease activity improved in 60% of patients with RA in pregnancy and flared in 46.7% postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jethwa
- From the Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust; General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,H. Jethwa, Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology, BSc, MBChB, MRCP, Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust; S. Lam, General Practitioner Trainee, BSc, MBBS, General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; C. Smith, Research Statistician, PhD, Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; I. Giles, Consultant Rheumatologist, PhD, FRCP, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London.
| | - Suzanne Lam
- From the Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust; General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK.,H. Jethwa, Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology, BSc, MBChB, MRCP, Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust; S. Lam, General Practitioner Trainee, BSc, MBBS, General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; C. Smith, Research Statistician, PhD, Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; I. Giles, Consultant Rheumatologist, PhD, FRCP, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London
| | - Colette Smith
- From the Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust; General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK.,H. Jethwa, Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology, BSc, MBChB, MRCP, Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust; S. Lam, General Practitioner Trainee, BSc, MBBS, General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; C. Smith, Research Statistician, PhD, Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; I. Giles, Consultant Rheumatologist, PhD, FRCP, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London
| | - Ian Giles
- From the Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust; General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK.,H. Jethwa, Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology, BSc, MBChB, MRCP, Rheumatology Department, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust; S. Lam, General Practitioner Trainee, BSc, MBBS, General Medicine, Croydon University Hospital; C. Smith, Research Statistician, PhD, Statistics Department, Royal Free Hospital; I. Giles, Consultant Rheumatologist, PhD, FRCP, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Rayne Institute, University College London
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70
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Aljary H, Czuzoj-Shulman N, Spence AR, Abenhaim HA. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective population-based cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:618-624. [PMID: 30189769 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1498835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess if pregnancies in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at a higher risk for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project - National Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) from the USA. All births that took place from 2004 to 2013 were identified and women were classified as having RA or not on the basis of ICD-9 coding. Unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the adjusted effect of RA on maternal and neonatal outcomes.Results: Of the total 8,417,607 births in our cohort, 6068 were among women with RA for an overall prevalence of 72 per 100,000 births. There was a steady increase in reported RA in pregnancy from 47 to 100 per 100,000 over the 10-year study period. Compared with women without RA, women with RA were more likely to develop pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, gestational diabetes, to present with preterm premature rupture of membranes(PPROM), to experience placental abruption and placenta previa, and to deliver by caesarean section. Postpartum, RA-complicated pregnancies were associated with wound complications and thromboembolisms. Congenital anomalies, small for gestational age and preterm birth were more common in neonates of women with RA.Conclusion: RA in pregnancy is associated with a greater likelihood of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women with RA should be made aware of these risks and be followed as a high risk pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hissah Aljary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicholas Czuzoj-Shulman
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea R Spence
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Haim A Abenhaim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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71
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Nahal SK, Selmi C, Gershwin ME. Safety issues and recommendations for successful pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2018; 93:16-23. [PMID: 30056945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) primarily affects women of childbearing age. One of the major changes in SLE focuses on the timing of a successful pregnancy. In the past, pregnancy was strongly discouraged in SLE, especially in the presence of risk factors such as nephritis, use of immunosuppressive therapies, or positivity of specific autoantibodies such as anti-phospholipids and anti-Ro/SSA, La/SSBA. Thanks to our better knowledge on the disease and management, pregnancy success rates in SLE patients have significantly improved care by the a multidisciplinary team which fosters a successful pregnancy with minimal complications for the mother and fetus when the disease is inactive or in remission. This approach is based on a counseling phase before pregnancy, to assess SLE activity phase, specific medications, risk factors, and continues through pregnancy and lactation with significantly improved pregnancy outcomes. Further, we can now better define the risk of disease flares during pregnancy based on a better understanding of the changes in maternal immunity and its relationship with SLE-associated autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. There is wide consensus that women with SLE can have successful pregnancies as long as conception is planned in a phase of inactive disease, and when the patient is closely managed by a rheumatologist, high-risk OB/GYN, neonatologist, and other medical specialists as indicated. Preconception counseling is essential to assess the risk of both fetal and maternal complications as well as identify life-threatening contraindications. Particular attention should be used in those SLE cases that have nephritis, APS or positivity for aPL, pulmonary hypertension, and positive anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB antibodies. In conclusion, the use of specific guidelines on the management of SLE before and during pregnancy and lactation, and a better understanding of the use of immunosuppressive therapies have significantly increased pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Nahal
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Eudy AM, Siega-Riz AM, Engel SM, Franceschini N, Howard AG, Clowse MEB, Petri M. Preconceptional Cardiovascular Health and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2018; 46:70-77. [PMID: 30008449 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effects of preconceptional cardiovascular (CV) health, measured by American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, on pregnancy outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS The study included patients in the Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Cohort. Body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, and blood pressure (BP) in the most recent clinic visit prior to conception or first trimester were used to determine CV health (ideal, intermediate, or poor health) based on AHA definitions. Outcomes included preterm birth, gestational age at birth, and small for gestational age (SGA). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations estimated the association of each CV health factor and outcome. RESULTS The analysis included 309 live births. There were 95 preterm births (31%), and of the 293 pregnancies with birth weights, 18% were SGA. Ideal BMI, total cholesterol, and BP were reported in 56%, 85%, and 51% of pregnancies, respectively. Intermediate BMI was associated with decreased odds of SGA (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.63), adjusted for race and prednisone use. Intermediate/poor total cholesterol was associated with increased odds of preterm birth (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.06-4.62). Intermediate/poor BP was associated with decreased gestational age at birth (β -0.96, 95% CI -1.62 to -0.29). CONCLUSION Poor/intermediate preconception CV health affects pregnancy outcomes of preterm birth and SGA infants among women with SLE. Efforts to maintain BMI, total cholesterol, and BP within the recommended ideal range prior to pregnancy is important to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Eudy
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. .,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
| | - Anna Maria Siega-Riz
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Nora Franceschini
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Annie Green Howard
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Megan E B Clowse
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Petri
- From the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,A.M. Eudy, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.M. Siega-Riz, PhD, School of Nursing, University of Virginia; S.M. Engel, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; N. Franceschini, MD, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; A.G. Howard, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health; M.E. Clowse, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; M. Petri, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Bermas BL, Tassinari M, Clowse M, Chakravarty E. The new FDA labeling rule: impact on prescribing rheumatological medications during pregnancy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:v2-v8. [PMID: 30137587 PMCID: PMC6099131 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades of deliberation, the US Food and Drug Administration updated the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule in 2015, eliminating the prior A, B, C, D, X grading system for medication use in pregnancy. Although physicians and patients liked the relative ease of use of this system, it was often misconstrued and not updated to include new data suggesting greater compatibility of medications with pregnancy. The new label is designed to include more clinically relevant data, including data from human studies and registries, and fewer animal data. A key goal of the new label is to assist physicians and patients as they weigh the risks and benefits of medications vs the risks of pregnancy in a woman with a chronic, untreated illness. As such, each label now includes a section outlining the pregnancy risks of the diseases that the medication treats. This review includes a historical perspective on the label change and a guide to the interpretation of the new label. It also includes an assessment of the baseline risk of pregnancy in women with SLE and RA, to help balance the consideration of medication risks and benefits in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Bermas
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Megan Clowse
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Eliza Chakravarty
- Division of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Genest G, Spitzer KA, Laskin CA. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in a Cohort of Patients Exposed to Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors throughout Pregnancy. J Rheumatol 2018; 45:1109-1115. [PMID: 29961692 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are increasingly used in pregnancy but are frequently withheld in the second or third trimesters. We evaluated the maternal and fetal outcomes of women who continued their TNFi throughout pregnancy compared to women who interrupted TNFi during pregnancy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of women seen in clinic with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or ankylosing spondylitis, who were exposed to TNFi during pregnancy. We separated pregnancies into 2 groups based on the level of TNFi exposure and compared outcomes. RESULTS In Group 1 (TNFi exposure in first trimester only), 11 women had 14 pregnancies and 12 live births. There were 2 first-trimester losses (2/14, 14%), one in the setting of active RA. Five pregnancies (5/14, 35.7%) were complicated by a disease flare. Eight patients (8/12, 66%) flared postpartum. In Group 2 (TNFi exposure throughout pregnancy), 29 women had 32 pregnancies and 34 live births. Three (3/28, 10.7%) adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported in 2 patients. One patient had a twin pregnancy and delivered at 33 weeks after developing preterm premature rupture of membranes at 32 weeks in the setting of a JIA flare. Her second pregnancy was complicated by active JIA before and throughout gestation, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels (HELLP) syndrome at 39 weeks. Another patient with comorbid antiphospholipid syndrome underwent a cesarean birth at 36 weeks for suspicion of HELLP syndrome. Six (6/32, 18.7%) postpartum flares occurred. CONCLUSION Women who discontinued their TNFi during pregnancy had a higher risk of peri- or postpartum flare compared to those who continued their TNFi throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Genest
- From the Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; TRIO Fertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,G. Genest, MD, FRCPC, Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University; K.A. Spitzer, MSc, TRIO Fertility; C.A. Laskin, MD, FRCPC, TRIO Fertility; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto.
| | - Karen A Spitzer
- From the Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; TRIO Fertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,G. Genest, MD, FRCPC, Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University; K.A. Spitzer, MSc, TRIO Fertility; C.A. Laskin, MD, FRCPC, TRIO Fertility; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto
| | - Carl A Laskin
- From the Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; TRIO Fertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,G. Genest, MD, FRCPC, Department of Allergy and Immunology, McGill University; K.A. Spitzer, MSc, TRIO Fertility; C.A. Laskin, MD, FRCPC, TRIO Fertility; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto
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75
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Clements KM, Mitra M, Zhang J. Antenatal Hospital Utilization Among Women at Risk for Disability. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:1026-1034. [PMID: 29924659 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of potentially disabling health conditions on healthcare utilization during pregnancy. Using hospital discharge data, we identified women at risk for disability and evaluated antenatal hospital utilization, including emergency department (ED), observational stay (OS), and inpatient (IP) visits, by underlying health condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal data system linked 2007-2009 birth certificates to 2006-2009 discharges. Access Risk Classification System categorized ICD-9-CM/Current Procedural Terminology codes recorded at delivery into disability risk groups (no/low vs. medium/high). Women were further categorized based on delivery diagnoses. Cox models evaluated the association between disability risk and utilization. Utilization by prenatal care and visit reason was examined. RESULTS Of 221,867 women, 4.0% were at medium/high risk of disability. Mental illness (26.9%) and circulatory system (25.2%) diagnoses were most common. More than 2% had comorbid mental/physical conditions. Women at risk for disability were more likely than women not at risk to have an antenatal ED (37.1% vs. 25.0%), OS (19.1% vs. 13.1%), or nondelivery IP visit (11.5% vs. 4.0%) (p ≤ 0.001 for each). Utilization varied by diagnosis. In adjusted analyses, women with two or more physical conditions had highest rate of ED visit (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.8) and OS/IP visit (HR = 2.9, 95% 2.3-3.6) compared with women not at risk. Inadequate prenatal care was associated with increased utilization across all disability risk groups. ED visits for mental illness were high across groups. CONCLUSIONS Disability risk identified in discharge data is associated with elevated antenatal hospital utilization. Utilization varies by underlying diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Clements
- 1 Center for Health Policy and Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Monika Mitra
- 3 Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University , Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Jianying Zhang
- 3 Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University , Waltham, Massachusetts
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76
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Moroni G, Ponticelli C. Important considerations in pregnant patients with lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:489-498. [PMID: 29764231 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1476139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last few decades, identification of predictors of pregnancy outcome and appropriate pregnancy planning have significantly reduced the maternal and fetal risks in pregnant women with lupus nephritis. Areas covered: Successful pregnancies have been reported even in women with chronic renal disease and renal insufficiency. However, refractory hypertension and severe renal or cardiac chronic dysfunction are still considered contraindications to pregnancy. Pre-term delivery and fetal growth restriction may still occur in SLE patients more frequently than in healthy women, even in pregnancies regularly planned and monitored by a team of nephrologists and gynaecologists. Expert commentary: Stable disease remission is the most important factor for a successful pregnancy. In case of flare-ups of lupus, timely diagnosis and appropriate management may ensure a successful outcome in the majority of pregnant women. The negative role of anti-phospholipid antibodies and of chronic arterial hypertension may be countered with appropriate anticoagulation and anti-hypertensive therapy. Further studies are needed to better assess the possible impact of pregnancy on the long-term outcome of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Moroni
- a Nephrology Unit , Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospdale Maggiore Policlinico Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Claudio Ponticelli
- a Nephrology Unit , Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospdale Maggiore Policlinico Milano , Milano , Italy
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77
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Bermas BL, Tedeschi SK, Frits M, Shadick NA. An evaluation of the patient-administered Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index for assessing disease activity during pregnancy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 56:2237-2239. [PMID: 29155980 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Bermas
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara K Tedeschi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Frits
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Vinet E, Chakravarty EF, Simard JF, Clowse M. Use of Administrative Databases to Assess Reproductive Health Issues in Rheumatic Diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2018; 44:327-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tsao NW, Lynd LD, Sadatsafavi M, Hanley G, De Vera MA. Patterns of Biologics Utilization and Discontinuation Before and During Pregnancy in Women With Autoimmune Diseases: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:979-986. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole W. Tsao
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Arthritis Research Canada; Richmond British Columbia Canada
| | - Larry D. Lynd
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mohsen Sadatsafavi
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Gillian Hanley
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mary A. De Vera
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Arthritis Research Canada; Richmond British Columbia Canada
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80
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Sande AK, Torkildsen EA, Sande RK, Morken NH. Maternal allergy as an isolated risk factor for early-onset preeclampsia: An epidemiological study. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 127:43-47. [PMID: 29758487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological mechanisms underlying the development of preeclampsia are well known, but no association to allergy has yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between maternal pre-gestational allergy, and early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia, respectively. It was a retrospective cohort study including all women giving birth in the Norwegian cities of Stavanger (1996-2014) and Bergen (2009-2014). Pre-gestational asthma, allergy, other known risk factors for preeclampsia, maternal age and parity were obtained from the electronic medical record system. The main outcome variables were early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia (before and after 34 completed weeks of gestation, respectively). We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for early and late-onset preeclampsia in women with pre-gestational allergy when compared to women without allergy, adjusting for covariates. Predicted probabilities for the outcomes were also calculated. Of the 110 064 included pregnancies, 2 799 developed late-onset preeclampsia (2.5%) and 348 developed early-onset preeclampsia (0.3%). Pre-gestational allergy increased the risk of early-onset preeclampsia (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.4), and reduced the risk of late-onset preeclampsia (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9). These findings add valuable information on preeclampsia as an immunological complication of pregnancy and corroborate the understanding of early- and late-onset preeclampsia as two different entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kvie Sande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Ragnar Kvie Sande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils-Halvdan Morken
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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81
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Mayer-Pickel K, Stern C, Eberhard K, Lang U, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Cervar-Zivkovic M. Angiogenic factors in pregnancies of women with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 127:19-23. [PMID: 29689494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An imbalance of angiogenic placental factors such as endoglin, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1(sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and endoglin in women with primary and secondary antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) longitudinally through pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and endoglin were measured prospectively at 4-week intervals (from gestational weeks 12-36) in 17 women with primary APS (PAPS), 18 women with secondary APS (SAPS), and 23 women with SLE. RESULTS 6/17 (35%) of women with PAPS, 3/18 (17%) of women with SAPS, and 2/23 (9%) of women with SLE developed early-onset preeclampsia. Women who developed preeclampsia had significantly higher mean sFlt-1 and endoglin levels, higher sFlt-1/PlGF ratios, and lower mean PlGF-levels than women who did not. These changes became statistically significant at 12 weeks for sFlt-1, PlGF and endoglin. DISCUSSION Endoglin, sFlt-1 and PlGF are potential early screening parameters for the development of preeclampsia in pregnant women with autoimmune diseases like APS and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Mayer-Pickel
- Department of Obstetrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Christina Stern
- Department of Obstetrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Eberhard
- Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Uwe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mila Cervar-Zivkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Ling N, Lawson E, von Scheven E. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in adolescents and young women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a national estimate. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 29661199 PMCID: PMC5902884 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased risk of adverse outcomes including disease flare, spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia/eclampsia, premature birth and maternal death. However, pregnancy outcomes among adolescents and young women with SLE have not been well-explored. Our objective was to compare risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in adolescents and young women with SLE to risk among peers without SLE. METHODS We studied the 2000-2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) to estimate the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with SLE aged ≤ 21 years at time of delivery. Outcomes were compared to peers without SLE by using multivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and risk differences. Additionally, differences in length of stay and total charges per hospitalization were described. RESULTS There were 8,791,391 unique pregnancies, of which 4002 occurred in young women with SLE. After adjustment for age, race, insurance type and quartile of median income based on patient ZIP code individuals with SLE had increased odds of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.3-4.6), maternal death (OR 80, 95% CI 10-604), preterm birth (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2-3.7), spontaneous abortion (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.8-9.6), and induced abortion (OR 30, 95% CI 14-63). The increase in risk among women with SLE was greatest for preterm birth (RD 11%, 95% CI 6-16), pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (RD 9%, 95% CI 5-13), and spontaneous abortion (RD 4%, 95% CI 0.9-6). Risk difference for induced abortion was 2% with 95% CI 0.6-4, while the difference in risk for maternal death did not reach statistical significance (RD 0.4, 95% CI -0.4-1). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents and young women with SLE experience increased risk of adverse, pregnancy-specific outcomes as compared to their peers, including pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, maternal death, preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, and induced abortion. Additionally, length of stay and total charges for hospitalization are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ling
- University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 5th Floor, Box 0632, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Erica Lawson
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 5th Floor, Box 0632, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Emily von Scheven
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 5th Floor, Box 0632, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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83
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Zbinden A, van den Brandt S, Østensen M, Villiger PM, Förger F. Risk for adverse pregnancy outcome in axial spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: disease activity matters. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:1235-1242. [PMID: 29617883 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse pregnancy outcome and delivery mode in patients with RA and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in relation to disease activity and anti-rheumatic drugs. METHODS Patients with RA and axSpA were compared with age-matched healthy controls (HCs) with respect to pregnancy outcome and delivery mode. Disease activity (DAS28, ASDAS, CRP) and medication use of patients was assessed once at each trimester. ORs with 95% CI were calculated with univariate and multivariate regression models. RESULTS We analysed 244 pregnancies, of which 96 occurred in patients with RA, 78 in patients with axSpA and 70 in HCs. The adjusted analysis showed that pregnant women with RA and axSpA had a higher risk of pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, infection, preterm premature rupture of membranes), small for gestational age infants and preterm deliveries (all P < 0.05). Active disease was a predictor for preterm delivery in both RA [odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.25, 12.15] and axSpA (OR = 13.8, 95% CI: 1.33, 143.94). Regarding delivery mode, most patients had vaginal deliveries. However, women with RA revealed an increased risk of caesarean section compared with HC (P < 0.05), which was not seen in patients with axSpA. CONCLUSION Our findings show that disease activity of RA and axSpA during pregnancy influences pregnancy outcome. To allow for successful pregnancy a treatment strategy that targets inactive disease beyond conception should be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Zbinden
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie van den Brandt
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Østensen
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Villiger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Förger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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84
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Brito MB, Casqueiro JS, Alves FSS, Lopes JB, Alves RDMS, Santiago M. Low prevalence of contraceptive use among Brazilian women of reproductive age with systemic lupus erythematosus. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2018; 38:975-978. [PMID: 29553849 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1428289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This was a cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) being treated at Bahiana School Rheumatology Service in Brazil. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of contraceptive counselling and use. An interview was performed, and the results were analysed before and after the SLE diagnosis. Eighty-five women were included; the mean age of the group was 32.98 ± 8.39 years. Before SLE diagnosis, most of the patients had used some contraceptive method; mainly oral contraceptives (54%) or hormone injections (21%). After SLE diagnosis, 53% of patients did not use any contraceptive method. Among the remaining patients who continued using contraceptives, 22% used condoms, 11% used combined oral contraceptives and 7% used hormone injections. Although 62% of the patients regularly visited the gynaecologist, 56% were unaware of which contraceptive method could be used safely. Thus, a better contraceptive counselling of women of a reproductive age should be performed after SLE diagnosis. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Women diagnosed with SLE have inadequate counselling about family planning. What the results of this study add? Brazilian women with SLE have a low prevalence of contraceptive use after their diagnosis and are exposed to having high-risk pregnancies. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results we found highlight the importance of continued medical educational programmes and establish questions for further studies in order to investigate the interventions used to improve the contraceptive use for women diagnosed with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bastos Brito
- a Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health , Science Development Foundation of Bahia. R. Dom João VI , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Juliana Socorro Casqueiro
- a Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health , Science Development Foundation of Bahia. R. Dom João VI , Salvador , Brazil
| | | | - Jade Braga Lopes
- a Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health , Science Development Foundation of Bahia. R. Dom João VI , Salvador , Brazil
| | | | - Mittermayer Santiago
- a Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health , Science Development Foundation of Bahia. R. Dom João VI , Salvador , Brazil
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85
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Rodríguez-Almaraz ME, Herraiz I, Gómez-Arriaga PI, Vallejo P, Gonzalo-Gil E, Usategui A, López-Jiménez EA, Galindo A, Galindo M. The role of angiogenic biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018. [PMID: 29523283 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of the uterine artery mean pulsatility index (mPI-UtA) and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) for the prediction of placental dysfunction-related adverse outcomes (AO), namely pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and for differential diagnosis between PE and SLE flares. STUDY DESIGN Observational prospective cohort study of 57 pregnant women with SLE or APS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES mPI-UtA and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in maternal serum were obtained at four gestational age periods (11-14, 19-22, 24-29 and 32-34 weeks). Comparisons among pregnancies with normal outcome, SLE flare and AO were performed. RESULTS Overall, we had 44 ongoing pregnancies (36 with SLE and 8 with APS) of which most (n = 35, 80%) were uncomplicated. The overall rate of AO was 9% (n = 4), that was diagnosed at a mean (SD) gestational age of 34.1 (7.5) weeks. Five SLE patients (14%) suffered a SLE flare. No differences for these markers were found between normal pregnancies and those affected by SLE flare. mUtA-PI values were significantly higher in the AO group when compared with normal and SLE flare groups, at 19-22 weeks (1.52, 0.95 and 0.76) and 32-34 weeks (1.13, 0.68 and 0.65), respectively. The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was significantly higher in the AO group at 24-29 weeks (191.1, 3.1 and 9.2), respectively. CONCLUSION Our preliminary results indicate that mPI-UtA and sFlt1/PlGF ratio may be useful to predict AO in women with SLE, and to make the differential diagnosis with a lupus flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rodríguez-Almaraz
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Herraiz
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P I Gómez-Arriaga
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Vallejo
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gonzalo-Gil
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Usategui
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - E A López-Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Galindo
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Galindo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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86
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87
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Pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:789-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ma Y, Kong LR, Ge Q, Lu YY, Hong MN, Zhang Y, Ruan CC, Gao PJ. Complement 5a-mediated trophoblasts dysfunction is involved in the development of pre-eclampsia. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1034-1046. [PMID: 29168351 PMCID: PMC5783881 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is a life‐threatening multisystem disorder leading to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Emerging evidence showed that activation of the complement system is implicated in the pathological processes of PE. However, little is known about the detailed cellular and molecular mechanism of complement activation in the development of PE. In this study, we reported that complement 5a (C5a) plays a pivotal role in aberrant placentation, which is essential for the onset of PE. We detected an elevated C5a deposition in macrophages and C5a receptor (C5aR) expression in trophoblasts of pre‐eclamptic placentas. Further study showed that C5a stimulated trophoblasts towards an anti‐angiogenic phenotype by mediating the imbalance of angiogenic factors such as soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PIGF). Additionally, C5a inhibited the migration and tube formation of trophoblasts, while, C5aR knockdown with siRNA rescued migration and tube formation abilities. We also found that maternal C5a serum level was increased in women with PE and was positively correlated with maternal blood pressure and arterial stiffness. These results demonstrated that the placental C5a/C5aR pathway contributed to the development of PE by regulating placental trophoblasts dysfunctions, suggesting that C5a may be a novel therapeutic possibility for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Ran Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Na Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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89
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Soh MC, Nelson-Piercy C, Westgren M, McCowan L, Pasupathy D. Do adverse pregnancy outcomes contribute to accelerated cardiovascular events seen in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus 2017; 26:1351-1367. [PMID: 28728509 DOI: 10.1177/0961203317719146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular events (CVEs) are prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it is the young women who are disproportionately at risk. The risk factors for accelerated cardiovascular disease remain unclear, with multiple studies producing conflicting results. In this paper, we aim to address both traditional and SLE-specific risk factors postulated to drive the accelerated vascular disease in this cohort. We also discuss the more recent hypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes in the form of maternal-placental syndrome and resultant preterm delivery could potentially contribute to the CVEs seen in young women with SLE who have fewer traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The pathophysiology of how placental-mediated vascular insufficiency and hypoxia (with the secretion of placenta-like growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-tyrosine-like kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng) and other placental factors) work synergistically to damage the vascular endothelium is discussed. Adverse pregnancy outcomes ultimately are a small contributing factor to the complex pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease in patients with SLE. Future collaborative studies between cardiologists, obstetricians, obstetric physicians and rheumatologists may pave the way for a better understanding of a likely multifactorial aetiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Soh
- 1 Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom.,3 Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C Nelson-Piercy
- 1 Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - M Westgren
- 2 Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - L McCowan
- 3 Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,4 National Women's Health, South Auckland Clinical School of Medicine and Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Pasupathy
- 1 Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom.,5 Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, United Kingdom
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90
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Eudy AM, Jayasundara M, Haroun T, Neil L, James AH, Clowse MEB. Reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in pregnancies in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2017; 27:351-356. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203317720525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in a registry of pregnant women with SLE compared to RA. Methods Pregnant women with SLE or RA were prospectively followed, and pregnancy outcomes were collected, including whether labor was spontaneous or medically indicated and delivery was vaginal or cesarean. Preterm birth was defined as a birth <37 weeks gestation. Differences in reasons for cesarean delivery and indication of delivery between term and preterm births were determined by Fisher’s exact test. Results Compared to RA pregnancies, SLE pregnancies had modestly higher rates of preterm birth (24% SLE vs 14% RA), pre-eclampsia (15% SLE vs 7% RA), and cesarean delivery (48% SLE vs 30% RA). The majority of preterm births among women with SLE were indicated (70%), most commonly for pre-eclampsia or the health of the infant or mother. The majority of preterm births among women with RA, however, were spontaneous, primarily due to premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion Pre-eclampsia and maternal SLE activity appear to be the key drivers for the high rate of preterm birth and medically indicated delivery in SLE. This contrasts with RA, where preterm labor is most often due to spontaneous onset of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Eudy
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - T Haroun
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Neil
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A H James
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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91
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Fischer-Betz R, Specker C. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:397-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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92
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Horner-Johnson W, Biel FM, Darney BG, Caughey AB. Time trends in births and cesarean deliveries among women with disabilities. Disabil Health J 2017; 10:376-381. [PMID: 28431988 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is likely that childbearing among women with disabilities is increasing, no empirical data have been published on changes over time in the numbers of women with disabilities giving birth. Further, while it is known that women with disabilities are at increased risk of cesarean delivery, temporal trends in cesarean deliveries among women with disabilities have not been examined. OBJECTIVE To assess time trends in births by any mode and in primary cesarean deliveries among women with physical, sensory, or intellectual/developmental disabilities. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked vital records and hospital discharge data from all deliveries in California, 2000-2010 (n = 4,605,061). We identified women with potential disabilities using ICD-9 codes. We used descriptive statistics and visualizations to examine time patterns. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between disability and primary cesarean delivery, stratified by year. RESULTS Among all women giving birth, the proportion with a disability increased from 0.27% in 2000 to 0.80% in 2010. Women with disabilities had significantly elevated odds of primary cesarean delivery in each year, but the magnitude of the odds ratio decreased over time from 2.60 (95% CI = 2.25 = 2.99) in 2000 to 1.66 (95% CI = 1.51-1.81) in 2010. CONCLUSION Adequate clinician training is needed to address the perinatal care needs of the increasing numbers of women with disabilities giving birth. Continued efforts to understand cesarean delivery patterns and reasons for cesarean deliveries may help guide further reductions in proportions of cesarean deliveries among women with disabilities relative to women without disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Horner-Johnson
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Frances M Biel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Blair G Darney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; National Institute of Public Health, Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Aaron B Caughey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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93
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a strong female predilection. Pregnancy remains a commonly encountered but high-risk situation in this setting. Both maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity are still significantly increased despite improvements in outcomes. Maternal morbidity includes higher risk of disease flares, preeclampsia and other pregnancy-related complications. Fetal issues include higher rates of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and neonatal lupus syndromes. Treatment options during pregnancy are also limited and maternal benefit has to be weighed against fetal risk. A coordinated approach, with close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team, is essential for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Lateef
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074
| | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins Lupus Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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94
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Jeon C, Agbai O, Butler D, Murase J. Dermatologic conditions in patients of color who are pregnant. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3:30-36. [PMID: 28492052 PMCID: PMC5418956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain dermatoses that present during pregnancy have a predilection for populations with skin of color (SOC). Additionally, certain systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus tend to be more aggressive during pregnancy and confer worse prognoses in women with SOC. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unique implications of selected diseases during pregnancy as it relates to SOC. Dermatologists should be vigilant for the unique clinical variations of dermatological conditions in patients of color who are pregnant to ensure correct diagnoses and optimize treatment outcomes.
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95
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Galappatthy P, Jayasinghe JDD, Paththinige SC, Sheriff RMH, Wijayaratne LS. Pregnancy outcomes and contraceptive use in patients with systemic lupus Erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and women without a chronic illness: a comparative study. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:746-754. [PMID: 28205395 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the pregnancy outcomes and contraceptive practices in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and women with no chronic illness (WNCI) in a tertiary care referral center in Colombo, Sri Lanka. METHODS Patients with SLE satisfying American College of Rheumatology criteria for diagnosis and history of pregnancies were recruited from university lupus clinic, National Hospital of Sri Lanka (NHSL). Age-matched women with history of pregnancy and RA were recruited from the rheumatology clinic, NHSL and WNCI from a surgical clinic. RESULTS In 71 patients with SLE, 79 pregnancies occurred in 38 patients. The number of total pregnancies in SLE, RA and WNCI (79, 80 and 85 respectively) were not significantly different (P > 0.05), but most occurred before diagnosis of SLE and RA. Pregnancies occurring after diagnosis were significantly higher in SLE compared to RA (P = 0.013, χ2 = 6.169). Mean age at diagnosis was higher (P < 0.01) in RA (35 years) than in SLE (26 years). Percentage live births after diagnosis was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in SLE (9/20; 45%) compared to RA (6/8; 75%) and WNCI (77/85; 91%). Adverse fetal outcomes (fetal loss, pre-maturity, low birth weight) and assisted deliveries were significantly more (P < 0.001) in SLE than in WNCI. Unplanned pregnancies were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in SLE (80%) compared to RA (25%) and in WNCI (9.4%). Contraceptive usage was lower in patients with SLE (25.6%) and RA (33%) compared to WNCI (56.4%). Disease exacerbations occurred in 20% of SLE patients during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS More pregnancies occur in SLE than in RA after diagnosis of illness. Unplanned pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes need to be addressed more in SLE than in RA or in WNCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshani Galappatthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,University Lupus Clinic, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Rezvi M H Sheriff
- University Lupus Clinic, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Darney BG, Biel FM, Quigley BP, Caughey AB, Horner-Johnson W. Primary Cesarean Delivery Patterns among Women with Physical, Sensory, or Intellectual Disabilities. Womens Health Issues 2017; 27:336-344. [PMID: 28109562 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between disability and mode of delivery. Prior research has indicated elevated risk of cesarean delivery among women with certain disabilities, but has not examined patterns across multiple types of disability or by parity. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether physical, sensory, or intellectual and developmental disabilities are independently associated with primary cesarean delivery. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries in California from 2000 to 2010 using linked birth certificate and hospital discharge data. We identified physical, sensory, and intellectual and developmental disabilities using International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification codes. We used logistic regression to examine the association of these disabilities and primary cesarean delivery, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, and stratified by parity. RESULTS In our sample, 0.45% of deliveries (20,894/4,610,955) were to women with disabilities. A greater proportion of women with disabilities were nulliparous, had public insurance, and had comorbidities (e.g., gestational diabetes) compared with women without disabilities (p < .001 for all). The proportion of primary cesarean in women with disabilities was twice that in women without disabilities (32.7% vs. 16.3%; p < .001; adjusted odds ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-2.17). The proportion of deliveries by cesarean was highest among women with physical disabilities due to injuries compared with women without disabilities (57.8% vs. 16.3%; p < .001; adjusted odds ratio, 6.83; 95% confidence interval, 5.46-8.53). CONCLUSIONS Women across disability subgroups have higher odds of cesarean delivery, and there is heterogeneity by disability type. More attention is needed to this population to ensure better understanding of care practices that may impact maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair G Darney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; National Institute of Public Health, Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Frances M Biel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian P Quigley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aaron B Caughey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Willi Horner-Johnson
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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Birth Outcomes Among U.S. Women With Hearing Loss. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:865-873. [PMID: 27687529 PMCID: PMC9397576 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to estimate the national occurrence of deliveries in women with hearing loss and to compare their birth outcomes to women without hearing loss. METHODS This study examined the 2008-2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project in 2015 to compare birth outcomes in women with hearing loss and without. Birth outcomes included preterm birth and low birth weight. Multivariate regression analyses compared birth outcomes between women with and without hearing loss, controlling for maternal age, racial and ethnic identity, type of health insurance, comorbidity, region of hospital, location and teaching status of the hospital, ownership of the hospital, and median household income for mother's ZIP code. RESULTS Of an estimated 17.9 million deliveries, 10,462 occurred in women with hearing loss. In adjusted regression analyses controlling for demographic characteristics, women with hearing loss were significantly more likely than those without hearing loss to have preterm birth (OR=1.28, 95% CI=1.08, 1.52, p<0.001) and low birth weight (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.09, 1.90, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a first examination of the pregnancy outcomes among women with hearing loss in the U.S. This analysis demonstrates significant disparities in birth outcomes between women with and without hearing loss. Understanding and addressing the causes of these disparities is critical to improving pregnancy outcomes among women with hearing loss.
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98
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Moroni G, Doria A, Giglio E, Imbasciati E, Tani C, Zen M, Strigini F, Zaina B, Tincani A, Gatto M, de Liso F, Grossi C, Meroni PL, Cabiddu G, Messa P, Ravani P, Mosca M. Maternal outcome in pregnant women with lupus nephritis. A prospective multicenter study. J Autoimmun 2016; 74:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
The management of lupus nephritis in pregnancy presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for providers. Pregnancy creates a series of physiologic changes in the immune system and kidney that may result in an increased risk of disease flare and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal loss, and preterm delivery. Conception should be delayed until disease is in remission to ensure the best pregnancy outcomes. Maternal disease activity and fetal well-being should be monitored closely by an interdisciplinary team, including obstetricians, rheumatologists, and nephrologists throughout pregnancy. Careful attention must be paid to the dosing and potential teratogenicity of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Kattah
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vesna D Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Teh CL, Wan SA, Cheong YK, Ling GR. Systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies: ten-year data from a single centre in Malaysia. Lupus 2016; 26:218-223. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203316664996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed a retrospective study of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pregnancies during a 10-year period (2006–2015) to describe the clinical features, maternal and foetal outcomes in our centre. There were 115 pregnancies in 86 women with SLE. Our patients had a mean age of 29.1 years (SD 5.80) and a mean disease duration of 44.63 months (SD 41.17). Fifteen patients had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Our patients had complicated pregnancies: 26.1% had SLE flares, 13.9% had pre-eclampsia and 45.1% needed caesarean sections. There were 23.3% foetal losses and 25% preterm deliveries in our patients. There was a higher rate of unplanned pregnancies and lupus flare among pregnancies with active SLE at conception. Pregnancies in lupus nephritis have higher incidence of lupus flares during pregnancy but similar maternal and foetal outcomes compared to those without nephritis. The prognostic indicators for adverse foetal outcome in our patients were flare of SLE (HR 4.08 [CI 95% 1.65–10.13, p < 0.01]) and APS (HR 3.07 [CI 95% 1.12–8.42, p < 0.05]) and the prognostic indicator for adverse maternal outcome was hypertension (HR 3.58 [CI 95% 1.30–9.90, p < 0.05]). Lupus pregnancies in our centre remained as high-risk pregnancies with significant maternal and foetal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Teh
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S A Wan
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Y K Cheong
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - G R Ling
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
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