51
|
Evans L, Williams AS, Hayes AJ, Jones SA, Nowell M. Suppression of leukocyte infiltration and cartilage degradation by selective inhibition of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase: Apo866-mediated therapy in human fibroblasts and murine collagen-induced arthrit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1866-77. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
52
|
The structure of the unliganded extracellular domain of the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130 in solution. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
53
|
Burton MD, Sparkman NL, Johnson RW. Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling in the brain facilitates recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:54. [PMID: 21595956 PMCID: PMC3113341 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced in the brain during peripheral infection and plays an important but poorly understood role in sickness behavior. Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of soluble gp130 (sgp130), a natural inhibitor of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway to regulate IL-6 production in microglia and neurons in vitro and its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior in vivo. Methods A murine microglia (BV.2) and neuronal cell line (Neuro.2A) were used to study the effects of stimulating and inhibiting the IL-6 signaling pathway in vitro. In vivo, adult (3-6 mo) BALB/c mice received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of sgp130 followed by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS, and sickness behavior and markers of neuroinflammation were measured. Results Soluble gp130 attenuated IL-6- and LPS-stimulated IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) activation along with IL-6 protein release in both microglial (BV.2) and neuronal (Neuro.2A) cell types in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that sgp130 facilitated recovery from LPS-induced sickness, and this sgp130-associated recovery was paralleled by reduced IL-6 receptor signaling, mRNA, and protein levels of IL-6 in the hippocampus. Conclusions Taken together, the results show that sgp130 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect on microglia and neurons by inhibiting IL-6 binding. These data indicate that sgp130 inhibits the LPS-induced IL-6 trans-signal and show IL-6 and its receptor are involved in maintaining sickness behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Burton
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Animal Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 7 Animal Sciences Lab 1207 W, Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-6 signaling in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:83-9. [PMID: 21377916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 activates various cell types carrying the membrane bound IL-6R (classical IL-6 signaling) as well as IL-6R(-) gp130(+) cells via the soluble IL-6R (IL-6 trans-signaling). IL-6 signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes by inducing the Jak/STAT-3 and the Ras/Erk/C/EBP pathways. In particular, IL-6 modulates the resistance of T cells against apoptosis, induces activation of T helper cells and controls the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. Importantly, recent findings suggest that blockade of IL-6 signaling is effective in treating experimental models of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis as well as models of inflammation-associated cancer. Thus, anti-IL-6/anti-IL-6R strategies emerge as promising novel approaches for therapy of inflammatory diseases in humans. In this review article, we discuss the latest findings on the role of IL-6 in experimental models of autoimmunity and cancer, as well as clinical perspectives.
Collapse
|
55
|
Lissilaa R, Buatois V, Magistrelli G, Williams AS, Jones GW, Herren S, Shang L, Malinge P, Guilhot F, Chatel L, Hatterer E, Jones SA, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Ferlin WG. Although IL-6 trans-signaling is sufficient to drive local immune responses, classical IL-6 signaling is obligate for the induction of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5512-21. [PMID: 20870936 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6-mediated T cell-driven immune responses are associated with signaling occurring through the membrane-bound cognate receptor α-chain (mIL-6Rα). Once formed, IL-6-mIL-6Rα complexes induce the homodimerization and subsequent phosphorylation of the ubiquitously expressed signal-transducing protein, gp130. This signaling event is defined as classical IL-6 signaling. However, many inflammatory processes assigned to IL-6 may be mediated via binding a naturally occurring soluble IL-6Rα, which forms an agonistic complex (IL-6/soluble IL-6Rα) capable of evoking responses on a wide range of cell types that lack mIL-6Rα (IL-6 trans-signaling). To dissect the differential contribution of the two IL-6 signaling pathways in cell-mediated inflammatory processes, we pharmaceutically targeted each using two murine models of human arthritis. Whereas intra-articular neutralization of trans-signaling attenuated local inflammatory responses, the classical pathway was found to be obligate and sufficient to induce pathogenic T cells and humoral responses, leading to systemic disease. Our data illustrate that mechanisms occurring in the secondary lymphoid organs underlying arthropathies are mediated via the classical pathway of IL-6 signaling, whereas trans-signaling contributes only at the local site, that is, in the affected tissues.
Collapse
|
56
|
The balance between soluble receptors regulating IL-6 trans-signaling is predictive for the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 32:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
57
|
Boettger MK, Leuchtweis J, Kümmel D, Gajda M, Bräuer R, Schaible HG. Differential effects of locally and systemically administered soluble glycoprotein 130 on pain and inflammation in experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R140. [PMID: 20626857 PMCID: PMC2945031 DOI: 10.1186/ar3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key player in systemic arthritis, involved in inflammation and joint destruction. IL-6 signalling has also been revealed in nerve cells. Recently, IL-6 and in particular IL-6 together with its soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) were shown to induce a long-lasting robust sensitization of joint nociceptors for mechanical stimuli which was difficult to reverse, suggesting that IL-6 signalling plays a significant role in the generation and maintenance of arthritic pain. Here we tested in a preclinical model of arthritis, antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in the rat, whether systemic or local neutralization of IL-6/sIL-6R complexes with soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) alters arthritic pain and how sgp130 influences the inflammatory process in AIA. METHODS Rats with AIA were either treated with sgp130 or saline intra-peritoneally or intra-articularly (each group n = 9). Then, pain-related and locomotor behaviour, as well as joint swelling, were measured during an observation period of 21 days, followed by histopathological end-point analysis for inflammatory and destructive changes. RESULTS A single intra-articular application of sgp130 at the time of AIA induction barely reduced the development of AIA, but significantly attenuated pain-related behaviour, that is, primary mechanical hyperalgesia in the acute phase of AIA. By contrast, repeated systemic application of sgp130 after onset of AIA only slightly attenuated pain at a late stage of AIA. None of the treatments reduced secondary hyperalgesia. Furthermore, in the present study joint destruction at 21 days was significantly attenuated after intra-articular sgp130 treatment, but not after systemic sgp130. CONCLUSIONS In addition to its role in chronic inflammation, IL-6 in the joint plays a significant role in the generation and maintenance of arthritic joint pain at acute and chronic stages of AIA. The particular effectiveness of intra-articular injection of sgp130 indicates, first, that IL-6/sIL-6R in the inflamed joint, rather than circulating IL-6/sIL-6R, is responsible for the generation of hyperalgesia, and, second, that early neutralization of IL-6/sIL-6R is particularly successful in producing antinociception. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-6/sIL-6R (and possibly other cytokines which use the transmembrane signal-transducing subunit gp130) directly at the site of joint inflammation seems to be effective in the prevention of joint destruction.
Collapse
|
58
|
Silver JS, Hunter CA. gp130 at the nexus of inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1145-56. [PMID: 20610800 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) is a shared receptor utilized by several related cytokines, including IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), Oncostatin M (OSM), Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF), Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) and Cardiotrophin-like Cytokine (CLC). Gp130 plays critical roles during development and gp130-deficient mice are embryonically lethal. However, the best characterized facet of this receptor and its associated cytokines is the ability to promote or suppress inflammation. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of gp130 in promoting or preventing the development of autoimmunity and cancer, two processes that are associated with aberrant inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Silver
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Singh R, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate: inflammation and arthritis. [corrected]. Life Sci 2010; 86:907-18. [PMID: 20462508 PMCID: PMC3146294 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of factors including inflammation and oxidative stress are believed to play a role in the development of chronic joint diseases. Green tea has become a popular drink and is consumed throughout the world. Extracts of green tea and polyphenols present therein have been shown to inhibit the inflammatory responses in vitro in different cell types and the development of arthritis in animal model studies. There is considerable evidence that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the predominant green tea polyphenol which mimic its effects, inhibits enzyme activities and signal transduction pathways that play important roles in inflammation and joint destruction in arthritis. After oral consumption EGCG become bioavailable and proteomic studies suggest that EGCG may directly interact with a large set of protein targets and alter the physiological response of the cells. Taken together these and other studies identify and support the use of EGCG as a possible chemopreventive agent with a potential to inhibit the development of arthritis. Here we review the biological effects of EGCG in an attempt to understand its pivotal molecular targets that directly affect the inflammation and joint destruction process for prevention and/or for the development of new therapeutics for arthritis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 Metrohealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109
| | - Tariq M. Haqqi
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 Metrohealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ara T, Declerck YA. Interleukin-6 in bone metastasis and cancer progression. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1223-31. [PMID: 20335016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent sites of cancer metastasis. It is estimated that 350,000 patients die with bone metastases annually in the United States. The ability of tumor cells to colonize the bone marrow and invade the bone is the result of close interactions between tumor cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. In this article, we review the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced in the bone marrow microenvironment to bone metastasis. This cytokine has a strong pro-tumorigenic activity due to its multiple effects on bone metabolism, tumor cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and inflammation. These effects are mediated by several signaling pathways, in particular the Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator (JAK/STAT-3), Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B/Akt (PkB/Akt), which are activated by IL-6 and amplified in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Supporting the role of IL-6 in human cancer is the observation of elevated serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-6R in patients with bone metastasis and their association with a poor clinical outcome. Over the last decade several large (monoclonal antibodies) and small (inhibitors of IL-6 mediated signaling) molecules that inhibit IL-6 activity in preclinical models have been developed. Several of these inhibitors are now undergoing phases I and II clinical trials, which will determine their inclusion in the list of effective targeted agents in the fight against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Ara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, USC Keck School of Medicine and The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Crabé S, Guay-Giroux A, Tormo AJ, Duluc D, Lissilaa R, Guilhot F, Mavoungou-Bigouagou U, Lefouili F, Cognet I, Ferlin W, Elson G, Jeannin P, Gauchat JF. The IL-27 p28 subunit binds cytokine-like factor 1 to form a cytokine regulating NK and T cell activities requiring IL-6R for signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7692-702. [PMID: 19933857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 is formed by the association of a cytokine subunit, p28, with the soluble cytokine receptor EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3). The IL-27R comprises gp130 and WSX-1. The marked difference between EBI3(-/-) and WSX-1(-/-) mice suggests that p28 has functions independent of EBI3. We have identified an alternative secreted complex formed by p28 and the soluble cytokine receptor cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF). Like IL-27, p28/CLF is produced by dendritic cells and is biologically active on human NK cells, increasing IL-12- and IL-2-induced IFN-gamma production and activation marker expression. Experiments with Ba/F3 transfectants indicate that p28/CLF activates cells expressing IL-6Ralpha in addition to the IL-27R subunits. When tested on CD4 and CD8 T cells, p28/CLF induces IL-6Ralpha-dependent STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, p28/CLF inhibits CD4 T cell proliferation and induces IL-17 and IL-10 secretion. These results indicate that p28/CLF may participate in the regulation of NK and T cell functions by dendritic cells. The p28/CLF complex engages IL-6R and may therefore be useful for therapeutic applications targeting cells expressing this receptor. Blocking IL-6R using humanized mAbs such as tocilizumab has been shown to be beneficial in pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The identification of a new IL-6R ligand is therefore important for a complete understanding of the mechanism of action of this emerging class of immunosuppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Crabé
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Immunotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis Targeting Inflammatory Cytokines and Autoreactive T Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
63
|
Matsumoto S, Hara T, Mitsuyama K, Yamamoto M, Tsuruta O, Sata M, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Kado SI, Takada T. Essential roles of IL-6 trans-signaling in colonic epithelial cells, induced by the IL-6/soluble-IL-6 receptor derived from lamina propria macrophages, on the development of colitis-associated premalignant cancer in a murine model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1543-51. [PMID: 20042582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the IL-6/Stat3 via IL-6 trans-signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a large bowel cancer and occurs with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease. The role of the IL-6/Stat3 in the development of CAC has not been fully understood. We investigate whether IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to the development of CAC using a mouse colitis-associated premalignant cancer (CApC) model. Chronic colitis (CC) was induced in BALB/c mice using dextran sodium sulfate. CApC was induced by dextran sodium sulfate treatment to CC-affected mice. IL-6 expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining in colon. Phospho-Stat3 expression was examined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. The expression of IL-6 receptors (i.e., the IL-6R alpha-chain and gp130) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme in the colon was examined by laser-capture microdissection and immunofluorescence staining. Soluble IL-6R alpha (sIL-6R alpha) was examined by Western blotting of epithelial cell-depleted colonic tissues. We also investigated whether a soluble gp130-Fc fusion protein could prevent CApC. IL-6 expression was increased in the colon of CC- and CApC-affected mice and was restricted to lamina propria-macrophages. The expression of IL-6R alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme was increased in the lamina propria CD11b-macrophages of CC-affected mice. sIL-6R alpha expression was also increased in these tissues. Reduced levels of IL-6R alpha generation were observed in the colonic epithelial cells of CC- and CApC-affected mice and were associated with the increased expression of gp130 and phospho-Stat3. Treatment with soluble gp130Fc significantly reduced the CApC. IL-6 trans-signaling in epithelial cells induced by macrophage-derived IL-6/sIL-6R alpha plays a crucial role in the development of CAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsumoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Drucker C, Gewiese J, Malchow S, Scheller J, Rose-John S. Impact of interleukin-6 classic- and trans-signaling on liver damage and regeneration. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:29-37. [PMID: 19717281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been suggested to play a pivotal role in liver regeneration. IL-6 on target cells activates a receptor complex consisting of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the signal transducing receptor subunit gp130. Not all cells in the body express the IL-6R on the cell surface. IL-6 can signal via two different pathways: classical signaling via the membrane bound IL-6R and IL-6 trans-signaling via a naturally occurring soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R). This second pathway widens the scope of IL-6 signaling since also cells expressing no membrane bound IL-6R can be stimulated by the trans-signal pathway. Mimicking IL-6 trans-signaling via a designer molecule, Hyper-IL-6 has been shown to accelerate liver regeneration. Another designer molecule, sgp130Fc, specifically blocks IL-6 trans-signaling. Using these proteins we investigated the contribution of IL-6 classic- and trans-signaling in the liver. Here we review the role of IL-6 signaling in response to liver damage and during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Drucker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Nowell MA, Williams AS, Carty SA, Scheller J, Hayes AJ, Jones GW, Richards PJ, Slinn S, Ernst M, Jenkins BJ, Topley N, Rose-John S, Jones SA. Therapeutic targeting of IL-6 trans signaling counteracts STAT3 control of experimental inflammatory arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:613-22. [PMID: 19109195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine control of the synovial infiltrate is a central process in the development of inflammatory arthritis. In this study, we combine genetic approaches and intervention strategies to describe a fundamental requirement for IL-6-mediated STAT3 signaling in orchestrating the inflammatory infiltrate in monoarticular and systemic models of experimental arthritis. STAT3 activation via the common gp130 signal-transducing receptor for all IL-6-related cytokines led to increased retention of neutrophils and T cells within the inflamed synovium, which included STAT3-regulated IL-17A-secreting T cells. Control of leukocyte infiltration was reliant upon IL-6 signaling via its soluble receptor (termed IL-6 trans signaling), as evidenced by selective blockade of this alternative IL-6 signaling pathway using an engineered variant of soluble gp130 (sgp130Fc). This therapeutic intervention led to substantial clinical improvement in mice with emerging or established incidence of systemic arthritis. These data illustrate that IL-6 control of STAT3 is critical for regulating the synovial infiltrate in inflammatory arthritis, and suggest that selective inhibition of IL-6 trans signaling may provide a more refined intervention strategy for blocking IL-6-driven proarthritic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari A Nowell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Hansen MB. Characterization and potential clinical applications of autoantibodies against cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
67
|
Brennan FM, McInnes IB. Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 2009; 118:3537-45. [PMID: 18982160 DOI: 10.1172/jci36389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of cytokines are active in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is now clear that these cytokines play a fundamental role in the processes that cause inflammation, articular destruction, and the comorbidities associated with RA. Following the success of TNF-alpha blockade as a treatment for RA, other cytokines now offer alternative targets for therapeutic intervention or might be useful as predictive biomarkers of disease. In this Review, we discuss the biologic contribution and therapeutic potential of the major cytokine families to RA pathology, focusing on molecules contained within the TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-2 families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fionula M Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Linker RA, Lühder F, Kallen KJ, Lee DH, Engelhardt B, Rose-John S, Gold R. IL-6 transsignalling modulates the early effector phase of EAE and targets the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 205:64-72. [PMID: 18950871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It exerts its cellular effects by a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), or, alternatively, by forming a complex with the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), a process named IL-6 transsignalling. Here we investigate the role of IL-6 transsignalling in myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced EAE in the Lewis rat. In vivo blockade of IL-6 transsignalling by the injection of a specifically designed gp130-Fc fusion protein significantly delayed the onset of adoptively transferred EAE in comparison to control rats injected with PBS or isotype IgG. Histological evaluation on day 3 after immunization revealed reduced numbers of T cells and macrophages in the lumbar spinal cord of gp130-Fc treated rats. At the same time, blockade of IL-6 transsignalling resulted in a reduced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 on spinal cord microvessels while experiments in cell culture failed to show a direct effect on the regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules. In experiments including active EAE and T cell culture, inhibition of IL-6 transsignalling mildly increased T cell proliferation, but did not change severity of active MBP-EAE or regulate Th1/Th17 responses. We conclude that IL-6 transsignalling may play a role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS mainly by regulating early expression of adhesion molecules, possibly via cellular networks at the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
AbstractThe immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin6 (IL6) acts in a pro- and anti-inflammatory fashion. Synthesized by myeloid cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, IL6 on target cells, binds to the IL6 receptor (IL6R) and signals via complex formation with the ubiquitously expressed gp130 receptor. Paradoxically, most cells that respond to IL6 during inflammatory states do not express the IL6R and are themselves not directly responsive to the cytokine. A naturally occurring soluble form of the IL6R renders all cells responsive to IL6. This alternative signaling process is called IL6 transsignaling. Here we developed a transgenic strategy based on the overexpression of the soluble form of gp130, which specifically blocks all IL6 responses mediated by the soluble IL6R but does not affect IL6 responses via the membrane bound IL6R. In these mice, inflammatory processes are blocked as in IL6−/− mice, strongly arguing for a major role of the soluble IL6R during inflammation in vivo.
Collapse
|
70
|
Coles B, Fielding CA, Rose-John S, Scheller J, Jones SA, O'Donnell VB. Classic interleukin-6 receptor signaling and interleukin-6 trans-signaling differentially control angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, cardiac signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation, and vascular hypertrophy in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:315-25. [PMID: 17591976 PMCID: PMC1941613 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 acts via a receptor complex consisting of the cognate IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) or the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Here, we investigated the role of these IL-6R components in hypertension and vascular hypertrophy in mice. Angiotensin (Ang) II (1.1 mg/kg/day) caused hypertension and cardiac/aortic hypertrophy in wild-type, but not IL-6(-/-), mice throughout 7 days. A recombinant dimeric soluble gp130 (sgp130Fc; 50 to 100 microg, i.p.) blocked Ang II hypertension but not hypertrophy in wild-type mice. Cognate IL-6R was detected in aortic smooth muscle, but its levels and those of plasma sIL-6R were approximately 50% decreased in IL-6(-/-) mice. Ang II infusion activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in heart of WT and decreased Ang II receptor 1 (ATR1) expression in aorta. Both responses were unaffected by sgp130Fc and absent in IL-6(-/-) mice. In summary, we show that IL-6 trans-signaling is required for Ang II-dependent hypertension, but that hypertrophy, down-regulation of AT1R, and cardiac signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation are mediated via cognate IL-6R. These data show that IL-6 responses in a single disease context are governed by both modes of IL-6 signaling, with each pathway eliciting different outcomes. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling is suggested as a potential therapy for hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Coles
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Rose-John S, Schooltink H. Cytokines are a therapeutic target for the prevention of inflammation-induced cancers. RECENT RESULTS IN CANCER RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER KREBSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DANS LES RECHERCHES SUR LE CANCER 2007; 174:57-66. [PMID: 17302185 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine with a well-documented role in cancer. The cytokine binds to a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and this complex associates with two molecules of the signal transducing protein gp130, initiating intracellular signaling. Whereas gp130 is expressed on all cells of the body, the IL-6R is only found on some cells, mainly hepatocytes and several leukocytes. Cells, which only express gp130 and no IL-6R, cannot respond to IL-6. We have shown that the IL-6R exists as a soluble protein generated by limited proteolysis of the membrane-bound receptor or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA. The complex of soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) and IL-6 can bind to gp130 on cells that lack the membrane-bound IL-6R and trigger gp130 signaling. We have named this process trans-signaling. We review data that show that IL-6 uses classical signaling via the membrane-bound receptor and trans-signaling via the soluble receptor in physiological and pathophysiological situations. We have developed designer cytokines, which specifically enhance or inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling. These designer cytokines have been shown to be extremely useful in therapeutic applications such as blockade of chronic inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Brenn D, Richter F, Schaible HG. Sensitization of unmyelinated sensory fibers of the joint nerve to mechanical stimuli by interleukin-6 in the rat: an inflammatory mechanism of joint pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:351-9. [PMID: 17195239 DOI: 10.1002/art.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain during mechanical stimulation of the joint and spontaneous pain are major symptoms of arthritis. An important neuronal process of mechanical hypersensitivity of the joint is the sensitization of thin myelinated Adelta fibers and unmyelinated C fibers innervating the joint. Because interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major inflammatory mediator, we investigated whether this cytokine has the potential to sensitize joint afferents to mechanical stimuli. METHODS In electrophysiologic experiments conducted on anesthetized rats, action potentials were recorded from afferent fibers supplying the knee joint. Responses to innocuous and noxious rotation of the tibia against the femur in the knee joint were monitored before and 1-2 hours after injection of test compounds into the joint cavity. RESULTS Injection of IL-6 and coinjection of IL-6 plus soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) caused a gradual increase in the responses of C fibers to innocuous and noxious rotation within 1 hour. The increase in responses to IL-6 and IL-6 plus sIL-6R was prevented by coadministration of soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130), but sgp130 did not reverse established mechanical hyperexcitability. Responses of Adelta fibers were not altered by the compounds. While injection of sIL-6R alone into the normal knee joint did not influence responses to mechanical stimulation, injection of sIL-6R into the acutely inflamed knee joint caused an increase in responses. CONCLUSION IL-6 has the potential to sensitize C fibers in the joint to mechanical stimulation. Thus, IL-6 contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity, most likely due to an action of IL-6 on nerve fibers themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brenn
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 17:451-61. [PMID: 17045835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, involving a wide range of molecules including cytokines. Recent investigations support the important role of an interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway in the development of IBD. However, the molecular mechanisms of this pathway in the intestine remain incompletely understood. The circulating and intestinal levels of IL-6 as well as soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) are increased in patients with IBD. It is remarkable that the mucosal T cells of IBD patients are extremely resistant to apoptosis and that a large fraction of these cells express membrane-bound gp130 but not IL-6R. The accumulated evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the development and perpetuation of IBD relies on the increased formation of IL-6/sIL-6R complexes interacting with membrane-bound gp130 on T cells via trans-signaling. These studies suggest that IL-6 trans-signaling may play a role in the development of IBD; they therefore imply the possibility of a selective therapeutic strategy to target this signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Mitsuyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Lin M, Rose-John S, Grötzinger J, Conrad U, Scheller J. Functional expression of a biologically active fragment of soluble gp130 as an ELP-fusion protein in transgenic plants: purification via inverse transition cycling. Biochem J 2006; 398:577-83. [PMID: 16716147 PMCID: PMC1559449 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In murine models of Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and colon cancer, IL-6 (interleukin-6) signalling via the sIL-6R (soluble IL-6 receptor; termed IL-6 trans-signalling) has been shown to promote the pathology associated with these conditions. These detrimental activities can, however, be selectively blocked by soluble forms of the gp130 (glycoprotein 130) receptor. Although sgp130 (soluble gp130) therefore represents a viable therapeutic modality for the treatment of these conditions, the mass manufacture of such biologics is often expensive. The advent of molecular farming has, however, provided an extremely cost-effective strategy for the engineering of recombinant proteins. Here, we describe the expression and production of a biologically active sgp130 variant that is expressed in transgenic tobacco plants as an ELP (elastin-like peptide)-fusion protein (mini-gp130-ELP). Mini-gp130-ELP consists of the first three domains of gp130 (Ig-like domain and cytokine binding module) fused to 100 repeats of ELP. Expression of mini-gp130-ELP did not affect the growth rate or morphology of the transgenic plants, and purification was achieved using inverse transition cycling. This approach led to an overall yield of 141 microg of purified protein per g of fresh leaf weight. The purified mini-gp130-ELP specifically inhibited sIL-6R-mediated trans-signalling as measured by binding to the IL-6-sIL-6R complex and through its ability to block sIL-6R-mediated activation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation and proliferation in human hepatoma cells and murine pre-B-cells. Consequently, the present study validates the potential application of molecular farming in transgenic tobacco plants as a strategy for the expression and purification of therapeutically advantageous biologics such as sgp130.
Collapse
Key Words
- cytokine
- elastin-like peptide (elp)
- glycoprotein 130 (gp130)
- inverse transition cycling
- interleukin-6 (il-6)
- tobacco
- camv, cauliflower mosaic virus
- cntf, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- ebna, epstein–barr nuclear antigen
- ecl, enhanced chemiluminescence
- elp, elastin-like peptide
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- fcs, foetal calf serum
- gp130, glycoprotein 130
- hek-293 cell, human embryonic kidney cell
- il, interleukin
- lif, leukaemia inhibitory factor
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- osm, oncostatin m
- sgp130, soluble gp130
- il-6r, il-6 receptor
- sil-6r, soluble il-6r
- stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lin
- *Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- *Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- *Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Udo Conrad
- †Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- *Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Nowell MA, Richards PJ, Fielding CA, Ognjanovic S, Topley N, Williams AS, Bryant-Greenwood G, Jones SA. Regulation of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor by STAT-3-dependent interleukin-6 trans-signaling: implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2084-95. [PMID: 16802343 DOI: 10.1002/art.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling directs the expression of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Complementary DNA from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts treated with IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) was used to probe a cytokine microarray. PBEF regulation by the IL-6-related cytokines, IL-6, sIL-6R, oncostatin M (OSM), IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. IL-6-mediated STAT-3 regulation of PBEF was determined using a cell-permeable STAT-3 inhibitor peptide. Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was induced in wild-type (IL-6(+/+)) and IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. PBEF and STAT were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Synovial levels of PBEF were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS IL-6 trans-signaling regulated PBEF in a STAT-3-dependent manner. In addition, PBEF was regulated by the IL-6-related cytokine OSM, but not IL-11 or LIF. Flow cytometric analysis of the IL-6-related cognate receptors suggested that OSM regulates PBEF via its OSM receptor beta and not its LIF receptor. The involvement of PBEF in arthritis progression was confirmed in vivo, where induction of AIA resulted in a 4-fold increase in the synovial expression of PBEF. In contrast, little or no change was observed in IL-6(-/-) mice, in which the inflammatory infiltrate was markedly reduced and synovial STAT-1/3 activity was also impaired. Analysis of human RA synovial tissue confirmed that PBEF immunolocalized in apical synovial membrane cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, and lymphoid aggregates. Synovial fluid levels of PBEF were significantly higher in RA patients than in osteoarthritis patients. CONCLUSION Experiments presented herein demonstrate that PBEF is regulated via IL-6 trans-signaling and the IL-6-related cytokine OSM. PBEF is also actively expressed during arthritis. Although these data confirm an involvement of PBEF in disease progression, the consequence of its action remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari A Nowell
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Tenovus Building, School of Medicine, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Scheller J, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 and its receptor: from bench to bedside. Med Microbiol Immunol 2006; 195:173-83. [PMID: 16741736 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-006-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine with a well-documented role in inflammation and cancer. The cytokine binds to a membrane bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and this complex associates with two molecules of the signal transducing protein gp130 thereby initiating intracellular signaling. While gp130 is present on most if not all cells of the body, the IL-6R is only present on some cells, mainly hepatocytes and several leukocytes. Cells, which only express gp130 and no IL-6R are refractory to IL-6 signals. We have shown earlier that the IL-6R can exist as a soluble protein generated by limited proteolysis of the membrane bound receptor or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA. This soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) can bind the ligand IL-6 and the soluble complex of sIL-6R and IL-6 can bind to gp130 on cells which lack the membrane bound IL-6R and trigger gp130 signaling. We have named this process 'trans-signaling'. We will review data, which clearly show that IL-6 uses classical signaling via the membrane bound receptor and trans-signaling via the soluble receptor in various physiological and pathophysiological situations. Furthermore, we have developed designer cytokines, which can specifically enhance or inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling. These designer cytokines have been shown to be extremely useful to in therapeutic applications ranging from the long-term culture of stem cells and enhancing liver regeneration up to the blockade of chronic inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Scheller
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|