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Sebastian M, Schröder A, Scheel B, Hong HS, Muth A, von Boehmer L, Zippelius A, Mayer F, Reck M, Atanackovic D, Thomas M, Schneller F, Stöhlmacher J, Bernhard H, Gröschel A, Lander T, Probst J, Strack T, Wiegand V, Gnad-Vogt U, Kallen KJ, Hoerr I, von der Muelbe F, Fotin-Mleczek M, Knuth A, Koch SD. A phase I/IIa study of the mRNA-based cancer immunotherapy CV9201 in patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:799-812. [PMID: 30770959 PMCID: PMC11028316 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CV9201 is an RNActive®-based cancer immunotherapy encoding five non-small cell lung cancer-antigens: New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1, melanoma antigen family C1/C2, survivin, and trophoblast glycoprotein. In a phase I/IIa dose-escalation trial, 46 patients with locally advanced (n = 7) or metastatic (n = 39) NSCLC and at least stable disease after first-line treatment received five intradermal CV9201 injections (400-1600 µg of mRNA). The primary objective of the trial was to assess safety. Secondary objectives included assessment of antibody and ex vivo T cell responses against the five antigens, and changes in immune cell populations. All CV9201 dose levels were well-tolerated and the recommended dose for phase IIa was 1600 µg. Most AEs were mild-to-moderate injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms. Three (7%) patients had grade 3 related AEs. No related grade 4/5 or related serious AEs occurred. In phase IIa, antigen-specific immune responses against ≥ 1 antigen were detected in 63% of evaluable patients after treatment. The frequency of activated IgD+CD38hi B cells increased > twofold in 18/30 (60%) evaluable patients. 9/29 (31%) evaluable patients in phase IIa had stable disease and 20/29 (69%) had progressive disease. Median progression-free and overall survival were 5.0 months (95% CI 1.8-6.3) and 10.8 months (8.1-16.7) from first administration, respectively. Two- and 3-year survival rates were 26.7% and 20.7%, respectively. CV9201 was well-tolerated and immune responses could be detected after treatment supporting further clinical investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Injection Site Reaction/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sebastian
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik II, Hämatologie/Onkologie, Rheumatologie, Infektiologie, HIV Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | | | - Henoch S Hong
- CureVac AG, Tübingen, Germany
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Lotta von Boehmer
- Klinik für Onkologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Klinik für Onkologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Mayer
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Praxis und Tagesklinik, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Reck
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Thomas
- Internistische Onkologie der Thoraxtumoren, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jan Stöhlmacher
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Tumorgenetik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Gröschel
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Clemenshospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Probst
- CureVac AG, Tübingen, Germany
- Sandoz GmbH, Langkampfen, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Karl-Josef Kallen
- CureVac AG, Tübingen, Germany
- Kallen Medical Innovation GmbH, Frechen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Knuth
- Klinik für Onkologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research NCCCR, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sven D Koch
- CureVac AG, Tübingen, Germany
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Clinical Bioanalytics, Oberhaching, Germany
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Papachristofilou A, Hipp MM, Klinkhardt U, Früh M, Sebastian M, Weiss C, Pless M, Cathomas R, Hilbe W, Pall G, Wehler T, Alt J, Bischoff H, Geißler M, Griesinger F, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Schröder A, Scheel B, Muth A, Seibel T, Stosnach C, Doener F, Hong HS, Koch SD, Gnad-Vogt U, Zippelius A. Phase Ib evaluation of a self-adjuvanted protamine formulated mRNA-based active cancer immunotherapy, BI1361849 (CV9202), combined with local radiation treatment in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:38. [PMID: 30736848 PMCID: PMC6368815 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies demonstrate synergism between cancer immunotherapy and local radiation, enhancing anti-tumor effects and promoting immune responses. BI1361849 (CV9202) is an active cancer immunotherapeutic comprising protamine-formulated, sequence-optimized mRNA encoding six non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-associated antigens (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, survivin, 5T4, and MUC-1), intended to induce targeted immune responses. METHODS We describe a phase Ib clinical trial evaluating treatment with BI1361849 combined with local radiation in 26 stage IV NSCLC patients with partial response (PR)/stable disease (SD) after standard first-line therapy. Patients were stratified into three strata (1: non-squamous NSCLC, no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, PR/SD after ≥4 cycles of platinum- and pemetrexed-based treatment [n = 16]; 2: squamous NSCLC, PR/SD after ≥4 cycles of platinum-based and non-platinum compound treatment [n = 8]; 3: non-squamous NSCLC, EGFR mutation, PR/SD after ≥3 and ≤ 6 months EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment [n = 2]). Patients received intradermal BI1361849, local radiation (4 × 5 Gy), then BI1361849 until disease progression. Strata 1 and 3 also had maintenance pemetrexed or continued EGFR-TKI therapy, respectively. The primary endpoint was evaluation of safety; secondary objectives included assessment of clinical efficacy (every 6 weeks during treatment) and of immune response (on Days 1 [baseline], 19 and 61). RESULTS Study treatment was well tolerated; injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms were the most common BI1361849-related adverse events. Three patients had grade 3 BI1361849-related adverse events (fatigue, pyrexia); there was one grade 3 radiation-related event (dysphagia). In comparison to baseline, immunomonitoring revealed increased BI1361849 antigen-specific immune responses in the majority of patients (84%), whereby antigen-specific antibody levels were increased in 80% and functional T cells in 40% of patients, and involvement of multiple antigen specificities was evident in 52% of patients. One patient had a partial response in combination with pemetrexed maintenance, and 46.2% achieved stable disease as best overall response. Best overall response was SD in 57.7% for target lesions. CONCLUSION The results support further investigation of mRNA-based immunotherapy in NSCLC including combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01915524 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Früh
- Hospital of St Gallen, St Gallen and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Miklos Pless
- Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Hilbe
- Medical Department, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Wilhelminenspital, Wien, Austria
| | - Georg Pall
- University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Wehler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Alt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael Geißler
- Klinik für Allg Innere Medizin, Onkolologie/ Hämatologie, Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Frank Griesinger
- Department Hematology and Oncology, Pius Hospital University, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine-Oncology, Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Lutz J, Heidenreich R, Mehr KT, Noth J, Koch SD, Döner F, Hong HS, Melber K, Dähling A, Roos T, Kowalczyk A, Baumhof P, Scheel B, Voss S, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Gnad-Vogt U. RNAdjuvant®, a novel, highly-potent RNA-based adjuvant, combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.79.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purified recombinant proteins and peptides, which are currently under development in various anti-cancer vaccination approaches, lack sufficient immunogenicity. Therefore, potent adjuvants are needed to induce strong and persistent anti-tumor immunity. However, currently only few adjuvants are licensed, most of which primarily enhance antibody, but not T cell responses.
Here, we demonstrate that a novel, well defined, and thoroughly characterized RNA-based adjuvant mediates balanced and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. Our adjuvant significantly enhances anti-tumor immunity, and even complete tumor rejection can be achieved as shown for the syngeneic TC-1 tumor model, a murine model of human HPV-induced cervical cancer.
Our adjuvant acts locally, promoting strong but transient up-regulation of anti-viral and pro-inflammatory cytokines, CXCR3-ligands and cytoplasmic RNA sensors at the injection site, avoiding any systemic cytokine release. A phase I first in man clinical trial testing different doses of RNAdjuvant® alone and in combination with reduced doses of the licensed rabies vaccine Rabipur® was successfully conducted in 43 subjects. Healthy volunteers received 2 intramuscular injections of RNAdjuvant® on days 0 and 21, either alone or in combination with 1/20 or 1/10 of the licensed Rabipur® dose. Virus neutralizing antibody titers (VNTs) measured on days 14 and 28 revealed a significant increase in median VNTs in subjects with RNAdjuvant® compared to their respective control group with 1/10 dose Rabipur® alone.
In summary, our data suggest that RNAdjuvant® represents a novel, highly efficacious adjuvant candidate that can enhance cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Ziegler A, Soldner C, Lienenklaus S, Spanier J, Trittel S, Riese P, Kramps T, Weiss S, Heidenreich R, Jasny E, Guzmán CA, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Kalinke U. A New RNA-Based Adjuvant Enhances Virus-Specific Vaccine Responses by Locally Triggering TLR- and RLH-Dependent Effects. J I 2017; 198:1595-1605. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Hong HS, Koch SD, Scheel B, Gnad-Vogt U, Schröder A, Kallen KJ, Wiegand V, Backert L, Kohlbacher O, Hoerr I, Fotin-Mleczek M, Billingsley JM. Distinct transcriptional changes in non-small cell lung cancer patients associated with multi-antigenic RNActive® CV9201 immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1249560. [PMID: 28123889 PMCID: PMC5214806 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1249560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently completed a phase I/IIa trial of RNActive® CV9201, a novel mRNA-based therapeutic vaccine targeting five tumor-associated antigens in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The aim of the study presented here was to comprehensively analyze changes in peripheral blood during the vaccination period and to generate hypotheses facilitating the identification of potential biomarkers correlating with differential clinical outcomes post RNActive® immunotherapy. We performed whole-genome expression profiling in a subgroup of 22 stage IV NSCLC patients before and after initiation of treatment with CV9201. Utilizing an analytic approach based on blood transcriptional modules (BTMs), a previously described, sensitive tool for blood transcriptome data analysis, patients segregated into two major clusters based on transcriptional changes post RNActive® treatment. The first group of patients was characterized by the upregulation of an expression signature associated with myeloid cells and inflammation, whereas the other group exhibited an expression signature associated with T and NK cells. Patients with an enrichment of T and NK cell modules after treatment compared to baseline exhibited significantly longer progression-free and overall survival compared to patients with an upregulation of myeloid cell and inflammatory modules. Notably, these gene expression signatures were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated. Furthermore, our findings correlated with phenotypic data derived by flow cytometry as well as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Our study thus demonstrates non-overlapping, distinct transcriptional profiles correlating with survival warranting further validation for the development of biomarker candidates for mRNA-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linus Backert
- Center for Bioinformatics and Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen , Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Center for Bioinformatics and Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Germany; Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Germany; Biomolecular Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough , MA, USA
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Lundqvist A, van Hoef V, Zhang X, Wennerberg E, Lorent J, Witt K, Sanz LM, Liang S, Murray S, Larsson O, Kiessling R, Mao Y, Sidhom JW, Bessell CA, Havel J, Schneck J, Chan TA, Sachsenmeier E, Woods D, Berglund A, Ramakrishnan R, Sodre A, Weber J, Zappasodi R, Li Y, Qi J, Wong P, Sirard C, Postow M, Newman W, Koon H, Velcheti V, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Lum LG, Choi M, Thakur A, Deol A, Dyson G, Shields A, Haymaker C, Uemura M, Murthy R, James M, Wang D, Brevard J, Monaghan C, Swann S, Geib J, Cornfeld M, Chunduru S, Agrawal S, Yee C, Wargo J, Patel SP, Amaria R, Tawbi H, Glitza I, Woodman S, Hwu WJ, Davies MA, Hwu P, Overwijk WW, Bernatchez C, Diab A, Massarelli E, Segal NH, Ribrag V, Melero I, Gangadhar TC, Urba W, Schadendorf D, Ferris RL, Houot R, Morschhauser F, Logan T, Luke JJ, Sharfman W, Barlesi F, Ott PA, Mansi L, Kummar S, Salles G, Carpio C, Meier R, Krishnan S, McDonald D, Maurer M, Gu X, Neely J, Suryawanshi S, Levy R, Khushalani N, Wu J, Zhang J, Basher F, Rubinstein M, Bucsek M, Qiao G, Hembrough T, Spacek J, Vocka M, Zavadova E, Skalova H, Dundr P, Petruzelka L, Francis N, Tilman RT, Hartmann A, MacDonald C, Netikova I, Ballesteros-Merino C, Stump J, Tufman A, Berger F, Neuberger M, Hatz R, Lindner M, Sanborn RE, Handy J, Hylander B, Fox B, Bifulco C, Huber RM, Winter H, Reu S, Sun C, Xiao W, Tian Z, Arora K, Desai N, Repasky E, Kulkarni A, Rajurkar M, Rivera M, Deshpande V, Ting D, Tsai K, Nosrati A, Goldinger S, Hamid O, Algazi A, Chatterjee S, Tumeh P, Hwang J, Liu J, Chen L, Dummer R, Rosenblum M, Daud A, Tsao TS, Ashworth-Sharpe J, Johnson D, Daenthanasanmak A, Bhaumik S, Bieniarz C, Couto J, Farrell M, Ghaffari M, Habensus I, Hubbard A, Jones T, Kelly B, Kosmeder J, Chakraborty P, Lee C, Marner E, Meridew J, Polaske N, Racolta A, Uribe D, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Toth K, Morrison L, Pestic-Dragovich L, Tang L, Tsujikawa T, Borkar RN, Azimi V, Kumar S, Thibault G, Mori M, El Rassi E, Meek M, Clayburgh DR, Kulesz-Martin MF, Flint PW, Coussens LM, Villabona L, Masucci GV, Geiss G, Birditt B, Mei Q, Huang A, Garrett-Mayer E, White AM, Eagan MA, Ignacio E, Elliott N, Dunaway D, Dennis L, Warren S, Beechem J, Dunaway D, Jung J, Nishimura M, Merritt C, Sprague I, Webster P, Liang Y, Warren S, Beechem J, Wenthe J, Enblad G, Karlsson H, Essand M, Paulos C, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Höglund M, Brenner MK, Hagberg H, Loskog A, Bernett MJ, Moore GL, Hedvat M, Bonzon C, Beeson C, Chu S, Rashid R, Avery KN, Muchhal U, Desjarlais J, Hedvat M, Bernett MJ, Moore GL, Bonzon C, Rashid R, Yu X, Chu S, Avery KN, Muchhal U, Desjarlais J, Kraman M, Kmiecik K, Allen N, Faroudi M, Zimarino C, Wydro M, Mehrotra S, Doody J, Srinivasa SP, Govindappa N, Reddy P, Dubey A, Periyasamy S, Adekandi M, Dey C, Joy M, van Loo PF, Zhao F, Veninga H, Shamsili S, Throsby M, Dolstra H, Bakker L, Alva A, Gschwendt J, Loriot Y, Bellmunt J, Feng D, Evans K, Poehlein C, Powles T, Antonarakis ES, Drake CG, Wu H, Poehlein C, De Bono J, Bannerji R, Byrd J, Gregory G, Xiao C, Opat S, Shortt J, Yee AJ, Raje N, Thompson S, Balakumaran A, Kumar S, Rini BI, Choueiri TK, Mariani M, Holtzhausen A, Albiges L, Haanen JB, Atkins MB, Larkin J, Schmidinger M, Magazzù D, di Pietro A, Motzer RJ, Borch TH, Andersen R, Hanks BA, Kongsted P, Pedersen M, Nielsen M, Met Ö, Donia M, Svane IM, Boudadi K, Wang H, Vasselli J, Baughman JE, Scharping N, Wigginton J, Abdallah R, Ross A, Drake CG, Antonarakis ES, Canter RJ, Park J, Wang Z, Grossenbacher S, Luna JI, Menk AV, Withers S, Culp W, Chen M, Monjazeb A, Kent MS, Murphy WJ, Chandran S, Somerville R, Wunderlich J, Danforth D, Moreci R, Yang J, Sherry R, Klebanoff C, Goff S, Paria B, Sabesan A, Srivastava A, Rosenberg SA, Kammula U, Curti B, Whetstone R, Richards J, Faries M, Andtbacka RHI, Grose M, Shafren D, Diaz LA, Le DT, Yoshino T, André T, Bendell J, Dadey R, Koshiji M, Zhang Y, Kang SP, Lam B, Jäger D, Bauer TM, Wang JS, Lee JK, Manji GA, Kudchadkar R, Watkins S, Kauh JS, Tang S, Laing N, Falchook G, Garon EB, Halmos B, Rina H, Leighl N, Lee SS, Walsh W, Ferris R, Dragnev K, Piperdi B, Rodriguez LPA, Shinwari N, Wei Z, Gustafson MP, Maas ML, Deeds M, Armstrong A, Bornschlegl S, Delgoffe GM, Peterson T, Steinmetz S, Gastineau DA, Parney IF, Dietz AB, Herzog T, Backes FJ, Copeland L, Del Pilar Estevez Diz M, Hare TW, Peled J, Huh W, Kim BG, Moore KM, Oaknin A, Small W, Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Kamat AM, Bellmunt J, Choueiri TK, Devlin S, Nam K, De Santis M, Dreicer R, Hahn NM, Perini R, Siefker-Radtke A, Sonpavde G, de Wit R, Witjes JA, Keefe S, Staffas A, Bajorin D, Kline J, Armand P, Kuruvilla J, Moskowitz C, Hamadani M, Ribrag V, Zinzani PL, Chlosta S, Thompson S, Lumish M, Balakumaran A, Bartlett N, Kyi C, Sabado R, Saenger Y, William L, Donovan MJ, Sacris E, Mandeli J, Salazar AM, Rodriguez KP, Friedlander P, Bhardwaj N, Powderly J, Brody J, Nemunaitis J, Emens L, Luke JJ, Patnaik A, McCaffery I, Miller R, Ahr K, Laport G, Coveler AL, Smith DC, Grilley-Olson JE, Gajewski TF, Goel S, Gardai SJ, Law CL, Means G, Manley T, Perales M, Curti B, Marrone KA, Rosner G, Anagnostou V, Riemer J, Wakefield J, Zanhow C, Baylin S, Gitlitz B, Brahmer J, Giralt S, McDermott DF, Signoretti S, Li W, Schloss C, Michot JM, Armand P, Ding W, Ribrag V, Christian B, Balakumaran A, Taur Y, Marinello P, Chlosta S, Zhang Y, Shipp M, Zinzani PL, Najjar YG, Lin, Butterfield LH, Tarhini AA, Davar D, Pamer E, Zarour H, Rush E, Sander C, Kirkwood JM, Fu S, Bauer T, Molineaux C, Bennett MK, Orford KW, Papadopoulos KP, van den Brink MRM, Padda SK, Shah SA, Colevas AD, Narayanan S, Fisher GA, Supan D, Wakelee HA, Aoki R, Pegram MD, Villalobos VM, Jenq R, Liu J, Takimoto CH, Chao M, Volkmer JP, Majeti R, Weissman IL, Sikic BI, Page D, Yu W, Conlin A, Annels N, Ruzich J, Lewis S, Acheson A, Kemmer K, Perlewitz K, Moxon NM, Mellinger S, Bifulco C, Martel M, Koguchi Y, Pandha H, Fox B, Urba W, McArthur H, Pedersen M, Westergaard MCW, Borch TH, Nielsen M, Kongsted P, Juhler-Nøttrup T, Donia M, Simpson G, Svane IM, Desai J, Markman B, Sandhu S, Gan H, Friedlander ML, Tran B, Meniawy T, Lundy J, Colyer D, Mostafid H, Ameratunga M, Norris C, Yang J, Li K, Wang L, Luo L, Qin Z, Mu S, Tan X, Song J, Harrington K, Millward M, Katz MHG, Bauer TW, Varadhachary GR, Acquavella N, Merchant N, Petroni G, Slingluff CL, Rahma OE, Rini BI, Melcher A, Powles T, Chen M, Song Y, Puhlmann M, Atkins MB, Sathyanaryanan S, Hirsch HA, Shu J, Deshpande A, Khattri A, Grose M, Reeves J, Zi T, Brisson R, Harvey C, Michaelson J, Law D, Seiwert T, Shah J, Mateos MV, Matsumoto M, Davies B, Blacklock H, Rocafiguera AO, Goldschmidt H, Iida S, Yehuda DB, Ocio E, Rodríguez-Otero P, Jagannath S, Lonial S, Kher U, Au G, Marinello P, San-Miguel J, Shah J, Lonial S, de Oliveira MR, Yimer H, Mateos MV, Rifkin R, Schjesvold F, Ocio E, Karpathy R, Rodríguez-Otero P, San-Miguel J, Ghori R, Marinello P, Jagannath S, Spreafico A, Lee V, Ngan RKC, To KF, Ahn MJ, Shafren D, Ng QS, Hong RL, Lin JC, Swaby RF, Gause C, 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Aeffner F, Kearney SJ, Black JC, Cerkovnik L, Pratte L, Kim R, Hirsch B, Krueger J, Gianani R, Martínez-Usatorre A, Jandus C, Donda A, Carretero-Iglesia L, Speiser DE, Zehn D, Rufer N, Romero P, Panda A, Mehnert J, Hirshfield KM, Riedlinger G, Damare S, Saunders T, Sokol L, Stein M, Poplin E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Silk A, Chan N, Frankel M, Kane M, Malhotra J, Aisner J, Kaufman HL, Ali S, Ross J, White E, Bhanot G, Ganesan S, Monette A, Bergeron D, Amor AB, Meunier L, Caron C, Morou A, Kaufmann D, Liberman M, Jurisica I, Mes-Masson AM, Hamzaoui K, Lapointe R, Mongan A, Ku YC, Tom W, Sun Y, Pankov A, Looney T, Au-Young J, Hyland F, Conroy J, Morrison C, Glenn S, Burgher B, Ji H, Gardner M, Mongan A, Omilian AR, Conroy J, Bshara W, Angela O, Burgher B, Ji H, Glenn S, Morrison C, Mongan A, Obeid JM, Erdag G, Smolkin ME, Deacon DH, Patterson JW, Chen L, Bullock TN, Slingluff CL, Obeid JM, Erdag G, Deacon DH, Slingluff CL, Bullock TN, Loffredo JT, Vuyyuru R, Beyer S, Spires VM, Fox M, Ehrmann JM, Taylor KA, Korman AJ, Graziano RF, Page D, Sanchez K, Ballesteros-Merino C, Martel M, Bifulco C, Urba W, Fox B, Patel SP, De Macedo MP, Qin Y, Reuben A, Spencer C, Guindani M, Bassett R, Wargo J, Racolta A, Kelly B, Jones T, Polaske N, Theiss N, Robida M, Meridew J, Habensus I, Zhang L, Pestic-Dragovich L, Tang L, Sullivan RJ, Logan T, Khushalani N, Margolin K, Koon H, Olencki T, Hutson T, Curti B, Roder J, Blackmon S, Roder H, Stewart J, Amin A, Ernstoff MS, Clark JI, Atkins MB, Kaufman HL, Sosman J, Weber J, McDermott DF, Weber J, Kluger H, Halaban R, Snzol M, Roder H, Roder J, Asmellash S, Steingrimsson A, Blackmon S, Sullivan RJ, Wang C, Roman K, Clement A, Downing S, Hoyt C, Harder N, Schmidt G, Schoenmeyer R, Brieu N, Yigitsoy M, Madonna G, Botti G, Grimaldi A, Ascierto PA, Huss R, Athelogou M, Hessel H, Harder N, Buchner A, Schmidt G, Stief C, Huss R, Binnig G, Kirchner T, Sellappan S, Thyparambil S, Schwartz S, Cecchi F, Nguyen A, Vaske C. 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016): part one. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMCID: PMC5123387 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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DF, Vreeland TJ, Jackson DO, Berry JS, Trappey AF, Herbert GS, Clifton GT, Hardin MO, Paris M, Toms A, Qiao N, Litton J, Peoples GE, Mittendorf EA, Ghamsari L, Flano E, Jacques J, Liu B, Havel J, Fisher T, Makarov V, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Hellmann MD, Chan TA, Flechtner JB, Stefano P, Facciabene A, Facciponte J, Ugel S, Hu-Lieskovan S, De Sanctis F, Coukos G, Paris S, Pottier A, Levy L, Lu B, Cappuccini F, Pollock E, Bryant R, Hamdy F, Ribas A, Hill A, Redchenko I, Sultan H, Kumai T, Fesenkova V, Celis E, Tsang K, Fantini M, Fernando I, Palena C, Smith E, David JM, Hodge J, Gabitzsch E, Jones F, Gulley JL, Schlom J, Herranz MU, Rafail S, Ugel S, Facciponte J, Zauderer M, Stefano P, Facciabene A, Wada H, Shimizu A, Osada T, Fukaya S, Sasaki E, Abolhalaj M, Askmyr D, Lundberg K, Fogler W, Albrekt AS, Greiff L, Lindstedt M, Flies DB, Higuchi T, Ornatowski W, Harris J, Adams SF, Aguilera T, Rafat M, Franklin M, Castellini L, Shehade H, Kariolis M, Jang D, vonEbyen R, Graves E, Ellies L, 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Zheng Y, Coltharp C, Unfricht D, Dilworth R, Fridman L, Liu L, Giffin L, Rajopadhye M, Miller P, Concha-Benavente F, Bauman J, Trivedi S, Srivastava R, Ohr J, Heron D, Duvvuri U, Kim S, Xu X, Gooding W, Ferris RL, Torrey H, Mera T, Okubo Y, Vanamee E, Foster R, Faustman D, Gartrell R, Stack E, Rose J, Lu Y, Izaki D, Beck K, Jia DT, Armenta P, White-Stern A, Fu Y, Blake Z, Marks D, Kaufman HL, Schreiber TH, Taback B, Horst B, Saenger YM, Glickman LH, Kanne DB, Gauthier KS, Desbien AL, Francica B, Katibah G, Corrales LP, Fantini M, Leong JL, Sung L, Metchette K, Kasibhatla S, Pferdekamper AM, Zheng L, Cho C, Feng Y, McKenna JM, Tallarico J, Gameiro SR, Bender S, Ndubaku C, McWhirter SM, Drake CG, Gajewski TF, Dubensky TW, Gugel EG, Bell CJM, Munk A, Muniz L, Knudson KM, Bhardwaj N, Zhao F, Evans K, Xiao C, Holtzhausen A, Hanks BA, Scholler N, Yin C, Van der Meijs P, Prantner AM, Clavijo PE, Krejsa CM, Smith L, Johnson B, Branstetter D, Stein PL, Jaen JC, Tan JBL, Chen A, Chen Y, Park T, Allen CT, Powers JP, Sexton H, Xu G, Young SW, Schindler U, Deng W, Klinke DJ, Komar HM, Mace T, Serpa G, Donahue R, Elnaggar O, Conwell D, Hart P, Schmidt C, Dillhoff M, Jin M, Ostrowski MC, Lesinski GB, Koti M, Au K, Lepone L, Peterson N, Truesdell P, Reid-Schachter G, Graham C, Craig A, Francis JA, Kotlan B, Balatoni T, Farkas E, Toth L, Grenga I, Ujhelyi M, Savolt A, Doleschall Z, Horvath S, Eles K, Olasz J, Csuka O, Kasler M, Liszkay G, Barnea E, Hodge JW, Kumar S, Tsujikawa T, Blakely C, Flynn P, Goodman R, Bueno R, Sugarbaker D, Jablons D, Broaddus VC, West B, Tsang KY, Coussens LM, Kunk PR, Obeid JM, Winters K, Pramoonjago P, Smolkin ME, Stelow EB, Bauer TW, Slingluff CL, Rahma OE, Schlom J, Lamble A, Kosaka Y, Huang F, Saser KA, Adams H, Tognon CE, Laderas T, McWeeney S, Loriaux M, Tyner JW, Gray M, Druker BJ, Lind EF, Liu Z, Lu S, Kane LP, Ferris RL, Liu Z, Shayan G, Lu S, Ferris RL, Gong J, Femel J, Tsujikawa T, Lane R, Booth J, Lund AW, Melssen M, Rodriguez A, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH, Metelli A, Hutchins J, Wu BX, Fugle CW, Saleh R, Sun S, Wu J, Liu B, Li Z, Morris ZS, Guy EI, Heinze C, Freimark B, Kler J, Gressett MM, Werner LR, Gillies SD, Korman AJ, Loibner H, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM, Grogan J, Newman J, Zloza A, Huelsmann E, Broucek J, Kaufman HL, Brech D, Straub T, Irmler M, Beckers J, Buettner F, Manieri N, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Noessner E, Anand S, McDaniel A, Cha J, Uecker D, Nuccitelli R, Ordentlich P, Wolfreys A, Chiang E, Da Costa A, Silva J, Crosby A, Staelens L, Craggs G, Cauvin A, Mason S, Paterson AM, Lake AC, Armet CM, Caplazi P, O’Connor RW, Hill JA, Normant E, Adam A, Biniszkiewicz DM, Chappel SC, Palombella VJ, Holland PM, Powers JP, Becker A, Yadav M, Chen A, Leleti MR, Newcomb E, Sexton H, Schindler U, Tan JBL, Young SW, Jaen JC, Rapisuwon S, Radfar A, Hagner P, Gardner K, Gibney G, Atkins M, Rennier KR, Crowder R, Wang P, Pachynski RK, Carrero RMS, Rivas S, Beceren-Braun F, Chiu H, Anthony S, Schluns KS, Sawant D, Chikina M, Yano H, Workman C, Vignali D, Salerno E, Bedognetti D, Mauldin I, Waldman M, Deacon D, Shea S, Pinczewski J, Obeid JM, Coukos G, Wang E, Gajewski T, Marincola FM, Slingluff CL, Spranger S, Klippel A, Horton B, Gajewski TF, Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Puri RK, Sweis RF, Bao R, Luke J, Gajewski TF, Thakurta A, Theodoraki MN, Mogundo FM, Edwards RP, Kalinski P, Won H, Moreira D, Gao C, Zhao X, Duttagupta P, Jones J, Pourdehnad M, D’Apuzzo M, Pal S, Kortylewski M, Gandhi A, Henrich I, Quick L, Young R, Chou M, Hotson A, Willingham S, Ho P, Choy C, Laport G, McCaffery I, Miller R, Tipton KA, Wong KR, Singson V, Wong C, Chan C, Huang Y, Liu S, Richardson JH, Kavanaugh WM, West J, Irving BA, Tipton KA, Wong KR, Singson V, Wong C, Chan C, Huang Y, Liu S, Richardson JH, Kavanaugh WM, West J, Irving BA, Jaini R, Loya M, Eng C, Johnson ML, Adjei AA, Opyrchal M, Ramalingam S, Janne PA, Dominguez G, Gabrilovich D, de Leon L, Hasapidis J, Diede SJ, Ordentlich P, Cruickshank S, Meyers ML, Hellmann MD, Kalinski P, Zureikat A, Edwards R, Muthuswamy R, Obermajer N, Urban J, Butterfield LH, Gooding W, Zeh H, Bartlett D, Zubkova O, Agapova L, Kapralova M, Krasovskaia L, Ovsepyan A, Lykov M, Eremeev A, Bokovanov V, Grigoryeva O, Karpov A, Ruchko S, Nicolette C, Shuster A, Khalil DN, Campesato LF, Li Y, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Lazorchak AS, Patterson TD, Ding Y, Sasikumar P, Sudarshan N, Gowda N, Ramachandra R, Samiulla D, Giri S, Eswarappa R, Ramachandra M, Tuck D, Wyant T, Leshem J, Liu XF, Bera T, Terabe M, Bossenmaier B, Niederfellner G, Reiter Y, Pastan I, Xia L, Xia Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Bao Y, Dai F, Huang S, Hurt E, Hollingsworth RE, Lum LG, Chang AE, Wicha MS, Li Q, Mace T, Makhijani N, Talbert E, Young G, Guttridge D, Conwell D, Lesinski GB, Gonzales RJMM, Huffman AP, Wang XK, Reshef R, MacKinnon A, Chen J, Gross M, Marguier G, Shwonek P, Sotirovska N, Steggerda S, Parlati F, Makkouk A, Bennett MK, Chen J, Emberley E, Gross M, Huang T, Li W, MacKinnon A, Marguier G, Neou S, Pan A, Zhang J, Zhang W, Parlati F, Marshall N, Marron TU, Agudo J, Brown B, Brody J, McQuinn C, Mace T, Farren M, Komar H, Shakya R, Young G, Ludwug T, Lesinski GB, Morillon YM, Hammond SA, Schlom J, Greiner JW, Nath PR, Schwartz AL, Maric D, Roberts DD, Obermajer N, Bartlett D, Kalinski P, Naing A, Papadopoulos KP, Autio KA, Wong DJ, Patel M, Falchook G, Pant S, Ott PA, Whiteside M, Patnaik A, Mumm J, Janku F, Chan I, Bauer T, Colen R, VanVlasselaer P, Brown GL, Tannir NM, Oft M, Infante J, Lipson E, Gopal A, Neelapu SS, Armand P, Spurgeon S, Leonard JP, Hodi FS, Sanborn RE, Melero I, Gajewski TF, Maurer M, Perna S, Gutierrez AA, Clynes R, Mitra P, Suryawanshi S, Gladstone D, Callahan MK, Crooks J, Brown S, Gauthier A, de Boisferon MH, MacDonald A, Brunet LR, Rothwell WT, Bell P, Wilson JM, Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Zhang SS, Carson DA, Guiducci C, Coffman RL, Kitaura K, Matsutani T, Suzuki R, Hayashi T, Cohen EEW, Schaer D, Li Y, Dobkin J, Amatulli M, Hall G, Doman T, Manro J, Dorsey FC, Sams L, Holmgaard R, Persaud K, Ludwig D, Surguladze D, Kauh JS, Novosiadly R, Kalos M, Driscoll K, Pandha H, Ralph C, Harrington K, Curti B, Sanborn RE, Akerley W, Gupta S, Melcher A, Mansfield D, Kaufman DR, Schmidt E, Grose M, Davies B, Karpathy R, Shafren D, Shamalov K, Cohen C, Sharma N, Allison J, Shekarian T, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Caux C, Marabelle A, Slomovitz BM, Moore KM, Youssoufian H, Posner M, Tewary P, Brooks AD, Xu YM, Wijeratne K, Gunatilaka LAA, Sayers TJ, Vasilakos JP, Alston T, Dovedi S, Elvecrog J, Grigsby I, Herbst R, Johnson K, Moeckly C, Mullins S, Siebenaler K, SternJohn J, Tilahun A, Tomai MA, Vogel K, Wilkinson RW, Vietsch EE, Wellstein A, Wythes M, Crosignani S, Tumang J, Alekar S, Bingham P, Cauwenberghs S, Chaplin J, Dalvie D, Denies S, De Maeseneire C, Feng J, Frederix K, Greasley S, Guo J, Hardwick J, Kaiser S, Jessen K, Kindt E, Letellier MC, Li W, Maegley K, Marillier R, Miller N, Murray B, Pirson R, Preillon J, Rabolli V, Ray C, Ryan K, Scales S, Srirangam J, Solowiej J, Stewart A, Streiner N, Torti V, Tsaparikos K, Zheng X, Driessens G, Gomes B, Kraus M, Xu C, Zhang Y, Kradjian G, Qin G, Qi J, Xu X, Marelli B, Yu H, Guzman W, Tighe R, Salazar R, Lo KM, English J, Radvanyi L, Lan Y, Zappasodi R, Budhu S, Hellmann MD, Postow M, Senbabaoglu Y, Gasmi B, Zhong H, Li Y, Liu C, Hirschhorhn-Cymerman D, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Zha Y, Malnassy G, Fulton N, Park JH, Stock W, Nakamura Y, Gajewski TF, Liu H, Ju X, Kosoff R, Ramos K, Coder B, Petit R, Princiotta M, Perry K, Zou J, Arina A, Fernandez C, Zheng W, Beckett MA, Mauceri HJ, Fu YX, Weichselbaum RR, DeBenedette M, Lewis W, Gamble A, Nicolette C, Han Y, Wu Y, Yang C, Huang J, Wu D, Li J, Liang X, Zhou X, Hou J, Hassan R, Jahan T, Antonia SJ, Kindler HL, Alley EW, Honarmand S, Liu W, Leong ML, Whiting CC, Nair N, Enstrom A, Lemmens EE, Tsujikawa T, Kumar S, Coussens LM, Murphy AL, Brockstedt DG, Koch SD, Sebastian M, Weiss C, Früh M, Pless M, Cathomas R, Hilbe W, Pall G, Wehler T, Alt J, Bischoff H, Geissler M, Griesinger F, Kollmeier J, Papachristofilou A, Doener F, Fotin-Mleczek M, Hipp M, Hong HS, Kallen KJ, Klinkhardt U, Stosnach C, Scheel B, Schroeder A, Seibel T, Gnad-Vogt U, Zippelius A, Park HR, Ahn YO, Kim TM, Kim S, Kim S, Lee YS, Keam B, Kim DW, Heo DS, Pilon-Thomas S, Weber A, Morse J, Kodumudi K, Liu H, Mullinax J, Sarnaik AA, Pike L, Bang A, Ott PA, Balboni T, Taylor A, Spektor A, Wilhite T, Krishnan M, Cagney D, Alexander B, Aizer A, Buchbinder E, Awad M, Ghandi L, Hodi FS, Schoenfeld J, Schwartz AL, Nath PR, Lessey-Morillon E, Ridnour L, Roberts DD, Segal NH, Sharma M, Le DT, Ott PA, Ferris RL, Zelenetz AD, Neelapu SS, Levy R, Lossos IS, Jacobson C, Ramchandren R, Godwin J, Colevas AD, Meier R, Krishnan S, Gu X, Neely J, Suryawanshi S, Timmerman J, Vanpouille-Box CI, Formenti SC, Demaria S, Wennerberg E, Mediero A, Cronstein BN, Formenti SC, Demaria S, Gustafson MP, DiCostanzo A, Wheatley C, Kim CH, Bornschlegl S, Gastineau DA, Johnson BD, Dietz AB, MacDonald C, Bucsek M, Qiao G, Hylander B, Repasky E, Turbitt WJ, Xu Y, Mastro A, Rogers CJ, Withers S, Wang Z, Khuat LT, Dunai C, Blazar BR, Longo D, Rebhun R, Grossenbacher SK, Monjazeb A, Murphy WJ, Rowlinson S, Agnello G, Alters S, Lowe D, Scharping N, Menk AV, Whetstone R, Zeng X, Delgoffe GM, Santos PM, Menk AV, Shi J, Delgoffe GM, Butterfield LH, Whetstone R, Menk AV, Scharping N, Delgoffe G, Nagasaka M, Sukari A, Byrne-Steele M, Pan W, Hou X, Brown B, Eisenhower M, Han J, Collins N, Manguso R, Pope H, Shrestha Y, Boehm J, Haining WN, Cron KR, Sivan A, Aquino-Michaels K, Gajewski TF, Orecchioni M, Bedognetti D, Hendrickx W, Fuoco C, Spada F, Sgarrella F, Cesareni G, Marincola F, Kostarelos K, Bianco A, Delogu L, Hendrickx W, Roelands J, Boughorbel S, Decock J, Presnell S, Wang E, Marincola FM, Kuppen P, Ceccarelli M, Rinchai D, Chaussabel D, Miller L, Bedognetti D, Nguyen A, Sanborn JZ, Vaske C, Rabizadeh S, Niazi K, Benz S, Patel S, Restifo N, White J, Angiuoli S, Sausen M, Jones S, Sevdali M, Simmons J, Velculescu V, Diaz L, Zhang T, Sims JS, Barton SM, Gartrell R, Kadenhe-Chiweshe A, Dela Cruz F, Turk AT, Lu Y, Mazzeo CF, Kung AL, Bruce JN, Saenger YM, Yamashiro DJ, Connolly EP, Baird J, Crittenden M, Friedman D, Xiao H, Leidner R, Bell B, Young K, Gough M, Bian Z, Kidder K, Liu Y, Curran E, Chen X, Corrales LP, Kline J, Dunai C, Aguilar EG, Khuat LT, Murphy WJ, Guerriero J, Sotayo A, Ponichtera H, Pourzia A, Schad S, Carrasco R, Lazo S, Bronson R, Letai A, Kornbluth RS, Gupta S, Termini J, Guirado E, Stone GW, Meyer C, Helming L, Tumang J, Wilson N, Hofmeister R, Radvanyi L, Neubert NJ, Tillé L, Barras D, Soneson C, Baumgaertner P, Rimoldi D, Gfeller D, Delorenzi M, Fuertes Marraco SA, Speiser DE, Abraham TS, Xiang B, Magee MS, Waldman SA, Snook AE, Blogowski W, Zuba-Surma E, Budkowska M, Salata D, Dolegowska B, Starzynska T, Chan L, Somanchi S, McCulley K, Lee D, Buettner N, Shi F, Myers PT, Curbishley S, Penny SA, Steadman L, Millar D, Speers E, Ruth N, Wong G, Thimme R, Adams D, Cobbold M, Thomas R, Hendrickx W, Al-Muftah M, Decock J, Wong MKK, Morse M, McDermott DF, Clark JI, Kaufman HL, Daniels GA, Hua H, Rao T, Dutcher JP, Kang K, Saunthararajah Y, Velcheti V, Kumar V, Anwar F, Verma A, Chheda Z, Kohanbash G, Sidney J, Okada K, Shrivastav S, Carrera DA, Liu S, Jahan N, Mueller S, Pollack IF, Carcaboso AM, Sette A, Hou Y, Okada H, Field JJ, Zeng W, Shih VFS, Law CL, Senter PD, Gardai SJ, Okeley NM, Penny SA, Abelin JG, Saeed AZ, Malaker SA, Myers PT, Shabanowitz J, Ward ST, Hunt DF, Cobbold M, Profusek P, Wood L, Shepard D, Grivas P, Kapp K, Volz B, Oswald D, Wittig B, Schmidt M, Sefrin JP, Hillringhaus L, Lifke V, Lifke A, Skaletskaya A, Ponte J, Chittenden T, Setiady Y, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Sivado E, Thomas V, El Alaoui M, Papot S, Dumontet C, Dyson M, McCafferty J, El Alaoui S, Verma A, Kumar V, Bommareddy PK, Kaufman HL, Zloza A, Kohlhapp F, Silk AW, Jhawar S, Paneque T, Bommareddy PK, Kohlhapp F, Newman J, Beltran P, Zloza A, Kaufman HL, Cao F, Hong BX, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Song XT, Gottschalk S, Calderon H, Illingworth S, Brown A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Champion B, Eriksson E, Wenthe J, Hellström AC, Paul-Wetterberg G, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Wenthe J, Ståhle M, Jarblad-Leja J, Ullenhag G, Dimberg A, Moreno R, Alemany R, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Moreno R. 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016): part two. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMCID: PMC5123381 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Keßler A, Soldner C, Lienenklaus S, Spanier J, Kramps T, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Kalinke U. ID: 205. Cytokine 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kübler H, Scheel B, Gnad-Vogt U, Miller K, Schultze-Seemann W, Vom Dorp F, Parmiani G, Hampel C, Wedel S, Trojan L, Jocham D, Maurer T, Rippin G, Fotin-Mleczek M, von der Mülbe F, Probst J, Hoerr I, Kallen KJ, Lander T, Stenzl A. Self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccination in advanced prostate cancer patients: a first-in-man phase I/IIa study. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:26. [PMID: 26082837 PMCID: PMC4468959 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CV9103 is a prostate-cancer vaccine containing self-adjuvanted mRNA (RNActive®) encoding the antigens PSA, PSCA, PSMA, and STEAP1. This phase I/IIa study evaluated safety and immunogenicity of CV9103 in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate-cancer. Methods 44 Patients received up to 5 intra-dermal vaccinations. Three dose levels of total mRNA were tested in Phase I in cohorts of 3–6 patients to determine a recommended dose. In phase II, 32 additional patients were treated at the recommended dose. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability, the secondary endpoint was induction of antigen specific immune responses monitored at baseline and at weeks 5, 9 and 17. Results The most frequent adverse events were grade 1/2 injection site erythema, injection site reactions, fatigue, pyrexia, chills and influenza-like illness. Possibly treatment related urinary retention occurred in 3 patients. The recommended dose was 1280 μg. A total of 26/33 evaluable patients treated at 1280 μg developed an immune response, directed against multiple antigens in 15 out of 33 patients. One patient showed a confirmed PSA response. In the subgroup of 36 metastatic patients, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of median overall survival was 31.4 months [95 % CI: 21.2; n.a]. Conclusions The self-adjuvanted RNActive® vaccine CV9103 was well tolerated and immunogenic. The technology is a versatile, fast and cost-effective platform allowing for creation of vaccines. The follow-up vaccine CV9104 including the additional antigens prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and Muc1 is currently being tested in a randomized phase IIb trial to assess the clinical benefit induced by this new vaccination approach. Trial registration EU Clinical Trials Register: EudraCT number 2008-003967-37, registered 27 Jan 2009. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-015-0068-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kübler
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Scheel
- CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
| | | | - Kurt Miller
- Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christian Hampel
- University Hospital of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Wedel
- Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg-Gengenbach, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Trojan
- University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen/University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Jocham
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Probst
- CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Ingmar Hoerr
- CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lander
- CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
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Heidenreich R, Jasny E, Kowalczyk A, Lutz J, Probst J, Baumhof P, Scheel B, Voss S, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M. A novel RNA-based adjuvant combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:372-84. [PMID: 25530186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-based tumor vaccines depend on strong adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Here, we demonstrated that a recently developed novel adjuvant based on a non-coding, long-chain RNA molecule, termed RNAdjuvant(®) , profoundly increased immunogenicity of both antigen formats. RNAdjuvant(®) induced balanced, long-lasting immune responses that resulted in a strong anti-tumor activity. A direct comparison to Poly(I:C) showed superior efficacy of our adjuvant to enhance antigen-specific multifunctional CD8(+) T-cell responses and mediate anti-tumor responses induced by peptide derived from HPV-16 E7 protein in the syngeneic TC-1 tumor, a murine model of human HPV-induced cervical cancer. Moreover, the adjuvant was able to induce functional memory responses that mediated complete tumor remission. Despite its remarkable immunostimulatory activity, our RNA-based adjuvant exhibited an excellent pre-clinical safety profile. It acted only locally at the injection site where it elicited a transient but strong up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines as well as cytoplasmic RNA sensors without systemic cytokine release. This was followed by the activation of immune cells in the draining lymph nodes. Our data indicate that our RNA-based adjuvant is a safe and potent immunostimulator that may profoundly improve the efficacy of a variety of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Heidenreich
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Edith Jasny
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jochen Probst
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Quality Unit Vaccines, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baumhof
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Birgit Scheel
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Söhnke Voss
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Kallen
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Mariola Fotin-Mleczek
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Heidenreich R, Mehr K, Noth J, Koch S, Hong H, Melber K, Daehling A, Roos T, Lutz J, Kowalczyk A, Baumhof P, Scheel B, Voss S, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Gnad-Vogt U. RNAdjuvant®, a novel, highly-potent RNA-based adjuvant, combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4645525 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sebastian M, Papachristofilou A, Weiss C, Früh M, Cathomas R, Hilbe W, Wehler T, Rippin G, Koch SD, Scheel B, Fotin-Mleczek M, Heidenreich R, Kallen KJ, Gnad-Vogt U, Zippelius A. Phase Ib study evaluating a self-adjuvanted mRNA cancer vaccine (RNActive®) combined with local radiation as consolidation and maintenance treatment for patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:748. [PMID: 25288198 PMCID: PMC4195907 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a significant unmet medical need. Despite advances with targeted therapies in a small subset of patients, fewer than 20% of patients survive for more than two years after diagnosis. Cancer vaccines are a promising therapeutic approach that offers the potential for durable responses through the engagement of the patient's own immune system. CV9202 is a self-adjuvanting mRNA vaccine that targets six antigens commonly expressed in NSCLC (NY-ESO-1, MAGEC1, MAGEC2, 5 T4, survivin, and MUC1). METHODS/DESIGN The trial will assess the safety and tolerability of CV9202 vaccination combined with local radiation designed to enhance immune responses and will include patients with stage IV NSCLC and a response or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy or therapy with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Three histological and molecular subtypes of NSCLC will be investigated (squamous and non-squamous cell with/without EGFR mutations). All patients will receive two initial vaccinations with CV9202 prior to local radiotherapy (5 GY per day for four successive days) followed by further vaccinations until disease progression. The primary endpoint of the study is the number of patients experiencing Grade >3 treatment-related adverse events. Pharmacodynamic analyses include the assessment of immune responses to the antigens encoded by CV9202 and others not included in the panel (antigen spreading) and standard efficacy assessments. DISCUSSION RNActive self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccines offer the potential for simultaneously inducing immune responses to a wide panel of antigens commonly expressed in tumors. This trial will assess the feasibility of this approach in combination with local radiotherapy in NSCLC patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01915524/EudraCT No.: 2012-004230-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sebastian
- />Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Christian Weiss
- />Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Früh
- />Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Hilbe
- />Department of General Internal Medicine, Oncology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Wehler
- />Third Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- />Department of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Fotin-Mleczek M, Zanzinger K, Heidenreich R, Lorenz C, Kowalczyk A, Kallen KJ, Huber SM. mRNA-based vaccines synergize with radiation therapy to eradicate established tumors. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:180. [PMID: 25127546 PMCID: PMC4150951 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eradication of large, established tumors by active immunotherapy is a major challenge because of the numerous cancer evasion mechanisms that exist. This study aimed to establish a novel combination therapy consisting of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based cancer vaccines and radiation, which would facilitate the effective treatment of established tumors with aggressive growth kinetics. METHODS The combination of a tumor-specific mRNA-based vaccination with radiation was tested in two syngeneic tumor models, a highly immunogenic E.G7-OVA and a low immunogenic Lewis lung cancer (LLC). The molecular mechanism induced by the combination therapy was evaluated via gene expression arrays as well as flow cytometry analyses of tumor infiltrating cells. RESULTS In both tumor models we demonstrated that a combination of mRNA-based immunotherapy with radiation results in a strong synergistic anti-tumor effect. This was manifested as either complete tumor eradication or delay in tumor growth. Gene expression analysis of mouse tumors revealed a variety of substantial changes at the tumor site following radiation. Genes associated with antigen presentation, infiltration of immune cells, adhesion, and activation of the innate immune system were upregulated. A combination of radiation and immunotherapy induced significant downregulation of tumor associated factors and upregulation of tumor suppressors. Moreover, combination therapy significantly increased CD4+, CD8+ and NKT cell infiltration of mouse tumors. CONCLUSION Our data provide a scientific rationale for combining immunotherapy with radiation and provide a basis for the development of more potent anti-cancer therapies.
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Kallen KJ, Theß A. A development that may evolve into a revolution in medicine: mRNA as the basis for novel, nucleotide-based vaccines and drugs. Ther Adv Vaccines 2014; 2:10-31. [PMID: 24757523 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613508729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances strongly suggest that mRNA rather than DNA will be the nucleotide basis for a new class of vaccines and drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines against a variety of targets have been developed on this basis and initial clinical experience suggests that preclinical activity can be successfully translated to human application. Likewise, prophylactic vaccines against viral pathogens and allergens have demonstrated their activity in animal models. These successes could be extended preclinically to mRNA protein and gene replacement therapy as well as the induction of pluripotent stem cells by mRNA encoded transcription factors. The production of mRNA-based vaccines and drugs is highly flexible, scalable and cost competitive, and eliminates the requirement of a cold chain. mRNA-based drugs and vaccines offer all the advantages of a nucleotide-based approach at reduced costs and represent a truly disruptive technology that may start a revolution in medicine.
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Britten CM, Singh-Jasuja H, Flamion B, Hoos A, Huber C, Kallen KJ, Khleif SN, Kreiter S, Nielsen M, Rammensee HG, Sahin U, Hinz T, Kalinke U. The regulatory landscape for actively personalized cancer immunotherapies. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 31:880-2. [PMID: 24104749 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cedrik M Britten
- 1] TRON - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany. [2] Ribological GmbH, Mainz, Germany. [3]
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Koch SD, Hong H, Feyerabend S, Retz M, Kuebler H, Heidenreich A, van Erps T, Schroeder A, Scheel B, Reus V, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M, Gnad-Vogt U, Stenzl A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase I/II trial of RNActive®-vaccine cv9104 in patients with metastatic castrate-refractory prostate cancer (mcrpc): first results of the Phase I part. J Immunother Cancer 2014. [PMCID: PMC4288759 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-s3-p85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kallen KJ, Gnad-Vogt U, Scheel B, Rippin G, Stenzl A. A phase I/IIa study of the mRNA based cancer vaccine CV9103 prepared with the RNActive technology results in distinctly longer survival than predicted by the Halabi Nomogram which correlates with the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. J Immunother Cancer 2013. [PMCID: PMC3991276 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-s1-p219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Kallen KJ, Heidenreich R, Schnee M, Petsch B, Schlake T, Thess A, Baumhof P, Scheel B, Koch SD, Fotin-Mleczek M. A novel, disruptive vaccination technology: self-adjuvanted RNActive(®) vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2263-76. [PMID: 23921513 PMCID: PMC3906413 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide based vaccines represent an enticing, novel approach to vaccination. We have developed a novel immunization technology, RNActive® vaccines, that have two important characteristics: mRNA molecules are used whose protein expression capacity has been enhanced by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude by modifications of the nucleotide sequence with the naturally occurring nucleotides A (adenosine), G (guanosine), C (cytosine), U (uridine) that do not affect the primary amino acid sequence. Second, they are complexed with protamine and thus activate the immune system by involvement of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7. Essentially, this bestows self-adjuvant activity on RNActive® vaccines. RNActive® vaccines induce strong, balanced immune responses comprising humoral and cellular responses, effector and memory responses as well as activation of important subpopulations of immune cells, such as Th1 and Th2 cells. Pre-germinal center and germinal center B cells were detected in human patients upon vaccination. RNActive® vaccines successfully protect against lethal challenges with a variety of different influenza strains in preclinical models. Anti-tumor activity was observed preclinically under therapeutic as well as prophylactic conditions. Initial clinical experiences suggest that the preclinical immunogenicity of RNActive® could be successfully translated to humans.
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Fotin-Mleczek M, Zanzinger K, Heidenreich R, Lorenz C, Thess A, Duchardt KM, Kallen KJ. Highly potent mRNA based cancer vaccines represent an attractive platform for combination therapies supporting an improved therapeutic effect. J Gene Med 2012; 14:428-39. [PMID: 22262664 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct vaccination with mRNA encoding tumor antigens is a novel and promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. CureVac's mRNA vaccines contain free and protamine-complexed mRNA. Such two-component mRNA vaccines support both antigen expression and immune stimulation. These self-adjuvanting RNA vaccines, administered intradermally without any additional adjuvant, induce a comprehensive balanced immune response, comprising antigen specific CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells. The balanced immune response results in a strong anti-tumor effect and complete protection against antigen positive tumor cells. This tumor inhibition elicited by mRNA vaccines is a result of the concerted action of different players. After just two intradermal vaccinations, we observe multiple changes at the tumor site, including the up-regulation of many genes connected to T and natural killer cell activation, as well as genes responsible for improved infiltration of immune cells into the tumor via chemotaxis. The two-component mRNA vaccines induce a very fast and boostable immune response. Therefore, the vaccination schedules can be adjusted to suit the clinical situation. Moreover, by combining the mRNA vaccines with therapies in clinical use (chemotherapy or anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy), an even more effective anti-tumor response can be elicited. The first clinical data obtained from two separate Phase I/IIa trials conducted in PCA (prostate cancer) and NSCLC (non-small cell lung carcinoma) patients have shown that the two-component mRNA vaccines are safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic in humans.
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Abstract
mRNA vaccines combine desirable immunological properties with an outstanding safety profile and the unmet flexibility of genetic vaccines. Based on in situ protein expression, mRNA vaccines are capable of inducing a balanced immune response comprising both cellular and humoral immunity while not subject to MHC haplotype restriction. In addition, mRNA is an intrinsically safe vector as it is a minimal and only transient carrier of information that does not interact with the genome. Because any protein can be expressed from mRNA without the need to adjust the production process, mRNA vaccines also offer maximum flexibility with respect to development. Taken together, mRNA presents a promising vector that may well become the basis of a game-changing vaccine technology platform. Here, we outline the current knowledge regarding different aspects that should be considered when developing an mRNA-based vaccine technology.
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Sebastian M, von Boehmer L, Zippelius A, Mayer F, Reck M, Atanackovic D, Thomas M, Schneller F, Stoehlmacher-Williams J, Goekkurt E, Bernhard H, Groeschel A, Scheel B, Koch SD, Lander T, Rippin G, Wiegand V, Gnad-Vogt US, Kallen KJ, Knuth A. Messenger RNA vaccination and B-cell responses in NSCLC patients. J Clin Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2573^ Background: Vaccination with mRNA is a novel technology in cancer immunotherapy. CV9201 consists of self-adjuvanted mRNA molecules (RNActive) coding for five non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-associated tumor antigens (MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, NY-ESO-1, BIRC5, 5T4). We report final results of a phase I/IIa trial of CV9201 in patients (pts.) with NSCLC. Methods: Pts. with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC with a response or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy or chemoradiation were eligible. Cohorts of 3 pts. were treated at three dose levels (400µg, 800µg and 1600µg CV9201) and observed for DLTs to select the highest tolerated dose for phase IIa. Primary endpoint was safety and tolerability; secondary endpoints were immune response, clinical efficacy and survival. Pts. received up to five vaccinations of CV9201 within 15 weeks. Antigen-specific immune responses against each of the 5 antigens were measured at baseline, and two weeks after the 3rd and 5th vaccination. Frequency of lymphocyte subsets and expression of activation and maturation markers were measured and retrospectively correlated with immunological and clinical parameters. Results: 46 pts. were included (9 phase I; 37 phase IIa); No DLTs occurred, and the 1600 µg dose was investigated in phase IIa. The most frequent related adverse events were mild to moderate injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms. 3 patients (7%) had potentially related grade 3 AEs (fatigue, injection site granuloma, asthma attack) and no related SAEs were reported. There were no objective responses. Data on PFS and survival will be presented. Antigen specific immune responses against at least one antigen were induced in 65% of pts. (39% cellular and 49% humoral). Consistently, a significant ≥2 fold increase of pre germinal center B cells (pGCB) was observed in 61% of pts. This increase of pGCB correlated significantly (p=0.0028) with increase of total CD4 effector T cells. Frequency of CD 4 T Reg cells did not increase during treatment. Conclusions: Vaccination with CV9201 has a favorable safety profile and induces T and B cell responses against all included antigens. Vaccine-induced increase of pGCB is a new finding and might be used as a biomarker in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sebastian
- Medizinische Klinik II Hämatologie/Onkologie, Rheumatologie, Infektiologie, HIV Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotta von Boehmer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Mayer
- University Hospital, Medical Center II, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Reck
- Department of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery, Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Oncology/Hematology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- Thoraxklinik at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Folker Schneller
- Policlinic of the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Muenchen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Groeschel
- Internal Medicine V, Pneumology, University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Knuth
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sebastian M, Boehmer LV, Zippelius A, Mayer F, Reck M, Atanackovic D, Thomas M, Schneller F, Stoehlmacher J, Goekkurt E, Bernhard H, Gröschel A, Bals R, Scheel B, Koch SD, Lander T, Kallen KJ, Knuth A. Vakzinierung von NSCLC Patienten mit einer messenger RNA-Vakzine – Resultate einer klinischen Phase I/IIa Studie. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1302880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fotin-Mleczek M, Duchardt KM, Lorenz C, Pfeiffer R, Ojkić-Zrna S, Probst J, Kallen KJ. Messenger RNA-based vaccines with dual activity induce balanced TLR-7 dependent adaptive immune responses and provide antitumor activity. J Immunother 2011. [PMID: 21150709 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181f7dbe800002371-201101000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Direct vaccination with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules encoding tumor-associated antigens is a novel and promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. The main advantage of using mRNA for vaccination is that the same molecule not only provides an antigen source for adaptive immunity, but can simultaneously bind to pattern recognition receptors, thus stimulating innate immunity. However, achieving both features remains challenging, as the complexation of mRNA required for immune-stimulating activity may inhibit its translatability. In this study, we present a new and more effective vaccine design: a two-component mRNA-based tumor vaccine that supports both: antigen expression and immune stimulation, mediated by Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7). The two-component mRNA vaccines, containing free and protamine-complexed mRNA, induce balanced adaptive immune responses providing humoral as well as T cell mediated immunity. This balanced immune response is based on the induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Once activated, these CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells secrete a wide set of cytokines, which drive a TH1 response. Immunization with the two-component vaccines induces sustained memory responses, mediated by antigen-specific memory T cells. Moreover, treatment of mice with the two-component mRNA vaccine mediates a strong antitumor response against OVA-expressing tumor cells, not only in a prophylactic but also in a therapeutic setting. In conclusion, two-component mRNA vaccines with self-adjuvanting activity induce balanced adaptive immune responses and mediate sustained antitumor activity.
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Kallen KJ, Gnad-Vogt U. NSCLC - immunogenic after all? J Thorac Dis 2011; 3:79-81. [PMID: 22263067 PMCID: PMC3256506 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2011.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Kallen
- Chief Scientific Officer, CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Gnad-Vogt
- Consultant Oncologist/Hematologist, NCT Nationales Zentrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Linker RA, Lühder F, Kallen KJ, Lee DH, Engelhardt B, Rose-John S, Gold R. IL-6 transsignalling modulates the early effector phase of EAE and targets the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 205:64-72. [PMID: 18950871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It exerts its cellular effects by a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), or, alternatively, by forming a complex with the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), a process named IL-6 transsignalling. Here we investigate the role of IL-6 transsignalling in myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced EAE in the Lewis rat. In vivo blockade of IL-6 transsignalling by the injection of a specifically designed gp130-Fc fusion protein significantly delayed the onset of adoptively transferred EAE in comparison to control rats injected with PBS or isotype IgG. Histological evaluation on day 3 after immunization revealed reduced numbers of T cells and macrophages in the lumbar spinal cord of gp130-Fc treated rats. At the same time, blockade of IL-6 transsignalling resulted in a reduced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 on spinal cord microvessels while experiments in cell culture failed to show a direct effect on the regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules. In experiments including active EAE and T cell culture, inhibition of IL-6 transsignalling mildly increased T cell proliferation, but did not change severity of active MBP-EAE or regulate Th1/Th17 responses. We conclude that IL-6 transsignalling may play a role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS mainly by regulating early expression of adhesion molecules, possibly via cellular networks at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Tenhumberg S, Schuster B, Zhu L, Kovaleva M, Scheller J, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S. gp130 dimerization in the absence of ligand: Preformed cytokine receptor complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:649-57. [PMID: 16774741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is established that cytokine receptors signal after ligand binding as homo- or hetero-dimers in heteromeric complexes, but it is unclear, when dimerization occurs. To investigate gp130 dimerization, we performed co-precipitation experiments with the endogenous cytokine receptors gp130 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R) and with gp130 variants carrying two different C-terminal peptide tags. Furthermore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was employed to detect dimerization of two fluorescent-tagged gp130 variants. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for FRET detection in live cells. gp130 and LIF-R could be coprecipitated in the absence of ligand. The interaction, however, was intensified by the addition of LIF. Similar results were obtained with the gp130 variants and confirmed by FRET analysis in live cells. The present study clearly demonstrates the existence of preformed but inactive gp130/LIF-R hetero- and gp130/gp130 homo-dimers. The addition of ligand enhanced the respective dimer formation and was required for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tenhumberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Falk MH, Kallen KJ. Targeting MUC1 with liposomal BLP25. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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von Bismarck P, Krause MF, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S, Claass A. Interleukin-6 Transsignaling hat eine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Chronischen Lungenerkrankung (CLD) des Frühgeborenen. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a 4-helical protein that binds to a specific IL-6 receptor on target cells and to two molecules of the promiscuous signal transducing protein, glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Structure-function analysis has led to the definition of molecular contacts between IL-6 and its receptor subunits. This knowledge has led to the design of competitive antagonistic proteins that retain their receptor binding capability, but fail to stimulate one or both gp130 proteins; the properties of such recombinant antagonistic proteins are compared with traditional neutralising monoclonal antibodies targeted at IL-6 or receptor subunits. Furthermore, several strategies have been employed to construct molecules with increased bioactivity. Possible therapeutic applications in putative IL-6 dependent haematologic disorders, e.g., Castleman's disease (CD), POEMS syndrome, multiple myeloma, and bone diseases, e.g., Paget's disease, osteoporosis, are outlined. IL-6 antagonists could also, in theory, suppress inflammatory activity in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases and could prevent secondary amyloidosis. This principle may prove advantageous in myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina pectoris. More generally, IL-6 antagonists could improve the wasting and microcytic anaemia of chronic diseases. IL-6 antagonists might slow down development of mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Hyperagonistic variants of IL-6 have a potential use in the ex vivo expansion of haematopoietic progenitor cells and as thrombopoietic agents. They might well be the first drugs to aid liver regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kallen
- Department of Medicine-Section-Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Obere Zahibacher str.63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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Wiegard C, Frenzel C, Herkel J, Kallen KJ, Schmitt E, Lohse AW. Murine liver antigen presenting cells control suppressor activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Hepatology 2005; 42:193-9. [PMID: 15962311 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are important mediators of peripheral immune tolerance; however, whether Treg participate also in hepatic immune tolerance is not clear. Therefore, we tested the potential of Treg to suppress stimulation of CD4(+) T cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), Kupffer cells (KC), or hepatocytes. In the absence of Treg, all 3 types of liver cells could stimulate CD4(+) T cell proliferation; in the presence of Treg, however, CD4(+) T cell proliferation was suppressed. Interaction with KC even stimulated the expansion of the Treg population; LSEC or hepatocytes, in contrast, could not induce proliferation of Treg. Because liver inflammation can be induced by infection, we tested the potential of liver cells to modify Treg suppressor activity in the presence of microbial signals. In the presence of immune-stimulatory CpG-oligonucleotides, LSEC, KC, and hepatocytes could indeed overcome Treg-mediated suppression; in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however, only KC and hepatocytes, but not LSEC, could overcome Treg suppressor activity. Hepatocytes from mice with deficient toll-like receptor-4 signaling failed to abrogate Treg suppression in response to LPS, indicating that overcoming Treg suppressor activity was indeed a response of the liver cell and not of the Treg. In conclusion, Treg can suppress CD4(+) T cell stimulation by liver cells. However, in response to microbial signals, the liver cells can overcome the suppressive activity of Treg. Thus, liver cells may facilitate the transition from hepatic immune tolerance to hepatic inflammation by controlling Treg suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wiegard
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Schroers A, Hecht O, Kallen KJ, Pachta M, Rose-John S, Grötzinger J. Dynamics of the gp130 cytokine complex: a model for assembly on the cellular membrane. Protein Sci 2005; 14:783-90. [PMID: 15722452 PMCID: PMC2279283 DOI: 10.1110/ps.041117105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type family all bind to the glycoprotein gp130 on the cell surface and require interaction with two gp130 or one gp130 and another related signal transducing receptor subunit. In addition, some cytokines of this family, such as IL-6, interleukin-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor, neuropoietin, cardiotrophin-1, and cardiotrophin-1-like-cytokine, interact with specific ligand binding receptor proteins. High- and low-affinity binding sites have been determined for these cytokines. So far, however, the stoichiometry of the signaling receptor complexes has remained unclear, because the formation of the cytokine/cytokine-receptor complexes has been analyzed with soluble receptor components in solution, which do not necessarily reflect the situation on the cellular membrane. Consequently, the binding affinities measured in solution have been orders of magnitude below the values obtained with whole cells. We have expressed two gp130 extracellular domains in the context of a Fc-fusion protein, which fixes the receptors within one dimension and thereby restricts the flexibility of the proteins in a fashion similar to that within the plasma membrane. We measured binding of IL-6 and interleukin-b receptor (IL-6R) by means of fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy. For the first time we have succeeded in recapitulating in a cell-free condition the binding affinities and dynamics of IL-6 and IL-6R to the gp130 receptor proteins, which have been determined on whole cells. Our results demonstrate that a dimer of gp130 first binds one IL-6/IL-6R complex and only at higher ligand concentrations does it bind a second IL-6/IL-6R complex. This view contrasts with the current perception of IL-6 receptor activation and reveals an alternative receptor activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Hecht
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Kallen
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Pachta
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Kallen KJ, Galle PR, Rose-John S. New developments in IL-6 dependent biology and therapy: where do we stand and what are the options? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:1327-49. [PMID: 15992152 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.9.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a four-helical protein which, on target cells, binds to a specific IL-6-receptor and two molecules of the promiscuous signal transducing protein gp130. Structure-function analysis defined three molecular contact sites between IL-6 and its receptor subunits. Using this information, competitive antagonistic proteins as well as hyperagonistic proteins were developed. Possible therapeutic applications of IL-6 antagonists are in IL-6 dependent haematological disorders (Castleman's disease, POEMS syndrome, multiple myeloma) and bone diseases (Paget's disease, osteoporosis). Designer IL-6 antagonists could suppress inflammatory activity in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases and could prevent secondary amyloidosis. IL-6 antagonists could also prove advantageous in myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris. IL-6 antagonists might slow down development of (mesangioproliferative) glomerulonephritis. On the other hand, hyperagonistic variants of IL-6 have a potential in ex vivo expansion of bone marrow stem cells and as thrombopoietic agents. They might also be developed into drugs to support liver regeneration in vivo and to treat stress-induced cardiac insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kallen
- Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiology Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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Scheller J, Kovaleva M, Rabe B, Eichler J, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for the binding of gp130 to the IL-6/IL-6R complex and its competitive inhibition. J Immunol Methods 2004; 291:93-100. [PMID: 15345308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 binds to the membrane bound or soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and activates an intracellular signaling cascade after complex formation with two gp130 molecules. These mediate general homeostasis and orchestrates the immune response during disease. Trans-signalling via the soluble IL-6R has importance for the development and maintenance of human diseases like Crohn's disease, peritonitis and rheumatoid arthritis. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) that detects the binding of gp130 to the IL-6/sIL-6R complex. Competitive binding of sgp130-Fc, viral IL-6, and the inhibitory drug Suramin to gp130 has been demonstrated. The assay can be used for high-throughput screening of peptide and chemical compound libraries for the identification of new agonists and antagonists of the binding between gp130 and IL-6/sIL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Scheller
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr.40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Abel S, Hundhausen C, Mentlein R, Schulte A, Berkhout TA, Broadway N, Hartmann D, Sedlacek R, Dietrich S, Muetze B, Schuster B, Kallen KJ, Saftig P, Rose-John S, Ludwig A. The transmembrane CXC-chemokine ligand 16 is induced by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and shed by the activity of the disintegrin-like metalloproteinase ADAM10. J Immunol 2004; 172:6362-72. [PMID: 15128827 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel CXC-chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) functions as transmembrane adhesion molecule on the surface of APCs and as a soluble chemoattractant for activated T cells. In this study, we elucidate the mechanism responsible for the conversion of the transmembrane molecule into a soluble chemokine and provide evidence for the expression and shedding of CXCL16 by fibroblasts and vascular cells. By transfection of human and murine CXCL16 in different cell lines, we show that soluble CXCL16 is constitutively generated by proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane CXCL16 resulting in reduced surface expression of the transmembrane molecule. Inhibition experiments with selective hydroxamate inhibitors against the disintegrin-like metalloproteinases a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain (ADAM)10 and ADAM17 suggest that ADAM10, but not ADAM17, is involved in constitutive CXCL16 cleavage. In addition, the constitutive cleavage of transfected human CXCL16 was markedly reduced in embryonic fibroblasts generated from ADAM10-deficient mice. By induction of murine CXCL16 in ADAM10-deficient fibroblasts with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, we show that endogenous ADAM10 is indeed involved in the release of endogenous CXCL16. Finally, the shedding of endogenous CXCL16 could be reconstituted by retransfection of ADAM10-deficient cells with ADAM10. Analyzing the expression and release of CXCXL16 by cultured vascular cells, we found that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha synergize to induce CXCL16 mRNA. The constitutive shedding of CXCL16 from the endothelial cell surface is blocked by inhibitors of ADAM10 and is independent of additional inhibition of ADAM17. Hence, during inflammation in the vasculature, ADAM10 may act as a CXCL16 sheddase and thereby finely control the expression and function of CXCL16 in the inflamed tissue.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins
- ADAM10 Protein
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Disintegrins/metabolism
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Metalloendopeptidases/deficiency
- Metalloendopeptidases/genetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Metalloendopeptidases/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Solubility
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Abel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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von Tresckow B, Kallen KJ, von Strandmann EP, Borchmann P, Lange H, Engert A, Hansen HP. Depletion of cellular cholesterol and lipid rafts increases shedding of CD30. J Immunol 2004; 172:4324-31. [PMID: 15034047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD30, a lymphoid activation marker, is shed into the cell environment after endoproteolytic cleavage of its ectodomain. Soluble (s)CD30 is able to suppress the Th1-type immune response. Because high serum levels of sCD30 and cholesterol-lowering drugs seem to be beneficial in some Th1-type autoimmune diseases, we focused on a link between CD30 shedding and the amount of cellular cholesterol. Cholesterol depletion of human Hodgkin lymphoma- and non-Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell lines by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin led to a down-regulation of membrane-bound CD30 and increased release of sCD30. Additionally, the cholesterol-interfering drugs lovastatin, cholesterol oxidase, and filipin increased CD30 shedding. Both the down-regulation of membrane-anchored CD30 and the release of sCD30 were dependent on metalloproteinases. Using specific inhibitors, we detected TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) as the leading enzyme responsible for cholesterol-dependent CD30 shedding. A Triton X-100-based method for lipid raft isolation revealed that CD30 was partially present in lipid rafts, whereas TACE was localized in the nonraft fractions. Disintegration of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion might therefore lead to dynamic interactions of CD30 with TACE, resulting in enhanced shedding of CD30. Our results suggest a possible role of cholesterol-dependent shedding of CD30 in the pathogenesis of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian von Tresckow
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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36
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Wang XP, Schunck M, Kallen KJ, Neumann C, Trautwein C, Rose-John S, Proksch E. The interleukin-6 cytokine system regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:124-31. [PMID: 15191552 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the growth and differentiation of numerous cell types. In the skin it is produced primarily by keratinocytes. The transcription factor STAT3 is activated by cytokines of the IL-6 family. In this study, we examined the involvement of IL-6, soluble IL-6-receptor, and STAT3 in epidermal barrier repair after injury to the stratum corneum by tape-stripping. After barrier disruption in wild-type mice we found an increased immunostaining of IL-6 and IL-6R on epidermal keratinocytes at 15 min to 5 h after treatment. The increase in IL-6 and IL-6R was confirmed by western blotting using epidermal homogenates and was partially prevented by occlusion immediately after barrier disruption. In IL-6-deficient mice, epidermal barrier repair was reduced at 3-24 h after treatment. Topical application of IL-6 or Hyper-IL-6, a complex of IL-6 linked to the soluble IL-6 receptor, enhanced epidermal barrier repair in wild-type mice. Application of the fusion protein gp130-FC, a specific inhibitor of the agonist IL-6/sIL-6 receptor complex, delayed barrier repair in wild, but not in IL-6-deficient mice. STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation was induced after barrier disruption in wild-type, but markedly reduced in IL-6-deficient mice. Our results indicate that the IL-6 cytokine system, particularly transsignalling via the soluble IL-6R, is critically involved in barrier repair after skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
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37
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Matthews V, Schuster B, Schütze S, Bussmeyer I, Ludwig A, Hundhausen C, Sadowski T, Saftig P, Hartmann D, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S. Cellular cholesterol depletion triggers shedding of the human interleukin-6 receptor by ADAM10 and ADAM17 (TACE). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38829-39. [PMID: 12832423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) activates cells by binding to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and subsequent formation of a glycoprotein 130 homodimer. Cells that express glycoprotein 130, but not the IL-6R, can be activated by IL-6 and the soluble IL-6R which is generated by shedding from the cell surface or by alternative splicing. Here we show that cholesterol depletion of cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin increases IL-6R shedding independent of protein kinase C activation and thus differs from phorbol ester-induced shedding. Contrary to cholesterol depletion, cholesterol enrichment did not increase IL-6R shedding. Shedding of the IL-6R because of cholesterol depletion is highly dependent on the metalloproteinase ADAM17 (tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme), and the related ADAM10, which is identified here for the first time as an enzyme involved in constitutive and induced shedding of the human IL-6R. When combined with protein kinase C inhibition by staurosporine or rottlerin, breakdown of plasma membrane sphingomyelin or enrichment of the plasma membrane with ceramide also increased IL-6R shedding. The effect of cholesterol depletion was confirmed in human THP-1 and Hep3B cells and in primary human peripheral blood monocytes, which naturally express the IL-6R. For decades, high cholesterol levels have been considered harmful. This study indicates that low cholesterol levels may play a role in shedding of the membrane-bound IL-6R and thereby in the immunopathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Matthews
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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38
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Hundhausen C, Misztela D, Berkhout TA, Broadway N, Saftig P, Reiss K, Hartmann D, Fahrenholz F, Postina R, Matthews V, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S, Ludwig A. The disintegrin-like metalloproteinase ADAM10 is involved in constitutive cleavage of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and regulates CX3CL1-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Blood 2003; 102:1186-95. [PMID: 12714508 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CX3C chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) exists as a membrane-expressed protein promoting cell-cell adhesion and as a soluble molecule inducing chemotaxis. Transmembrane CX3CL1 is converted into its soluble form by defined proteolytic cleavage (shedding), which can be enhanced by stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). PMA-induced CX3CL1 shedding has been shown to involve the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE), whereas the constitutive cleavage in unstimulated cells remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a role of the closely related disintegrin-like metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) in the constitutive CX3CL1 cleavage. The hydroxamate GW280264X, capable of blocking TACE as well as ADAM10, proved to be an effective inhibitor of the constitutive and the PMA-inducible CX3CL1 cleavage in CX3CL1-expressing ECV-304 cells (CX3CL1-ECV-304), whereas GI254023X, preferentially blocking ADAM10 but not TACE, reduced the constitutive cleavage only. Overexpression of ADAM10 in COS-7 cells enhanced constitutive cleavage of CX3CL1 and, more importantly, in murine fibroblasts deficient of ADAM10 constitutive CX3CL1 cleavage was markedly reduced. Thus, ADAM10 contributes to the constitutive shedding of CX3CL1 in unstimulated cells. Addressing the functional role of CX3CL1 shedding for the adhesion of monocytic cells via membrane-expressed CX3CL1, we found that THP-1 cells adhere to CX3CL1-ECV-304 cells but detach in the course of vigorous washing. Inhibition of ADAM10-mediated CX3CL1 shedding not only increased adhesive properties of CX3CL1-ECV-304 cells but also prevented de-adhesion of bound THP-1 cells. Our data demonstrate that ADAM10 is involved in the constitutive cleavage of CX3CL1 and thereby may regulate the recruitment of monocytic cells to CX3CL1-expressing cell layers.
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Streetz KL, Wüstefeld T, Klein C, Kallen KJ, Tronche F, Betz UAK, Schütz G, Manns MP, Müller W, Trautwein C. Lack of gp130 expression in hepatocytes promotes liver injury. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:532-43. [PMID: 12891556 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin 6 (IL-6) contributes via its signal transducer gp130 to the acute phase response (APR) in hepatocytes. Recent studies indicated that IL-6 is involved in the regulation of different pathophysiologic conditions of the liver. To define the IL-6-dependent intracellular pathways more specifically, we generated a hepatocyte-specific gp130 knockout mouse. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific gp130-deficient mice were generated using the Cre-loxP system. Expression of the Cre recombinase was under the control of a hepatocyte-specific control element. Adult mice were challenged with IL-6, oncostatin M (OSM), and LPS. RESULTS Cre expression started at day 10.5 postconception, and a complete deletion of gp130 in hepatocytes was found at day 14 during liver development. The adult liver of these mice showed no abnormalities; however, after IL-6 and OSM stimulation, gp130-dependent pathways (STAT3, APR gene expression) were completely blocked in the liver of these animals. Additionally, challenging hepatocyte-specific gp130 knockout animals with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) lead to an onset of acute liver injury with an increase of hepatocyte apoptosis associated with elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) serum levels and reduced nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that gp130 is of minor relevance for embryonal development of hepatocytes. However, the molecule has an essential role in controlling acute phase gene expression and provides hepatocellular protection after LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad L Streetz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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40
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Aasland D, Schuster B, Grötzinger J, Rose-John S, Kallen KJ. Analysis of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor functional domains by chimeric receptors and cytokines. Biochemistry 2003; 42:5244-52. [PMID: 12731865 DOI: 10.1021/bi0263311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other hematopoietic cytokine receptors, the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) possesses two cytokine binding modules (CBMs). Previous studies suggested that the NH(2)-terminal CBM and the Ig-like domain of the LIFR are most important for LIF binding and activity. Using the recently engineered designer cytokine IC7, which induces an active heterodimer of the LIFR and gp130 after binding to the IL-6R, and several receptor chimeras of the LIFR and the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) carrying the CBM of the IL-6R in place of the COOH-terminal LIFR CBM, we could assign individual receptor subdomains to individual binding sites of the ligand. The NH(2)-terminal CBM and the Ig-like domain of the LIFR bind to ligand site III, whereas the COOH-terminal CBM contacts site I. Furthermore, we show that LIFR mutants carrying the IL-6R CBM instead of the COOH-terminal CBM can replace the IL-6R by acting as an alpha-receptor for IL-6. However, in situations where a signaling competent receptor is bound at IL-6 site I, ligand binding to site III is an absolute requirement for participation of the receptor in a signaling heterodimer with gp130; i.e., a functional receptor complex of IL-6 type cytokines cannot be assembled solely via site I and II as in the growth hormone receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Aasland
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Germany
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41
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Schuster B, Kovaleva M, Sun Y, Regenhard P, Matthews V, Grötzinger J, Rose-John S, Kallen KJ. Signaling of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) revisited. The interleukin-6 receptor can serve as an alpha-receptor for CTNF. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9528-35. [PMID: 12643274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic cytokine that exerts a neuroprotective effect in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical application of human CNTF, however, was prevented by high toxicity at higher dosages. Human CNTF elicits cellular responses by induction of a receptor complex consisting of the CNTF alpha-receptor (CNTFR), which is not involved in signal transduction, and the beta-receptors gp130 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR). Previous studies with rat CNTF demonstrated that rat CNTF is unable to interact with the human interleukin-6 alpha-receptor, whereas at high concentrations, it can directly induce a signaling heterodimer of human gp130 and human LIFR in the absence of the CNTF receptor. Here, we demonstrate that human CNTF cannot directly induce a heterodimer of human gp130 and LIFR. However, human CNTF can use both the membrane-bound and the soluble human IL-6R as a substitute for its cognate alpha-receptor and thus widen the target spectrum of human CNTF. Engineering a CNTFR-specific human CNTF variant may therefore be a prerequisite to improving the safety profile of CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Schuster
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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42
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Abstract
The recently solved X-ray structure of the extracellular portion of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor (IL-6R) revealed an IL-6R dimer in the crystal lattice which probably represents a physiological dimer. Performing coprecipitation experiments with two differently tagged IL-6R variants expressed in COS-7 cells, we show that an IL-6R dimer exists in the plasma membrane in the absence of IL-6. Ligand binding does not seem to affect the dimerization status. When lysates of COS-7 cells expressing only one of the IL-6R variants are mixed, spontaneous dimerization occurs. Thus, the IL-6R dimer observed in the crystal structure represents a physiologically occurring phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Schuster
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
The activation of cells that do not express the membrane bound interleukin-6 6 receptor (IL-6R) by IL-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) is termed transsignalling. Transsignalling may be an pathogenetic factor in human diseases as diverse as multiple myeloma (MM), Castleman's disease, prostate carcinoma, Crohn's disease, systemic sclerosis, Still's disease, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. IL-6 and sIL-6R may directly or indirectly enhance their own production on endothelial or bone marrow stromal cells. Positive feedback autocrine loops thus created in affected organs may either cause or maintain disease progression. In autoimmune or vasculitic disease, the ability of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex to inhibit apoptosis of autoreactive T-cells may be central to the development of tissue specific autoimmunity. The anti-apoptotic effect of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex may be involved in tumour genesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Only in rare cases, where counterregulation has failed, there is a notable systemic effect of IL-6/sIL-6R. Appropriate animal models are necessary to establish the pathogenetic role of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex. A specific treatment option for diseases influenced by the sIL-6R could be based on gp130-Fc, a soluble gp130 (sgp130) linked to the Fc-fragment of IgG1. gp130-Fc has shown efficacy in vivo in animal models of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Kallen
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
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Aasland D, Oppmann B, Grötzinger J, Rose-John S, Kallen KJ. The upper cytokine-binding module and the Ig-like domain of the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor are sufficient for a functional LIF receptor complex. J Mol Biol 2002; 315:637-46. [PMID: 11812136 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the function of the two cytokine-binding modules (CBM) of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), receptor chimeras of LIFR and the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) were constructed. Either the NH(2)-terminal (chimera RILLIFdeltaI) or the COOH-terminal LIFR CBM (chimera RILLIFdeltaII) were replaced by the structurally related CBM of the IL-6R which does not bind LIF. Chimera RILLIFdeltaI is functionally inactive, whereas RILLIFdeltaII binds LIF and mediates signalling as efficiently as the wild-type LIFR. Deletion mutants of the LIFR revealed that both the NH(2)-terminal CBM and the Ig-like domain of the LIFR are involved in LIF binding, presumably via the LIF site III epitope. The main function of the COOH-terminal CBM of the LIFR is to position the NH(2)-terminal CBM and the Ig-like domain, so that these can bind to LIF. In analogy to a recently published model of the IL-6R complex, a model of the active LIFR complex is suggested which positions the COOH-terminal CBM at LIF site I and the NH(2)-terminal CBM and the Ig-like domain at site III. An additional contact is postulated between the Ig-like domain of gp130 and the NH(2)-terminal CBM of the LIFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Aasland
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Ohlshausenstr. 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
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Abstract
A combination of molecular modelling, conventional epitope scanning and combinatorial techniques, such as phage display and DNA shuffling, has greatly improved our understanding of ligand-receptor interactions. It has therefore been possible to develop powerful cytokine-growth factor antagonists and new designer cytokines, with altered receptor specificities or with greatly enhanced biological activity. Recently, small circular peptides that mimic or block the effects of natural cytokines and growth factors have been developed; such small peptides are likely to open new avenues in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kallen
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
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Kallen KJ, Hofmann MA, Timm A, Gödderz W, Galle PR, Heike M. Weekly oxaliplatin, high-dose infusional 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid as palliative third-line therapy of advanced colorectal carcinoma. Z Gastroenterol 2000; 38:153-7. [PMID: 10721170 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of oxaliplatin combined with high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and folinic acid (FA) as an outpatient salvage treatment for patients with metastasized colorectal cancer was retrospectively analyzed in one center. Tumor progression had occurred for the majority of patients during two regimens (n = 11) otherwise during one (n = 1) regimen of prior 5-FU-based chemotherapy, which had been applied in a standardized sequential fashion. As third-line therapy oxaliplatin was infused intravenously over 2 h at a dose of 60 mg/m2 prior to a 2-h infusion of FA (500 mg/m2). 5-FU (2,600 mg/m2) was subsequently given over 24 h. A favorable response was observed in 9/12 (75%) of the heavily pretreated patients, including partial remissions in 3/12, minor responses in 2/12 and stable disease in 4/12 patients. The median progression free time was 23 weeks (interquartile range i. r. 0-28) for all patients, the median survival time from start of third-line therapy 55 weeks (i. r. 40-86). The median survival time from the beginning of first-line palliative chemotherapy was 34 months (i. r. 25-45 months). The highest toxicity was WHO grade III and was observed in six patients: Nausea (2), diarrhea (3), vomiting (2) and peripheral neuropathy (1). The quality of life was not adversely affected by the oxaliplatin/5-FU/FA-regimen as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Thus, the results show the efficiency and low toxicity of oxaliplatin/high-dose 5-FU/FA as palliative third-line therapy of patients with metastasized colorectal cancer and emphasize that sequential palliative chemotherapy may lead to extended survival of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kallen
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
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Abstract
The typical protein fold of most cytokines is a bundle of four antiparallel helices. This 'four-helical bundle fold' seems to be unique to cytokines and has not been detected in other proteins. Cytokine receptors, however, can be classified as a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cytokines using the same receptor subunits are grouped into cytokine families. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) type cytokine family comprises six members. IL-6 type cytokines may interact with three receptor subunits instead of the usual two subunits. A tetramer would be the simplest model to describe such a receptor complex, but present orthodoxy describes the active complexes of IL-6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as hexamers. Here, we summarize the structural and biochemical information on IL-6 type cytokines and discuss interactions between cytokine and individual receptor subunits at alternative positions. Contradictory results regarding the stoichiometry and assembly of signaling receptor complexes are rationalized by a new, unique model. The model stipulates that a ligand-induced transition from an active tetrameric to an inactive hexameric complex serves as a molecular switch that turns off cytokine signals in the presence of supraoptimal cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grötzinger
- Institut für Biochemie, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Kallen KJ, Grötzinger J, Lelièvre E, Vollmer P, Aasland D, Renné C, Müllberg J, Myer zum Büschenfelde KH, Gascan H, Rose-John S. Receptor recognition sites of cytokines are organized as exchangeable modules. Transfer of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-binding site from ciliary neurotrophic factor to interleukin-6. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:11859-67. [PMID: 10207005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.17.11859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are "4-helical bundle" cytokines of the IL-6 type family of neuropoietic and hematopoietic cytokines. IL-6 signals by induction of a gp130 homodimer (e.g. IL-6), whereas CNTF and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signal via a heterodimer of gp130 and LIF receptor (LIFR). Despite binding to the same receptor component (gp130) and a similar protein structure, IL-6 and CNTF share only 6% sequence identity. Using molecular modeling we defined a putative LIFR binding epitope on CNTF that consists of three distinct regions (C-terminal A-helix/N-terminal AB loop, BC loop, C-terminal CD-loop/N-terminal D-helix). A corresponding gp130-binding site on IL-6 was exchanged with this epitope. The resulting IL-6/CNTF chimera lost the capacity to signal via gp130 on cells without LIFR, but acquired the ability to signal via the gp130/LIFR heterodimer and STAT3 on responsive cells. Besides identifying a specific LIFR binding epitope on CNTF, our results suggest that receptor recognition sites of cytokines are organized as modules that are exchangeable even between cytokines with limited sequence homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kallen
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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Jostock T, Blinn G, Renné C, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S, Müllberg J. Immunoadhesins of interleukin-6 and the IL-6/soluble IL-6R fusion protein hyper-IL-6. J Immunol Methods 1999; 223:171-83. [PMID: 10089096 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) results from homodimerization of gp130. This dimerization occurs after binding of IL-6 to its surface receptor (IL-6R) and can also be triggered by the complex of soluble IL-6R and IL-6. We fused IL-6 to the constant region of a human IgG1 heavy chain (Fc). IL-6Fc was expressed in COS-7 cells and purified via Protein A Sepharose. Using three different assays we found that the biological activity of this dimeric IL-6 protein is comparable with monomeric IL-6. Recently, we described the designer cytokine Hyper-IL-6 (H-IL-6) in which soluble IL-6R and IL-6 are connected via a flexible peptide linker. This molecule turned out to be 100-1000 times more effective than unlinked IL-6 and soluble IL-6R. Hyper-IL-6 acts on cells only expressing gp130 and is a potent stimulator of in vitro expansion of early hematopoietic precursors. Here we show that a Fc fusion protein of H-IL-6 (H-IL-6Fc) has the same biological activity on BAF/gp130 cells as H-IL-6. Furthermore, both H-IL-6 forms have a similar ability to induce the synthesis of acute phase proteins in human hepatoma cells HepG2 and in mice in vivo. The introduction of a thrombin cleavage site between H-IL-6 and the Fc portion of H-IL-6Fc made it possible to specifically recover biologically active monomeric H-IL-6 by limited proteolysis of the fusion protein. A more general use of cleavable immunoadhesins expressed in mammalian cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jostock
- Medical Clinic, Pathophysiology Section, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
The interleukin-6-type family of cytokines bind to receptor complexes that share gp130 as a common signal-transducing subunit. So far, receptor antagonists for interleukin-6-type cytokines have been constructed that still bind to the specific ligand binding subunit of the receptor complex, but have lost the ability to stimulate gp130. Such receptor antagonists compete for a specific receptor of a member of the cytokine family. Interleukin-6 only binds to gp130 when complexed with the interleukin-6 receptor that exists as a membrane bound and soluble molecule. Here we have constructed fusion proteins that consist of the soluble form of the human interleukin-6 receptor covalently linked to interleukin-6 receptor antagonists. These fusion proteins directly bind to gp130. Moreover, at concentrations of 10-50 nM they completely neutralize not only the biological activity of interleukin-6 but also of other cytokines of the interleukin-6-type family that act via gp130 homodimers or gp130/LIF-R heterodimers. Therefore, these gp130 targeting cytokine antagonists might be useful therapeutic tools in disease states that are related to cytokines of the interleukin-6 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Renné
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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