51
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Weiß JA, Mohr S, Schmid MG. Indirect Chiral Separation of New Recreational Drugs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Trifluoroacetyl-L-Prolyl Chloride as Chiral Derivatization Reagent. Chirality 2014; 27:211-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Weiß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Stefan Mohr
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering; Graz Austria
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens University Graz; Graz Austria
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52
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Tabani H, Mahyari M, Sahragard A, Fakhari AR, Shaabani A. Evaluation of sulfated maltodextrin as a novel anionic chiral selector for the enantioseparation of basic chiral drugs by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:305-11. [PMID: 25262990 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a new class of chiral selectors is an interesting work and this issue is still one of the hot topics in separation science and chirality. In this study, for the first time, sulfated maltodextrin (MD) was synthesized as a new anionic chiral selector and then it was successfully applied for the enantioseparation of five basic drugs (amlodipine, hydroxyzine, fluoxetine, tolterodine, and tramadol) as model chiral compounds using CE. This chiral selector has two recognition sites: a helical structure and a sulfated group which contribute to three corresponding driving forces; inclusion complexation, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen binding. Under the optimized condition (buffer solution: 50 mM phosphate (pH 3.0) and 2% w/v sulfated MD; applied voltage: 18 kV; temperature: 20°C), baseline enantioseparation was observed for all mentioned chiral drugs. When instead of sulfated MD neutral MD was used under the same condition, no enantioseparation was observed which means the resolution power of sulfated MD is higher than neutral MD due to the electrostatic interaction between sulfated groups and protonated chiral drugs. Also, the countercurrent mobility of negatively charged MD (sulfated MD) allows more interactions between the chiral selector and chiral drugs and this in turn results in a successful resolution for the enantiomers. Furthermore, a higher concentration of neutral MD (approximately five times) is necessary to achieve the equivalent resolution compared with the negatively charged MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tabani
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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53
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Nageswara Rao R, Guru Prasad K. Stereo-specific LC and LC-MS bioassays of antidepressants and psychotics. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:21-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Nageswara Rao
- D215, Discovery Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
| | - K. Guru Prasad
- D215, Discovery Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
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54
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Chen B, He M, Zhong C, Hu B. Chiral speciation of selenoamino acids in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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55
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Al-Hussin A, Boysen RI, Saito K, Hearn MT. Preparation and electrochromatographic characterization of new chiral β-cyclodextrin poly(acrylamidopropyl) porous layer open tubular capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Tabani H, Fakhari AR, Nojavan S. Maltodextrins as chiral selectors in CE: molecular structure effect of basic chiral compounds on the enantioseparation. Chirality 2014; 26:620-8. [PMID: 25065695 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of chiral separation for a compound using a chiral selector is an interesting and debatable work. For this purpose, in this study 23 chiral basic drugs with different chemical structures were selected as model solutes and the influence of their chemical structures on the enantioseparation in the presence of maltodextrin (MD) as chiral selector was investigated. For chiral separation, a 100-mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) containing 10% (w/v) MD with dextrose equivalent (DE) of 4-7 as chiral selector at the temperature of 25°C and voltage of 20 kV was used. Under this condition, baseline separation was achieved for nine chiral compounds and partial separation was obtained for another six chiral compounds while no enantioseparation was obtained for the remaining eight compounds. The results showed that the existence of at least two aromatic rings or cycloalkanes and an oxygen or nitrogen atom or -CN group directly bonded to the chiral center are necessary for baseline separation. With the obtained results in this study, chiral separation of a chiral compound can be estimated with MD-modified capillary electrophoresis before analysis. This prediction will minimize the number of preliminary experiments required to resolve enantiomers and will save time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tabani
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, I.R., Iran
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57
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Dubbeldam D, Calero S, Vlugt TJ. Exploring new methods and materials for enantioselective separations and catalysis. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.829225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Rouf A, Taneja SC. Synthesis of single-enantiomer bioactive molecules: a brief overview. Chirality 2013; 26:63-78. [PMID: 24339171 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chiral-center enantiomers have been shown to differ significantly in biological activity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. New developments in the stereoselective organic synthesis have enriched the vast literature of synthetic methodologies applicable to access natural products as well as bioactive molecules. These compounds also include new drugs, drug candidates and reagents used to explore biological processes. The article reviews the synthesis of optically pure drugs, biologically active intermediates and amino alcohols by using different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rouf
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
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59
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The bioanalytical challenge of determining unbound concentration and protein binding for drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:3033-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding unbound concentrations is of vital importance when exploring the PK and PD of a drug. The accurate and reproducible determination of plasma protein binding and unbound concentrations for a compound/drug is a serious challenge for the bioanalytical laboratory. When the drug is in equilibrium with the binding protein(s), this equilibrium will shift when physiological conditions are not met. Furthermore, the true unbound fraction/concentration is unknown, and there are numerous publications in the scientific literature reporting and discussing data that have been produced without sufficient control of the parameters influencing the equilibrium. In this Review, different parameters affecting the equilibrium and analysis are discussed, together with suggestions on how to control these parameters in order to produce as trustworthy results for unbound concentrations/fractions as possible.
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60
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Szwed K, Dawidowski M, Bielejewska A, Asztemborska M. OPTIMIZATION OF ENANTIOSEPARATION OF 2,6-DIKETOPIPERAZINE DERIVATIVES WITH β-CYCLODEXTRIN AND HYDROXY ACIDS AS COMPONENTS OF MOBILE PHASE IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.723093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szwed
- a Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Maciej Dawidowski
- b Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Bielejewska
- a Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- a Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
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61
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Awad H, El-Aneed A. Enantioselectivity of mass spectrometry: challenges and promises. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:466-483. [PMID: 23775620 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the fast growing market of pure enantiomer drugs and bioactive molecules, new chiral-selective analytical tools have been instigated including the use of mass spectrometry (MS). Even though MS is one of the best analytical tools that has efficiently been used in several pharmaceutical and biological applications, traditionally MS is considered as a "chiral-blind" technique. This limitation is due to the MS inability to differentiate between two enantiomers of a chiral molecule based merely on their masses. Several approaches have been explored to assess the potential role of MS in chiral analysis. The first approach depends on the use of MS-hyphenated techniques utilizing fast and sensitive chiral separation tools such as liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to MS detector. More recently, several alternative separation techniques have been evaluated such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC); the latter being a hybrid technique that combines the efficiency of CE with the selectivity of LC. The second approach is based on using the MS instrument solely for the chiral recognition. This method depends on the behavioral differences between enantiomers towards a foreign molecule and the ability of MS to monitor such differences. These behavioral differences can be divided into three types: (i) differences in the enantiomeric affinity for association with the chiral selector, (ii) differences of the enantiomeric exchange rate with a foreign reagent, and (iii) differences in the complex MS dissociation behaviors of the enantiomers. Most recently, ion mobility spectrometry was introduced to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate chiral compounds. This article provides an overview of MS role in chiral analysis by discussing MS based methodologies and presenting the challenges and promises associated with each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Awad
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5C9
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62
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Gao SY, Li H, Wang L, Yang LN. Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Benzoic Acid Compounds in the Plant Medicine by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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63
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Chiral initiator-induces self-disproportionation of enantiomers via achiral chromatography: application to enantiomer separation of racemate. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Mansour FR, Wei W, Danielson ND. Separation of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1339-53. [PMID: 24006302 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine and its acylesters are a family of compounds that can be used in the early diagnosis of many diseases. Carnitine and acylcarnitines have a crucial role in fatty acid transportation. The increased level of free carnitine, total carnitine, or the acylesters can act as biomarkers for many metabolic disorders, including diabetes, encephalopathy and cardiomyopathy. The determination of these compounds is difficult owing to the simple aliphatic structure, the chiral center and the permanent positive charge. Although MS detection can be enough to differentiate between some carnitine derivatives, closely related structural isomers of the acylcarnitines must be separated before detection because they form the same base peak and second most abundant ion peak. Different separation methods are discussed in this review, including reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction, ion exchange, ion pairing, mixed mode liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electrophoresis. Representative example chromatograms are shown. The sample preparation and the different derivatization reactions are also covered. A table that summarizes the most important analytical methods by detailing the analyte mixture, the sample matrix, the separation mode and the detection method is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
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65
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Partial carbamoylation of cellulose microspheres: A new method to prepare adsorbents for liquid chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-013-1312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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66
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Guo Z, De Cat I, Van Averbeke B, Ghijsens E, Lin J, Xu H, Wang G, Hoeben FJM, Tomović Ž, Lazzaroni R, Beljonne D, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. Surface-Induced Diastereomeric Complex Formation of a Nucleoside at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Stereoselective Recognition and Preferential Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9811-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongxia Guo
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Inge De Cat
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Van Averbeke
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elke Ghijsens
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Xu
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guojie Wang
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freek J. M. Hoeben
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux
Nouveaux, Université de Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 FB-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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67
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Chen Q, Chen M, Zhou J, Han Q, Wang Y, Fu Y. The application of chiral arginine and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as matrices to monitor hydrogen peroxide. Bioelectrochemistry 2013; 91:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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68
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Péter A. Chiral derivatizations applied for the separation of unusual amino acid enantiomers by liquid chromatography and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:119-39. [PMID: 23598164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for life, and have many functions in metabolism. One particularly important function is to serve as the building blocks of peptides and proteins, giving rise complex three dimensional structures through disulfide bonds or crosslinked amino acids. Peptides are frequently cyclic and contain proteinogenic as well as nonproteinogenic amino acids in many instances. Since most of the proteinogenic α-amino acids contain at least one stereogenic center (with the exception of glycine), the stereoisomers of all these amino acids and the peptides in which they are to be found may possess differences in biological activity in living systems. The impetus for advances in chiral separation has been highest in the past 25 years and this still continues to be an area of high focus. The important analytical task of the separation of isomers is achieved mainly by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. This paper reviews indirect separation approaches, i.e. derivatization reactions aimed at creating the basis for the chromatographic resolution of biologically and pharmaceutically important enantiomers of unusual amino acids and related compounds, with emphasis on the literature published from 1980s. The main aspects of the chiral derivatization of amino acids are discussed, i.e. derivatization on the amino group, transforming the molecules into covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives through the use of homochiral derivatizing agents. The diastereomers formed (amides, urethanes, urea and thiourea derivatives, etc.) can be separated on achiral stationary phases. The applications are considered, and in some cases different derivatizing agents for the resolution of complex mixtures of proteinogenic d,l-amino acids, non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides/amino acids from peptide syntheses or microorganisms are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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69
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Nie Y, Liu X, Yang X, Zhao Z. Review: Recent Application of Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Methods for Enantiomeric Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Determinations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:753-63. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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70
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Rocco A, Maruška A, Fanali S. Enantiomeric separations by means of nano-LC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:421-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rocco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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71
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Bucar F, Wube A, Schmid M. Natural product isolation – how to get from biological material to pure compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:525-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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72
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Ngim KK, Zhong Q, Mistry K, Chetwyn N. EFFECT OF SULFOBUTYL ETHER BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIER ON SELECTIVITY OF REVERSED PHASE HPLC SEPARATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.639116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenley K. Ngim
- a Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry & Quality Control, Genentech, Inc. , S. San Francisco , California , USA
| | - Qiqing Zhong
- a Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry & Quality Control, Genentech, Inc. , S. San Francisco , California , USA
| | - Kavita Mistry
- a Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry & Quality Control, Genentech, Inc. , S. San Francisco , California , USA
| | - Nik Chetwyn
- a Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry & Quality Control, Genentech, Inc. , S. San Francisco , California , USA
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73
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Bogunovic L, Fliedner M, Eichhorn R, Wegener S, Regtmeier J, Anselmetti D, Reimann P. Chiral particle separation by a nonchiral microlattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:100603. [PMID: 23005274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We conceived a model experiment for a continuous separation strategy of chiral molecules (enantiomers) without the need of any chiral selector structure or derivatization agents: Microparticles that only differ by their chirality are shown to migrate along different directions when driven by a steady fluid flow through a square lattice of cylindrical posts. In accordance with our numerical predictions, the transport directions of the enantiomers depend very sensitively on the orientation of the lattice relative to the fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bogunovic
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Physics, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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74
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Optimization of the liquid chromatography enantioseparation of chiral acidic compounds using cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral selector and polar organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1234:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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75
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Shewiyo DH, Kaale E, Risha PG, Dejaegher B, Smeyers-Verbeke J, Vander Heyden Y. HPTLC methods to assay active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations: a review of the method development and validation steps. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:11-23. [PMID: 22494517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is still increasingly finding its way in pharmaceutical analysis in some parts of the world. With the advancements in the stationary phases and the introduction of densitometers as detection equipment, the technique achieves for given applications a precision and trueness comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this review, the literature is surveyed for developed and validated HPTLC methods to assay active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations published in the period 2005-2011. Procedures and approaches for method development, validation and quantitative assays are compared with the standard ways of conducting them. Applications of HPTLC in some other areas are also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Shewiyo
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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76
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Cyclodextrins as a chiral mobile phase additive in nano-liquid chromatography: comparison of reversed-phase silica monolithic and particulate capillary columns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2935-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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77
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Massi A, Marchetti N, Dondi F. Recent applications in chiral high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:205-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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78
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Hendrickx A, Mangelings D, Chankvetadze B, Vander Heyden Y. Updating a chiral separation strategy for non-acidic drugs with capillary electrochromatography applicable for both chlorinated and non-chlorinated polysaccharide selectors. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2718-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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79
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Sproß J, Sinz A. Monolithic media for applications in affinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1958-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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80
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Enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in wastewater and environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4746-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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81
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Coupling of acetonitrile deproteinization and salting-out extraction with acetonitrile stacking in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the determination of warfarin enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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82
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Mokhtari B, Pourabdollah K, Dalali N. Applications of Nano-Baskets of Calixarenes in Chromatography. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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83
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Bi W, Tian M, Row KH. Chiral separation and determination of ofloxacin enantiomers by ionic liquid-assisted ligand-exchange chromatography. Analyst 2011; 136:379-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Separation Strategies for Processing of Dilute Liquid Streams. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/659012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Processing of dilute liquid streams in the industries like food, agro-, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, environment, and so forth needs special strategy for the separation and purification of the desired product and for environment friendly disposal of the waste stream. The separation strategy adopted to achieve the goal is extremely important from economic as well as from environmental point of view. In the present paper we have reviewed the various aspects of some selected universal separation strategies such as adsorption, membrane separation, electrophoresis, chromatographic separation, and electroosmosis that are exercised for processing of dilute liquid streams.
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85
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Zhang YJ, Zhang YP, Duan QR, Bai LY, Chen J, Zhou XM. ENANTIOSEPARATION USING A CELLULOSE-BASED STATIONARY PHASE BY CAPILLARY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.526823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Rong Duan
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Yang Bai
- b Pesticide Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
- b Pesticide Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mao Zhou
- b Pesticide Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, P. R. China
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86
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Purification, Stereoisomeric Analysis and Quantification of Sex Pheromone Precursors in Female Whole Body Extracts from Pine Sawfly Species. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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87
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Hashim NH, Shafie S, Khan SJ. Enantiomeric fraction as an indicator of pharmaceutical biotransformation during wastewater treatment and in the environment--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1349-1370. [PMID: 21121459 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003728022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analysis of some pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment has the potential to reveal significant insights regarding the effectiveness of biotransformation processes. Furthermore, enantioselective analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment may provide a useful historical record revealing the dominant source of (treated or untreated) wastewater contamination. This review of the recent scientific literature has identified only a handful of studies that have directly investigated these promising applications. However, a range of enantioselective analytical techniques are likely to be adaptable from those which have been developed within the pharmaceutical industry. These include direct enantioseparations of enantiomers on chiral stationary phases as well as indirect separations by achiral stationary phases after chiral derivatization to form pairs of physically distinguishable diastereomers. Further investigations of the patterns of enantiomeric fractionation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and environmental samples will provide an increasingly solid understanding of the relationship between biotransformation processes and the often overlooked parameter of enantiomeric fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Hashim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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88
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89
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Ullrich T, Wesenberg D, Bleuel C, Krauss GJ, Schmid MG, Weiss M, Gübitz G. Chiral separation of the β2-sympathomimetic fenoterol by HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis for pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1125-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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90
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Abstract
This review article addresses the developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods coupled on-line with MS for chiral analysis. The multiple enantiomeric applications of this hyphenated technology are covered including chiral analysis of drugs, food compounds, pesticides, natural metabolites, etc. in different matrices such as plasma, urine, medicines, foods, etc. This work intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till September 2009) on the principal chiral applications carried out by CZE-MS, CEC-MS and MEKC-MS, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks in all their different areas of application as well as their foreseeable development in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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91
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Barış D, Şeker S, Hoşgören H, Toğrul M. Synthesis of rigid and C2-symmetric 18-crown-6 type macrocycles bearing diamide–diester groups: enantiomeric recognition for α-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium perchlorate salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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92
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Recognition mechanism of supramolecular systemsof β-cyclodextrin derivatives and applications in chiral separation. Se Pu 2010; 28:413-21. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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93
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NMR as a tool for simultaneous study of diastereoisomeric inclusion complexes formed by racemic mixture of 4′-hydroxyflavanone and heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-β-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-010-9793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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94
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Sahoo S, Ray M. Three Point Chiral Recognition and Resolution of Amino Alcohols Through Well-Defined Interaction Inside a Metallocavity. Chemistry 2010; 16:5004-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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95
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Xu W, Cheng Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Zhou N, Zhu X. Synthesis and properties of crosslinked chiral nanoparticles via RAFT miniemulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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96
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97
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Zaidi SA, Han KM, Hwang DG, Cheong WJ. Preparation of open tubular molecule imprinted polymer capillary columns with various templates by a generalized procedure and their chiral and non-chiral separation performance in CEC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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98
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Xie Y, Xu JH, Xu Y. Isolation of a Bacillus strain producing ketone reductase with high substrate tolerance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1054-1059. [PMID: 19767205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Target reaction-oriented screening from soil samples yielded a ketone reductase-producing Bacillus sp., strain ECU0013, which exhibits excellent stereoselectivity, high substrate tolerance and is capable of regenerating the required cofactor with glucose as a co-substrate. Whole-cells catalyzed the asymmetric reduction of 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone (50mM) to (R)-2-chloro-1-phenylethanol with a 93.3% conversion rate and 99% e.e. (enantiomeric excess). A variety of ketones were enantioselectively reduced by resting cells, giving corresponding chiral alcohols with good to excellent e.e. values. These results suggest the potential of this strain for the industrial production of chiral halogenated aromatic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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99
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Gu C, He J, Jia J, Fang N, Simmons R, Shamsi SA. Surfactant-bound monolithic columns for separation of proteins in capillary high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:530-9. [PMID: 20031139 PMCID: PMC3098612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-bound monolithic stationary phase based on the co-polymerization of 11-acrylamino-undecanoic acid (AAUA) is designed for capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using D-optimal design, the effect of the polymerization mixture (concentrations of monomer, crosslinker and porogens) on the chromatographic performance (resolution and analysis time) of the AAUA-EDMA monolithic column was evaluated. The polymerization mixture was optimized using three proteins as model test solutes. The D-optimal design indicates a strong dependence of chromatographic parameters on the concentration of porogens (1,4-butanediol and water) in the polymerization mixture. Optimized solutions for fast separation and high resolution separation, respectively, were obtained using the proposed multivariate optimization. Differences less than 6.8% between the predicted and the experimental values in terms of resolution and retention time indeed confirmed that the proposed approach is practical. Using the optimized column, fast separation of proteins could be obtained in 2.5 min, and a tryptic digest of myoglobin was successfully separated on the high resolution column. The physical properties (i.e., morphology, porosity and permeability) of the optimized monolithic column were thoroughly investigated. It appears that this surfactant-bound monolith may have a great potential as a new generation of capillary HPLC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jinping Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nenghu Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Robert Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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100
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Abstract
The main goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of chiral separations to researchers who are versed in the area of analytical separations but unfamiliar with chiral separations. To researchers who are not familiar with this area, there is currently a bewildering array of commercially available chiral columns, chiral derivatizing reagents, and chiral selectors for approaches that span the range of analytical separation platforms (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical-fluid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis). This review begins with a brief discussion of chirality before examining the general strategies and commonalities among all of the chiral separation techniques. Rather than exhaustively listing all the chiral selectors and applications, this review highlights significant issues and differences between chiral and achiral separations, providing salient examples from specific classes of chiral selectors where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stalcup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA.
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