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He GL, Liu Y, Li M, Chen CH, Gao P, Yu ZP, Yang XS. The amelioration of phagocytic ability in microglial cells by curcumin through the inhibition of EMF-induced pro-inflammatory responses. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:49. [PMID: 24645646 PMCID: PMC3994595 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient clearance by microglial cells, prevalent in several neurological conditions and diseases, is intricately intertwined with MFG-E8 expression and inflammatory responses. Electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure can elicit the pro-inflammatory activation and may also trigger an alteration of the clearance function in microglial cells. Curcumin has important roles in the anti-inflammatory and phagocytic process. Here, we evaluated the ability of curcumin to ameliorate the phagocytic ability of EMF-exposed microglial cells (N9 cells) and documented relative pathways. Methods N9 cells were pretreated with or without recombinant murine MFG-E8 (rmMFG-E8), curcumin and an antibody of toll-like receptor 4 (anti-TLR4), and subsequently treated with EMF or a sham exposure. Their phagocytic ability was evaluated using phosphatidylserine-containing fluorescent bioparticles. The pro-inflammatory activation of microglia was assessed via CD11b immunoreactivity and the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO) via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the Griess test. We evaluated the ability of curcumin to ameliorate the phagocytic ability of EMF-exposed N9 cells, including checking the expression of MFG-E8, αvβ3 integrin, TLR4, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) using Western blotting. Results EMF exposure dramatically enhanced the expression of CD11b and depressed the phagocytic ability of N9 cells. rmMFG-E8 could clearly ameliorate the phagocytic ability of N9 cells after EMF exposure. We also found that EMF exposure significantly increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and the production of NO; however, these increases were efficiently chilled by the addition of curcumin to the culture medium. This reduction led to the amelioration of the phagocytic ability of EMF-exposed N9 cells. Western blot analysis revealed that curcumin and naloxone restored the expression of MFG-E8 but had no effect on TLR4 and cytosolic STAT3. Moreover, curcumin significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB p65 in nuclei and phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) in cytosols and nuclei. Conclusions This study indicates that curcumin ameliorates the depressed MFG-E8 expression and the attenuated phagocytic ability of EMF-exposed N9 cells, which is attributable to the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory response through the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Zhao L, Yang YF, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Zuo HY, Dong J, Xu XP, Su ZT, Zhou HM, Zhu LL, Peng RY. Upregulation of HIF-1α via activation of ERK and PI3K pathway mediated protective response to microwave-induced mitochondrial injury in neuron-like cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1024-34. [PMID: 24627260 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-induced learning and memory deficits in animal models have been gaining attention in recent years, largely because of increasing public concerns on growing environmental influences. The data from our group and others have showed that the injury of mitochondria, the major source of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in primary neurons, could be detected in the neuron cells of microwave-exposed rats. In this study, we provided some insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind mitochondrial injury in PC12 cell-derived neuron-like cells. PC12 cell-derived neuron-like cells were exposed to 30 mW/cm(2) microwave for 5 min, and damages of mitochondrial ultrastructure could be observed by using transmission electron microscopy. Impairments of mitochondrial function, indicated by decrease of ATP content, reduction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, could be detected. We also found that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α), a key regulator responsible for hypoxic response of the mammalian cells, was upregulated in microwave-exposed neuron-like cells. Furthermore, HIF-1α overexpression protected mitochondria from injury by increasing the ATP contents and MMP, while HIF-1α silence promoted microwave-induced mitochondrial damage. Finally, we demonstrated that both ERK and PI3K signaling activation are required in microwave-induced HIF-1α activation and protective response. In conclusion, we elucidated a regulatory connection between impairments of mitochondrial function and HIF-1α activation in microwave-exposed neuron-like cells. By modulating mitochondrial function and protecting neuron-like cells against microwave-induced mitochondrial injury, HIF-1α represents a promising therapeutic target for microwave radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Haidian District, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
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Hu S, Peng R, Wang C, Wang S, Gao Y, Dong J, Zhou H, Su Z, Qiao S, Zhang S, Wang L, Wen X. Neuroprotective effects of dietary supplement Kang-fu-ling against high-power microwave through antioxidant action. Food Funct 2014; 5:2243-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
KFL displays a protective effect against HPM-induced cognitive impairment and histopathological changes by ameliorating oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Hu
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
- Hospital of PLA 96164 Troop
- Jinhua, China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Zhentao Su
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Shanyi Qiao
- Department of Phytochemistry
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing, China
| | - Shouguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
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54
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Pathological changes associated with experimental 900-MHz electromagnetic wave exposure in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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55
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Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:29-35. [PMID: 23952535 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.835883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the possible role of microwave (MW) exposure on spatial memory of Swiss albino mice and its relationship to protein concentration in whole brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to 10 GHz (Giga Hertz) microwaves with the power density of 0.25 mW/cm(2) (milliwatt per centimeter square) with average whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.1790 W/kg daily for 2 hours per day (h/day) for 30 days. After exposure mice were tested for spatial memory performance using Morris water maze test (MWT). For this purpose mice (6-8 weeks old) were divided into two groups: (i) Sham exposed, and (ii) microwaves exposed. After initial training for two days, MWT was performed for another 6 days. Protein was estimated 48 h after exposure and immediately after completion of MWT. RESULTS Both sham-exposed and microwaves-exposed animals showed a significant decrease in escape time with training. Microwaves-exposed animals had statistically significant higher mean latency to reach the target quadrant compared to sham exposed. A concurrent decrease in protein levels was estimated in whole brain of the exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from the current study that exposure to microwave radiation caused decrements in the ability of mice to learn the special memory task, this may be due to simultaneous decrease in protein levels in the brain of mice.
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Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, Yong Z, Zuo H, Zhao L, Dong J, Xu X, Su Z. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:1100-7. [PMID: 23786183 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of microwave exposure on learning and memory and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100 Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave field at average power densities of 0 mW/cm(2), 5 mW/cm(2), 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) for 6 min. The spatial memory was assessed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. An in vivo study was conducted soon after microwave exposure to evaluate the changes of population spike (PS) amplitudes of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the medial perforant path (MPP)-dentate gyrus (DG) pathway. The structure of the hippocampus was observed by the light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 7 d after microwave exposure. RESULTS Our results showed that the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure. Decreased PS amplitudes were also found after 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave exposure. In addition, varying degrees of degeneration of hippocampal neurons, decreased synaptic vesicles and blurred synaptic clefts were observed in the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave. Compared with the sham group, the rats exposed in 5 mW/cm(2) microwave showed no difference in the above experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that impairment of LTP induction and the damages of hippocampal structure, especially changes of synapses, might contribute to cognitive impairment after microwave exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
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Byun YH, Ha M, Kwon HJ, Hong YC, Leem JH, Sakong J, Kim SY, Lee CG, Kang D, Choi HD, Kim N. Mobile phone use, blood lead levels, and attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children: a longitudinal study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59742. [PMID: 23555766 PMCID: PMC3605379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have developed for the possible negative health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure to children's brains. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between mobile phone use and symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) considering the modifying effect of lead exposure. METHODS A total of 2,422 children at 27 elementary schools in 10 Korean cities were examined and followed up 2 years later. Parents or guardians were administered a questionnaire including the Korean version of the ADHD rating scale and questions about mobile phone use, as well as socio-demographic factors. The ADHD symptom risk for mobile phone use was estimated at two time points using logistic regression and combined over 2 years using the generalized estimating equation model with repeatedly measured variables of mobile phone use, blood lead, and ADHD symptoms, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS The ADHD symptom risk associated with mobile phone use for voice calls but the association was limited to children exposed to relatively high lead. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that simultaneous exposure to lead and RF from mobile phone use was associated with increased ADHD symptom risk, although possible reverse causality could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hwan Byun
- Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Han Leem
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Cheju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Chul Gab Lee
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dongmug Kang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Busan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cheongju, Korea
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Ntzouni MP, Skouroliakou A, Kostomitsopoulos N, Margaritis LH. Transient and cumulative memory impairments induced by GSM 1.8 GHz cell phone signal in a mouse model. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:95-120. [PMID: 23320614 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.709207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the transient and cumulative impairments in spatial and non-spatial memory of C57Bl/6J mice exposed to GSM 1.8 GHz signal for 90 min daily by a typical cellular (mobile) phone at a specific absorption rate value of 0.11 W/kg. Free-moving male mice 2 months old were irradiated in two experimental protocols, lasting for 66 and for 148 days respectively. Each protocol used three groups of animals (n = 8 each for exposed, sham exposed and controls) in combination with two behavioural paradigms, the object recognition task and the object location task sequentially applied at different time points. One-way analysis of variance revealed statistically significant impairments of both types of memory gradually accumulating, with more pronounced effects on the spatial memory. The impairments persisted even 2 weeks after interruption of the 8 weeks daily exposure, whereas the memory of mice as detected by both tasks showed a full recovery approximately 1 month later. Intermittent every other day exposure for 1 month had no effect on both types of memory. The data suggest that visual information processing mechanisms in hippocampus, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex are gradually malfunctioning upon long-term daily exposure, a phenotype that persists for at least 2 weeks after interruption of radiation, returning to normal memory performance levels 4 weeks later. It is postulated that cellular repair mechanisms are operating to eliminate the memory affecting molecules. The overall contribution of several possible mechanisms to the observed cumulative and transient impairments in spatial and non-spatial memory is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Ntzouni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Athens University, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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Cucurachi S, Tamis WLM, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM, Bolte JFB, de Snoo GR. A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 51:116-140. [PMID: 23261519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents a systematic review of published scientific studies on the potential ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in the range of 10 MHz to 3.6 GHz (from amplitude modulation, AM, to lower band microwave, MW, EMF). METHODS Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Scholar Google with no restriction on publication date. Five species groups were identified: birds, insects, other vertebrates, other organisms, and plants. Not only clear ecological articles, such as field studies, were taken into consideration, but also biological articles on laboratory studies investigating the effects of RF-EMF with biological endpoints such as fertility, reproduction, behaviour and development, which have a clear ecological significance, were also included. RESULTS Information was collected from 113 studies from original peer-reviewed publications or from relevant existing reviews. A limited amount of ecological field studies was identified. The majority of the studies were conducted in a laboratory setting on birds (embryos or eggs), small rodents and plants. In 65% of the studies, ecological effects of RF-EMF (50% of the animal studies and about 75% of the plant studies) were found both at high as well as at low dosages. No clear dose-effect relationship could be discerned. Studies finding an effect applied higher durations of exposure and focused more on the GSM frequency ranges. CONCLUSIONS In about two third of the reviewed studies ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions. However, a lack of standardisation and a limited number of observations limit the possibility of generalising results from an organism to an ecosystem level. We propose in future studies to conduct more repetitions of observations and explicitly use the available standards for reporting RF-EMF relevant physical parameters in both laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cucurachi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jin Z, Zong C, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Tong J, Cao Y. The effect of combined exposure of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields and doxorubicin in HL-60 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46102. [PMID: 23029402 PMCID: PMC3460948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells were pre-exposed to non-ionizing 900 MHz radiofrequency fields (RF) at 12 µW/cm2 power density for 1 hour/day for 3 days and then treated with a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX, 0.125 mg/L). Several end-points related to toxicity, viz., viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase activity were measured. The results obtained in un-exposed and sham-exposed control cells were compared with those exposed to RF alone, DOX alone and RF+DOX. The results indicated no significant differences between un-exposed, sham-exposed control cells and those exposed to RF alone while treatment with DOX alone showed a significant decrease in viability, increased apoptosis, decreased MMP, increased Ca2+ and decreased Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity. When the latter results were compared with cells exposed RF+DOX, the data showed increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, increased MMP, decreased Ca2+ and increased Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity. Thus, RF pre-exposure appear to protect the HL-60 cells from the toxic effects of subsequent treatment with DOX. These observations were similar to our earlier data which suggested that pre-exposure of mice to 900 MHz RF at 120 µW/cm2 power density for 1 hours/day for 14 days had a protective effect in hematopoietic tissue damage induced by subsequent gamma-irradiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/radiation effects
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy
- Magnesium/metabolism
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/radiation effects
- Radiofrequency Therapy
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Cao
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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61
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Hao D, Yang L, Chen S, Tian Y, Wu S. 916 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects rat behavior and hippocampal neuronal discharge. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:1488-92. [PMID: 25657684 PMCID: PMC4308780 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.19.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wistar rats were exposed to a 916 MHz, 10 W/m2 mobile phone electromagnetic field for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week. Average completion times in an eight-arm radial maze were longer in the exposed rats than control rats after 4–5 weeks of exposure. Error rates in the exposed rats were greater than the control rats at 6 weeks. Hippocampal neurons from the exposed rats showed irregular firing patterns during the experiment, and they exhibited decreased spiking activity 6–9 weeks compared with that after 2–5 weeks of exposure. These results indicate that 916 MHz electromagnetic fields influence learning and memory in rats during exposure, but long-term effects are not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Hao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Su Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yonghao Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuicai Wu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Yang XS, He GL, Hao YT, Xiao Y, Chen CH, Zhang GB, Yu ZP. Exposure to 2.45GHz electromagnetic fields elicits an HSP-related stress response in rat hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:371-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lu Y, Xu S, He M, Chen C, Zhang L, Liu C, Chu F, Yu Z, Zhou Z, Zhong M. Glucose administration attenuates spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:631-7. [PMID: 22564535 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates that glucose administration attenuates memory deficits in rodents and humans, and cognitive impairment has been associated with reduced glucose metabolism and uptake in certain brain regions including the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated whether glucose treatment attenuated memory deficits caused by chronic low-power-density microwave (MW) exposure, and the effect of MW exposure on hippocampal glucose uptake. We exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz pulsed MW irradiation at a power density of 1 mW/cm(2) for 3 h/day, for up to 30 days. MW exposure induced spatial learning and memory impairments in rats. Hippocampal glucose uptake was also reduced by MW exposure in the absence or presence of insulin, but the levels of blood glucose and insulin were not affected. However, these spatial memory deficits were reversed by systemic glucose treatment. Our results indicate that glucose administration attenuates the spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density MW exposure, and reduced hippocampal glucose uptake may be associated with cognitive impairment caused by MW exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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64
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Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Mortazavi SMJ, Nasri H, Baradaran A, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi HR. Mobile phone radiation interferes laboratory immunoenzymometric assays: Example chorionic gonadotropin assays. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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65
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Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, Koutsogiannopoulou E, Anastasiadou E, Stravopodis DJ, Tsangaris GT, Margaritis LH. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:250-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.631068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Athina Samara
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anta Xanthopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Papadopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Koutsogiannopoulou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Th. Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Athens University,
Athens, Greece
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Yoon SY, Kim KT, Jo SJ, Cho AR, Jeon SI, Choi HD, Kim KH, Park GS, Pack JK, Kwon OS, Park WY. Induction of hair growth by insulin-like growth factor-1 in 1,763 MHz radiofrequency-irradiated hair follicle cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28474. [PMID: 22164296 PMCID: PMC3229574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) radiation does not transfer high energy to break the covalent bonds of macromolecules, but these low energy stimuli might be sufficient to induce molecular responses in a specific manner. We monitored the effect of 1,763 MHz RF radiation on cultured human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) by evaluating changes in the expression of cytokines related to hair growth. The expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA in hDPCs was significantly induced upon RF radiation at the specific absorption rate of 10 W/kg, which resulted in increased expression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) proteins and increased phosphorylation of MAPK1 protein. Exposure to 10 W/kg RF radiation 1 h per day for 7 days significantly enhanced hair shaft elongation in ex vivo hair organ cultures. In RF-exposed follicular matrix keratinocytes in the hair bulb, the expression of Ki-67 was increased, while the signal for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling was reduced. From these results, we suggest that 1,763 MHz RF exposure stimulates hair growth in vitro through the induction of IGF-1 in hDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Ri Cho
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Ik Jeon
- Radio Technology Research Department, Communications & Broadcasting Covergence, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Communications & Broadcasting Covergence, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gun-Sik Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Pack
- Electromagnetic Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Oh Sang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (OSK); (W-YP)
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (OSK); (W-YP)
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Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. 900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:219-34. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.587930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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68
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Balbani APS, Krawczyk AL. Impacto do uso do telefone celular na saúde de crianças e adolescentes. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822011000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Apresentar o conhecimento sobre efeitos biológicos dos campos eletromagnéticos, detalhes da absorção da energia dos campos de micro-ondas na criança, efeitos da exposição a esses campos no período pré e pós-natal e impacto do uso dos telefones celulares no sistema nervoso central e no comportamento de crianças. FONTES DE DADOS: Trabalhos em língua inglesa publicados entre 2004 e 2009 e indexados na base de dados PubMed com os unitermos: "crianças", "telefones celulares" e "micro-ondas". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Telefones celulares emitem radiofrequência na faixa de micro-ondas, cujos efeitos biológicos podem ser térmicos (aquecimento dos tecidos) ou não térmicos (estresse oxidativo e mudanças na conformação da cromatina). Pesquisas experimentais sugerem que a dissipação da energia de radiofrequência nos tecidos seria maior na criança do que no adulto. Em ratos, a exposição pré-natal à radiofrequência em níveis não térmicos não produz efeito teratogênico ou mutagênico, nem aumento da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica ou da expressão de heat shock proteins no encéfalo. Não há evidência de efeito nocivo da radiação dos celulares na cognição de crianças. Fazer ligações ou enviar mensagens de texto no horário noturno aumenta a probabilidade de sonolência diurna em adolescentes. Crianças que usam mais o celular podem ter déficit de memória e comportamento impulsivo. CONCLUSÕES: Não está comprovado que a exposição à radiação dos celulares, pré ou pós-natal, dentro dos limites de segurança para humanos, induz dano ao desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central. Entretanto, padrões culturais relacionados à posse e uso dos aparelhos influenciam o comportamento de crianças e adolescentes e podem provocar distúrbios do sono.
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69
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Cammaerts MC, Debeir O, Cammaerts R. Changes in Paramecium caudatum (protozoa) near a switched-on GSM telephone. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:57-66. [PMID: 21554102 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.566778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Paramecium caudatum was examined under normal conditions versus aside a switched-on GSM telephone (900 MHz; 2 Watts). Exposed individuals moved more slowly and more sinuously than usual. Their physiology was affected: they became broader, their cytopharynx appeared broader, their pulse vesicles had difficult in expelling their content outside the cell, their cilia less efficiently moved, and trichocysts became more visible. All these effects might result from some bad functioning or damage of the cellular membrane. The first target of communication electromagnetic waves might thus be the cellular membrane.
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70
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Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2011; 18:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rağbetlı MC, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Rağbetlı C, Bektas Ş, Ozdemır S. The effect of mobile phone on the number of Purkinje cells: A stereological study. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:548-54. [DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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73
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Whole body exposure with GSM 900MHz affects spatial memory in mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:179-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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74
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YAN JIGENG, AGRESTI MICHAEL, ZHANG LINLING, YAN YUHUI, MATLOUB HANIS. Qualitative Effect on mRNAs of Injury-Associated Proteins by Cell Phone Like Radiation in Rat Facial Nerves. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 28:383-90. [DOI: 10.3109/15368370903287614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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75
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de Gannes FP, Billaudel B, Taxile M, Haro E, Ruffié G, Lévêque P, Veyret B, Lagroye I. Effects of head-only exposure of rats to GSM-900 on blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal degeneration. Radiat Res 2009; 172:359-67. [PMID: 19708785 DOI: 10.1667/rr1578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Salford et al. reported in 2003 that a single 2-h exposure to GSM-900 mobile telephony signals induced brain damage (increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and presence of dark neurons) 50 days after exposure. In our study, 16 Fischer 344 rats (14 weeks old) were exposed head-only to the GSM-900 signal for 2 h at various brain-averaged SARs (0, 0.14 and 2.0 W/kg) or were used as cage or positive controls. Albumin leakage and neuron degeneration were evaluated 14 and 50 days after exposure. No apoptotic neurons were found 14 days after the last exposure using the TUNEL method. No statistically significant albumin leakage was observed. Neuronal degeneration, assessed using cresyl violet or the more specific marker Fluoro-Jade B, was not significantly different among the tested groups. No apoptotic neurons were detected. The findings of our study did not confirm the previous results of Salford et al.
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Nittby H, Salford LG, Grafström G, Brun A, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Eberhardt J. Response to comments on cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation by Nittby et al. (Bioelectromagnetics 29:219-232, 2008). Bioelectromagnetics 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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77
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Ammari M, Jacquet A, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de Seze R. Effect of head-only sub-chronic and chronic exposure to 900-MHz GSM electromagnetic fields on spatial memory in rats. Brain Inj 2009; 22:1021-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02699050802530599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ammari
- INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Aurèlie Jacquet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - René de Seze
- INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Nordstrom CH. Comments on "cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation" by Nittby et al. (Bioelectromagnetics 29:219-232, 2008). Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 30:508; author reply 509. [PMID: 19415713 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:103-12. [PMID: 19345073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microwaves were for the first time produced by humans in 1886 when radio waves were broadcasted and received. Until then microwaves had only existed as a part of the cosmic background radiation since the birth of universe. By the following utilization of microwaves in telegraph communication, radars, television and above all, in the modern mobile phone technology, mankind is today exposed to microwaves at a level up to 10(20) times the original background radiation since the birth of universe. Our group has earlier shown that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in albumin extravasation immediately and 14 days after 2h of exposure. In the background section of this report, we present a thorough review of the literature on the demonstrated effects (or lack of effects) of microwave exposure upon the BBB. Furthermore, we have continued our own studies by investigating the effects of GSM mobile phone radiation upon the blood-brain barrier permeability of rats 7 days after one occasion of 2h of exposure. Forty-eight rats were exposed in TEM-cells for 2h at non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0mW/kg, 0.12mW/kg, 1.2mW/kg, 12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. Albumin extravasation over the BBB, neuronal albumin uptake and neuronal damage were assessed. Albumin extravasation was enhanced in the mobile phone exposed rats as compared to sham controls after this 7-day recovery period (Fisher's exact probability test, p=0.04 and Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.012), at the SAR-value of 12mW/kg (Mann-Whitney, p=0.007) and with a trend of increased albumin extravasation also at the SAR-values of 0.12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. There was a low, but significant correlation between the exposure level (SAR-value) and occurrence of focal albumin extravasation (r(s)=0.33; p=0.04). The present findings are in agreement with our earlier studies where we have seen increased BBB permeability immediately and 14 days after exposure. We here discuss the present findings as well as the previous results of altered BBB permeability from our and other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Nittby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, S-22185, Lund, Sweden
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Ahlers MT, Bolz T, Bahr A, Ammermüller J. Temperature-controlled exposure systems for investigating possible changes of retinal ganglion cell activity in response to high-frequency electromagnetic fields. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:227-235. [PMID: 19142653 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-008-0207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two exposure systems were developed for the measurement of retinal ganglion cell responses to light under the influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Exposure characteristics were determined numerically for the GSM standards (900/1,800 MHz) and the UMTS standard (1,966 MHz) with specific absorption rates, averaged over the region of interest, of 0.02, 0.2, 2 und 20 W kg(-1). Extracellular multi- and single unit recordings of light responses from several retinal ganglion cells per retina could be obtained in these exposure systems on a regular basis, using two recording electrodes simultaneously. With appropriate temperature control adjustment, maximal temperature deviations at exposure onset and offset were well below the range of +/-0.1 degrees C for all SAR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte T Ahlers
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Association of tinnitus and electromagnetic hypersensitivity: hints for a shared pathophysiology? PLoS One 2009; 4:e5026. [PMID: 19325894 PMCID: PMC2657824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tinnitus is a frequent condition with high morbidity and impairment in quality of life. The pathophysiology is still incompletely understood. Electromagnetic fields are discussed to be involved in the multi-factorial pathogenesis of tinnitus, but data proofing this relationship are very limited. Potential health hazards of electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been under discussion for long. Especially, individuals claiming themselves to be electromagnetic hypersensitive suffer from a variety of unspecific symptoms, which they attribute to EMF-exposure. The aim of the study was to elucidate the relationship between EMF-exposure, electromagnetic hypersensitivity and tinnitus using a case-control design. Methodology Tinnitus occurrence and tinnitus severity were assessed by questionnaires in 89 electromagnetic hypersensitive patients and 107 controls matched for age-, gender, living surroundings and workplace. Using a logistic regression approach, potential risk factors for the development of tinnitus were evaluated. Findings Tinnitus was significantly more frequent in the electromagnetic hypersensitive group (50.72% vs. 17.5%) whereas tinnitus duration and severity did not differ between groups. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity and tinnitus were independent risk factors for sleep disturbances. However, measures of individual EMF-exposure like e.g. cell phone use did not show any association with tinnitus. Conclusions Our data indicate that tinnitus is associated with subjective electromagnetic hypersensitivity. An individual vulnerability probably due to an over activated cortical distress network seems to be responsible for, both, electromagnetic hypersensitivity and tinnitus. Hence, therapeutic efforts should focus on treatment strategies (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy) aiming at normalizing this dysfunctional distress network.
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Grafström G, Nittby H, Brun A, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:257-63. [PMID: 18782606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to mimic the real life situation, with often life-long exposure to the electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones, we have investigated in a rat model the effects of repeated exposures under a long period to Global System for Mobile Communication-900 MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed once weekly in a 2-h period, for totally 55 weeks, at different average whole-body specific absorption rates (SAR) (of in average 0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period). The animals were exposed in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber (TEM-cell) to radiation emitted by a GSM-900 test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After behavioural tests, 5-7 weeks after the last exposure, the brains were evaluated for histopathological alterations such as albumin extravasation, dark neurons, lipofuscin aggregation and signs of cytoskeletal and neuritic neuronal changes of the type seen in human ageing. In this study, no significant alteration of any these histopathological parameters was found, when comparing the GSM exposed animals to the sham exposed controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Grafström
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, S-22185 Lund, Sweden.
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Nittby H, Grafström G, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BRR, Salford LG. Radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the blood-brain barrier. Electromagn Biol Med 2008; 27:103-26. [PMID: 18568929 DOI: 10.1080/15368370802061995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the microwaves of the modern communication society have spread a totally new entity--the radiofrequency fields--around the world. How does this affect biology on Earth? The mammalian brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain tissue. There is evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields at non thermal levels disrupts this barrier. In this review, the scientific findings in this field are presented. The result is a complex picture, where some studies show effects on the blood-brain barrier, whereas others do not. Possible mechanisms for the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the living organisms are discussed. Demonstrated effects on the blood-brain barrier, as well as a series of other effects upon biology, have caused societal anxiety. Continued research is needed to come to an understanding of how these possible effects can be neutralized, or at least reduced. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that proven effects on biology also should have positive potentials, e.g., for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Nittby
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Dere E, Zlomuzica A, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. Chapter 2.2 Animal episodic memory. HANDBOOK OF EPISODIC MEMORY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(08)00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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