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Lei Y, Zhao F, Shao J, Li Y, Li S, Chang H, Zhang Y. Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6185. [PMID: 30656066 PMCID: PMC6336016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity, which can be overcome by conjugating antigenic epitopes with built-in adjuvants (e.g., some carrier proteins or new biomaterials) with special properties, including immunologic specificity, good biosecurity and biocompatibility, and the ability to vastly improve the immune response of epitope vaccines. When designing epitope vaccines, the following types of built-in adjuvants are typically considered: (1) pattern recognition receptor ligands (i.e., toll-like receptors); (2) virus-like particle carrier platforms; (3) bacterial toxin proteins; and (4) novel potential delivery systems (e.g., self-assembled peptide nanoparticles, lipid core peptides, and polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles). This review primarily discusses the current and prospective applications of these built-in adjuvants (i.e., biological carriers) to provide some references for the future design of epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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52
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Bruun TJ, Andersson AMC, Draper SJ, Howarth M. Engineering a Rugged Nanoscaffold To Enhance Plug-and-Display Vaccination. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8855-8866. [PMID: 30028591 PMCID: PMC6158681 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale organization is crucial to stimulating an immune response. Using self-assembling proteins as multimerization platforms provides a safe and immunogenic system to vaccinate against otherwise weakly immunogenic antigens. Such multimerization platforms are generally based on icosahedral viruses and have led to vaccines given to millions of people. It is unclear whether synthetic protein nanoassemblies would show similar potency. Here we take the computationally designed porous dodecahedral i301 60-mer and rationally engineer this particle, giving a mutated i301 (mi3) with improved particle uniformity and stability. To simplify the conjugation of this nanoparticle, we employ a SpyCatcher fusion of mi3, such that an antigen of interest linked to the SpyTag peptide can spontaneously couple through isopeptide bond formation (Plug-and-Display). SpyCatcher-mi3 expressed solubly to high yields in Escherichia coli, giving more than 10-fold greater yield than a comparable phage-derived icosahedral nanoparticle, SpyCatcher-AP205. SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticles showed high stability to temperature, freeze-thaw, lyophilization, and storage over time. We demonstrate approximately 95% efficiency coupling to different transmission-blocking and blood-stage malaria antigens. Plasmodium falciparum CyRPA was conjugated to SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticles and elicited a high avidity antibody response, comparable to phage-derived virus-like particles despite their higher valency and RNA cargo. The simple production, precise derivatization, and exceptional ruggedness of this nanoscaffold should facilitate broad application for nanobiotechnology and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora
U. J. Bruun
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie C. Andersson
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Jenner
Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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53
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B Carvalho S, Fortuna AR, Wolff MW, Peixoto C, M Alves P, Reichl U, JT Carrondo M. Purification of influenza virus-like particles using sulfated cellulose membrane adsorbers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:1988-1996. [PMID: 30008506 PMCID: PMC6033026 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) are an alternative to inactivated viral vaccines that combine good safety profiles with strong immunogenicity. In order to be economically competitive, efficient manufacturing is required, in particular downstream processing, which often accounts for major production costs. This study describes the optimization and establishment of a chromatography capturing technique using sulfated cellulose membrane adsorbers (SCMA) for purification of influenza VLPs. RESULTS Using a design of experiments approach, the critical factors for SCMA performance were described and optimized. For optimal conditions (membrane ligand density: 15.4 µmol cm-2, salt concentration of the loading buffer: 24 mmol L-1 NaCl, and elution buffer: 920 mmol L-1 NaCl, as well as the corresponding flow rates: 0.24 and 1.4 mL min-1), a yield of 80% in the product fraction was obtained. No loss of VLPs was detected in the flowthrough fraction. Removal of total protein and DNA impurities were higher than 89% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION Use of SCMA represents a significant improvement compared with conventional ion exchanger membrane adsorbers. As the method proposed is easily scalable and reduces the number of steps required compared with conventional purification methods, SCMA could qualify as a generic platform for purification of VLP-based influenza vaccines. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Carvalho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - A Raquel Fortuna
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMagdeburgGermany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMagdeburgGermany
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGießenGermany
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMagdeburgGermany
- Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Manuel JT Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de LisboaCaparicaPortugal
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54
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Intrastructural Help: Harnessing T Helper Cells Induced by Licensed Vaccines for Improvement of HIV Env Antibody Responses to Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00141-18. [PMID: 29743369 PMCID: PMC6026751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00141-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not be optimal, we explored the possibility of improving the HIV Env antibody response to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines by recruiting T helper cells induced by commonly used licensed vaccines to provide help for Env-specific B cells. B cells specific for the surface protein of a VLP can internalize the entire VLP and thus present peptides derived from the surface and core proteins on their major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. This allows T helper cells specific for the core protein to provide intrastructural help for B cells recognizing the surface protein. Consistently, priming mice with an adjuvanted Gag protein vaccine enhanced the HIV Env antibody response to subsequent booster immunizations with HIV VLPs. To harness T helper cells induced by the licensed Tetanolpur vaccines, HIV VLPs that contained T helper cell epitopes of tetanus toxoid were generated. Tetanol-immunized mice raised stronger antibody responses to immunizations with VLPs containing tetanus toxoid T helper cell epitopes but not to VLPs lacking these epitopes. Depending on the priming immunization, the IgG subtype response to HIV Env after the VLP immunization could also be modified. Thus, harnessing T helper cells induced by other vaccines appears to be a promising approach to improve the HIV Env antibody response to VLP vaccines. IMPORTANCE Induction of HIV Env antibodies at sufficient levels with optimal Fc effector functions for durable protection remains a challenge. Efficient T cell help may be essential to induce such a desirable antibody response. Here, we provide proof of concept that T helper cells induced by a licensed vaccine can be harnessed to provide help for HIV Env-specific B cells and to modulate the Env-specific IgG subtype response.
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55
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Kim HJ, Cho SY, Park MH, Kim HJ. Comparison of the size distributions and immunogenicity of human papillomavirus type 16 L1 virus-like particles produced in insect and yeast cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:544-553. [PMID: 29637494 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect and yeast cells are considered the expression systems of choice for producing virus-like particles (VLPs), and numerous types of VLPs have been produced in these systems. However, previous studies were restricted to identifying the characteristics of individual VLP preparations. No direct comparison of the structures and immunogenic properties of insect and yeast-derived VLPs has so far been made. In the present study, the size distribution and immunogenic properties of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) L1 VLPs produced in Spodoptera frugipedra-9 insect cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared. The insect cell-derived VLPs were larger than the yeast ones (P < 0.0001), with median sizes of 34 and 26 nm, respectively. In addition, the insect-derived VLPs appeared to be more diverse in size than the yeast-derived VLPs. Immunization of mice with 30 ng per dose of VLPs elicited 2.7- and 2.4-fold higher anti-HPV16 L1 IgG and anti-HPV16 neutralizing antibody titers than immunization with the same amounts of the yeast-derived VLPs after the 4th immunizations, respectively. Our results suggest that the choice of expression system critically affects the particle size and immunogenic property of HPV16 L1 VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Min-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Hong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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56
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Molino JVD, Lopes AM, Viana Marques DDA, Mazzola PG, da Silva JL, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC, Gatti MSV, Pessoa A. Application of aqueous two‐phase micellar system to improve extraction of adenoviral particles from cell lysate. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:381-389. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Dutra Molino
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical TechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - André Moreni Lopes
- Department of Bioprocess and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSão Paulo State University Araraquara Brazil
| | | | | | - Joas Lucas da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical TechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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57
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Emerging viral diseases from a vaccinology perspective: preparing for the next pandemic. Nat Immunol 2017; 19:20-28. [PMID: 29199281 PMCID: PMC7097586 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases will continue to threaten public health and are sustained by global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Most pandemic threats are caused by viruses from either zoonotic sources or vector-borne sources. Developing better ways to anticipate and manage the ongoing microbial challenge will be critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and, conversely, each such goal will affect the ability to control infectious diseases. Here we discuss how technology can be applied effectively to better prepare for and respond to new viral diseases with a focus on new paradigms for vaccine development. Emerging viral diseases present a huge and increasingly important global threat to public health systems. Graham and Sullivan discuss the challenges presented by emerging viral diseases and discuss how innovations in technology and policy can address this threat.
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58
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Cimica V, Galarza JM. Adjuvant formulations for virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:99-108. [PMID: 28780375 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of virus-like particle (VLP) technology has had an enormous impact on modern vaccinology. In order to optimize the efficacy and safety of VLP-based vaccines, adjuvants are included in most vaccine formulations. To date, most licensed VLP-based vaccines utilize the classic aluminum adjuvant compositions. Certain challenging pathogens and weak immune responder subjects may require further optimization of the adjuvant formulation to maximize the magnitude and duration of the protective immunity. Indeed, novel classes of adjuvants such as liposomes, agonists of pathogen recognition receptors, polymeric particles, emulsions, cytokines and bacterial toxins, can be used to further improve the immunostimulatory activity of a VLP-based vaccine. This review describes the current advances in adjuvant technology for VLP-based vaccines directed at viral diseases, and discusses the basic principles for designing adjuvant formulations for enhancing the vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velasco Cimica
- TechnoVax, Inc., 765 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jose M Galarza
- TechnoVax, Inc., 765 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
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59
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Carvalho SB, Moleirinho MG, Wheatley D, Welsh J, Gantier R, Alves PM, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT. Universal label-free in-process quantification of influenza virus-like particles. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28514082 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are becoming established as vaccines, in particular for influenza pandemics, increasing the interest in the development of VLPs manufacturing bioprocess. However, for complex VLPs, the analytical tools used for quantification are not yet able to keep up with the bioprocess progress. Currently, quantification for Influenza relies on traditional methods: hemagglutination assay or Single Radial Immunodiffusion. These analytical technologies are time-consuming, cumbersome, and not supportive of efficient downstream process development and monitoring. Hereby we report a label-free tool that uses Biolayer interferometry (BLI) technology applied on an Octet platform to quantify Influenza VLPs at all stages of bioprocess. Human (α2,6-linked sialic acid) and avian (α2,3-linked sialic acid) biotinylated receptors associated with streptavidin biosensors were used, to quantify hemagglutinin content in several mono- and multivalent Influenza VLPs. The applied method was able to quantify hemagglutinin from crude samples up to final bioprocessing VLP product. BLI technology confirmed its value as a high throughput analytical tool with high sensitivity and improved detection limits compared to traditional methods. This simple and fast method allowed for real-time results, which are crucial for in-line monitoring of downstream processing, improving process development, control and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Carvalho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mafalda G Moleirinho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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60
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Venereo-Sanchez A, Simoneau M, Lanthier S, Chahal P, Bourget L, Ansorge S, Gilbert R, Henry O, Kamen A. Process intensification for high yield production of influenza H1N1 Gag virus-like particles using an inducible HEK-293 stable cell line. Vaccine 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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61
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Abstract
Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris are the standard platforms for biopharmaceutical production with 40% of all between 2010 to 2014 approved protein drugs produced in those microbial hosts. Typically, products overexpressed E. coli and S. cerevisiae remain in the cytosol or are secreted into the periplasm. Consequently, efficient cell disruption is essential for high product recovery during microbial production. Process development platforms at microscale are essential to shorten time to market. While high-pressure homogenization is the industry standard for cell disruption at large scale this method is not practicable for experiments in microscale. This review describes microscale methods for cell disruption at scales as low as 200 µL. Strategies for automation, parallelization and miniaturization, as well as comparability of the results at this scale to high pressure homogenization are considered as those criteria decide which methods are most suited for scale down. Those aspects are discussed in detail for protein overexpression in E. coli and yeast but also the relevance for alternative products and host such as microalgae are taken into account. The authors conclude that bead milling is the best comparable microscale method to large scale high-pressure homogenization and therefore the most suitable technique for automated process development of microbial hosts with the exception of pDNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Walther
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Boehringer-Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Dürauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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62
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VLP-based vaccine induces immune control of Staphylococcus aureus virulence regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:637. [PMID: 28377579 PMCID: PMC5429642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and mounting antibiotic resistance requires innovative treatment strategies. S. aureus uses secreted cyclic autoinducing peptides (AIPs) and the accessory gene regulator (agr) operon to coordinate expression of virulence factors required for invasive infection. Of the four agr alleles (agr types I-IV and corresponding AIPs1-4), agr type I isolates are most frequently associated with invasive infection. Cyclization via a thiolactone bond is essential for AIP function; therefore, recognition of the cyclic form of AIP1 may be necessary for antibody-mediated neutralization. However, the small sizes of AIPs and labile thiolactone bond have hindered vaccine development. To overcome this, we used a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine platform (PP7) for conformationally-restricted presentation of a modified AIP1 amino acid sequence (AIP1S). Vaccination with PP7-AIP1S elicited AIP1-specific antibodies and limited agr-activation in vivo. Importantly, in a murine SSTI challenge model with a highly virulent agr type I S. aureus isolate, PP7-AIP1S vaccination reduced pathogenesis and increased bacterial clearance compared to controls, demonstrating vaccine efficacy. Given the contribution of MRSA agr type I isolates to human disease, vaccine targeting of AIP1-regulated virulence could have a major clinical impact in the fight against antibiotic resistance.
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63
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Jeong H, Seong BL. Exploiting virus-like particles as innovative vaccines against emerging viral infections. J Microbiol 2017; 55:220-230. [PMID: 28243941 PMCID: PMC7090582 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging viruses pose a major threat to humans and livestock with global public health and economic burdens. Vaccination remains an effective tool to reduce this threat, and yet, the conventional cell culture often fails to produce sufficient vaccine dose. As an alternative to cell-culture based vaccine, virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered as a highpriority vaccine strategy against emerging viruses. VLPs represent highly ordered repetitive structures via macromolecular assemblies of viral proteins. The particulate nature allows efficient uptake into antigen presenting cells stimulating both innate and adaptive immune responses towards enhanced vaccine efficacy. Increasing research activity and translation opportunity necessitate the advances in the design of VLPs and new bioprocessing modalities for efficient and cost-effective production. Herein, we describe major achievements and challenges in this endeavor, with respect to designing strategies to harnessing the immunogenic potential, production platforms, downstream processes, and some exemplary cases in developing VLP-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotcherl Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology & Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Steppert P, Burgstaller D, Klausberger M, Kramberger P, Tover A, Berger E, Nöbauer K, Razzazi‐Fazeli E, Jungbauer A. Separation of HIV‐1 gag virus‐like particles from vesicular particles impurities by hydroxyl‐functionalized monoliths. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:979-990. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Steppert
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Eva Berger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetCore Facility for Research University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Vienna Austria
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65
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Del Carmen Morán-García A, Rivera-Toledo E, Echeverría O, Vázquez-Nin G, Gómez B, Bustos-Jaimes I. Peptide presentation on primate erythroparvovirus 1 virus-like particles: In vitro assembly, stability and immunological properties. Virus Res 2016; 224:12-8. [PMID: 27523978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have demonstrated to be valuable scaffolds for the display of heterologous peptides for vaccine development and other specific interactions. VLPs of primate erythroparvovirus 1, generally referred as parvovirus B19 (B19V), have already been produced in-vivo and in-vitro from the recombinant VP2 protein of this virus. In this study, chimeric forms of B19V VP2 were constructed, and their ability to assemble into VLPs was evaluated. Chimeras were composed of the VP2 protein fused, at its N-terminus, with two peptides derived from the fusion glycoprotein (F) of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The chimeric proteins self-assembled into VLPs morphologically similar to B19V virions. Stability of these VLPs was analyzed under denaturation conditions with guanidinium chloride (GdnHCl). Our results indicate that the presence of the heterologous fragments increased the stability of VLPs assembled by any of the VP2 chimeras. Specific proteolysis assays shown that a fraction of the N-termini of the chimeric proteins is located on the outer surface of the VLPs. Immunogenicity of VLPs against RSV was evaluated and the results indicate that the particles can elicit a humoral immune response, although these antibodies did not cross-react with RSV in ELISA tests. These results provide novel insights into the localization of the N-termini of B19V VP2 protein after in vitro assembly into VLPs, and point them to be attractive sites to display peptides or proteins without compromise the assembly or stability of VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areli Del Carmen Morán-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Olga Echeverría
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Nin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ismael Bustos-Jaimes
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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66
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Kim HJ, Kwag HL, Kim DG, Kang BK, Han SY, Moon H, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Kang HA, Kim HJ. Assembly of the capsid protein of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus during purification, and role of calcium ions in chromatography. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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67
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Dürauer A, Hobiger S, Walther C, Jungbauer A. Mixing at the microscale: Power input in shaken microtiter plates. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1539-1549. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Dürauer
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Vienna Austria
| | | | - Cornelia Walther
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Vienna Austria
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68
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Hsia Y, Bale JB, Gonen S, Shi D, Sheffler W, Fong KK, Nattermann U, Xu C, Huang PS, Ravichandran R, Yi S, Davis TN, Gonen T, King NP, Baker D. Design of a hyperstable 60-subunit protein dodecahedron. [corrected]. Nature 2016; 535:136-9. [PMID: 27309817 PMCID: PMC4945409 DOI: 10.1038/nature18010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dodecahedron [corrected] is the largest of the Platonic solids, and icosahedral protein structures are widely used in biological systems for packaging and transport. There has been considerable interest in repurposing such structures for applications ranging from targeted delivery to multivalent immunogen presentation. The ability to design proteins that self-assemble into precisely specified, highly ordered icosahedral structures would open the door to a new generation of protein containers with properties custom-tailored to specific applications. Here we describe the computational design of a 25-nanometre icosahedral nanocage that self-assembles from trimeric protein building blocks. The designed protein was produced in Escherichia coli, and found by electron microscopy to assemble into a homogenous population of icosahedral particles nearly identical to the design model. The particles are stable in 6.7 molar guanidine hydrochloride at up to 80 degrees Celsius, and undergo extremely abrupt, but reversible, disassembly between 2 molar and 2.25 molar guanidinium thiocyanate. The dodecahedron [corrected] is robust to genetic fusions: one or two copies of green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be fused to each of the 60 subunits to create highly fluorescent ‘standard candles’ for use in light microscopy, and a designed protein pentamer can be placed in the centre of each of the 20 pentameric faces to modulate the size of the entrance/exit channels of the cage. Such robust and customizable nanocages should have considerable utility in targeted drug delivery, vaccine design and synthetic biology.
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69
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Steppert P, Burgstaller D, Klausberger M, Berger E, Aguilar PP, Schneider TA, Kramberger P, Tover A, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Jungbauer A. Purification of HIV-1 gag virus-like particles and separation of other extracellular particles. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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70
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Scalable chromatography-based purification of virus-like particle carrier for epitope based influenza A vaccine produced in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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71
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Ladd Effio C, Oelmeier SA, Hubbuch J. High-throughput characterization of virus-like particles by interlaced size-exclusion chromatography. Vaccine 2016; 34:1259-67. [PMID: 26845741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development and manufacturing of safe and effective vaccines relies essentially on the availability of robust and precise analytical techniques. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as an important and valuable class of vaccines for the containment of infectious diseases. VLPs are produced by recombinant protein expression followed by purification procedures to minimize the levels of process- and product-related impurities. The control of these impurities is necessary during process development and manufacturing. Especially monitoring of the VLP size distribution is important for the characterization of the final vaccine product. Currently used methods require long analysis times and tailor-made assays. In this work, we present a size-exclusion ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-UHPLC) method to characterize VLPs and quantify aggregates within 3.1min per sample applying interlaced injections. Four analytical SEC columns were evaluated for the analysis of human B19 parvo-VLPs and murine polyoma-VLPs. The optimized method was successfully used for the characterization of five recombinant protein-based VLPs including human papillomavirus (HPV) VLPs, human enterovirus 71 (EV71) VLPs, and chimeric hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) VLPs pointing out the generic applicability of the assay. Measurements were supported by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. It was demonstrated that the iSE-UHPLC method provides a rapid, precise and robust tool for the characterization of VLPs. Two case studies on purification tools for VLP aggregates and storage conditions of HPV VLPs highlight the relevance of the analytical method for high-throughput process development and process monitoring of virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ladd Effio
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan A Oelmeier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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72
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Ladd Effio C, Baumann P, Weigel C, Vormittag P, Middelberg A, Hubbuch J. High-throughput process development of an alternative platform for the production of virus-like particles in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2015; 219:7-19. [PMID: 26707548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The production of safe vaccines against untreatable or new diseases has pushed the research in the field of virus-like particles (VLPs). Currently, a large number of commercial VLP-based human vaccines and vaccine candidates are available or under development. A promising VLP production route is the controlled in vitro assembly of virus proteins into capsids. In the study reported here, a high-throughput screening (HTS) procedure was implemented for the upstream process development of a VLP platform in bacterial cell systems. Miniaturized cultivations were carried out in 48-well format in the BioLector system (m2p-Labs, Germany) using an Escherichia coli strain with a tac promoter producing the murine polyomavirus capsid protein (VP1). The screening procedure incorporated micro-scale cultivations, HTS cell disruption by sonication and HTS-compatible analytics by capillary gel electrophoresis. Cultivation temperatures, shaking speeds, induction and medium conditions were varied to optimize the product expression in E. coli. The most efficient system was selected based on an evaluation of soluble and insoluble product concentrations as well as on the percentage of product in the total soluble protein fraction. The optimized system was scaled up to cultivation 2.5L shaker flask scale and purified using an anion exchange chromatography membrane adsorber, followed by a size exclusion chromatography polishing procedure. For proof of concept, purified VP1 capsomeres were assembled under defined buffer conditions into empty capsids and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presented HTS procedure allowed for a fast development of an efficient production process of VLPs in E. coli. Under optimized cultivation conditions, the VP1 product totalled up to 43% of the total soluble protein fraction, yielding 1.63 mg VP1 per mL of applied cultivation medium. The developed production process strongly promotes the murine polyoma-VLP platform, moving towards an industrially feasible technology for new chimeric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ladd Effio
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Pascal Baumann
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Claudia Weigel
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philipp Vormittag
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anton Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ladd Effio C, Hahn T, Seiler J, Oelmeier SA, Asen I, Silberer C, Villain L, Hubbuch J. Modeling and simulation of anion-exchange membrane chromatography for purification of Sf9 insect cell-derived virus-like particles. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1429:142-54. [PMID: 26718185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein-based virus-like particles (VLPs) are steadily gaining in importance as innovative vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases. Multiple VLPs are currently evaluated in clinical phases requiring a straightforward and rational process design. To date, there is no generic platform process available for the purification of VLPs. In order to accelerate and simplify VLP downstream processing, there is a demand for novel development approaches, technologies, and purification tools. Membrane adsorbers have been identified as promising stationary phases for the processing of bionanoparticles due to their large pore sizes. In this work, we present the potential of two strategies for designing VLP processes following the basic tenet of 'quality by design': High-throughput experimentation and process modeling of an anion-exchange membrane capture step. Automated membrane screenings allowed the identification of optimal VLP binding conditions yielding a dynamic binding capacity of 5.7 mg/mL for human B19 parvovirus-like particles derived from Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells. A mechanistic approach was implemented for radial ion-exchange membrane chromatography using the lumped-rate model and stoichiometric displacement model for the in silico optimization of a VLP capture step. For the first time, process modeling enabled the in silico design of a selective, robust and scalable process with minimal experimental effort for a complex VLP feedstock. The optimized anion-exchange membrane chromatography process resulted in a protein purity of 81.5%, a DNA clearance of 99.2%, and a VLP recovery of 59%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ladd Effio
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Hahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Seiler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan A Oelmeier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Tamborrini M, Geib N, Marrero-Nodarse A, Jud M, Hauser J, Aho C, Lamelas A, Zuniga A, Pluschke G, Ghasparian A, Robinson JA. A Synthetic Virus-Like Particle Streptococcal Vaccine Candidate Using B-Cell Epitopes from the Proline-Rich Region of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:850-74. [PMID: 26501327 PMCID: PMC4693222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to the well-established capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae that circumvent limitations arising from limited serotype coverage and the emergence of resistance due to capsule switching (serotype replacement) are being widely pursued. Much attention is now focused on the development of recombinant subunit vaccines based on highly conserved pneumococcal surface proteins and virulence factors. A further step might involve focusing the host humoral immune response onto protective protein epitopes using as immunogens structurally optimized epitope mimetics. One approach to deliver such epitope mimetics to the immune system is through the use of synthetic virus-like particles (SVLPs). SVLPs are made from synthetic coiled-coil lipopeptides that are designed to spontaneously self-assemble into 20–30 nm diameter nanoparticles in aqueous buffer. Multivalent display of epitope mimetics on the surface of SVLPs generates highly immunogenic nanoparticles that elicit strong epitope-specific humoral immune responses without the need for external adjuvants. Here, we set out to demonstrate that this approach can yield vaccine candidates able to elicit a protective immune response, using epitopes derived from the proline-rich region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). These streptococcal SVLP-based vaccine candidates are shown to elicit strong humoral immune responses in mice. Following active immunization and challenge with lethal doses of streptococcus, SVLP-based immunogens are able to elicit significant protection in mice. Furthermore, a mimetic-specific monoclonal antibody is shown to mediate partial protection upon passive immunization. The results show that SVLPs combined with synthetic epitope mimetics may have potential for the development of an effective vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamborrini
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Nina Geib
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | | | - Maja Jud
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hauser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Celestine Aho
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Araceli Lamelas
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Armando Zuniga
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
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75
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Grabherr R, Reichl U. Editorial: Can modern vaccine technology pursue the success of traditional vaccine manufacturing? Biotechnol J 2015; 10:657-8. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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