51
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Tyagi M, Taxak N, Bharatam PV, Nandanwar H, Kartha KR. Mechanochemical click reaction as a tool for making carbohydrate-based triazole-linked self-assembling materials (CTSAMs). Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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52
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Kleeb S, Pang L, Mayer K, Eris D, Sigl A, Preston RC, Zihlmann P, Sharpe T, Jakob RP, Abgottspon D, Hutter AS, Scharenberg M, Jiang X, Navarra G, Rabbani S, Smiesko M, Lüdin N, Bezençon J, Schwardt O, Maier T, Ernst B. FimH antagonists: bioisosteres to improve the in vitro and in vivo PK/PD profile. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2221-39. [PMID: 25666045 DOI: 10.1021/jm501524q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), belong to the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. The attachment of UPEC to host cells is mediated by FimH, a mannose-binding adhesin at the tip of bacterial type 1 pili. To date, UTIs are mainly treated with antibiotics, leading to the ubiquitous problem of increasing resistance against most of the currently available antimicrobials. Therefore, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we describe the development of an orally available FimH antagonist. Starting from the carboxylate substituted biphenyl α-d-mannoside 9, affinity and the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (solubility, permeability, renal excretion) were substantially improved by a bioisosteric approach. With 3'-chloro-4'-(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (10j) a FimH antagonist with an optimal in vitro PK/PD profile was identified. Orally applied, 10j was effective in a mouse model of UTI by reducing the bacterial load in the bladder by about 1000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kleeb
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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53
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Khanal M, Larsonneur F, Raks V, Barras A, Baumann JS, Martin FA, Boukherroub R, Ghigo JM, Ortiz Mellet C, Zaitsev V, Garcia Fernandez JM, Beloin C, Siriwardena A, Szunerits S. Inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated Escherichia coli adhesion and biofilm formation by trimeric cluster thiomannosides conjugated to diamond nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2325-2335. [PMID: 25559389 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have seen the development of a number of microbiocidal and/or anti-adhesive nanoparticles displaying activity against biofilms. In this work, trimeric thiomannoside clusters conjugated to nanodiamond particles (ND) were targeted for investigation. NDs have attracted attention as a biocompatible nanomaterial and we were curious to see whether the high mannose glycotope density obtained upon grouping monosaccharide units in triads might lead to the corresponding ND-conjugates behaving as effective inhibitors of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion as well as of biofilm formation. The required trimeric thiosugar clusters were obtained through a convenient thiol-ene "click" strategy and were subsequently conjugated to alkynyl-functionalized NDs using a Cu(I)-catalysed "click" reaction. We demonstrated that the tri-thiomannoside cluster-conjugated NDs (ND-Man3) show potent inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated E. coli adhesion to yeast and T24 bladder cells as well as of biofilm formation. The biofilm disrupting effects demonstrated here have only rarely been reported in the past for analogues featuring such simple glycosidic motifs. Moreover, the finding that the tri-thiomannoside cluster (Man3N3) is itself a relatively efficient inhibitor, even when not conjugated to any ND edifice, suggests that alternative mono- or multivalent sugar-derived analogues might also be usefully explored for E. coli-mediated biofilm disrupting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manakamana Khanal
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR CNRS 3078), Université Lille 1, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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54
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Turcheniuk K, Hage CH, Spadavecchia J, Serrano AY, Larroulet I, Pesquera A, Zurutuza A, Pisfil MG, Héliot L, Boukaert J, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Plasmonic photothermal destruction of uropathogenic E. coli with reduced graphene oxide and core/shell nanocomposites of gold nanorods/reduced graphene oxide. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:375-386. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The selective photothermal destruction of E. coli is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn Turcheniuk
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Charles-Henri Hage
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Jolanda Spadavecchia
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surfaces
- UMR CNRS 7197
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie – Paris VI
- 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine
- France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariano Gonzalez Pisfil
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Laurent Héliot
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Julie Boukaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF)
- Université Lille 1
- CNRS UMR 8576
- 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078)
- Université Lille1
- 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
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55
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Twibanire JDK, Paul NK, Grindley TB. Synthesis of novel types of polyester glycodendrimers as potential inhibitors of urinary tract infections. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of highly mannosylated polyester dendrimers with 2, 4, 8, and 16 α-d-mannopyranose residues on their peripheries connected by different linker arms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nawal K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
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56
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Buffet K, Gillon E, Holler M, Nierengarten JF, Imberty A, Vincent SP. Fucofullerenes as tight ligands of RSL and LecB, two bacterial lectins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6482-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble glycofullerenes containing up to 24 fucose residues were tested against the two bacterial lectins LecB and RSL, and C60(E)12 bearing 24 fucose residues appeared to be the best known inhibitor of both lectins to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Buffet
- University of Namur (UNamur)
- Académie Louvain
- Département de Chimie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique
- B-5000 Namur
| | - Emilie Gillon
- CERMAV - CNRS (affiliated to Université Grenoble Alpes and ICMG)
- Grenoble
- France
| | - Michel Holler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires
- Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509)
- Ecole Européenne de Chimie
- Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM)
- 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires
- Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509)
- Ecole Européenne de Chimie
- Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM)
- 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV - CNRS (affiliated to Université Grenoble Alpes and ICMG)
- Grenoble
- France
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- University of Namur (UNamur)
- Académie Louvain
- Département de Chimie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique
- B-5000 Namur
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57
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Cecioni S, Imberty A, Vidal S. Glycomimetics versus Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Design of High Affinity Lectin Ligands. Chem Rev 2014; 115:525-61. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500303t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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58
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Rajaram H, Palanivelu MK, Arumugam TV, Rao VM, Shaw PN, McGeary RP, Ross BP. ‘Click’ assembly of glycoclusters and discovery of a trehalose analogue that retards Aβ40 aggregation and inhibits Aβ40-induced neurotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4523-4528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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59
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Namvari M, Namazi H. Sweet graphene I: toward hydrophilic graphene nanosheets via click grafting alkyne-saccharides onto azide-functionalized graphene oxide. Carbohydr Res 2014; 396:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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60
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Gouin SG. Multivalent Inhibitors for Carbohydrate-Processing Enzymes: Beyond the “Lock-and-Key” Concept. Chemistry 2014; 20:11616-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Gatard S, Salmon L, Deraedt C, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Bouquillon S. Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Glycodendrimers and Their Application in Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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62
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Ding F, Ji L, William R, Chai H, Liu XW. Design and synthesis of multivalent neoglycoconjugates by click conjugations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1325-32. [PMID: 24991285 PMCID: PMC4077470 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly stereoselective BF3∙OEt2-promoted tandem hydroamination/glycosylation on glycal scaffolds has been developed to form propargyl 3-tosylamino-2,3-dideoxysugars in a one-pot manner. Subsequent construction of multivalent 3-tosylamino-2,3-dideoxyneoglycoconjugates with potential biochemical applications was presented herein involving click conjugations as the key reaction step. The copper-catalyzed regioselective click reaction was tremendously accelerated with assistance of microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Li Ji
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Ronny William
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Hua Chai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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63
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Chabre YM, Papadopoulos A, Arnold AA, Roy R. Synthesis and solvodynamic diameter measurements of closely related mannodendrimers for the study of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1524-35. [PMID: 25165490 PMCID: PMC4144466 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of three closely related families of mannopyranoside-containing dendrimers for the purpose of studying subtle structural parameters involved in the measurements of multivalent carbohydrate-protein binding interactions. Toward this goal, two trimers 5 and 9, three 9-mers 12, 17, 21, and one 27-mer 23, varying by the number of atoms separating the anomeric and the core carbons, were synthesized using azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc). Compound 23 was prepared by an efficient convergent strategy. The sugar precursors consisted of either a 2-azidoethyl (3) or a prop-2-ynyl α-D-mannopyranoside (7) derivative. The solvodynamic diameters of 9-mer 12, 17, and 21 were determined by pulsed-field-gradient-stimulated echo (PFG-STE) NMR experiments and were found to be 3.0, 2.5, and 3.4 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Chabre
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Alex Papadopoulos
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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64
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Bhatia S, Dimde M, Haag R. Multivalent glycoconjugates as vaccines and potential drug candidates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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65
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Fiore M, Berthet N, Marra A, Gillon E, Dumy P, Dondoni A, Imberty A, Renaudet O. Tetravalent glycocyclopeptide with nanomolar affinity to wheat germ agglutinin. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:7113-22. [PMID: 24057055 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetravalent glycocyclopeptides functionalized with GlcNAc was synthesized using copper(i)-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, oxime ligation and thiol-ene coupling. The binding ability of these compounds towards wheat germ agglutinin was studied by a competitive ELLA test and ITC experiments. While all compounds were able to inhibit WGA binding to GlcNAc-polymer coated surfaces at low concentrations, derivative 17 having an aliphatic spacer and thioether linkage was 4.9 × 10(6) times more potent on a per sugar basis than GlcNAc. This remarkably strong effect was confirmed by ITC experiments as these revealed an association constant of 9 nM for this compound, therefore presenting a gain of 200,000 times over GlcNAc. These results for compound 17 represent the highest binding properties reported for WGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fiore
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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66
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Gatard S, Salmon L, Deraedt C, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Bouquillon S. Gold Nanoparticles Stabilized by Glycodendrimers: Synthesis and Application to the Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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67
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Nierengarten I, Nierengarten JF. Fullerene sugar balls: a new class of biologically active fullerene derivatives. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1436-44. [PMID: 24678063 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the large variety of bioactive C60 derivatives, fullerene derivatives substituted with sugar residues, that is, glycofullerenes, are of particular interest. The sugar residues are not only solubilizing groups; their intrinsic biological properties also provide additional appealing features to the conjugates. The most recent advances in the synthesis and the biological applications of glycofullerenes are summarized in the present review article with special emphasis on globular glycofullerenes, that is, fullerene sugar balls, constructed on a hexa-substituted fullerene scaffold. The high local concentration of carbohydrates around the C60 core in fullerene sugar balls is perfectly suited to the binding of lectins through the "glycoside cluster effect", and these compounds are potential anti-adhesive agents against bacterial infection. Moreover, mannosylated fullerene sugar balls have shown antiviral activity in an Ebola pseudotyped infection model. Finally, when substituted with peripheral iminosugars, dramatic multivalent effects have been observed for glycosidase inhibition. These unexpected observations have been rationalized by the interplay of interactions involving the catalytic site of the enzyme and non-glycone binding sites with lectin-like abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 (France)
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68
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Varga N, Sutkeviciute I, Ribeiro-Viana R, Berzi A, Ramdasi R, Daghetti A, Vettoretti G, Amara A, Clerici M, Rojo J, Fieschi F, Bernardi A. A multivalent inhibitor of the DC-SIGN dependent uptake of HIV-1 and Dengue virus. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4175-84. [PMID: 24508075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin receptor on antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells) which has an important role in some viral infection, notably by HIV and Dengue virus (DV). Multivalent presentation of carbohydrates on dendrimeric scaffolds has been shown to inhibit DC-SIGN binding to HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, thus blocking viral entry. This approach has interesting potential applications for infection prophylaxis. In an effort to develop high affinity inhibitors of DC-SIGN mediated viral entry, we have synthesized a group of glycodendrimers of different valency that bear different carbohydrates or glycomimetic DC-SIGN ligands and have studied their DC-SIGN binding activity and antiviral properties both in an HIV and a Dengue infection model. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) competition studies have demonstrated that the materials obtained bind efficiently to DC-SIGN with IC50s in the μm range, which depend on the nature of the ligand and on the valency of the scaffold. In particular, a hexavalent presentation of the DC-SIGN selective antagonist 4 displayed high potency, as well as improved accessibility and chemical stability relative to previously reported dendrimers. At low μm concentration the material was shown to block both DC-SIGN mediated uptake of DV by Raji cells and HIV trans-infection of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Varga
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Renato Ribeiro-Viana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angela Berzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Rasika Ramdasi
- INSERM U944, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anna Daghetti
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Vettoretti
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ali Amara
- INSERM U944, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Mario Clerici
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy; Fondazione Don Gnocchi IRCCS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Javier Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38027 Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, F-38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Milan, Italy.
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69
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Gerland B, Goudot A, Ligeour C, Pourceau G, Meyer A, Vidal S, Gehin T, Vidal O, Souteyrand E, Vasseur JJ, Chevolot Y, Morvan F. Structure binding relationship of galactosylated Glycoclusters toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecA using a DNA-based carbohydrate microarray. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:379-92. [PMID: 24479549 DOI: 10.1021/bc4005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a major public health issue due to its impact on nosocomial infections as well as its impact on cystic fibrosis patient mortality. One of the main concerns is its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. Therefore, inhibition of PA virulence has been proposed as an alternative strategy to tackle PA based infections. LecA (or PA-IL), a galactose binding lectin from PA, is involved in its virulence. Herein, we aimed at designing high affinity synthetic ligands toward LecA for its inhibition and at understanding the key parameters governing the binding of multivalent galactosylated clusters. Twenty-five glycoclusters were synthesized and their bindings were studied on a carbohydrate microarray. Monosaccharide centered clusters and linear comb-like clusters were synthesized with different linkers separating the core and the galactosyl residues. Their length, flexibility, and aromaticity were varied. Our results showed that the binding profile of LecA to galactosylated clusters was dependent on both the core and the linker and also that the optimal linker was different for each core. Nevertheless, an aryl group in the linker structure drastically improved the binding to LecA. Our results also suggest that optimal distances are preferred between the core and the aromatic group and the core and the galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gerland
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS - Université Montpellier 1 - Université Montpellier 2 , place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Tomašić T, Rabbani S, Gobec M, Raščan IM, Podlipnik Č, Ernst B, Anderluh M. Branched α-d-mannopyranosides: a new class of potent FimH antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report branched α-d-mannopyranosides as potent FimH antagonists that exploit the previously unexplored lipophilic region formed by Phe142 and Ile13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomašić
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy
- Pharmacenter
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martina Gobec
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | | | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy
- Pharmacenter
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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71
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Gouin SG, Roos G, Bouckaert J. Discovery and Application of FimH Antagonists. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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72
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Roos G, Wellens A, Touaibia M, Yamakawa N, Geerlings P, Roy R, Wyns L, Bouckaert J. Validation of Reactivity Descriptors to Assess the Aromatic Stacking within the Tyrosine Gate of FimH. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1085-90. [PMID: 24900609 DOI: 10.1021/ml400269v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the FimH adhesin, a protein almost universally present at the extremity of type-1 fimbriae expressed by Escherichia coli, have been abundantly in the spotlight as alternative treatments of urinary tract infections. The antagonists function as bacterial antiadhesives through highly specific α-d-mannose binding in a charged and polar pocket at the tip of the FimH lectin domain and by the stacking of alkyl or aromatic moieties substituted on the mannose with two tyrosine residues (Tyr48 and Tyr137) at the entrance of the mannose-binding pocket. Using high-resolution crystal data, interaction energies are calculated for the different observed aromatic stacking modes between the tyrosines and the antagonist. The dispersion component of the interaction energy correlates with the observed electron density. The quantum chemical reactivity descriptors local hardness and polarizability were successfully validated as prediction tools for ligand affinity in the tyrosine gate of FimH and therefore have potential for rapid drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department
of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576
du CNRS, Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | | | - René Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | | | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576
du CNRS, Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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73
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Fessele C, Lindhorst TK. Effect of Aminophenyl and Aminothiahexyl α-D-Glycosides of the Manno-, Gluco-, and Galacto-Series on Type 1 Fimbriae-Mediated Adhesion of Escherichia coli. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:1135-49. [PMID: 24833058 PMCID: PMC3960877 DOI: 10.3390/biology2031135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of bacteria to the glycosylated surface of their target cells is typically mediated by fimbrial lectins, exposed on the bacterial surface. Among the best-investigated and most important fimbriae are type 1 fimbriae, for which α-d-mannopyranoside-specificity has been described. This carbohydrate specificity is mediated by the type 1 fimbrial lectin FimH. In this account, we have employed four different set-ups to assay type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion, including tailor-made glycoarrays. The focus of our study was on testing FimH specificity with regard to the glycone part of a glycosidic ligand by testing a series of synthetic α-mannosides, as well as α-glucosides and α-galactosides. Unexpectedly, it was found that in solution all tested aminothiahexyl glycosides inhibit bacterial adhesion but that this effect is unspecific. Instead it is due to cytotoxicity of the respective glycosides at high mm concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fessele
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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74
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Kushwaha D, Tiwari VK. Click Chemistry Inspired Synthesis of Glycoporphyrin Dendrimers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8184-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4012392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kushwaha
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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75
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Bernardi A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Casnati A, De Castro C, Darbre T, Fieschi F, Finne J, Funken H, Jaeger KE, Lahmann M, Lindhorst TK, Marradi M, Messner P, Molinaro A, Murphy PV, Nativi C, Oscarson S, Penadés S, Peri F, Pieters RJ, Renaudet O, Reymond JL, Richichi B, Rojo J, Sansone F, Schäffer C, Turnbull WB, Velasco-Torrijos T, Vidal S, Vincent S, Wennekes T, Zuilhof H, Imberty A. Multivalent glycoconjugates as anti-pathogenic agents. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4709-27. [PMID: 23254759 PMCID: PMC4399576 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35408j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multivalency plays a major role in biological processes and particularly in the relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and their host that involves protein-glycan recognition. These interactions occur during the first steps of infection, for specific recognition between host and bacteria, but also at different stages of the immune response. The search for high-affinity ligands for studying such interactions involves the combination of carbohydrate head groups with different scaffolds and linkers generating multivalent glycocompounds with controlled spatial and topology parameters. By interfering with pathogen adhesion, such glycocompounds including glycopolymers, glycoclusters, glycodendrimers and glyconanoparticles have the potential to improve or replace antibiotic treatments that are now subverted by resistance. Multivalent glycoconjugates have also been used for stimulating the innate and adaptive immune systems, for example with carbohydrate-based vaccines. Bacteria present on their surfaces natural multivalent glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and S-layers that can also be exploited or targeted in anti-infectious strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bernardi
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza CISI, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Casnati
- Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Chimica, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
| | - Jukka Finne
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Horst Funken
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-42425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-42425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Lahmann
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Road Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marco Marradi
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE and CIBER-BBN, P1 de Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino – Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE and CIBER-BBN, P1 de Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francesco Peri
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino – Firenze, Italy
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC – Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio, 49, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Chimica, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Vincent
- University of Namur (FUNDP), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV – CNRS), affiliated with Grenoble-Université and ICMG, F-38041 Grenoble, France
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76
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Nierengarten I, Buffet K, Holler M, Vincent SP, Nierengarten JF. A mannosylated pillar[5]arene derivative: chiral information transfer and antiadhesive properties against uropathogenic bacteria. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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77
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Bouckaert J, Li Z, Xavier C, Almant M, Caveliers V, Lahoutte T, Weeks SD, Kovensky J, Gouin SG. Heptyl α-D-Mannosides Grafted on a β-Cyclodextrin Core To Interfere withEscherichia coliAdhesion: An In Vivo Multivalent Effect. Chemistry 2013; 19:7847-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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78
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El Brahmi N, El Kazzouli S, Mignani S, Bousmina M, Majoral JP. Copper in dendrimer synthesis and applications of copper–dendrimer systems in catalysis: a concise overview. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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79
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Barras A, Martin FA, Bande O, Baumann JS, Ghigo JM, Boukherroub R, Beloin C, Siriwardena A, Szunerits S. Glycan-functionalized diamond nanoparticles as potent E. coli anti-adhesives. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2307-2316. [PMID: 23396565 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33826f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation on biotic surfaces or medical devices is an increasing source of infections in clinical settings. A large proportion of these biofilm-related infections are caused by Escherichia coli, a major nosocomial pathogen, in which the major adhesion factor is the FimH adhesin located at the tip of type 1 fimbriae. Inhibition of FimH-mediated adhesion has been identified as an efficient antibiotic-alternative strategy to potentially reduce E. coli-related infections. In this article we demonstrate that nanodiamond particles, covently modified with mannose moieties by a "click" chemistry approach, are able to efficiently inhibit E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion to eukaryotic cells with relative inhibitory potency (RIP) of as high as 9259 (bladder cell adhesion assay), which is unprecedented when compared with RIP values previously reported for alternate multivalent mannose-functionalized nanostructures designed to inhibit E. coli adhesion. Also remarkable is that these novel mannose-modified NDs reduce E. coli biofilm formation, a property previously not observed for multivalent glyco-nanoparticles and rarely demonstrated for other multivalent or monovalent mannose glycans. This work sets the stage for the further evaluation of these novel NDs as an anti-adhesive therapeutic strategy against E. coli-derived infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Barras
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire-IRI, USR CNRS 3078, Université Lille 1, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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80
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Chabre YM, Roy R. Multivalent glycoconjugate syntheses and applications using aromatic scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4657-708. [PMID: 23400414 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35483k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-protein interactions are of utmost importance in several biological phenomena. Although the variety of carbohydrate residues in mammalian cells is limited to less than a dozen different sugars, their spatial topographical presentation in what is now associated as the "glycocodes" provides the fundamental keys for specific and high affinity "lock-in" recognition events associated with a wide range of pathologies. Toward deciphering our understanding of these glycocodes, chemists have developed new creative tools that included dendrimer chemistry in order to provide monodisperse multivalent glycoconjugates. This review provides a survey of the numerous aromatic architectures generated for the multivalent presentation of relevant carbohydrates using covalent attachment or supramolecular self-assemblies. The basic concepts toward their controlled syntheses will be described using modern synthetic procedures with a particular emphasis on powerful organometallic methodologies. The large variety of dendritic aromatic scaffolds, together with a brief survey of their unique biophysical and biological properties will be critically reviewed. The distinctiveness of the resulting multivalent glycoarchitectures, encompassing glycoclusters, glycodendrimers and molecularly defined self-assemblies, in forming well organized cross-linked lattices with multivalent carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) together with their photophysical, medical, and imaging properties will also be briefly highlighted. The topic will be presented in increasing order of aromatic backbone complexities and will end with fullerenes together with self-assembled nanostructures, thus complementing the various scaffolds described in this special thematic issue dedicated to multivalent glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Chabre
- Pharmaqam - Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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81
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Öberg K, Ropponen J, Kelly J, Löwenhielm P, Berglin M, Malkoch M. Templating gold surfaces with function: a self-assembled dendritic monolayer methodology based on monodisperse polyester scaffolds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:456-465. [PMID: 23214500 DOI: 10.1021/la3041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance developed among several pathogenic bacterial strains has spurred interest in understanding bacterial adhesion down to a molecular level. Consequently, analytical methods that rely on bioactive and multivalent sensor surfaces are sought to detect and suppress infections. To deliver functional sensor surfaces with an optimized degree of molecular packaging, we explore a library of compact and monodisperse dendritic scaffolds based on the nontoxic 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). A self-assembled dendritic monolayer (SADM) methodology to gold surfaces capitalizes on the design of aqueous soluble dendritic structures that bear sulfur-containing core functionalities. The nature of sulfur (either disulfide or thiol), the size of the dendritic framework (generation 1-3), the distance between the sulfur and the dendritic wedge (4 or 14 Å), and the type of functional end group (hydroxyl or mannose) were key structural elements that were identified to affect the packaging densities assembled on the surfaces. Both surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and resonance-enhanced surface impedance (RESI) experiments revealed rapid formation of homogenously covered SADMs on gold surfaces. The array of dendritic structures enabled the fabrication of functional gold surfaces displaying molecular covering densities of 0.33-2.2 molecules·nm(-2) and functional availability of 0.95-5.5 groups·nm(-2). The cell scavenging ability of these sensor surfaces for Escherichia coli MS7fim+ bacteria revealed 2.5 times enhanced recognition for G3-mannosylated surfaces when compared to G3-hydroxylated SADM surfaces. This promising methodology delivers functional gold sensor surfaces and represents a facile route for probing surface interactions between multivalently presented motifs and cells in a controlled surface setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Öberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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82
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Freitas JC, Couto TR, Paulino AA, de Freitas Filho JR, Malvestiti I, Oliveira RA, Menezes PH. Stereoselective synthesis of pseudoglycosides catalyzed by TeCl4 under mild conditions. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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83
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Freitas JC, Couto TR, Paulino AA, de Freitas Filho JR, Malvestiti I, Oliveira RA, Menezes PH. Stereoselective synthesis of pseudoglycosides catalyzed by TeCl4 under mild conditions. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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84
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André S, Cañada FJ, Shiao TC, Largartera L, Diercks T, Bergeron-Brlek M, el Biari K, Papadopoulos A, Ribeiro JP, Touaibia M, Solís D, Menéndez M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Fluorinated Carbohydrates as Lectin Ligands: Biorelevant Sensors with Capacity to Monitor Anomer Affinity in 19F-NMR-Based Inhibitor Screening. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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85
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Wellens A, Lahmann M, Touaibia M, Vaucher J, Oscarson S, Roy R, Remaut H, Bouckaert J. The Tyrosine Gate as a Potential Entropic Lever in the Receptor-Binding Site of the Bacterial Adhesin FimH. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4790-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adinda Wellens
- Structural
Molecular Microbiology,
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Lahmann
- School of Chemistry, Bangor
University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1A 3E9
- Department of Chemistry, Université
du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec,
Canada
| | - Jonathan Vaucher
- Department of Chemistry, Université
du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec,
Canada
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4,
Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université
du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec,
Canada
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural
Molecular Microbiology,
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Structural
Molecular Microbiology,
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Unité de Glycobiologie
Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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86
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Westerlind U. Synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins with applications in biological research. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:804-18. [PMID: 23015828 PMCID: PMC3388868 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, synthetic methods for the preparation of complex glycopeptides have been drastically improved. The need for homogenous glycopeptides and glycoproteins with defined chemical structures to study diverse biological phenomena further enhances the development of methodologies. Selected recent advances in synthesis and applications, in which glycopeptides or glycoproteins serve as tools for biological studies, are reviewed. The importance of specific antibodies directed to the glycan part, as well as the peptide backbone has been realized during the development of synthetic glycopeptide-based anti-tumor vaccines. The fine-tuning of native chemical ligation (NCL), expressed protein ligation (EPL), and chemoenzymatic glycosylation techniques have all together enabled the synthesis of functional glycoproteins. The synthesis of structurally defined, complex glycopeptides or glyco-clusters presented on natural peptide backbones, or mimics thereof, offer further possibilities to study protein-binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS - Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany, Tel: (+49)231-1392 4215
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87
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Han Z, Pinkner JS, Ford B, Chorell E, Crowley JM, Cusumano CK, Campbell S, Henderson JP, Hultgren SJ, Janetka JW. Lead optimization studies on FimH antagonists: discovery of potent and orally bioavailable ortho-substituted biphenyl mannosides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3945-59. [PMID: 22449031 DOI: 10.1021/jm300165m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the X-ray structure-based design and optimization of biaryl mannoside FimH inhibitors. Diverse modifications to the biaryl ring to improve druglike physical and pharmacokinetic properties of mannosides were assessed for FimH binding affinity based on their effects on hemagglutination and biofilm formation along with direct FimH binding assays. Substitution on the mannoside phenyl ring ortho to the glycosidic bond results in large potency enhancements several-fold higher than those of corresponding unsubstituted matched pairs and can be rationalized from increased hydrophobic interactions with the FimH hydrophobic ridge (Ile13) or "tyrosine gate" (Tyr137 and Tyr48) also lined by Ile52. The lead mannosides have increased metabolic stability and oral bioavailability as determined from in vitro PAMPA predictive model of cellular permeability and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice, thereby representing advanced preclinical candidates with promising potential as novel therapeutics for the clinical treatment and prevention of recurring urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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88
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Hartmann M, Papavlassopoulos H, Chandrasekaran V, Grabosch C, Beiroth F, Lindhorst TK, Röhl C. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to live human cells: Activity and cytotoxicity of synthetic mannosides. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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89
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Thomas B, Fiore M, Bossu I, Dumy P, Renaudet O. Synthesis of heteroglycoclusters by using orthogonal chemoselective ligations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:421-7. [PMID: 22509212 PMCID: PMC3326620 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic heteroglycoclusters are being subjected to increasing interest due to their potential to serve as selective ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins. In this paper, we describe an expedient strategy to prepare cyclopeptides displaying well-defined distributions and combinations of carbohydrates. By using both oxime ligation and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition, two series of compounds bearing binary combinations of αMan, αFuc or βLac in an overall tetravalent presentation, and either 2:2 or 3:1 relative proportions, have been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Thomas
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, PB 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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90
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Papadopoulos A, Shiao TC, Roy R. Diazo transfer and click chemistry in the solid phase syntheses of lysine-based glycodendrimers as antagonists against Escherichia coli FimH. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:394-403. [PMID: 22201286 DOI: 10.1021/mp200490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli infections, ultimately leading to cystitis and pyelonephritis, are initially mediated by the adhesion of the bacterial FimH to the transmembrane glycoprotein uroplakin-1a present at the surface of urothelial cells. The adhesion is based on the recognition and high avidity binding between the high-mannose glycans of the uroplakin and the FimH, a mannose-specific lectin located at the tip of type 1 fimbriae. We found that synthetic multiantennary mannopyranosides glycodendrons, harboring triazole functionality at the anomeric position, were potent hemagglutination inhibitors of guinea pig erythrocytes and E. coli. A mannosylated dendrimer exposing up to sixteen sugar residues showed an HAI titer of 1 μM and was thus 500-fold more potent than the corresponding monovalent methyl α-d-mannopyranoside. The synthesis of the glycodendrons involved highly efficient solid-phase synthesis of branched l-lysine scaffolds, diazo transfer reaction on the terminal amine residues, and 1,3-dipolar copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition using propargyl α-d-mannopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Papadopoulos
- PharmaQAM, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888, Succ Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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91
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Kovačević M, Barišić L, Ribić R, Peroković VP, Tomić S, Rapić V. Ferrocene conjugates with mannose: synthesis and influence of ferrocene aglycon on mannose-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli. Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kovačević
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; Pierottijeva 6; HR-10000; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Lidija Barišić
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; Pierottijeva 6; HR-10000; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Rosana Ribić
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Horvatovac 102a; HR-10000; Zagreb; Croatia
| | | | - Srđanka Tomić
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Horvatovac 102a; HR-10000; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Vladimir Rapić
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; Pierottijeva 6; HR-10000; Zagreb; Croatia
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92
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Bossu I, Berthet N, Dumy P, Renaudet O. Synthesis of Glycocyclopeptides by Click Chemistry and Inhibition Assays with Lectins. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.590260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bossu
- a Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607 , Université Joseph Fourier , 570 rue de la chimie, BP 53, 38041 , Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Nathalie Berthet
- a Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607 , Université Joseph Fourier , 570 rue de la chimie, BP 53, 38041 , Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Pascal Dumy
- a Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607 , Université Joseph Fourier , 570 rue de la chimie, BP 53, 38041 , Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- a Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR-CNRS 5250 & ICMG FR 2607 , Université Joseph Fourier , 570 rue de la chimie, BP 53, 38041 , Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
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93
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Liang L, Astruc D. The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” reaction and its applications. An overview. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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Kadam RU, Bergmann M, Hurley M, Garg D, Cacciarini M, Swiderska MA, Nativi C, Sattler M, Smyth AR, Williams P, Cámara M, Stocker A, Darbre T, Reymond JL. A glycopeptide dendrimer inhibitor of the galactose-specific lectin LecA and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10631-5. [PMID: 21919164 PMCID: PMC3262149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar U Kadam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
| | - Myriam Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
| | - Matthew Hurley
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2UH (UK)
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2UH (UK)
| | - Divita Garg
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Departement Chemie, Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Universita' degli Studi di FirenzeVia della Lastruccia 3, 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino—Firenze (Italy)
| | - Magdalena A Swiderska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Universita' degli Studi di FirenzeVia della Lastruccia 3, 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino—Firenze (Italy)
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Departement Chemie, Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
| | - Alan R Smyth
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2UH (UK)
| | - Paul Williams
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2UH (UK)
| | - Miguel Cámara
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2UH (UK)
| | - Achim Stocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of BerneFreiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne (Switzerland)
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95
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Schwardt O, Rabbani S, Hartmann M, Abgottspon D, Wittwer M, Kleeb S, Zalewski A, Smieško M, Cutting B, Ernst B. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mannosyl triazoles as FimH antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6454-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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96
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Scharenberg M, Abgottspon D, Cicek E, Jiang X, Schwardt O, Rabbani S, Ernst B. A Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for Screening FimH Antagonists. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:455-64. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Scharenberg
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Abgottspon
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelin Cicek
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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97
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Kadam RU, Bergmann M, Hurley M, Garg D, Cacciarini M, Swiderska MA, Nativi C, Sattler M, Smyth AR, Williams P, Cámara M, Stocker A, Darbre T, Reymond JL. A Glycopeptide Dendrimer Inhibitor of the Galactose-Specific Lectin LecA and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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98
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Schlick KH, Morgan JR, Weiel JJ, Kelsey MS, Cloninger MJ. Clusters of ligands on dendrimer surfaces. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5078-83. [PMID: 21524579 PMCID: PMC3156387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of methodology that is designed to allow a significant increase in the patterning and in the functionalization of the dendrimer is the ultimate goal of the research described here. Glycoside clusters based on TRIS were formed using click chemistry and were attached to PAMAM dendrimers. A series of dendrimers bearing tris-mannoside and an ethoxyethanol group was synthesized, and the binding interactions of these dendrimers with Concanavalin A were evaluated using inhibition ELISAs. The results of the inhibition ELISAs suggest that tris-mannoside clusters can replace individual sugars on the dendrimer without loss of function. Since tris-mannoside clustering allows for a redistribution of the dendrimers' surface functionalities, from this chemistry one can envision patterned dendrimers that incorporate multiple groups to increase the function and utility of the dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H. Schlick
- Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Joel R. Morgan
- Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Julianna J. Weiel
- Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Melissa S. Kelsey
- Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mary J. Cloninger
- Montana State University, 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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99
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Synthesis of a small library of bivalent α-d-mannopyranosides for lectin cross-linking. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1479-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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100
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Wang C, Sanders B, Baker DC. Synthesis of a glycodendrimer incorporating multiple mannosides on a glucoside core. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a glycodendrimer by incorporating repetitive mannoside units onto a glucoside core was carried out to multivalently probe fundamental carbohydrate–protein interactions. The dendritic structure was constructed by a modified procedure that utilized multiple glycosylations between a thioether glycosyl donor and five elongated spacer arms of a glycosyl acceptor. The completed dendrimer bears a full carbohydrate structure, and thus should find its potential application in the study of mannose–lectin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Brian Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
| | - David C. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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