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Grifka-Walk HM, Giles DA, Segal BM. IL-12-polarized Th1 cells produce GM-CSF and induce EAE independent of IL-23. Eur J Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26220255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells reactive against myelin antigens mediate the mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is currently debated whether encephalitogenic Th cells are heterogeneous or arise from a single lineage. In the current study, we challenge the dogma that stimulation with the monokine IL-23 is universally required for the acquisition of pathogenic properties by myelin-reactive T cells. We show that IL-12-modulated Th1 cells readily produce IFN-γ and GM-CSF in the CNS of mice and induce a severe form of EAE via an IL-23-independent pathway. Th1-mediated EAE is characterized by monocyte-rich CNS infiltrates, elicits a strong proinflammatory cytokine response in the CNS, and is partially CCR2 dependent. Conversely, IL-23-modulated, stable Th17 cells induce EAE with a relatively mild course via an IL-12-independent pathway. These data provide definitive evidence that autoimmune disease can be driven by distinct CD4(+) T-helper-cell subsets and polarizing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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52
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Shemer A, Jung S. Differential roles of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes in murine CNS autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:613-23. [PMID: 26240063 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages can be of dual origin. Most tissue-resident macrophage compartments are generated before birth and subsequently maintain themselves independently from each other locally in healthy tissue. Under inflammatory conditions, these cells can however be complemented by macrophages derived from acute monocyte infiltrates. Due to the lack of suitable experimental systems, differential functional contributions of central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF) to CNS inflammation, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), remain poorly understood. Here, we will review recent progress in this field that suggest distinct roles of microglia and MoMF in disease induction and progression, capitalizing on novel transgenic mouse models. The latter finding could have major implications for the rationale development of therapeutic approaches to the management of brain inflammation and MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shemer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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53
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Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Pucino V, Formisano L, Matarese G. Animal models of Multiple Sclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:182-91. [PMID: 25823807 PMCID: PMC7094661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which involves a complex interaction between immune system and neural cells. Animal modeling has been critical for addressing MS pathogenesis. The three most characterized animal models of MS are (1) the experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE); (2) the virally-induced chronic demyelinating disease, known as Theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and (3) the toxin-induced demyelination. All these models, in a complementary way, have allowed to reach a good knowledge of the pathogenesis of MS. Specifically, EAE is the model which better reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS and is extremely useful to study potential experimental treatments. Furthermore, both TMEV and toxin-induced demyelination models are suitable for characterizing the role of the axonal injury/repair and the remyelination process in MS. In conclusion, animal models, despite their limitations, remain the most useful instrument for implementing the study of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/pathology
- Cardiovirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Theilovirus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Divisione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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54
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Khan D, Ansar Ahmed S. Regulation of IL-17 in autoimmune diseases by transcriptional factors and microRNAs. Front Genet 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26236331 PMCID: PMC4500956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, IL-17A (IL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has received intense attention of researchers and clinicians alike with documented effects in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. IL-17 mobilizes, recruits and activates different cells to increase inflammation. Although protective in infections, overproduction of IL-17 promotes inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, among others. Regulating IL-17 levels or action by using IL-17-blocking antibodies or IL-17R antagonist has shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune diseases. It is now known that in addition to IL-17-specific transcription factor, RORγt, several other transcription factors and select microRNAs (miRNA) regulate IL-17. Given that miRNAs are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, a better understanding of transcriptional factors and miRNA regulation of IL-17 expression and function will be essential for devising potential new therapies. In this review, we will overview IL-17 induction and function in relation to autoimmune diseases. In addition, current findings on transcriptional regulation of IL-17 induction and plausible interplay between IL-17 and miRNA in autoimmune diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
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55
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Abstract
Activating as well as inhibitory circuits tightly regulate T-cell activation thresholds and effector differentiation processes enabling proper immune response outcomes. Recently, an additional molecular link between T-cell receptor signalling and CD4⁺ Th17 cell skewing has been reported, namely that protein kinase C (PKC) θ critically regulates Th17/Th1 phenotypic differentiation and plasticity in CD4⁺ T-cells by selectively acting as a 'reprogramming element' that suppresses Th1-typical genes during Th17-mediated immune activation in order to stabilize a Th17 cell phenotype.
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56
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ocular allergy is an IgE-mediated disease that results in inflammation of the conjunctiva and, in more severe cases, the cornea. This is driven by an immediate hypersensitivity response via mast cells, followed by a late phase response mediated by eosinophils both of which are indeed dependent on T helper (Th) lymphocyte activity. Here, we provide an update on Th subsets [Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg)] and their relevance in ocular allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence in ocular allergy points to an involvement of other Th subsets, in addition to Th2. However, how these subsets are activated and their role in mediating the different clinical forms is poorly understood. Novel mouse models may facilitate addressing such unknowns, and future challenges will involve how to translate such findings into more effective and 'patho-specific' treatments. SUMMARY Ocular allergy, especially in severe forms, involves subsets other than Th2. Th1 cells have been detected in mild and severe forms, and recent evidence points to a possible role for IL-17 in severe disease. Tregs, on the other hand, dampen pathogenic Th cell function and allergy immunotherapy is associated with Treg augmentation in disease management. Further understanding of Th biology is warranted and may lead to better therapies.
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57
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Aychek T, Mildner A, Yona S, Kim KW, Lampl N, Reich-Zeliger S, Boon L, Yogev N, Waisman A, Cua DJ, Jung S. IL-23-mediated mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk protects mice from Citrobacter rodentium-induced colon immunopathology. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6525. [PMID: 25761673 PMCID: PMC4382688 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis and mucosal immune defense rely on the differential contributions of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Here we show that colonic CX3CR1(+) mononuclear phagocytes are critical inducers of the innate response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Specifically, the absence of IL-23 expression in macrophages or CD11b(+) DC results in the impairment of IL-22 production and in acute lethality. Highlighting immunopathology as a death cause, infected animals are rescued by the neutralization of IL-12 or IFNγ. Moreover, mice are also protected when the CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC compartment is rendered deficient for IL-12 production. We show that IL-12 production by colonic CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC is repressed by IL-23. Collectively, in addition to its role in inducing IL-22 production, macrophage-derived or CD103(-) CD11b(+) DC-derived IL-23 is required to negatively control the otherwise deleterious production of IL-12 by CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC. Impairment of this critical mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk results in the generation of IFNγ-producing former TH17 cells and fatal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegest Aychek
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Simon Yona
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nardy Lampl
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104, USA
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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58
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Hoppmann N, Graetz C, Paterka M, Poisa-Beiro L, Larochelle C, Hasan M, Lill CM, Zipp F, Siffrin V. New candidates for CD4 T cell pathogenicity in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:902-17. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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59
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105. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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60
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Glosson-Byers NL, Sehra S, Stritesky GL, Yu Q, Awe O, Pham D, Bruns HA, Kaplan MH. Th17 cells demonstrate stable cytokine production in a proallergic environment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2631-40. [PMID: 25086171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are critical for the clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi, but also contribute to the pathology of autoimmune diseases and allergic inflammation. After exposure to an appropriate cytokine environment, Th17 cells can acquire a Th1-like phenotype, but less is known about their ability to adopt Th2 and Th9 effector programs. To explore this in more detail, we used an IL-17F lineage tracer mouse strain that allows tracking of cells that formerly expressed IL-17F. In vitro-derived Th17 cells adopted signature cytokine and transcription factor expression when cultured under Th1-, Th2-, or Th9-polarizing conditions. In contrast, using two models of allergic airway disease, Th17 cells from the lungs of diseased mice did not adopt Th1, Th2, or Th9 effector programs, but remained stable IL-17 secretors. Although in vitro-derived Th17 cells expressed IL-4Rα, those induced in vivo during allergic airway disease did not, possibly rendering them unresponsive to IL-4-induced signals. However, in vitro-derived, Ag-specific Th17 cells transferred in vivo to OVA and aluminum hydroxide-sensitized mice also maintained IL-17 secretion and did not produce alternative cytokines upon subsequent OVA challenge. Thus, although Th17 cells can adopt new phenotypes in response to some inflammatory environments, our data suggest that in allergic inflammation, Th17 cells are comparatively stable and retain the potential to produce IL-17. This might reflect a cytokine environment that promotes Th17 stability, and allow a broader immune response at tissue barriers that are susceptible to allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Glosson-Byers
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gretta L Stritesky
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Olufolakemi Awe
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Duy Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Heather A Bruns
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
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61
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Carbo A, Hontecillas R, Andrew T, Eden K, Mei Y, Hoops S, Bassaganya-Riera J. Computational modeling of heterogeneity and function of CD4+ T cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:31. [PMID: 25364738 PMCID: PMC4207042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is composed of many different cell types and hundreds of intersecting molecular pathways and signals. This large biological complexity requires coordination between distinct pro-inflammatory and regulatory cell subsets to respond to infection while maintaining tissue homeostasis. CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating immune responses and in maintaining a balance between pro- and anti- inflammatory responses. This tight balance between regulatory and effector reactions depends on the ability of CD4+ T cells to modulate distinct pathways within large molecular networks, since dysregulated CD4+ T cell responses may result in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The CD4+ T cell differentiation process comprises an intricate interplay between cytokines, their receptors, adaptor molecules, signaling cascades and transcription factors that help delineate cell fate and function. Computational modeling can help to describe, simulate, analyze, and predict some of the behaviors in this complicated differentiation network. This review provides a comprehensive overview of existing computational immunology methods as well as novel strategies used to model immune responses with a particular focus on CD4+ T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Carbo
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tricity Andrew
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kristin Eden
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yongguo Mei
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Hoops
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
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62
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IL-27 and IL-12 oppose pro-inflammatory IL-23 in CD4+ T cells by inducing Blimp1. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3770. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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63
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Wachowicz K, Hermann-Kleiter N, Meisel M, Siegmund K, Thuille N, Baier G. Protein kinase C θ regulates the phenotype of murine CD4+ Th17 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96401. [PMID: 24788550 PMCID: PMC4008503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) is involved in signaling downstream of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and is important for shaping effector T cell functions and inflammatory disease development. Acquisition of Th1-like effector features by Th17 cells has been linked to increased pathogenic potential. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Th17/Th1 phenotypic instability remain largely unknown. In the current study, we address the role of PKCθ in differentiation and function of Th17 cells by using genetic knock-out mice. Implementing in vitro (polarizing T cell cultures) and in vivo (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, EAE) techniques, we demonstrated that PKCθ-deficient CD4+ T cells show normal Th17 marker gene expression (interleukin 17A/F, RORγt), accompanied by enhanced production of the Th1-typical markers such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transcription factor T-bet. Mechanistically, this phenotype was linked to aberrantly elevated Stat4 mRNA levels in PKCθ−/− CD4+ T cells during the priming phase of Th17 differentiation. In contrast, transcription of the Stat4 gene was suppressed in Th17-primed wild-type cells. This change in cellular effector phenotype was reflected in vivo by prolonged neurological impairment of PKCθ-deficient mice during the course of EAE. Taken together, our data provide genetic evidence that PKCθ is critical for stabilizing Th17 cell phenotype by selective suppression of the STAT4/IFN-γ/T-bet axis at the onset of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wachowicz
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Thuille
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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64
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Heinen AP, Wanke F, Moos S, Attig S, Luche H, Pal PP, Budisa N, Fehling HJ, Waisman A, Kurschus FC. Improved method to retain cytosolic reporter protein fluorescence while staining for nuclear proteins. Cytometry A 2014; 85:621-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André P. Heinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian Wanke
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Sonja Moos
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Attig
- TRON gGmbH-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Hervé Luche
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Prajna Paramita Pal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry/Biokatalysis; Berlin Institute of Technology/TU Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian C. Kurschus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz; 55131 Mainz Germany
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65
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Salerno F, van Lier RAW, Wolkers MC. Better safe than sorry: TOB1 employs multiple parallel regulatory pathways to keep Th17 cells quiet. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:646-9. [PMID: 24497109 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are key players in antibacterial and antifungal immunity, but have also been implicated in autoimmunity. Interestingly, Th17 cells poorly proliferate upon stimulation, a phenotype that was attributed to a decreased sensitivity to T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and to low IL-2 production by Th17 cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Santarlasci et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 654-661] shed further light on the molecular mechanism that keeps Th17 cells at bay. They identify the transcriptional regulator TOB1, which not only impairs IL-2 production in Th17 cells, but also blocks the expression of cell cycle genes. Strikingly, TOB1 suppresses Th17-cell proliferation through several pathways, including impaired signal transduction, transcription, and possibly also post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research/Landsteiner laboratory AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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66
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Spath S, Becher B. T-bet or not T-bet: taking the last bow on the autoimmunity stage. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2810-3. [PMID: 24142468 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The search for the encephalitogenic factor driving pathogenic T cells in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and psoriasis has proven to be a long and difficult mission, which is not yet completed. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, the importance of the transcription factor T-bet, previously shown to be essential for the induction of autoimmune disease in mice, is challenged. Two independent groups, O'Connor et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:2818-2823] report] and Grifka-Walk et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:2824-2831], report that T-bet is not mandatory for T cells to cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which serves as a paradigmatic T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Both groups found that T-bet KO mice were fully susceptible to develop EAE, both after immunization with self-antigen and after adoptive transfer of IL-23-polarized autoaggressive T cells. T-bet deficiency mediated the loss of IFN-γ expression but retained or even enhanced GM-CSF and IL-17 production by central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating T cells. These findings indicate that we have lost the last transcriptional regulator previously held to be required for the generation of autoimmune pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spath
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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67
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Lowther DE, Chong DL, Ascough S, Ettorre A, Ingram RJ, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Th1 not Th17 cells drive spontaneous MS-like disease despite a functional regulatory T cell response. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:501-15. [PMID: 23934116 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is considered a disease of complex autoimmune etiology, yet there remains a lack of consensus as to specific immune effector mechanisms. Recent analyses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the common mouse model of multiple sclerosis, have investigated the relative contribution of Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cell subsets to initial autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, inherent in these studies are biases influenced by the adjuvant and toxin needed to break self-tolerance. We investigated spontaneous CNS disease in a clinically relevant, humanized, T cell receptor transgenic mouse model. Mice develop spontaneous, ascending paralysis, allowing unbiased characterization of T cell immunity in an HLA-DR15-restricted T cell repertoire. Analysis of naturally progressing disease shows that IFNγ(+) cells dominate disease initiation with IL-17(+) cells apparent in affected tissue only once disease is established. Tregs accumulate in the CNS but are ultimately ineffective at halting disease progression. However, ablation of Tregs causes profound acceleration of disease, with uncontrolled infiltration of lymphocytes into the CNS. This synchronous, severe disease allows characterization of the responses that are deregulated in exacerbated disease: the correlation is with increased CNS CD4 and CD8 IFNγ responses. Recovery of the ablated Treg population halts ongoing disease progression and Tregs extracted from the central nervous system at peak disease are functionally competent to regulate myelin specific T cell responses. Thus, in a clinically relevant mouse model of MS, initial disease is IFNγ driven and the enhanced central nervous system responses unleashed through Treg ablation comprise IFNγ cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 cells, but not IL-17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lowther
- Human Disease Immunogenetics Group, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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68
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Which type of inflammation can be controlled by Foxp3+ Tregs? Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:523-4. [PMID: 24045897 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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69
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Waisman A, Regen T. A new model for primary-progressive multiple sclerosis? Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:519-21. [PMID: 24036552 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany,
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70
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Grifka-Walk HM, Lalor SJ, Segal BM. Highly polarized Th17 cells induce EAE via a T-bet independent mechanism. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2824-31. [PMID: 23878008 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the MOG35-55 induced EAE model, autoreactive Th17 cells that accumulate in the central nervous system acquire Th1 characteristics via a T-bet dependent mechanism. It remains to be determined whether Th17 plasticity and encephalitogenicity are causally related to each other. Here, we show that IL-23 polarized T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells are unimpaired in either activation or proliferation, and induce higher quantities of the chemokines RANTES and CXCL2 than WT Th17 cells. Unlike their WT counterparts, T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells retain an IL-17(hi) IFN-γ(neg-lo) cytokine profile following adoptive transfer into syngeneic hosts. This population of highly polarized Th17 effectors is capable of mediating EAE, albeit with a milder clinical course. It has previously been reported that the signature Th1 and Th17 effector cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-17, are dispensable for the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease. The current study demonstrates that the "master regulator" transcription factor, T-bet, is also not universally required for encephalitogenicity. Our results contribute to a growing body of data showing heterogeneity of myelin-reactive T cells and the independent mechanisms they employ to inflict damage to central nervous system tissues, complicating the search for therapeutic targets relevant across the spectrum of individuals with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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71
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O'Connor RA, Cambrook H, Huettner K, Anderton SM. T-bet is essential for Th1-mediated, but not Th17-mediated, CNS autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2818-23. [PMID: 23878019 PMCID: PMC4068221 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T cells that produce both IL-17 and IFN-γ, and co-express ROR-γt and T-bet, are often found at sites of autoimmune inflammation. However, it is unknown whether this co-expression of T-bet with ROR-γt is a prerequisite for immunopathology. We show here that T-bet is not required for the development of Th17-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease was not impaired in T-bet(-/-) mice and was associated with low IFN-γ production and elevated IL-17 production among central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating CD4(+) T cells. T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells generated in the presence of IL-6/TGF-β/IL-1 and IL-23 produced GM-CSF and high levels of IL-17 and induced disease upon transfer to naïve mice. Unlike their WT counterparts, these T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells did not exhibit an IL-17→IFN-γ switch upon reencounter with antigen in the CNS, indicating that this functional change is not critical to disease development. In contrast, T-bet was absolutely required for the pathogenicity of myelin-responsive Th1 cells. T-bet-deficient Th1 cells failed to accumulate in the CNS upon transfer, despite being able to produce GM-CSF. Therefore, T-bet is essential for establishing Th1-mediated inflammation but is not required to drive IL-23-induced GM-CSF production, or Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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72
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Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Liotta F, Annunziato F. IL-1 and T Helper Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2013; 4:182. [PMID: 23874332 PMCID: PMC3711056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a critical role in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens as well as in tumor immunity. If not adequately regulated, CD4 T cells can be also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naïve CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. IL-1, the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, has been shown to influence growth and differentiation of immunocompetent lymphocytes. The differential expression of IL-1RI on human CD4 T cell subsets confers distinct capacities to acquire specific effector functions. In this review, we summarize the role of IL-1 on CD4 T cells, in terms of differentiation, activation, and maintenance or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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73
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Matsumoto Y. Is interleukin-27 a real candidate for immunotherapies of multiple sclerosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Matsumoto
- Department of Immunotherapy Development; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo; Japan
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74
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Simmons SB, Pierson ER, Lee SY, Goverman JM. Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:410-22. [PMID: 23707039 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) manifested with varying clinical course, pathology, and inflammatory patterns. There are multiple animal models that reflect different aspects of this heterogeneity. Collectively, these models reveal a balance between pathogenic and regulatory CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells that influences the incidence, timing, and severity of CNS autoimmunity. In this review we discuss experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models that have been used to study the pathogenic and regulatory roles of these immune cells; models that recapitulate different aspects of the disease seen in patients with MS, and questions remaining for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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75
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McPherson RC, Anderton SM. Adaptive immune responses in CNS autoimmune disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:774-90. [PMID: 23568718 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The processes underlying autoimmune CNS inflammation are complex, but key roles for autoimmune lymphocytes seem inevitable, based on clinical investigations in multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases such as neuromyelitis optica, together with the known pathogenic activity of T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Despite intense investigation, the details of etiopathology in these diseases have been elusive. Here we describe recent advances in the rodent models that begin to allow a map of pathogenic and protective immunity to be drawn. This map might illuminate previous successful and unsuccessful therapeutic strategies targeting particular pathways, whilst also providing better opportunities for the future, leading to tailored intervention based on understanding the quality of each individual's autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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76
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Abstract
During the past decade, it has been firmly established that IL-23 is essential for disease development in several models of autoimmune disease, including psoriatic skin inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanism by which IL-23 exerts its pathogenic role has been mostly scrutinized in the context of Th17 cells, which were thought to mediate autoimmunity by secretion of IL-17 family cytokines. However, the picture emerging now is one of multiple IL-23-responsive cell types, pro-inflammatory cytokine induction, and pathogenic "licensing" following an IL-23-dominated interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell (APC). This review will focus on our changing view of IL-23-dependent autoimmune pathologies with a particular emphasis on the responder cells and their IL-23-induced factors that ultimately mediate tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Croxford
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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77
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Abstract
Since their discovery as a distinct T helper (Th) cell lineage, Th17 cells have been extensively investigated both in mice and in humans. These studies have identified factors involved in their differentiation and effector functions and have also revealed a high degree of flexibility that seems to be a characteristic of the Th17-cell lineage. In this review, we discuss recent studies addressing the heterogeneity of human Th17 cells, their differentiation requirements, their migratory capacities, and their role in defense against fungi and extracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Cellular Immunology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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78
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Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Wilson MS. Plasticity within the αβ⁺CD4⁺ T-cell lineage: when, how and what for? Open Biol 2013; 3:120157. [PMID: 23345540 PMCID: PMC3603458 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following thymic output, αβ⁺CD4⁺ T cells become activated in the periphery when they encounter peptide-major histocompatibility complex. A combination of cytokine and co-stimulatory signals instructs the differentiation of T cells into various lineages and subsequent expansion and contraction during an appropriate and protective immune response. Our understanding of the events leading to T-cell lineage commitment has been dominated by a single fate model describing the commitment of T cells to one of several helper (T(H)), follicular helper (T(FH)) or regulatory (T(REG)) phenotypes. Although a single lineage-committed and dedicated T cell may best execute a single function, the view of a single fate for T cells has recently been challenged. A relatively new paradigm in αβ⁺CD4⁺ T-cell biology indicates that T cells are much more flexible than previously appreciated, with the ability to change between helper phenotypes, between helper and follicular helper, or, most extremely, between helper and regulatory functions. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent literature identifying when T(H) or T(REG) cell plasticity occurs, provide potential mechanisms of plasticity and ask if T-cell plasticity is beneficial or detrimental to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Coomes
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London NW7 1AA, UK
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79
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Klose CSN, Kiss EA, Schwierzeck V, Ebert K, Hoyler T, d’Hargues Y, Göppert N, Croxford AL, Waisman A, Tanriver Y, Diefenbach A. A T-bet gradient controls the fate and function of CCR6−RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells. Nature 2013; 494:261-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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80
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The kinase PKCα selectively upregulates interleukin-17A during Th17 cell immune responses. Immunity 2013; 38:41-52. [PMID: 23290522 PMCID: PMC3556779 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth-factor β (TGFβ) has been implicated in T helper 17 (Th17) cell biology and in triggering expression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), which is a key Th17 cell cytokine. Deregulated TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) signaling has been implicated in Th17-cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the full molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the TGFβR pathway in driving IL-17A expression remain unknown. Here, we identified protein kinase C α (PKCα) as a signaling intermediate specific to the Th17 cell subset in the activation of TGFβRI. We have shown that PKCα physically interacts and functionally cooperates with TGFβRI to promote robust SMAD2-3 activation. Furthermore, PKCα-deficient (Prkca−/−) cells demonstrated a defect in SMAD-dependent IL-2 suppression, as well as decreased STAT3 DNA binding within the Il17a promoter. Consistently, Prkca−/− cells failed to mount appropriate IL-17A, but not IL-17F, responses in vitro and were resistant to induction of Th17-cell-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo.
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81
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Brüstle A, Brenner D, Knobbe CB, Lang PA, Virtanen C, Hershenfield BM, Reardon C, Lacher SM, Ruland J, Ohashi PS, Mak TW. The NF-κB regulator MALT1 determines the encephalitogenic potential of Th17 cells. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4698-709. [PMID: 23114599 PMCID: PMC3590210 DOI: 10.1172/jci63528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector functions of inflammatory IL-17-producing Th (Th17) cells have been linked to autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, what determines Th17 cell encephalitogenicity is still unresolved. Here, we show that after EAE induction, mice deficient for the NF-κB regulator MALT1 (Malt1-/- mice) exhibit strong lymphocytic infiltration in the CNS, but do not develop any clinical signs of EAE. Loss of Malt1 interfered with expression of the Th17 effector cytokines IL-17 and GM-CSF both in vitro and in vivo. In line with their impaired GM-CSF secretion, Malt1-/- Th cells failed to recruit myeloid cells to the CNS to sustain neuroinflammation, whereas autoreactive WT Th cells successfully induced EAE in Malt1-/- hosts. In contrast, Malt1 deficiency did not affect Th1 cells. Despite their significantly decreased secretion of Th17 effector cytokines, Malt1-/- Th17 cells showed normal expression of lineage-specific transcription factors. Malt1-/- Th cells failed to cleave RelB, a suppressor of canonical NF-κB, and exhibited altered cellular localization of this protein. Our results indicate that MALT1 is a central, cell-intrinsic factor that determines the encephalitogenic potential of inflammatory Th17 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brüstle
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dirk Brenner
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christiane B. Knobbe
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian M. Hershenfield
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Reardon
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja M. Lacher
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Microarray Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratory of Signaling in the Immune System, Helmholtz Zentrum München–Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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82
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Abstract
Activated T cells have classically been thought to progress unidirectionally through discrete phenotypic states and differentiate into static lineages. It is increasingly evident, however, that T cells exhibit much more complex and flexible dynamic behaviors than initially appreciated, and that these behaviors influence the efficacy of T cell responses to immunological challenges. In this review, we discuss how new technologies for monitoring the dynamics of T cells are enhancing the resolution of the fine phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within populations of T cells and revealing how individual T cells transition among a continuum of states. Such insights into the dynamic properties of T cells should improve immune monitoring and inform strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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83
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Abstract
AbstractSOCS3 is a feedback regulator of cytokine signaling that affects T-cell polarization. Human tuberculosis is accompanied by increased SOCS3 expression in T cells, and this may influence susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Because the role of SOCS3 in human T-cell function is not well defined, we characterized cytokine expression and proliferation of human T cells with differential SOCS3 expression in the present study. We established a flow cytometry–based method for SOCS3 protein quantification and detected higher SOCS3 levels induced by M tuberculosis specific T-cell activation and a transient decrease of SOCS3 expression in the presence of mycobacteria-infected macrophages. Notably increased SOCS3 expression was detected in IL-17–expressing T-cell clones and in CD161+ T helper type 17 cells ex vivo. Ectopic SOCS3 expression in primary CD4+ T cells by lentiviral transduction induced increased IL-17 production but diminished proliferation and viability. Recombinant IL-7 inhibited SOCS3 expression and reduced IL-17–expressing T-cell proportions. We concluded that higher SOCS3 expression in human T cells favors T helper type 17 cells. Therefore, increased SOCS3 expression in human tuberculosis may reflect polarization toward IL-17–expressing T cells as well as T-cell exhaustion marked by reduced proliferation.
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84
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Dynamics of intraocular IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10-producing cell populations during relapsing and monophasic rat experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49008. [PMID: 23155443 PMCID: PMC3498374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of most animal models of autoimmune diseases is that they do not reproduce the chronic or relapsing-remitting pattern characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases. This problem has been overcome in our rat models of experimentally induced monophasic or relapsing-remitting autoimmune uveitis (EAU), which depend on the inducing antigen peptides from retinal S-Antigen (monophasic EAU) or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (relapsing EAU). These models enable us to compare autoreactive and regulatory T cell populations. Intraocular, but not peripheral T cells differ in their cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10) at distinct time points during monophasic or relapsing EAU. Only intraocular T cells concomitantly produced IFN-γ, IL-17 and/or IL-10. Monophasic EAU presented rising numbers of cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 (Th1/Th17) and cells expressing IL-10 or Foxp3. During relapsing uveitis an increase of intraocular IFN-γ+ cells and a concomitant decrease of IL-17+ cells was detected, while IL-10+ populations remained stable. Foxp3+ cells and cells expressing IL-10, even in combination with IFN-γ or IL-17, increased during the resolution of monophasic EAU, suggesting a regulatory role for these T cells. In general, cells producing multiple cytokines increased in monophasic and decreased in relapsing EAU. The distinct appearance of certain intraocular populations with characteristics of regulatory cells points to a differential influence of the ocular environment on T cells that induce acute and monophasic or relapsing disease. Here we provide evidence that different autoantigens can elicit distinct and differently regulated immune responses. IFN-γ, but not IL-17 seems to be the key player in relapsing-remitting uveitis, as shown by increased, synchronized relapses after intraocular application of IFN-γ. We demonstrated dynamic changes of the cytokine pattern during monophasic and relapsing-remitting disease with strongly increasing IL-10 expression in intraocular T cells during monophasic uveitis.
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85
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Maggi L, Santarlasci V, Capone M, Rossi MC, Querci V, Mazzoni A, Cimaz R, De Palma R, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S, Cosmi L, Annunziato F. Distinctive features of classic and nonclassic (Th17 derived) human Th1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3180-8. [PMID: 22965818 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T helper17 (Th17) lymphocytes represent a third arm of the CD4(+) T-cell effector responses, in addition to Th1 and Th2 cells. Th17 cells have been found to exhibit high plasticity because they rapidly shift into the Th1 phenotype in inflammatory sites. In humans, Th1 cells derived from Th17 cells express CD161, whereas classic Th1 cells do not; these Th17-derived Th1 cells have been termed nonclassic Th1 cells. In this study, we examined similarities and differences between classic and nonclassic human Th1 cells by assessing a panel of T-cell clones, as well as CD161(+) or CD161(-) CD4(+) T cells derived ex vivo from the circulation of healthy subjects or the synovial fluid of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The results show that nonclassic Th1 cells can be identified based on CD161 expression, as well as the consistent expression of retinoic acid orphan receptor C, IL-17 receptor E, CCR6, and IL-4-induced gene 1, which are all virtually absent in classic Th1 cells. The possibility to distinguish these two-cell subsets by using such a panel of markers may allow the opportunity to better establish the respective pathogenic roles of classic and nonclassic (Th17 derived) Th1 cells in different chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.
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86
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Martin F, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F. Controversies on the role of Th17 in cancer: a TGF-β-dependent immunosuppressive activity? Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:742-9. [PMID: 23083809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has important roles in limiting the spread of cancer and shaping the tumor microenvironment. Although the contributions of T helper 17 (Th17) cells (a subtype of CD4(+) T lymphocytes) to autoimmunity and allergy response are well known, their roles in cancer remain ambiguous. Despite adoptive transfer studies indicating that mouse Th17 cells support anticancer immunity, the Th17 cells that naturally infiltrate experimental tumors appear to have a tumor-promoting effect. These contradictory properties can be related to the high degree of plasticity inherent in Th17 cells and their capacity to differentiate into tumoricidal Th1-like cells. Mouse Th17 cells induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) express CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases on their surfaces, which leads to adenosine release and suppression of T cell immunity. Here, we discuss how TGF-β acts as a molecular switch controlling the immunoregulatory properties of Th17 cells.
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87
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Niimi N, Kohyama K, Matsumoto Y. Therapeutic gene silencing with siRNA for IL-23 but not for IL-17 suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 254:39-45. [PMID: 22989513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing with siRNAs is important as a therapeutic tool in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we administered siRNAs specific for cytokines that may be involved in pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). siRNA specific for IL-23p19 (siRNA-IL-23) suppressed EAE almost completely, whereas siRNA-IL-17A did not modulate the clinical course. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that siRNA-IL-23 significantly reduced the proportion of both IFN-γ(+)IL-17(-) Th1 and IFN-γ(-)IL-17(+) Th17 cells in the spinal cord. Consistent with this finding, siRNA-IL-23 treatment downregulated IL-12, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNAs. These findings indicate that IL-23, but not IL-17, play an important role in the development of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Freund's Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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88
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Vaccine-induced th17 cells are maintained long-term postvaccination as a distinct and phenotypically stable memory subset. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3533-44. [PMID: 22851756 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are increasingly being recognized as an important T helper subset for immune-mediated protection, especially against pathogens at mucosal ports of entry. In several cases, it would thus be highly relevant to induce Th17 memory by vaccination. Th17 cells are reported to exhibit high plasticity and may not stably maintain their differentiation program once induced, questioning the possibility of inducing durable Th17 memory. Accordingly, there is no consensus as to whether Th17 memory can be established unless influenced by continuous Th17 polarizing conditions. We have previously reported (T. Lindenstrøm, et al., J. Immunol. 182:8047-8055, 2009) that the cationic liposome adjuvant CAF01 can prime both Th1 and Th17 responses and promote robust, long-lived Th1 memory. Here, we demonstrate that subunit vaccination in mice with CAF01 leads to establishment of bona fide Th17 memory cells. Accordingly, Th17 memory cells exhibited lineage stability by retaining both phenotypic and functional properties for nearly 2 years. Antigen-specific, long-term Th17 memory cells were found to be mobilized from lung-draining lymph nodes to the lung following an aerosol challenge by Mycobacterium tuberculosis nearly 2 years after their induction and proliferated at levels comparable to those of Th1 memory cells. During the infection, the vaccine-induced Th17 memory cells expanded in the lungs and adapted Th1 characteristics, implying that they represent a metastable population which exhibits plasticity when exposed to prolonged Th1 polarizing, inflammatory conditions such as those found in the M. tuberculosis-infected lung. In the absence of overt inflammation, however, stable bona fide Th17 memory can indeed be induced by parenteral immunization.
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89
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O'Connor RA, Floess S, Huehn J, Jones SA, Anderton SM. Foxp3⁺ Treg cells in the inflamed CNS are insensitive to IL-6-driven IL-17 production. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1174-9. [PMID: 22539291 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells can be induced to produce interleukin (IL)-17 by in vitro exposure to proinflammatory cytokines, drawing into question their functional stability at sites of inflammation. Unlike their splenic counterparts, Treg cells from the inflamed central nervous system (CNS-Treg cells) during EAE resisted conversion to IL-17 production when exposed to IL-6. We show that the highly activated phenotype of CNS-Treg cells includes elevated expression of the Th1-associated molecules CXCR3 and T-bet, but reduced expression of the IL-6 receptor α chain (CD126) and the signaling chain gp130. We found a lack of IL-6 receptor on all CNS CD4(+) T cells, which was reflected by an absence of both classical and trans-IL-6 signaling in CNS CD4(+) cells, compared with their splenic counterparts. We propose that extinguished responsiveness to IL-6 (via down-regulation of CD126 and gp130) stabilizes the regulatory phenotype of activated Treg cells at sites of autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunology Infection and Evolution, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
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90
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Price AE, Reinhardt RL, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Marking and quantifying IL-17A-producing cells in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39750. [PMID: 22768117 PMCID: PMC3387253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A plays an important role in host defense against a variety of pathogens and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, precise identification and quantification of the cells that produce this cytokine in vivo have not been performed. We generated novel IL-17A reporter mice to investigate expression of IL-17A during Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, conditions previously demonstrated to potently induce IL-17A production. In both settings, the majority of IL-17A was produced by non-CD4(+) T cells, particularly γδ T cells, but also invariant NKT cells and other CD4(-)CD3ε(+) cells. As measured in dual-reporter mice, IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells greatly outnumbered IL-17A-producing Th17 cells throughout both challenges. Production of IL-17A by cells from unchallenged mice or by non-T cells under any condition was not evident. Administration of IL-1β and/or IL-23 elicited rapid production of IL-17A by γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells and other CD4(-)CD3ε(+) cells in vivo, demonstrating that these cells are poised for rapid cytokine production and likely comprise the major sources of this cytokine during acute immunologic challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Interleukin-23/pharmacology
- Klebsiella Infections/complications
- Klebsiella Infections/immunology
- Klebsiella Infections/microbiology
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Reproducibility of Results
- Rest
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- April E. Price
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - R. Lee Reinhardt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Mastelic B, do Rosario APF, Veldhoen M, Renauld JC, Jarra W, Sponaas AM, Roetynck S, Stockinger B, Langhorne J. IL-22 Protects Against Liver Pathology and Lethality of an Experimental Blood-Stage Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:85. [PMID: 22566965 PMCID: PMC3342387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response following malaria infection depends on a fine balance between levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators resulting in the resolution of the infection or immune-mediated pathology. Whilst other components of the innate immune system contribute to the pro-inflammatory milieu, T cells play a major role. For blood-stage malaria, CD4(+) and γδ T cells are major producers of the IFN-γ that controls parasitemia, however, a role for TH17 cells secreting IL-17A and other cytokines, including IL-17F and IL-22 has not yet been investigated in malaria. TH17 cells have been shown to play a role in some protozoan infections, but they also are a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be involved in protection or pathogenicity of infections. In the present study, we have investigated whether IL-17A and IL-22 are induced during a Plasmodium chabaudi infection in mice, and whether these cytokines contribute to either protection or to pathology induced during the infection. Although small numbers of IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4 T cells are induced in the spleens of infected mice, a more pronounced induction is observed in the liver, where increases in mRNA for IL-17A and, to a lesser extent, IL-22 were observed and CD8(+) T cells, rather than CD4 T cells, are a major source of these cytokines in this organ. Although the lack of IL-17 did not affect the outcome of infection or pathology, lack of IL-22 resulted in 50% mortality within 12 days after infection with significantly greater weight loss at the peak of infection and significant increase in alanine transaminase in the plasma in the acute infection. As parasitemias and temperature were similar in IL-22 KO and wild-type control mice, our observations support the idea that IL-22 but not IL-17 provides protection from the potentially lethal effects of liver damage during a primary P. chabaudi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatris Mastelic
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
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92
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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93
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Santarlasci V, Maggi L, Capone M, Querci V, Beltrame L, Cavalieri D, D'Aiuto E, Cimaz R, Nebbioso A, Liotta F, De Palma R, Maggi E, Cosmi L, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Rarity of human T helper 17 cells is due to retinoic acid orphan receptor-dependent mechanisms that limit their expansion. Immunity 2012; 36:201-14. [PMID: 22326581 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The reason why CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cells, despite their well-known pathogenic role in chronic inflammatory disorders, are very rare in the inflammatory sites remains unclear. We demonstrate that human Th17 cells exhibit low ability to proliferate and to produce the T cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2), in response to combined CD3 and CD28 stimulation. This was due to the upregulated expression of IL-4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1) mRNA, a secreted L-phenylalanine oxidase, which associated with a decrease in CD3ζ chain expression and consequent abnormalities in the molecular pathway that allows IL-2 production and cell proliferation. High IL4I1 mRNA expression was detectable in Th17 cell precursors and was strictly dependent on Th17 cell master gene, the retinoid acid related orphan receptor (RORC). Th17 cells also exhibited RORC-dependent CD28 hyperexpression and the ability to produce IL-17A after CD28 stimulation without CD3 triggering. Our findings suggest that the rarity of human Th17 cells in inflamed tissues results from RORC-dependent mechanisms limiting their expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Internal Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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94
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Holley MM, Kielian T. Th1 and Th17 cells regulate innate immune responses and bacterial clearance during central nervous system infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1360-70. [PMID: 22190181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain abscesses arise following parenchymal infection with pyogenic bacteria and are typified by inflammation and edema, which frequently results in a multitude of long-term health problems. The impact of adaptive immunity in shaping continued innate responses during late-stage brain abscess formation is not known but is important, because robust innate immunity is required for effective bacterial clearance. To address this issue, brain abscesses were induced in TCR αβ knockout (KO) mice, because CD4(+) and NKT cells represented the most numerous T cell infiltrates. TCR αβ KO mice exhibited impaired bacterial clearance during later stages of infection, which was associated with alterations in neutrophil and macrophage recruitment, as well as perturbations in cytokine/chemokine expression. Adoptive transfer of either Th1 or Th17 cells into TCR αβ KO mice restored bacterial burdens and innate immune cell infiltrates to levels detected in wild-type animals. Interestingly, adoptively transferred Th17 cells demonstrated plasticity within the CNS compartment and induced distinct cytokine secretion profiles in abscess-associated microglia and macrophages compared with Th1 transfer. Collectively, these studies identified an amplification loop for Th1 and Th17 cells in shaping established innate responses during CNS infection to maximize bacterial clearance and differentially regulate microglial and macrophage secretory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Holley
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68128, USA
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95
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Ersvær E, Melve GK, Bruserud Ø. Future perspectives: should Th17 cells be considered as a possible therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1669-81. [PMID: 21989580 PMCID: PMC11029335 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells seem to promote proinflammatory effects, and their development seems to depend on intracellular signaling initiated by IL1β, supported by IL6 and IL23 and mediated by STAT3 and RORC2. Even though primary human AML cells may affect Th17 development through their constitutive cytokine release, the levels of circulating Th17 cells in older patients with untreated AML do not differ from healthy controls and show only minor variations during and following conventional intensive chemotherapy. IL17-A is the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, but in vitro studies have failed to demonstrate a direct antileukemic effect of IL17 on primary human AML cells for most patient samples. However, several observations suggest that Th17 cells mediate antileukemic effects through other mechanisms and are important in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Firstly, genetic variants in IL23/Th17 pathway have a prognostic impact with regard to both development of GVHD and posttransplant infections. Secondly, circulating IL17-secreting cells are detected during early posttransplant pancytopenia, and their ability to release IL17 is associated with later GVHD. Thirdly, a high number of Th17 cells in allogeneic stem cell grafts are associated with later acute GVHD, levels of circulating Th17 cells are increased at the onset of acute GVHD, and these levels normalize during treatment. In the present article, we review previous studies of Th17 cells in AML and in the development of GVHD, possible therapeutic strategies and available therapeutic tools for targeting of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ersvær
- Division for Hematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
- Division for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Guro Kristin Melve
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Division for Hematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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96
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97
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Cohen CJ, Crome SQ, MacDonald KG, Dai EL, Mager DL, Levings MK. Human Th1 and Th17 cells exhibit epigenetic stability at signature cytokine and transcription factor loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5615-26. [PMID: 22048764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The linear model of Th cell lineage commitment is being revised due to reports that mature Th cells can trans-differentiate into alternate lineages. This ability of Th cells to reprogram is thought to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that control expression of transcription factors characteristic of opposing lineages. It is unclear, however, to what extent this new model of Th cell plasticity holds true in human Th cell subsets that develop under physiological conditions in vivo. We isolated in vivo-differentiated human Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as intermediate Th1/17 cells, and identified distinct epigenetic signatures at cytokine (IFNG and IL17A) and transcription factor (TBX21, RORC, and RORA) loci. We also examined the phenotypic and epigenetic stability of human Th17 cells exposed to Th1-polarizing conditions and found that although they could upregulate TBX21 and IFN-γ, this occurred without loss of IL-17 or RORC expression, and resulted in cells with a Th1/17 phenotype. Similarly, Th1 cells could upregulate IL-17 upon enforced expression of RORC2, but did not lose expression of IFN-γ or TBX21. Despite alterations in expression of these signature genes, epigenetic modifications were remarkably stable aside from the acquisition of active histone methylation marks at cytokine gene promoters. The limited capacity of human Th17 and Th1 cells to undergo complete lineage conversion suggests that the bipotent Th1/17 cells may arise from Th1 and/or Th17 cells. These data also question the broad applicability of the new model of Th cell lineage plasticity to in vivo-polarized human Th cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Cohen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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98
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Cosmi L, Cimaz R, Maggi L, Santarlasci V, Capone M, Borriello F, Frosali F, Querci V, Simonini G, Barra G, Piccinni MP, Liotta F, De Palma R, Maggi E, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Evidence of the transient nature of the Th17 phenotype of CD4+CD161+ T cells in the synovial fluid of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2504-15. [PMID: 21381000 DOI: 10.1002/art.30332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the phenotype and function of CD4+ T cells in synovial fluid (SF) from the affected joints of children with oligoarticular-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and to establish a possible link with disease activity. METHODS CD4+ T cells were obtained from the peripheral blood (PB) and SF of 23 children with oligoarticular-onset JIA, as well as from the PB of 15 healthy children. The cells were analyzed for the expression of CXCR3, CCR6, and CD161 and for the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17A (IL-17A). Spectratyping and clonotype analyses were performed to assess different T cell subsets. RESULTS The numbers of CD4+CD161+ cells showing either the Th1 or the Th17/Th1 phenotype were higher in the SF than in the PB of children with JIA. The few Th17 cells from JIA SF underwent a spontaneous shift to the Th1 phenotype in vitro, whereas Th17 cells from the PB of healthy children shifted only in the presence of JIA SF; this effect was neutralized by antibody blockade of IL-12 activity. Spectratyping and clonotype analyses showed a similar skewing of the T cell receptor V(β) repertoire in both CD161+ Th17 cells and CD161+ Th1 cells derived from the SF of the same JIA patient. The frequencies of CD4+CD161+ cells, particularly the Th17/Th1 cells, in the JIA SF positively correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and levels of C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a shifting of CD4+CD161+ T cells from Th17 to the Th17/Th1 or Th1 phenotype can occur in the SF of children with oligoarticular-onset JIA, and indicate that the accumulation of these cells is correlated with parameters of inflammation. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that these cells may play a role in JIA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cosmi
- University of Florence and Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and Higher Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies, Florence, Italy
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Rothhammer V, Heink S, Petermann F, Srivastava R, Claussen MC, Hemmer B, Korn T. Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous system independently of α4 integrin expression during EAE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2465-76. [PMID: 22025301 PMCID: PMC3256959 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Th1 lymphocytes preferentially infiltrate into the spinal cord during EAE via a VLA-4–mediated mechanism while Th17 lymphocyte infiltration is dependent on LFA-1 expression. The integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) is used by encephalitogenic T cells to enter the central nervous system (CNS). However, both Th1 and Th17 cells are capable of inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and the molecular cues mediating the infiltration of Th1 versus Th17 cells into the CNS have not yet been defined. We investigated how blocking of α4 integrins affected trafficking of Th1 and Th17 cells into the CNS during EAE. Although antibody-mediated inhibition of α4 integrins prevented EAE when MOG35-55-specific Th1 cells were adoptively transferred, Th17 cells entered the brain, but not the spinal cord parenchyma, irrespective of α4 blockade. Accordingly, T cell–conditional α4-deficient mice were not resistant to actively induced EAE but showed an ataxic syndrome with predominantly supraspinal infiltrates of IL-23R+CCR6+CD4+ T cells. The entry of α4-deficient Th17 cells into the CNS was abolished by blockade of LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin). Thus, Th1 cells preferentially infiltrate the spinal cord via an α4 integrin–mediated mechanism, whereas the entry of Th17 cells into the brain parenchyma occurs in the absence of α4 integrins but is dependent on the expression of αLβ2. These observations have implications for the understanding of lesion localization, immunosurveillance, and drug design in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Rothhammer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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BATOULIS HELENA, RECKS MASCHAS, ADDICKS KLAUS, KUERTEN STEFANIE. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - achievements and prospective advances. APMIS 2011; 119:819-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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