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Celsi F, Piscianz E, Romano M, Crovella S. Knockdown of MVK does not lead to changes in NALP3 expression or activation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25663823 PMCID: PMC4320511 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutations in the Mevalonate Kinase gene (MVK) are causes of a rare autoinflammatory disease: Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency and its more acute manifestation, Mevalonic Aciduria. The latter is characterized, among other features, by neuroinflammation, developmental delay and ataxia, due to failed cerebellar development or neuronal death through chronic inflammation. Pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency and Mevalonic Aciduria has not yet been completely clarified, however different research groups have been suggesting the inflammasome complex as the key factor in the disease development. A strategy to mimic this disease is blocking the mevalonate pathway, using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins), while knock-out mice for Mevalonate Kinase are non-vital and their hemyzygous (i.e only one copy of gene preserved) littermate display almost no pathological features. Findings We sought to generate a murine cellular model closely resembling the pathogenic conditions found in vivo, by direct silencing of Mevalonate Kinase gene. Knockdown of Mevalonate Kinase in a murine microglial cellular model (BV-2 cells) results in neither augmented NALP3 expression nor increase of apoptosis. On the contrary, statin treatment of BV-2 cells produces an increase both in Mevalonate Kinase and NALP3 expression. Conclusions MKD deficiency could be due or affected by protein accumulation leading to NALP3 activation, opening novel questions about strategies to tackle this disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12950-015-0048-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Celsi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy ; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Kern A. Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi internalization and intracellular innate immune signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:175. [PMID: 25566512 PMCID: PMC4266086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a long-term infection whose most severe pathology is characterized by inflammatory arthritis of the lower bearing joints, carditis, and neuropathy. The inflammatory cascades are initiated through the early recognition of invading Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes by cells of the innate immune response, such as neutrophils and macrophage. B. burgdorferi does not have an intracellular niche and thus much research has focused on immune pathways activated by pathogen recognition molecules at the cell surface, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, in recent years, studies have shown that internalization of the bacterium by host cells is an important component of the defense machinery in response to B. burgdorferi. Upon internalization, B. burgdorferi is trafficked through an endo/lysosomal pathway resulting in the activation of a number of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors including TLRs and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Here we will review the innate immune molecules that participate in both cell surface and intracellular immune activation by B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aurelie Kern
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
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Garg NK, Dwivedi P, Jain A, Tyagi S, Sahu T, Tyagi RK. Development of novel carrier(s) mediated tuberculosis vaccine: more than a tour de force. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:227-42. [PMID: 24909731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite worldwide availability of the vaccines against most of the infectious diseases, BCG and various programs such as Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) to prevent tuberculosis still remains one of the most deadly forms of the disease affecting millions of people globally. The evolution of multi drug resistant strains (MDR) has increased the complexity further. Although currently available marketed BCG vaccine has shown sufficient protection against childhood tuberculosis, it has failed to prevent the most common form of disease i.e., pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. However, various vaccine candidates have already entered phase I clinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. The most prominent amongst them is the heterologous prime-boost approach, which shows a great promise towards designing and development of a new efficacious tuberculosis vaccine. It has also been shown that the use of various viral and non-viral vectors as carriers for the potential vaccine candidates will further boost their effect on subsequent immunization. In this review, we briefly summarize the potential of a few novel nano-carriers for developing effective vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Garg
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, 160 014 Chandigarh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India.
| | - Priya Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, TRS College, Rewa 486001, MP, India
| | - Ashay Jain
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, 160 014 Chandigarh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India
| | - Shikha Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP Technical University, UP, India
| | - Tejram Sahu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, TW3/3W15, 12735 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Abdullah Z, Knolle PA. Scaling of immune responses against intracellular bacterial infection. EMBO J 2014; 33:2283-94. [PMID: 25225613 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages detect bacterial infection through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) localized at the cell surface, in intracellular vesicles or in the cytosol. Discrimination of viable and virulent bacteria from non-virulent bacteria (dead or viable) is necessary to appropriately scale the anti-bacterial immune response. Such scaling of anti-bacterial immunity is necessary to control the infection, but also to avoid immunopathology or bacterial persistence. PRR-mediated detection of bacterial constituents in the cytosol rather than at the cell surface along with cytosolic recognition of secreted bacterial nucleic acids indicates viability and virulence of infecting bacteria. The effector responses triggered by activation of cytosolic PRRs, in particular the RIG-I-induced simultaneous rapid type I IFN induction and inflammasome activation, are crucial for timely control of bacterial infection by innate and adaptive immunity. The knowledge on the PRRs and the effector responses relevant for control of infection with intracellular bacteria will help to develop strategies to overcome chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany Institute of Molecular Immunology (IMI), Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Comar M, Zanotta N, Bonotti A, Tognon M, Negro C, Cristaudo A, Bovenzi M. Increased levels of C-C chemokine RANTES in asbestos exposed workers and in malignant mesothelioma patients from an hyperendemic area. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104848. [PMID: 25162674 PMCID: PMC4146505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asbestos-induced mesothelial inflammatory processes are thought to be the basic mechanisms underlying Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) development. Detection of MM often occurs at late stage due to the long and unpredictable latent period and the low incidence in asbestos exposed individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate early immunological biomarkers to characterize the prognostic profile of a possible asbestos-induced disease, in subjects from a MM hyperendemic area. Methods The Luminex Multiplex Panel Technology was used for the simultaneous measurement of serum levels of a large panel of 47 analytes, including cytokines and growth factors, from workers previously exposed to asbestos (Asb-workers), asbestos-induced MM patients and healthy subjects. In addition, to explore the influence on serum cytokines profile exerted by SV40 infection, a cofactor in MM development, a quantitative real time PCR was performed for sequences detection in the N-terminal and intronic regions of the SV40 Tag gene. Statistical analysis was done by means of the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskall-Wallis test for variance analysis. Results A variety of 25 cytokines linked to pulmonary inflammation and tumor development were found significantly associated with Asb-workers and MM patients compared with healthy controls. A specific pattern of cytokines were found highly expressed in Asb-workers: IFN-alpha (p<0.05), EOTAXIN (p<0.01), RANTES (p<0.001), and in MM patients: IL-12(p40), IL-3, IL-1 alpha, MCP-3, beta-NGF, TNF-beta, RANTES (p<0.001). Notably, the chemokine RANTES measured the highest serum level showing an increased gradient of concentration from healthy subjects to Asb-workers and MM patients (p<0.001), independently of SV40 infection. Conclusion This study shows that, in subjects from an hyperendemic area for MM, the C-C chemokine RANTES is associated with the exposure to asbestos fibres. If validated in larger samples, this factor could have the potential to be a critical biomarker for MM prognosis as recently reported for breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”–Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Clinical Unit of Hygiene, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”–Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonotti
- Division of Occupational & Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Corrado Negro
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Division of Occupational & Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Bovenzi
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Wu S, Liu ZP, Qiu X, Wu H. Modeling genome-wide dynamic regulatory network in mouse lungs with influenza infection using high-dimensional ordinary differential equations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95276. [PMID: 24802016 PMCID: PMC4011728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to viral infection is regulated by an intricate network of many genes and their products. The reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) using mathematical models from time course gene expression data collected after influenza infection is key to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in controlling influenza infection within a host. A five-step pipeline: detection of temporally differentially expressed genes, clustering genes into co-expressed modules, identification of network structure, parameter estimate refinement, and functional enrichment analysis, is developed for reconstructing high-dimensional dynamic GRNs from genome-wide time course gene expression data. Applying the pipeline to the time course gene expression data from influenza-infected mouse lungs, we have identified 20 distinct temporal expression patterns in the differentially expressed genes and constructed a module-based dynamic network using a linear ODE model. Both intra-module and inter-module annotations and regulatory relationships of our inferred network show some interesting findings and are highly consistent with existing knowledge about the immune response in mice after influenza infection. The proposed method is a computationally efficient, data-driven pipeline bridging experimental data, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis. The application to the influenza infection data elucidates the potentials of our pipeline in providing valuable insights into systematic modeling of complicated biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hulin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Huang Z, Yu M, Tong S, Jia K, Liu R, Wang H, Li S, Ning Z. Tissue-specific expression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 in BALB/c mice. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:173-7. [PMID: 24690602 PMCID: PMC4087217 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system requires recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as NOD-like receptors. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and subsequent inflammatory responses. NLRP3 inflammasome plays important roles in the inflammatory and innate immune responses associated with autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome. However, analysis of the tissue distribution and expression profiles in BALB/c mice is still incomplete. In this study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression pattern of NLRP3 in BALB/c mice to further elucidate its function in innate immunity in this commonly used laboratory animal model. NLRP3 mRNA expression levels and tissue distribution of the protein were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. NLRP3 mRNA expression was higher in the kidney and inguinal lymph nodes than in other tissues. Cytoplasmic expression of NLRP3 was detected in the epithelial reticular cells of the spleen and thymus, lymphocytes in the inguinal lymph nodes, cardiac muscle cells, cerebral cortex neurons, alveolar macrophages, renal tubule cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The results of this study will assist investigators in interpreting site-specific functions and roles of NLRP3 in inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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58
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Yang F, Wang Z, Wei X, Han H, Meng X, Zhang Y, Shi W, Li F, Xin T, Pang Q, Yi F. NLRP3 deficiency ameliorates neurovascular damage in experimental ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:660-7. [PMID: 24424382 PMCID: PMC3982086 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the innate immune response to induce postischemic inflammation is considered as an essential step in the progression of cerebral ischemia injury, the role of innate immunity mediator NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is unknown. In this study, focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in NLRP3(-/-), NOX2(-/-), or wild-type (WT) mice. By magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Evans blue permeability, and electron microscopic analyses, we found that NLRP3 deficiency ameliorated cerebral injury in mice after ischemic stroke by reducing infarcts and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. We further showed that the contribution of NLRP3 to neurovascular damage was associated with an autocrine/paracrine pattern of NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release as evidenced by increased brain microvessel endothelial cell permeability and microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. Finally, we found that NOX2 deficiency improved outcomes after ischemic stroke by mediating NLRP3 signaling. This study for the first time shows the contribution of NLRP3 to neurovascular damage and provides direct evidence that NLRP3 as an important target molecule links NOX2-mediated oxidative stress to neurovascular damage in ischemic stroke. Pharmacological targeting of NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response at multiple levels may help design a new approach to develop therapeutic strategies for prevention of deterioration of cerebral function and for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Weichen Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fengli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
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Voronov E, Carmi Y, Apte RN. The role IL-1 in tumor-mediated angiogenesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:114. [PMID: 24734023 PMCID: PMC3975103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of tumor progression and is essential for invasiveness and metastasis. Myeloid inflammatory cells, such as immature myeloid precursor cells, also termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages, are recruited to the tumor microenvironment by factors released by the malignant cells that are subsequently “educated” in situ to acquire a pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, and immunosuppressive phenotype. The proximity of myeloid cells to endothelial cells (ECs) lining blood vessels suggests that they play an important role in the angiogenic response, possibly by secreting a network of cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as via activation of ECs for proliferation and secretion of pro-angiogenic factors. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an “alarm,” upstream, pro-inflammatory cytokine that is generated primarily by myeloid cells. IL-1 initiates and propagates inflammation, mainly by inducing a local cytokine network and enhancing inflammatory cell infiltration to affected sites and by augmenting adhesion molecule expression on ECs and leukocytes. Pro-inflammatory mediators were recently shown to play an important role in tumor-mediated angiogenesis and blocking their function may suppress tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the interactions between IL-1 and other pro-angiogenic factors during normal and pathological conditions. In addition, the feasibility of IL-1 neutralization approaches for anti-cancer therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaron Carmi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Zhang L, Mo J, Swanson KV, Wen H, Petrucelli A, Gregory SM, Zhang Z, Schneider M, Jiang Y, Fitzgerald KA, Ouyang S, Liu ZJ, Damania B, Shu HB, Duncan JA, Ting JPY. NLRC3, a member of the NLR family of proteins, is a negative regulator of innate immune signaling induced by the DNA sensor STING. Immunity 2014; 40:329-41. [PMID: 24560620 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also named MITA, MYPS, or ERIS) is an intracellular DNA sensor that induces type I interferon through its interaction with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Here we found that the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein, NLRC3, reduced STING-dependent innate immune activation in response to cytosolic DNA, cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and DNA viruses. NLRC3 associated with both STING and TBK1 and impeded STING-TBK1 interaction and downstream type I interferon production. By using purified recombinant proteins, we found NLRC3 to interact directly with STING. Furthermore, NLRC3 prevented proper trafficking of STING to perinuclear and punctated region, known to be important for its activation. In animals, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected Nlrc3(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced innate immunity and reduced morbidity and viral load. This demonstrates the intersection of two key pathways of innate immune regulation, NLR and STING, to fine tune host response to intracellular DNA, DNA virus, and c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jinyao Mo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen V Swanson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean M Gregory
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Monika Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Songying Ouyang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Institute of Inflammatory Diseases and Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kolb R, Liu GH, Janowski AM, Sutterwala FS, Zhang W. Inflammasomes in cancer: a double-edged sword. Protein Cell 2014; 5:12-20. [PMID: 24474192 PMCID: PMC3938856 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory responses have long been observed to be associated with various types of cancer and play decisive roles at different stages of cancer development. Inflammasomes, which are potent inducers of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 during inflammation, are large protein complexes typically consisting of a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the adapter protein ASC, and Caspase-1. During malignant transformation or cancer therapy, the inflammasomes are postulated to become activated in response to danger signals arising from the tumors or from therapy-induced damage to the tumor or healthy tissue. The activation of inflammasomes plays diverse and sometimes contrasting roles in cancer promotion and therapy depending on the specific context. Here we summarize the role of different inflammasome complexes in cancer progression and therapy. Inflammasome components and pathways may provide novel targets to treat certain types of cancer; however, using such agents should be cautiously evaluated due to the complex roles that inflammasomes and pro-inflammatory cytokines play in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Yang Y, Inatsuka C, Gad E, Disis ML, Standish LJ, Pugh N, Pasco DS, Lu H. Protein-bound polysaccharide-K induces IL-1β via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Innate Immun 2013; 20:857-66. [PMID: 24323452 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913513814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. It is important to investigate whether immune-enhancing natural products can also activate inflammasome. The current study examined the potential of protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK), a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor, to activate inflammasome. Using THP-1 cells, we have demonstrated that PSK induces both pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β in THP-1 cells in a caspase 1- and NLRP3-dependent manner. PSK also induces IL-1β and IL-18 in human PBMC. Cathepsin B is required for PSK-induced inflammasome activation as CA-074-Me, a cathepsin B inhibitor, significantly decreased PSK-induced IL-1β. PSK induces NLRP3 at both mRNA and protein level. Comparison of PSK-induced IL-1β in bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild type C57BL/6 mice, TLR2(-/-), P2X7R(-/-) and NLRP3(-/-) mice demonstrated that PSK-induced IL-1β is dependent on both TLR2 and NLRP3. P2X7R is not required for PSK-induced inflammasome activation, but enhances PSK-induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β induction. Altogether, these results demonstrated that PSK induces inflammasome activation and production of IL-1β in a TLR2- and NLRP3-dependent mechanism. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of the immune modulatory effects of PSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol Inatsuka
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ekram Gad
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nirmal Pugh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - David S Pasco
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Hailing Lu
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Lorin S, Hamaï A, Mehrpour M, Codogno P. Autophagy regulation and its role in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:361-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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64
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Hillegass JM, Miller JM, MacPherson MB, Westbom CM, Sayan M, Thompson JK, Macura SL, Perkins TN, Beuschel SL, Alexeeva V, Pass HI, Steele C, Mossman BT, Shukla A. Asbestos and erionite prime and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome that stimulates autocrine cytokine release in human mesothelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23937860 PMCID: PMC3751315 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pleural fibrosis and malignant mesotheliomas (MM) occur after exposures to pathogenic fibers, yet the mechanisms initiating these diseases are unclear. Results We document priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human mesothelial cells by asbestos and erionite that is causally related to release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Transcription and release of these proteins are inhibited in vitro using Anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist that reduces these cytokines in a human peritoneal MM mouse xenograft model. Conclusions These novel data show that asbestos-induced priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers an autocrine feedback loop modulated via the IL-1 receptor in mesothelial cell type targeted in pleural infection, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd M Hillegass
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Inflammasomes in cancer: a double-edged sword. Protein Cell 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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66
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Voronov E, Dotan S, Krelin Y, Song X, Elkabets M, Carmi Y, Rider P, Idan Cohen, Romzova M, Kaplanov I, Apte RN. Unique Versus Redundant Functions of IL-1α and IL-1β in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 23847618 PMCID: PMC3703603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major “alarm” upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that also affects immunity and hematopoiesis by inducing cytokine cascades. In the tumor arena, IL-1 is produced by malignant or microenvironmental cells. As a pleiotropic cytokine, IL-1 is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor invasiveness but also in the control of anti-tumor immunity. IL-1α and IL-1β are the major agonists of IL-1, while IL-1Ra is a physiological inhibitor of pre-formed IL-1. In their secreted form, IL-1α and IL-1β bind to the same receptors and induce the same biological functions, but IL-1α and IL-1β differ in their compartmentalization within the producing cell or the microenvironment. IL-1β is only active in its processed, secreted form, and mediates inflammation, which promotes carcinogenesis, tumor invasiveness, and immunosuppression, whereas IL-1α is mainly cell-associated and in the tumor context, when expressed on the cell membrane, it stimulates anti-tumor cell immunity manifested by tumor regression. In the tumor milieu, extracellular levels of IL-1α are usually low and do not stimulate broad inflammation that promotes progression. Immunosuppression induced by IL-1β in the tumor microenvironment, mainly through MDSC induction, usually inhibits or masks anti-tumor cell immunity induced by cell-associated IL-1α. However, in different tumor systems, redundant or unique patterns of IL-1α and IL-1β expression and function have been observed. Recent breakthroughs in inflammasome biology and IL-1β processing/secretion have spurred the development of novel anti-IL-1 agents, which are being used in clinical trials in patients with diverse inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of the integrative role of IL-1α and IL-1β in distinct malignancies will facilitate the application of novel IL-1 modulation approaches at the bedside, in cancer patients with minimal residual disease (MRD), as an adjunct to conventional approaches to reduce the tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
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Serum hepcidin levels in Helicobacter pylori-infected children with iron-deficiency anemia: a case-control study. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:1477-83. [PMID: 23760782 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, hepcidin, an antimicrobial-like peptide hormone, has evolved as the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin integrates signals from diverse physiological inputs, forming a key connection between iron trafficking and response to infection. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Helicobacter pylori infection modulates serum hepcidin level and response to oral iron therapy in children with iron-deficiency anemia. This was a case-control study including 60 children with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA; 30 H. pylori infected and 30 H. pylori noninfected) and 30 healthy children with comparable age and gender as the control group. Iron parameters including serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation and serum hepcidin levels were assessed initially and after 3 months of oral iron therapy for IDA. Compared to the control group, serum hepcidin was significantly lower in H. pylori-noninfected children with IDA (P < 0.01) and significantly higher in H. pylori-infected children with IDA (P < 0.01). Hepcidin increased significantly in noninfected children with IDA after 3 months of oral iron therapy (P < 0.01). On the other hand, H. pylori-infected children showed nonsignificant change in hepcidin level after oral iron therapy (P > 0.05). Although hepcidin showed significant positive correlations with serum ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), iron, and transferrin saturation in noninfected children with IDA (P < 0.01), it showed significant negative correlations with serum ferritin, Hb, iron, and transferrin saturation in H. pylori-infected children with IDA (P < 0.05). H. pylori infection upregulates serum hepcidin levels and was associated with diminished response to oral iron therapy in children with iron-deficiency anemia.
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Guo J, Gu N, Chen J, Shi T, Zhou Y, Rong Y, Zhou T, Yang W, Cui X, Chen W. Neutralization of interleukin-1 beta attenuates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1963-1973. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Burton L, Paget D, Binder NB, Bohnert K, Nestor BJ, Sculco TP, Santambrogio L, Ross FP, Goldring SR, Purdue PE. Orthopedic wear debris mediated inflammatory osteolysis is mediated in part by NALP3 inflammasome activation. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:73-80. [PMID: 22933241 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of myeloid cells by orthopedic particulate debris is a key event in the pathogenesis of periprosthetic osteolysis and implant loosening after total joint replacement (TJR). Several lines of evidence implicate NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NALP3) inflammasome-mediated production of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the pathogenesis of clinical disorders ascribable to foreign particulate materials, including asbestos, silica, and urate crystals. Recent reports indicate that orthopedic polymer products and metallic particulates and ions may activate the same pathway. Here, we investigated the contribution of the NALP3 inflammasome to the pathogenesis of peri-implant osteolysis. Pharmaceutical and genetic perturbations of caspase-1 and inflammasome components were used to assess the role of the NALP3 inflammasome in IL-1β production and osteoclast formation by human monocytes and mouse macrophages in response to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle phagocytosis. The role of caspase-1 in a mouse calvarial model of particle-mediated osteolysis was assessed using µCT. Phagocytosis of PMMA particles induces caspase-1 dependent release of IL-1β from human monocytes and mouse macrophages. Importantly, using macrophages from mice deficient in components of the NALP3 inflammasome, we show PMMA-induced IL-1β production is strictly dependent on these components. Mice lacking caspase-1, the sole effector of the NALP3 inflammasome, show reduced orthopedic wear particle-induced calvarial osteolysis compared to wild-type controls. Absence of NALP3 inflammasome components fails to alter osteoclast formation in vitro. Our findings identify the NALP3 inflammasome as a critical mediator of orthopedic wear-induced osteolysis and as a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Burton
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA
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71
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Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked pathological activation of the innate immune system in the absence of autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells. Discovery of the causative mutations underlying several monogenic autoinflammatory diseases has identified key regulators of innate immune responses. Recent studies have highlighted the role of misfolding, oligomerization and abnormal trafficking of pathogenic mutant proteins in triggering autoinflammation, and suggest that more common rheumatic diseases may have an autoinflammatory component. This coincides with recent discoveries of new links between endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory signalling pathways, which support the emerging view that autoinflammatory diseases may be due to pathological dysregulation of stress-sensing pathways that normally function in host defence.
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72
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Trunk G, Oxenius A. Innate instruction of CD4+ T cell immunity in respiratory bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:616-28. [PMID: 22723524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes invading microbes via conserved pattern recognition receptors and uses inflammatory signals to concert adaptive defense mechanisms. However, microbial and host parameters involved in CD4 T cell priming and direction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation in the context of infections with complex pathogens in vivo are incompletely understood. In this study, we used Legionella pneumophila, which triggers membrane-bound and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, to study the innate instruction of adaptive immunity. Upon airway infection, T cells were primed exclusively in the lung-draining lymph nodes and differentiated into Th1/Th17 effector cells upon arrival in the lung. Although engagement of membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors was sufficient for initial T cell activation and proliferation, cytosolic pattern recognition was required for effector T cell differentiation. In the absence of cytoplasmic pattern recognition, MyD88 was key for T cell priming, whereas, in its presence, MyD88-mediated signals were crucial for Th17 differentiation. Specifically, cytosolic sensing of Legionella-derived flagellin, inflammasome activation, and IL-1 signaling contributed to Th17 development. In the absence of TLR signaling, a simultaneous Th1/Th2 response developed that was independent of the inflammasome-IL-1 axis. Collectively, these data illustrate the important role for various pattern recognition receptors triggered by complex pathogens and how they each instruct specific differentiation programs in responding CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Trunk
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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73
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Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an immune-mediated chronic intestinal disorder thought to be the result of an aggressive immune response to a subset of enteric bacteria in a genetically predisposed host. Numerous environmental factors are apparently involved in disease pathogenesis. Impaired ability of CD patients to control the gut microflora is associated with defects in the production of some antibacterial compounds (cryptdins) by epithelial cells. In addition, there are the defects in cytoplasmic NOD-like receptors which are sensing intracellularly localized bacteria in CD patients. These defects together with the failure to induce autophagy lead to lack of bacterial clearance and subsequently to mucosal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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74
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Cunningham C. Microglia and neurodegeneration: the role of systemic inflammation. Glia 2012; 61:71-90. [PMID: 22674585 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that CNS inflammation has a role in the progression of chronic neurodegenerative disease, although the mechanisms through which this occurs are still unclear. The inflammatory response during most chronic neurodegenerative disease is dominated by the microglia and mechanisms by which these cells contribute to neuronal damage and degeneration are the subject of intense study. More recently it has emerged that systemic inflammation has a significant role to play in the progression of these diseases. Well-described adaptive pathways exist to transduce systemic inflammatory signals to the brain, but activation of these pathways appears to be deleterious to the brain if the acute insult is sufficiently robust, as in severe sepsis, or sufficiently prolonged, as in repeated stimulation with robust doses of inflammogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Significantly, moderate doses of inflammogens produce new pathology in the brain and exacerbate or accelerate features of disease when superimposed upon existing pathology or in the context of genetic predisposition. It is now apparent in multiple chronic disease states, and in ageing, that microglia are primed by prior pathology, or by genetic predisposition, to respond more vigorously to subsequent inflammatory stimulation, thus transforming an adaptive CNS inflammatory response to systemic inflammation, into one that has deleterious consequences for the individual. In this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a significant role for systemic inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Mechanisms by which microglia might effect neuronal damage and dysfunction, as a consequence of systemic stimulation, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Paul-Clark MJ, George PM, Gatheral T, Parzych K, Wright WR, Crawford D, Bailey LK, Reed DM, Mitchell JA. Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of pattern recognition receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:200-15. [PMID: 22627269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologists have used pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for decades as a stimulus for studying mediators involved in inflammation and for the screening of anti-inflammatory compounds. However, in the view of immunologists, LPS was too non-specific for studying the mechanisms of immune signalling in infection and inflammation, as no receptors had been identified. This changed in the late 1990s with the discovery of the Toll-like receptors. These 'pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) were able to recognise highly conserved sequences, the so called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in or on pathogens. This specificity of particular PAMPs and their newly defined receptors provided a common ground between pharmacologists and immunologists for the study of inflammation. PRRs also recognise endogenous agonists, the so called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can result in sterile inflammation. The signalling pathways and ligands of many PRRs have now been characterised and there is no doubt that this rich vein of research will aid the discovery of new therapeutics for infectious conditions and chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Paul-Clark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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76
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Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Inflammasomes in carcinogenesis and anticancer immune responses. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:343-51. [PMID: 22430787 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the complex interplay between malignant cells and their microenvironment, caspase-1 activation complexes (inflammasomes) have contrasting roles. Inflammasomes may operate at the cell-autonomous level to eliminate malignant precursors through programmed cell death or, conversely, may stimulate the production of trophic factors for cancer cells and their stroma. In inflammatory cells, caspase-1 activation can fuel a cycle that leads to sterile inflammation and carcinogenesis, whereas in antigen-presenting cells, inflammasomes can stimulate anticancer immune responses. The inhibition of inflammasomes or neutralization of their products, mainly interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, has profound effects on carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Thus, inflammasomes are promising therapeutic targets in cancer-related clinical conditions. Here we discuss present and future indications for the clinical use of inflammasome inhibitors.
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77
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Witte CE, Archer KA, Rae CS, Sauer JD, Woodward JJ, Portnoy DA. Innate immune pathways triggered by Listeria monocytogenes and their role in the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Adv Immunol 2012; 113:135-56. [PMID: 22244582 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394590-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acquired cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes is induced by infection with live, replicating bacteria that grow in the host cell cytosol, whereas killed bacteria, or those trapped in a phagosome, fail to induce protective immunity. In this chapter, we focus on how L. monocytogenes is sensed by the innate immune system, with the presumption that innate immunity affects the development of acquired immunity. Infection by L. monocytogenes induces three innate immune pathways: an MyD88-dependent pathway emanating from a phagosome leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines; a STING/IRF3-dependent pathway emanating from the cytosol leading to the expression of IFN-β and coregulated genes; and very low levels of a Caspase-1-dependent, AIM2-dependent inflammasome pathway resulting in proteolytic activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 and pyroptotic cell death. Using a combination of genetics and biochemistry, we identified the listerial ligand that activates the STING/IRF3 pathway as secreted cyclic diadenosine monophosphate, a newly discovered conserved bacterial signaling molecule. We also identified L. monocytogenes mutants that caused robust inflammasome activation due to bacteriolysis in the cytosol, release of DNA, and activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. A strain was constructed that ectopically expressed and secreted a fusion protein containing Legionella pneumophila flagellin that robustly activated the Nlrc4-dependent inflammasome and was highly attenuated in mice, also in an Nlrc4-dependent manner. Surprisingly, this strain was a poor inducer of adaptive immunity, suggesting that inflammasome activation is not necessary to induce cell-mediated immunity and may even be detrimental under some conditions. To the best of our knowledge, no single innate immune pathway is necessary to mount a robust acquired immune response to L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Witte
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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78
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Effects of different adjuvants in the context of intramuscular and intranasal routes on humoral and cellular immune responses induced by detergent-split A/H3N2 influenza vaccines in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:209-18. [PMID: 22190392 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05441-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A/H3N2 viruses have caused the most severe epidemics since 1968 despite current immunization programs with inactivated vaccines. We undertook a side-by-side preclinical evaluation of different adjuvants (Alum, AS03, and Protollin) and routes of administration (intramuscular [i.m.] and intranasal [i.n.]) for assessing their effect on the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of inactivated split vaccines (A/H3N2/New York/55/2004). Humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against the homologous virus and a heterologous drifted strain (A/H3N2/Wisconsin/67/2005) were measured in BALB/c mice at 2, 6, and 19 weeks postboost. The AS03- and Alum-adjuvanted i.m. vaccines induced at least an 8-fold increase over the nonadjuvanted vaccine in functional antibody titers against both the homotypic and heterotypic strains and low IgG2a and high IgG1 levels, suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 response with a Th2 trend. The Protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine induced the lowest IgG1/IgG2a ratio, which is indicative of a mixed Th1/Th2-type profile with a Th1 trend. This adjuvanted vaccine was the only vaccine to stimulate a mucosal IgA response. Whatever the timing after the boost, both hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers were higher with the AS03-adjuvanted i.m. vaccine than with the protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine. Finally, the Alum-adjuvanted i.m. vaccine and the lower-dose Protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine elicited significantly higher CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 responses and more gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8(+) T cells than the nonadjuvanted vaccine. Our data indicate that the adjuvanted vaccines tested in this study can elicit stronger, more persistent, and broader immune responses against A/H3N2 strains than nonadjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines.
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79
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Samten B, Wang X, Barnes PF. Immune regulatory activities of early secreted antigenic target of 6-kD protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis vaccine design. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S114-8. [PMID: 22169731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although ESAT-6 was originally identified as a strong T cell immunogen in short-term culture filtrate of Mtb, and has therefore been a candidate vaccine antigen for many years, recent work has demonstrated that ESAT-6 is also a virulence factor that mediates pathogenicity of Mtb. The studies described in this review suggest that ESAT-6 secreted by Mtb subverts host immunity by manipulating intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages and T cells, which are critical in protection against Mtb. Furthermore, ESAT-6 elicits pro-inflammatory responses that can be detrimental to the host. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which ESAT-6 inhibits immunity will permit design of ESAT-6-based vaccine constructs that elicit protective immune responses with minimal negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buka Samten
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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80
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Iron metabolism and the innate immune response to infection. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:207-16. [PMID: 22033148 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Host antimicrobial mechanisms reduce iron availability to pathogens. Iron proteins influencing the innate immune response include hepcidin, lactoferrin, siderocalin, haptoglobin, hemopexin, Nramp1, ferroportin and the transferrin receptor. Numerous global health threats are influenced by iron status and provide examples of our growing understanding of the connections between infection and iron metabolism.
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81
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Bae JY, Park HH. Crystal structure of NALP3 protein pyrin domain (PYD) and its implications in inflammasome assembly. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39528-36. [PMID: 21880711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NALP3 inflammasome, composed of the three proteins NALP3, ASC, and Caspase-1, is a macromolecular complex responsible for the innate immune response against infection with bacterial and viral pathogens. Formation of the inflammasome can lead to the activation of inflammatory caspases, such as Caspase-1, which then activate pro-inflammatory cytokines by proteolytic cleavage. The assembly of the NALP3 inflammasome depends on the protein-interacting domain known as the death domain superfamily. NALP3 inflammasome is assembled via a pyrin domain (PYD)/PYD interaction between ASC and NALP3 and a caspase recruitment domain/caspase recruitment domain interaction between ASC and Caspase-1. As a first step toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory caspase activation by formation of inflammasome, we report the crystal structure of the PYD from NALP3 at 1.7-Å resolution. Although NALP3 PYD has the canonical six-helical bundle structural fold similar to other PYDs, the high resolution structure reveals the possible biologically important homodimeric interface and the dynamic properties of the fold. Comparison with other PYD structures shows both similarities and differences that may be functionally relevant. Structural and sequence analyses further implicate conserved surface residues in NALP3 PYD for ASC interaction and inflammasome assembly. The most interesting aspect of the structure was the unexpected disulfide bond between Cys-8 and Cys-108, which might be important for regulation of the activity of NALP3 by redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Bae
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, and Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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82
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Abstract
The innate immune system relies on the recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors as a first line of defense and to initiate the adaptive immune response. Substantial progress has been made in defining the role of Nod (nucleotide-binding oligimerization domain)-like receptors and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) as pattern recognition receptors that activate inflammasomes in macrophages. Inflammasomes are protein platforms essential for the activation of inflammatory caspases and subsequent maturation of their pro-inflammatory cytokine substrates and induction of pyroptosis. This paper summarizes recent developments regarding the function of Nod-like receptors in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Khare
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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83
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Sinkovics JG. Antileukemia and antitumor effects of the graft-versus-host disease: a new immunovirological approach. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2010; 57:253-347. [PMID: 21183421 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.57.2010.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In leukemic mice, the native host's explicit and well-defined immune reactions to the leukemia virus (a strong exogenous antigen) and to leukemia cells (pretending in their native hosts to be protected "self" elements) are extinguished and replaced in GvHD (graft-versus-host disease) by those of the immunocompetent donor cells. In many cases, the GvHD-inducer donors display genetically encoded resistance to the leukemia virus. In human patients only antileukemia and anti-tumor cell immune reactions are mobilized; thus, patients are deprived of immune reactions to a strong exogenous antigen (the elusive human leukemia-sarcoma retroviruses). The innate and adaptive immune systems of mice have to sustain the immunosuppressive effects of leukemia-inducing retroviruses. Human patients due to the lack of leukemiainducing retroviral pathogens (if they exist, they have not as yet been discovered), escape such immunological downgrading. After studying leukemogenic retroviruses in murine and feline (and other mammalian) hosts, it is very difficult to dismiss retroviral etiology for human leukemias and sarcomas. Since no characterized and thus recognized leukemogenic-sarcomagenic retroviral agents are being isolated from the vast majority of human leukemias-sarcomas, the treatment for these conditions in mice and in human patients vastly differ. It is immunological and biological modalities (alpha interferons; vaccines; adoptive lymphocyte therapy) that dominate the treatment of murine leukemias, whereas combination chemotherapy remains the main remission-inducing agent in human leukemias-lymphomas and sarcomas (as humanized monoclonal antibodies and immunotoxins move in). Yet, in this apparently different backgrounds in Mus and Homo, GvHD, as a treatment modality, appears to work well in both hosts, by replacing the hosts' anti-leukemia and anti-tumor immune faculties with those of the donor. The clinical application of GvHD in the treatment of human leukemias-lymphomas and malignant solid tumors remains a force worthy of pursuit, refinement and strengthening. Graft engineering and modifications of the inner immunological environment of the recipient host by the activation or administration of tumor memory T cells, selected Treg cells and natural killer (NKT) cell classes and cytokines, and the improved pharmacotherapy of GvHD without reducing its antitumor efficacy, will raise the value of GvHD to the higher ranks of the effective antitumor immunotherapeutical measures. Clinical interventions of HCT/HSCT (hematopoietic cell/stem cell transplants) are now applicable to an extended spectrum of malignant diseases in human patients, being available to elderly patients, who receive non-myeloablative conditioning, are re-enforced by post-transplant donor lymphocyte (NK cell and immune T cell) infusions and post-transplant vaccinations, and the donor cells may derive from engineered grafts, or from cord blood with reduced GvHD, but increased GvL/GvT-inducing capabilities (graft-versus leukemia/tumor). Post-transplant T cell transfusions are possible only if selected leukemia antigen-specific T cell clones are available. In verbatim quotation: "Ultimately, advances in separation of GvT from GvHD will further enhance the potential of allogeneic HCT as a curative treatment for hematological malignancies" (Rezvani, A.R. and Storb, R.F., Journal of Autoimmunity 30:172-179, 2008 (see in the text)). It may be added: for cure, a combination of the GvL/T effects with new targeted therapeutic modalities, as elaborated on in this article, will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sinkovics
- The University of South Florida College of Medicine, St. Joseph Hospital's Cancer Institute, Affiliated with the H. L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33607-6307, USA.
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Choubey D, Duan X, Dickerson E, Ponomareva L, Panchanathan R, Shen H, Srivastava R. Interferon-inducible p200-family proteins as novel sensors of cytoplasmic DNA: role in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:371-80. [PMID: 20187776 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated innate immune responses that result in increased levels of type I interferons (IFNs) and stimulation of IFN-inducible genes are thought to contribute to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. One family of IFN-inducible genes is the Ifi200 family, which includes the murine (eg, Ifi202a, Ifi202b, Ifi203, Ifi204, Mndal, and Aim2) and human (eg, IFI16, MNDA, IFIX, and AIM2) genes. Genes in the family encode structurally related proteins (the p200-family proteins), which share at least one partially conserved repeat of 200-amino acid (200-AA) residues. Consistent with the presence of 2 consecutive oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding folds in the repeat, the p200-family proteins can bind to DNA. Additionally, these proteins (except the p202 proteins) also contain a pyrin (PYD) domain in the N-terminus. Increased expression of p202 proteins in certain strains of female mice is associated with lupus-like disease. Interestingly, only the Aim2 protein is conserved between the mouse and humans. Several recent studies have provided evidence that the Aim2 and p202 proteins can recognize DNA in cytoplasm and the Aim2 protein upon sensing DNA can form a caspase-1-activating inflammasome. In this review, we discuss how the ability of p200-family proteins to sense cytoplasmic DNA may contribute to the development of chronic inflammation and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Jensen LE. Targeting the IL-1 family members in skin inflammation. CURRENT OPINION IN INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS (LONDON, ENGLAND : 2000) 2010; 11:1211-1220. [PMID: 21157640 PMCID: PMC3059231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The IL-1 family of cytokines comprises 11 proteins with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions that are mediated through an equally large group of receptors and coreceptors. Dysregulation of the IL-1 system may lead to diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. These inflammatory skin conditions greatly affect quality of life and life expectancy, and their frequencies are increasing. However, treatment options for these diseases are unsatisfactory. This review briefly summarizes new findings, reported in the past 2 years, implicating IL-1 family members in skin inflammation. Furthermore, how the biological activities of the IL-1 family members may be inhibited is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte E Jensen
- Temple University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1158 MERB, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-4106, USA.
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86
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Lee KY, Rhim JW, Kang JH. Hyperactive immune cells (T cells) may be responsible for acute lung injury in influenza virus infections: a need for early immune-modulators for severe cases. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:64-9. [PMID: 20822853 PMCID: PMC7131389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been believed that acute lung injury in influenza virus infections is caused by a virus-induced cytopathy; viruses that have multiplied in the upper respiratory tract spread to lung tissues along the lower respiratory tract. However, some experimental and clinical studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in influenza virus infections is associated with excessive host response including a cell-mediated immune reaction. During the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus infections in Korea, we experienced a dramatic effect of immune-modulators (corticosteroids) on the patients with severe pneumonia who had significant respiratory distress at presentation and those who showed rapidly progressive pneumonia during oseltamivir treatment. We also found that the pneumonia patients treated with corticosteroids showed the lowest lymphocyte differential and that the severity of pneumonia was associated with the lymphocyte count at presentation. From our findings and previous experimental and clinical studies, we postulated that hyperactive immune cells (T cells) may be involved in the acute lung injury of influenza virus infections, using a hypothesis of ‘protein homeostasis system’; the inducers of the cell-mediated immune response are initially produced at the primary immune sites by the innate immune system. These substances reach the lung cells, the main target organ, via the systemic circulation, and possibly the cells of other organs, including myocytes or central nerve system cells, leading to extrapulmonary symptoms (e.g., myalgia and rhabdomyolysis, and encephalopathy). To control these substances that may be possibly toxic to host cells, the adaptive immune reaction may be operated by immune cells, mainly lymphocytes. Hyperimmune reaction of immune cells produces higher levels of cytokines which may be associated with acute lung injury, and may be controlled by early use of immune-modulators. Early initiation and proper dosage of immune-modulators with antiviral agents for severe pneumonia patients may reduce morbidity and prevent progressive fatal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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87
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Aronson IK, Worobec SM. Panniculitis. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23:317-9. [PMID: 20666818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Aronson
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Induction and inhibition of type I interferon responses by distinct components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2010; 84:9452-62. [PMID: 20592086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00155-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the host defense against viruses. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection induces robust type I IFN production in its natural host, the mouse. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of type I IFNs in response to LCMV infection have not yet been clearly defined. In the present study, we demonstrate that IRF7 is required for both the early phase (day 1 postinfection) and the late phase (day 2 postinfection) of the type I IFN response to LCMV, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) signaling is crucial for the late phase of the type I IFN response to LCMV. We further demonstrate that LCMV genomic RNA itself (without other LCMV components) is able to induce type I IFN responses in various cell types by activation of the RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and MDA5. We also show that expression of the LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) inhibits the type I IFN response induced by LCMV RNA and other RIG-I/MDA5 ligands. These virus-host interactions may play important roles in the pathogeneses of LCMV and other human arenavirus diseases.
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