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Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Rodriguez JJ, Parpura V. Neuroglia: Functional Paralysis and Reactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Pathologies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:427-449. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Brain mGluR5 in mice with amyloid beta pathology studied with in vivo [ 11C]ABP688 PET imaging and ex vivo immunoblotting. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:293-300. [PMID: 27743932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) into insoluble plaques. Intermediates, Aβ oligomers (Aβo), appear to be the mechanistic cause of disease. The de facto PET AD ligand, [11C]PIB, binds and visualizes Aβ plaque load, which does not correlate well with disease severity. Therefore, finding a dynamic target that changes with pathology progression in AD is of great interest. Aβo alter synaptic plasticity, inhibit long-term potentiation, and facilitate long-term depression; key mechanisms involved in memory and learning. In order to convey these neurotoxic effects, Aβo requires interaction with the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5). The aim was to investigate in vivo mGluR5 changes in an Aβ pathology model using PET. Wild type C57/BL6 (wt) and AβPP transgenic mice (tg-ArcSwe), 4, 8, and 16 months old, were PET scanned with [11C]ABP688, which is highly specific to mGluR5, to investigate changes in mGluR5. Mouse brains were extracted postscan and mGluR5 and Aβ protofibril levels were assessed with immunoblotting and ELISA respectively. Receptor-dense brain regions (hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum) displayed higher [11C]ABP688 concentrations corresponding to mGluR5 expression pattern. Mice had similar uptake levels of [11C]ABP688 regardless of genotype or age. Immunoblotting revealed general decline in mGluR5 expression and elevated levels of mGluR5 in 16 months old tg-ArcSwe compared with wt mice. [11C]ABP688 could visualize mGluR5 in the mouse brain. In conclusion, mGluR5 levels were found to decrease with age and tended to be higher in tg-ArcSwe compared with wt mice, however these changes could not be quantified with PET.
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Astroglial calcium signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1005-1012. [PMID: 27545605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglial contribution to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically relevant and highly heterogeneous. Reactive astrogliosis and activation of microglia contribute to neuroinflammation, whereas astroglial and oligodendroglial atrophy affect synaptic transmission and underlie the overall disruption of the central nervous system (CNS) connectome. Astroglial function is tightly integrated with the intracellular ionic signalling mediated by complex dynamics of cytosolic concentrations of free Ca2+ and Na+. Astroglial ionic signalling is mediated by plasmalemmal ion channels, mainly associated with ionotropic receptors, pumps and solute carrier transporters, and by intracellular organelles comprised of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The relative contribution of these molecular cascades/organelles can be plastically remodelled in development and under environmental stress. In AD astroglial Ca2+ signalling undergoes substantial reorganisation due to an abnormal regulation of expression of Ca2+ handling molecular cascades.
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Astrocytes in physiological aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2016; 323:170-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shrivastava AN, Redeker V, Fritz N, Pieri L, Almeida LG, Spolidoro M, Liebmann T, Bousset L, Renner M, Léna C, Aperia A, Melki R, Triller A. Data in support of the identification of neuronal and astrocyte proteins interacting with extracellularly applied oligomeric and fibrillar α-synuclein assemblies by mass spectrometry. Data Brief 2016; 7:221-8. [PMID: 26958642 PMCID: PMC4773484 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the principal component of Lewy bodies, the pathophysiological hallmark of individuals affected by Parkinson disease (PD). This neuropathologic form of α-syn contributes to PD progression and propagation of α-syn assemblies between neurons. The data we present here support the proteomic analysis used to identify neuronal proteins that specifically interact with extracellularly applied oligomeric or fibrillar α-syn assemblies (conditions 1 and 2, respectively) (doi: 10.15252/embj.201591397[1]). α-syn assemblies and their cellular partner proteins were pulled down from neuronal cell lysed shortly after exposure to exogenous α-syn assemblies and the associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry using a shotgun proteomic-based approach. We also performed experiments on pure cultures of astrocytes to identify astrocyte-specific proteins interacting with oligomeric or fibrillar α-syn (conditions 3 and 4, respectively). For each condition, proteins interacting selectively with α-syn assemblies were identified by comparison to proteins pulled-down from untreated cells used as controls. The mass spectrometry data, the database search and the peak lists have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium database via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifiers PRIDE: PXD002256 to PRIDE: PXD002263 and doi: 10.6019/PXD002256 to 10.6019/PXD002263.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Nidhi Shrivastava
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Nicolas Fritz
- Department of Women and Children׳s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Pieri
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Leandro G. Almeida
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Maria Spolidoro
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thomas Liebmann
- Department of Women and Children׳s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luc Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Marianne Renner
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Clément Léna
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anita Aperia
- Department of Women and Children׳s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, 46 Rue d׳Ulm, Paris 75005, France
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Fujiwara TK, Iwasawa K, Kalay Z, Tsunoyama TA, Watanabe Y, Umemura YM, Murakoshi H, Suzuki KGN, Nemoto YL, Morone N, Kusumi A. Confined diffusion of transmembrane proteins and lipids induced by the same actin meshwork lining the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1101-19. [PMID: 26864625 PMCID: PMC4814218 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraspeed single-molecule tracking with <25-μs resolution and electron tomography show that transmembrane proteins and phospholipids in the plasma membrane hop among submicrometer compartments of the same size, probably delimited by the anchored-transmembrane-protein pickets lining the actin-based membrane-skeleton fence, once every 1–58 ms. The mechanisms by which the diffusion rate in the plasma membrane (PM) is regulated remain unresolved, despite their importance in spatially regulating the reaction rates in the PM. Proposed models include entrapment in nanoscale noncontiguous domains found in PtK2 cells, slow diffusion due to crowding, and actin-induced compartmentalization. Here, by applying single-particle tracking at high time resolutions, mainly to the PtK2-cell PM, we found confined diffusion plus hop movements (termed “hop diffusion”) for both a nonraft phospholipid and a transmembrane protein, transferrin receptor, and equal compartment sizes for these two molecules in all five of the cell lines used here (actual sizes were cell dependent), even after treatment with actin-modulating drugs. The cross-section size and the cytoplasmic domain size both affected the hop frequency. Electron tomography identified the actin-based membrane skeleton (MSK) located within 8.8 nm from the PM cytoplasmic surface of PtK2 cells and demonstrated that the MSK mesh size was the same as the compartment size for PM molecular diffusion. The extracellular matrix and extracellular domains of membrane proteins were not involved in hop diffusion. These results support a model of anchored TM-protein pickets lining actin-based MSK as a major mechanism for regulating diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Center for Meso-Bio Single-Molecule Imaging, Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kokoro Iwasawa
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ziya Kalay
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taka A Tsunoyama
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro M Umemura
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hideji Murakoshi
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 650056, India
| | - Yuri L Nemoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
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57
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Lian H, Zheng H. Signaling pathways regulating neuron-glia interaction and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 136:475-91. [PMID: 26546579 PMCID: PMC4720533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in neuronal homeostasis through their physical properties and neuron-glia signaling pathways. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuronal injury and this process, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, is a common feature accompanying neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrogliosis represents a continuum of pathobiological processes and is associated with morphological, functional, and gene expression changes of varying degrees. There has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the signaling pathways regulating glial biology and pathophysiology in recent years. Here, we attempt to provide an unbiased review of some of the well-known players, namely calcium, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor β, NFκB, and complement, in mediating neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions as well as in Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of astrocytic NFκB and calcium as well as astroglial secreted factors, including proteoglycans, TGFβ, and complement in mediating neuronal function and AD pathogenesis through direct interaction with neurons and through cooperation with microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University College of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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58
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Astrogliosis: An integral player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:121-41. [PMID: 26797041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and begins with a subtle decline in episodic memory followed by a more general decline in overall cognitive abilities. Though the exact trigger for this cascade of events remains unknown the presence of the misfolded amyloid-beta protein triggers reactive gliosis, a prominent neuropathological feature in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. The cytoskeletal and morphological changes of astrogliosis are its evident features, while changes in oxidative stress defense, cholesterol metabolism, and gene transcription programs are less manifest. However, these latter molecular changes may underlie a disruption in homeostatic regulation that keeps the brain environment balanced. Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease show changes in glutamate and GABA signaling and recycling, potassium buffering, and in cholinergic, purinergic, and calcium signaling. Ultimately the dysregulation of homeostasis maintained by astrocytes can have grave consequences for the stability of microcircuits within key brain regions. Specifically, altered inhibition influenced by astrocytes can lead to local circuit imbalance with farther reaching consequences for the functioning of larger neuronal networks. Healthy astrocytes have a role in maintaining and modulating normal neuronal communication, synaptic physiology and energy metabolism, astrogliosis interferes with these functions. This review considers the molecular and functional changes occurring during astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease, and proposes that astrocytes are key players in the development of dementia.
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Heller JP, Rusakov DA. Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment. Glia 2015; 63:2133-51. [PMID: 25782611 PMCID: PMC4737250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation in the brain is thought to rely on the remodeling of synaptic connections which eventually results in neural network rewiring. This remodeling is likely to involve ultrathin astroglial protrusions which often occur in the immediate vicinity of excitatory synapses. The phenomenology, cellular mechanisms, and causal relationships of such astroglial restructuring remain, however, poorly understood. This is in large part because monitoring and probing of the underpinning molecular machinery on the scale of nanoscopic astroglial compartments remains a challenge. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the cellular organisation of astroglia in the synaptic microenvironment and discuss molecular mechanisms potentially involved in use-dependent astroglial morphogenesis. We also discuss recent observations concerning morphological astroglial plasticity, the respective monitoring methods, and some of the newly emerging techniques that might help with conceptual advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch P Heller
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri A Rusakov
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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60
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Astrocyte-mediated metaplasticity in the hippocampus: Help or hindrance? Neuroscience 2015; 309:113-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Qiao J, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Adilijiang A, Guo H, Zhang R, Guo W, Luo G, Qiu Y, Xu H, Kong J, Huang Q, Li XM. Regulation of astrocyte pathology by fluoxetine prevents the deterioration of Alzheimer phenotypes in an APP/PS1 mouse model. Glia 2015; 64:240-54. [PMID: 26446044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Qiao
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
- Clinical Laboratory; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Junhui Wang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Shenghua Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Huining Guo
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ruiguo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry; Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Neurology; First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University; Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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62
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Kumar A, Dhull DK, Mishra PS. Therapeutic potential of mGluR5 targeting in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:215. [PMID: 26106290 PMCID: PMC4460345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research dedicated toward Alzheimer's disease (AD) has culminated in much of the current understanding of the neurodegeneration associated with disease. However, delineating the pathophysiology and finding a possible cure for the disease is still wanting. This is in part due to the lack of knowledge pertaining to the connecting link between neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathways. Consequently, the inefficacy and ill-effects of the drugs currently available for AD encourage the need for alternative and safe therapeutic intervention. In this review we highlight the potential of mGluR5, a metabotropic glutamatergic receptor, in understanding the mechanism underlying the neuronal death and neuroinflammation in AD. We also discuss the role of mGlu5 receptor in mediating the neuron-glia interaction in the disease. Finally, we discuss the potential of mGluR5 as target for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Pooja S Mishra
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences Bangalore, India
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Abstract
The most accredited (and fashionable) hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease (AD) sees accumulation of β-amyloid protein in the brain (in both soluble and insoluble forms) as a leading mechanism of neurotoxicity. How β-amyloid triggers the neurodegenerative disorder is at present unclear, but growing evidence suggests that a deregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and deficient Ca(2+) signalling may represent a fundamental pathogenic factor. Given that symptoms of AD are most likely linked to synaptic dysfunction (at the early stages) followed by neuronal loss (at later and terminal phases of the disease), the effects of β-amyloid have been mainly studied in neurones. Yet, it must be acknowledged that neuroglial cells, including astrocytes, contribute to pathological progression of most (if not all) neurological diseases. Here, we review the literature pertaining to changes in Ca(2+) signalling in astrocytes exposed to exogenous β-amyloid or in astrocytes from transgenic Alzheimer disease animals models, characterized by endogenous β-amyloidosis. Accumulated experimental data indicate deregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signalling in astrocytes in AD, which should be given full pathogenetic consideration. Further studies are warranted to comprehend the role of deficient astroglial Ca(2+) signalling in the disease progression.
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64
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Ronco V, Grolla AA, Glasnov TN, Canonico PL, Verkhratsky A, Genazzani AA, Lim D. Differential deregulation of astrocytic calcium signalling by amyloid-β, TNFα, IL-1β and LPS. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:219-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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65
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Renner M, Melki R. Protein aggregation and prionopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:162-8. [PMID: 24698014 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein and prion-like proteins share a number of characteristics. From the molecular point of view, they are constitutive proteins that aggregate following conformational changes into insoluble particles. These particles escape the cellular clearance machinery and amplify by recruiting the soluble for of their constituting proteins. The resulting protein aggregates are responsible for a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. In addition, there are increasing evidences supporting the inter-cellular trafficking of these aggregates, meaning that they are "transmissible" between cells. There are also evidences that brain homogenates from individuals developing Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases propagate the disease in recipient model animals in a manner similar to brain extracts of patients developing Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease. Thus, the propagation of protein aggregates from cell to cell may be a generic phenomenon that contributes to the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases, which has important consequences on human health issues. Moreover, although the distribution of protein aggregates is characteristic for each disease, new evidences indicate the possibility of overlaps and crosstalk between the different disorders. Despite the increasing evidences that support prion or prion-like propagation of protein aggregates, there are many unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms of toxicity and this is a field of intensive research nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renner
- Biologie cellulaire de la synapse, institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), Inserm U1024 - CNRS 8197, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - R Melki
- Laboratoire d'enzymologie et biochimie structurales, CNRS UPR 3082, bâtiment 34, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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66
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Relini A, Marano N, Gliozzi A. Misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins and their interactions with membranes. Biomolecules 2013; 4:20-55. [PMID: 24970204 PMCID: PMC4030986 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss amyloidogenic proteins, their misfolding, resulting structures, and interactions with membranes, which lead to membrane damage and subsequent cell death. Many of these proteins are implicated in serious illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins leads to the formation of polymorphic oligomers and fibrils. Oligomeric aggregates are widely thought to be the toxic species, however, fibrils also play a role in membrane damage. We focus on the structure of these aggregates and their interactions with model membranes. Study of interactions of amlyoidogenic proteins with model and natural membranes has shown the importance of the lipid bilayer in protein misfolding and aggregation and has led to the development of several models for membrane permeabilization by the resulting amyloid aggregates. We discuss several of these models: formation of structured pores by misfolded amyloidogenic proteins, extraction of lipids, interactions with receptors in biological membranes, and membrane destabilization by amyloid aggregates perhaps analogous to that caused by antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Nadia Marano
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa 16146, Italy.
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67
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Shrivastava AN, Rodriguez PC, Triller A, Renner M. Dynamic micro-organization of P2X7 receptors revealed by PALM based single particle tracking. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:232. [PMID: 24324402 PMCID: PMC3840301 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are members of the purinergic receptor family that are expressed in several cell types including neurons. A high concentration of ATP is required for the channel opening of P2X7Rs compared to other members of this receptor family. Recent work suggests that ATP binding to members of the P2X receptor family determines the diffusion and localization of these receptors on the plasma membrane of neurons. Here, we employed single particle tracking photoactivated localization microscopy (sptPALM) to study the diffusion and ATP-dependence of rat P2X7Rs. Dendra2-tagged P2X7Rs were transfected in hippocampal neurons and imaged on proximal dendrites. Our results suggest the presence of two populations of P2X7Rs within the extra-synaptic membrane: a population composed of rapidly diffusing receptors and one stabilized within nanoclusters (~100 nm diameter). P2X7R trajectories were rarely observed at synaptic sites. P2X7R mutations in the ATP-binding site (K64A) or the conserved phosphorylation site (K17A) resulted in faster- and slower-diffusing receptors, respectively. Furthermore, ATP differentially accelerated wild type and K17A-mutant receptors but not K64A-mutant receptors. Our results indicate that receptor conformation plays a critical role in regulating ATP-mediated changes in P2X7R diffusion and micro-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya N Shrivastava
- INSERM U1024-CNRS 8197, Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure Paris, France
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