51
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Toshiyama R, Konno M, Eguchi H, Takemoto H, Noda T, Asai A, Koseki J, Haraguchi N, Ueda Y, Matsushita K, Asukai K, Ohashi T, Iwagami Y, Yamada D, Sakai D, Asaoka T, Kudo T, Kawamoto K, Gotoh K, Kobayashi S, Satoh T, Doki Y, Nishiyama N, Mori M, Ishii H. Poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lysine) block copolymer-ubenimex conjugate targets aminopeptidase N and exerts an antitumor effect in hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells. Oncogene 2018; 38:244-260. [PMID: 30089817 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies highlighted that aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13 acts as a scavenger in the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stem cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Hence, it has been proposed that APN/CD13 inhibition can increase cellular ROS levels and sensitize cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Although ubenimex, also known as bestatin, competitively inhibits proteases such as APN/CD13 on the cellular membrane and it is clinically used for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and lymphedema, research has demonstrated that higher concentrations of the agent induce the death of APN/CD13+ HCC stem cells. In this study, we developed a poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lysine) block copolymer-ubenimex conjugate (PEG-b-PLys(Ube)) to increase the efficacy of reagents in APN/CD13+ cancer stem cells. Exposure to PEG-b-PLys(Ube) increased the intracellular ROS concentration by inhibiting APN enzyme activity, permitting the induction of apoptosis and attenuation of HCC cell proliferation. In addition, PEG-b-PLys(Ube) exhibited a relatively stronger antitumor effect in mice than PEG-b-PLys alone or phosphate-buffered saline. Moreover, an isobologram analysis revealed that combinations of fluorouracil, cisplatin, or doxorubicin with PEG-b-PLys(Ube) exhibited synergistic effects. This study demonstrated that PEG-b-PLys(Ube) does not impair the properties of ubenimex and exerts a potent antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reishi Toshiyama
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayumu Asai
- Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Haraguchi
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsunori Matsushita
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Asukai
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ohashi
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kudo
- Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Departments of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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52
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Jiang X, Wang Z. miR-16 targets SALL4 to repress the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3005-3012. [PMID: 30127890 PMCID: PMC6096186 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumor progression and development by targeting different genes, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the role of miR-16 in GC is so far unclear. Herein, we examined the function and potential mechanism of miR-16 in GC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR found that miR-16 expression was prominently lower in GC tissues while SALL4 expression was frequently higher than normal tissues. Re-expression of miR-16 could suppress GC cell proliferation and migration by MTT and Transwell assay. We confirmed that miR-16 directly targeted SALL4 in regulating GC by luciferase assay. Knockdown of SALL4 inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, SALL4 could counteract the inhibition-effect of miR-16 in GC. In conclusion, for the the first time we demonstrated that miR-16 played inhibitory effect through targeting SALL4 in GC cell proliferation and migration. Our study revealed that miR-16/SALL4 axis was critical in regulating the GC development, indicating a new prospect to regulate GC cell progression and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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53
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You ML, Chen YJ, Chong QY, Wu MM, Pandey V, Chen RM, Liu L, Ma L, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor 3 mediation of oncogenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma is AKT-BCL-2 dependent. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39323-39344. [PMID: 28445151 PMCID: PMC5503616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacious treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, partially being attributed to intrinsic chemoresistance. Previous reports have observed increased TFF3 expression in HCC. Herein, we investigated the functional role of TFF3 in progression of HCC, and in both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. TFF3 expression was observed to be upregulated in HCC and associated with poor clinicopathological features and worse patient survival outcome. Functionally, forced expression of TFF3 in HCC cell lines increased cell proliferation, cell survival, anchorage-independent and 3D matrigel growth, cell invasion and migration, and in vivo tumor growth. In contrast, depleted expression of TFF3 decreased the oncogenicity of HCC cells as indicated by the above parameters. Furthermore, forced expression of TFF3 decreased doxorubicin sensitivity of HCC cells, which was attributed to increased doxorubicin efflux and cancer stem cell-like behavior of Hep3B cells. In contrast, depletion of TFF3 increased doxorubicin sensitivity and decreased cancer stem cell-like behavior of Hep3B cells. Correspondingly, TFF3 expression was markedly increased in Hep3B cells with acquired doxorubicin resistance, while the depletion of TFF3 resulted in re-sensitization of the Hep3B cells to doxorubicin. The increased doxorubicin efflux and enhanced cancer stem cell-like behavior of the doxorubicin-resistant Hep3B cells was observed to be dependent on TFF3 expression. In addition, we determined that TFF3-stimulated oncogenicity and chemoresistance in HCC cells was mediated by AKT-dependent expression of BCL-2. Hence, therapeutic inhibition of TFF3 should be considered to hinder HCC progression and overcome intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang You
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Hefei, Anhui, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru-Mei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Oncology and Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Hefei, Anhui, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
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54
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Oncofetal gene SALL4 reactivation by hepatitis B virus counteracts miR-200c in PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1241. [PMID: 29593314 PMCID: PMC5871883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic viral or tumor microenvironment can push T cells to exhaustion by promoting coinhibitory ligand expression. However, how host factors control coinhibitory ligand expression and whether viral infection breaks this control during tumor progress is unknown. Here we show a close negative correlation between SALL4 or PD-L1 and miR-200c in tumors from 98 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. SALL4 or PD-L1 expression correlates negatively with miR-200c expression, and patients with lower levels of SALL4 or PD-L1 and higher miR-200c survive longer. Moreover, over-expression of miR-200c antagonizes HBV-mediated PD-L1 expression by targeting 3'-UTR of CD274 (encoding PD-L1) directly, and reverses antiviral CD8+ T cell exhaustion. MiR-200c transcription is inhibited by oncofetal protein SALL4, which is re-expressed through HBV-induced STAT3 activation in adulthood. We propose that an HBV-pSTAT3-SALL4-miR-200c axis regulates PD-L1. Therapeutic strategies to influence this axis might reverse virus-induced immune exhaustion.
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55
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness: An Overview. Gene Expr 2018; 18:31-50. [PMID: 29070148 PMCID: PMC5860940 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15088670121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive functions by tumor cells is a first and crucial step toward the development of metastasis, which nowadays represents the main cause of cancer-related death. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer originating from the biliary epithelium, typically develops intrahepatic or lymph node metastases at early stages, thus preventing the majority of patients from undergoing curative treatments, consistent with their very poor prognosis. As in most carcinomas, CCA cells gradually adopt a motile, mesenchymal-like phenotype, enabling them to cross the basement membrane, detach from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding stroma. Unfortunately, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that synergistically orchestrate this proinvasive phenotypic switch. Autocrine and paracrine signals (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens) permeating the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly play a prominent role in this context. Moreover, a number of recently identified signaling systems are currently drawing attention as putative mechanistic determinants of CCA cell invasion. They encompass transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, adaptor proteins, and miRNAs, whose aberrant expression may result from either stochastic mutations or the abnormal activation of upstream pro-oncogenic pathways. Herein we sought to summarize the most relevant molecules in this field and to discuss their mechanism of action and potential prognostic relevance in CCA. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the molecular determinants of CCA invasiveness will help to identify clinically useful biomarkers and novel druggable targets, with the ultimate goal to develop innovative approaches to the management of this devastating malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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56
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Liu X, Wang S, Xu J, Kou B, Chen D, Wang Y, Zhu X. Extract of Stellerachamaejasme L(ESC) inhibits growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating microRNA expression. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:99. [PMID: 29554896 PMCID: PMC5859742 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are involved in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. ESC, an extract of Stellerachamaejasme L, had been confirmed as a potential anti-tumor extract of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In light of the important role of miRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma, we questioned whether the inhibitory effects of ESC on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were associated with miRNAs. METHODS The proliferation inhibition of ESC on HCC cells was measured with MTT assay. The migration inhibition of ESC on HCC cells was measured with transwell assay. The influences of ESC on growth and metastasis inhibition were evaluated with xenograft tumor model of HCC. Protein expressions were measured with western blot and immunofluorescence methods and miRNA profiles were detected with miRNA array. Differential miRNA and target mRNAs were verified with real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that ESC could inhibit proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft models in vivo. miRNA array results showed that 69 differential miRNAs in total of 429 ones were obtained in MHCC97H cells treated by ESC. hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-106b-5p were selected to be validated with real-time PCR method in HepG2 and MHCC97H cells. Expressions of hsa-miR-107 and hsa-miR-638 increased obviously in HCC cells treated by ESC. Target genes of three miRNAs were also validated with real-time PCR. Interestingly, only target genes of hsa-miR-107 changed greatly. ESC downregulated the MCL1, SALL4 and BCL2 gene expressions significantly but did not influence the expression of CACNA2D1. CONCLUSION The findings suggested ESC regressed growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating microRNAs expression and their corresponding target genes.
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57
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Di C, Sun J, Zhang H, Zhou P, Kong J. High expression of SALL4 is associated with poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1391-1398. [PMID: 31938235 PMCID: PMC6958135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: The zinc-finger transcription factor Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) plays a pivotal role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of SALL4 overexpression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix. Methods: SALL4 immunohistochemical staining was performed on cervical SCC specimens from 129 patients, as well as 98 cases of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL and HSIL) and 29 normal cervix samples. SALL4 immunofluorescence staining was performed in CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cells. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate correlations between SALL4 overexpression and clinicopathological features of SCC patients. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and relationships between prognostic factors and patient survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: SALL4 protein showed mainly nuclear staining in cervical cancer cells. Strong diffuse SALL4 staining was frequently seen in cervical cancer compared with normal tissues. SALL4 expression was significantly higher in cervical cancers than in LSIL, HSIL, and normal cervical epithelia. SALL4 overexpression was positively correlated with poor differentiation, late-stage, and lymph node metastasis. Moreover, the 5-year survival rate of early-stage cervical cancer patients with high SALL4 expression was significantly lower than patients with low SALL4 expression. Multivariate analysis suggested that SALL4 protein expression is an independent risk factor for survival in SCC. Conclusions: SALL4 plays an important role in SCC progression. High-level SALL4 expression is an independent prognostic factor of poor outcomes in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchan Di
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of ZiboZibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Suqian Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSuqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of ZiboZibo, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of ZiboZibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jienan Kong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, China
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58
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Yong KJ, Li A, Ou WB, Hong CKY, Zhao W, Wang F, Tatetsu H, Yan B, Qi L, Fletcher JA, Yang H, Soo R, Tenen DG, Chai L. Targeting SALL4 by entinostat in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75425-75440. [PMID: 27705911 PMCID: PMC5342750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall survival of lung cancer patients remains dismal despite the availability of targeted therapies. Oncofetal protein SALL4 is a novel cancer target. We herein report that SALL4 was aberrantly expressed in a subset of lung cancer patients with poor survival. SALL4 silencing by RNA interference or SALL4 peptide inhibitor treatment led to impaired lung cancer cell growth. Expression profiling of SALL4-knockdown cells demonstrated that both the EGFR and IGF1R signaling pathways were affected. Connectivity Map analysis revealed the HDAC inhibitor entinostat as a potential drug in treating SALL4-expressing cancers, and this was confirmed in 17 lung cancer cell lines. In summary, we report for the first time that entinostat can target SALL4-positive lung cancer. This lays the foundation for future clinical studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of entinostat in SALL4-positive lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kol Jia Yong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ailing Li
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Clarice Kit Yee Hong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenxiu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lihua Qi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ross Soo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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59
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Matsumoto Y, Itou J, Sato F, Toi M. SALL4 - KHDRBS3 network enhances stemness by modulating CD44 splicing in basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:454-462. [PMID: 29356399 PMCID: PMC5806117 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which cancer cells enhance stemness facilitates cancer therapies. Here, we revealed that a stem cell transcription factor, SALL4, functions to enhance stemness in basal-like breast cancer cells. We used shRNA-mediated knockdown and gene overexpression systems to analyze gene functions. To evaluate stemness, we performed a sphere formation assay. In SALL4 knockdown cells, the sphere formation ability was reduced, indicating that SALL4 enhances stemness. CD44 is a membrane protein and is known as a stemness factor in cancer. CD44 splicing variants are involved in cancer stemness. We discovered that SALL4 modulates CD44 alternative splicing through the upregulation of KHDRBS3, a splicing factor for CD44. We cloned the KHDRBS3-regulated CD44 splicing isoform (CD44v), which lacks exons 8 and 9. CD44v overexpression prevented a reduction in the sphere formation ability by KHDRBS3 knockdown, indicating that CD44v is positively involved in cancer stemness. In addition, CD44v enhanced anoikis resistance under the control of the SALL4 - KHDRBS3 network. Basal-like breast cancer is an aggressive subtype among breast cancers, and there is no effective therapy so far. Our findings provide molecular targets for basal-like breast cancer therapy. In the future, this study may contribute to the establishment of drugs targeting cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Breast SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Junji Itou
- Department of Breast SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Breast SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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60
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Cheng J, Gao J, Shuai X, Tao K. Oncogenic protein SALL4 and ZNF217 as prognostic indicators in solid cancers: a meta‑analysis of individual studies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24314-25. [PMID: 27007163 PMCID: PMC5029703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SALL4 and ZNF217 have been widely acknowledged as pivotal effectors stimulating embryonic immortalization as well as oncogenicity. Nevertheless, their prognostic worthiness towards solid tumors remains obscure. Hence we performed this comprehensive meta-analysis aiming to unveil the survival significance of both aberrantly expressed proteins. RESULTS Overall we included 22 eligible entries comprising of 3093 participants. Over-expression of SALL4 and ZNF217 were negatively correlated with clinical prognosis of 3-year, 5-year, 10-year and disease-free survival in solid malignancies, irrespective of cancer types, source regions, mean-age and sex predominance. Results of sensitivity analysis additionally verified the stability of the pooled outcomes. No publication bias was observed on the basis of Egger's test and Begg's test. METHODS Studies were eventually included via database searching and rigorous eligibility appraisal. Data extraction and methodological assessment were implemented under a standard manner. Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 12.0 were utilized as statistical platforms following the recommendations by Cochrane Collaboration protocols. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant amplification of SALL4 and ZNF217 serve as unfavorable predictors of survival expectancy among cancer sufferers, revealing great potential as targeted spots in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Shuai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kroemer M, Spehner L, Mercier-Letondal P, Boullerot L, Kim S, Jary M, Galaine J, Picard E, Ferrand C, Nguyen T, Larosa F, Adotévi O, Godet Y, Borg C. SALL4 oncogene is an immunogenic antigen presented in various HLA-DR contexts. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1412030. [PMID: 29632725 PMCID: PMC5889287 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the immunoprevalence of SALL4-derived peptides in healthy volunteers and cancer patients. Experimental Design: A multistep approach including prediction algorithms was used to design in silico SALL4-derived peptides theoretically able to bind on common HLA-DR and HLA-A/B molecules. The presence of T-cell responses after a long term T-cell assay (28 days) against SALL4 was monitored in 14 healthy donors and the presence of T-cell responses after a short term T-cell assay (10 days) was monitored in 67 cancer patients using IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. A T-cell clone specific for the immunoprevalent A18 K-derived peptide was isolated, characterized and used as a tool to characterize the natural processing of A18 K. Results: A SALL4 specific T-cell repertoire was present in healthy donors (8/14) and cancer patients (29/67) after short term T-cell assay. We further identified two immunoprevalant SALL4-derived peptides, R18 A and A18 K, which bind MHC-class II. In parallel, an A18 K specific Th1 clone recognized monocyte derived Dendritic Cell (moDC) loaded with SALL4 containing cell lysate. The level of IFN-γ secreted by specific T-cell clone was greater in presence of moDC loaded with SALL4 containing cell lysate (49.23 ± 14.02%) than with moDC alone (18.03 ± 3.072%) (p = 0.0477) Conclusion: These results show for the first time immunogenicity of SALL4 oncogenic protein-derived peptides, especially A18 K and R18 A peptides and make them potential targets for personalized medicine. Thus, SALL4 possess major characteristics of a tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kroemer
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- Department of pharmacy, University hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Laurie Spehner
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Patricia Mercier-Letondal
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Laura Boullerot
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Stefano Kim
- Department of medical oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Marine Jary
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- Department of medical oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Jeanne Galaine
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Emilie Picard
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Ferrand
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Nguyen
- Department of medical oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Fabrice Larosa
- Department of hematology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Adotévi
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- Department of medical oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Yann Godet
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur – Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- Department of medical oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
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62
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Lai YS, Cheng CC, Lee MT, Chao WT, Lai YCC, Hsu YH, Liu YH. The Prognostic Value of Cytokeratin and Sal-Like Protein 4 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intra-Hepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwan. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1746-1756. [PMID: 30588199 PMCID: PMC6299409 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously reported that modulation of cytokeratin18 induces pleomorphism of liver cells, higher cell motility, and higher drug sensitivity to sorafenib treatment of hepatoma cells. These relationships were established by in vitro experiments. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo association between cytokeratin expression and tumor behavior, as well as cancer stem cells of hepatocellular carcinoma and intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwan. Methods: Cytokeratins and sal-like protein 4 expression was determined in 83 hepatocellular carcinoma and 30 intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between cytokeratins and sal-like protein 4 expression with hepatitis virus infection, clinicopathologic factors, and survival was analyzed. Further, the correlation among cytokeratins and sal-like protein 4 expression was studied. Results: In addition to cytokeratin8/18, the expression of cytokeratin7/19 and sal-like protein 4 was noted in hepatocellular carcinoma; however, only cytokeratin19 expression had a significant correlation with poor overall survival and poor disease-free survival. The expression of cytokeratins and sal-like protein 4 was not correlated with hepatitis virus infection. The expression of cytokeratin19, but not 7, 8, and 18, was correlated with sal-like protein 4 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokeratin7 expression was decreased and the sal-like protein 4 expression was absent in all 30 intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma cases. The expression of cytokeratins had not statistically significant correlation with overall and disease-free survival in patients with intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusions: The expression of cytokeratin19 was associated with sal-like protein 4 expression, as well as poor overall and disease-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shyong Lai
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County 505, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County 505, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lee
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Clark Lai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County 505, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
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63
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Activation of Fas/FasL pathway and the role of c-FLIP in primary culture of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14419. [PMID: 29089545 PMCID: PMC5663931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies emerging from the biliary tree, often in the context of chronic bile ducts inflammation. The immunological features of iCCA cells and their capability to control the lymphocytes response have not yet been investigated. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the interaction between iCCA cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the role of Fas/FasL in modulating T-cells and NK-cells response after direct co-culture. iCCA cells express high levels of Fas and FasL that increase after co-culture with PBMCs inducing apoptosis in CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and in CD56+ NK-cells. In vitro, c-FLIP is expressed in iCCA cells and the co-culture with PBMCs induces an increase of c-FLIP in both iCCA cells and biliary tree stem cells. This c-FLIP increase does not trigger the caspase cascade, thus hindering apoptotis of iCCA cells which, instead, underwent proliferation. The increased expression of Fas, FasL and c-FLIP is confirmed in situ, in human CCA and in primary sclerosing cholangitis. In conclusion our data indicated that iCCA cells have immune-modulatory properties by which they induce apoptosis of T and NK cells, via Fas/FasL pathway, and escape inflammatory response by up-regulating c-FLIP system.
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64
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Involvement of inflammation and its related microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22145-22165. [PMID: 27888618 PMCID: PMC5400654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. The tumor inflammatory microenvironment regulates almost every step towards liver tumorigenesis and subsequent progression, and regulation of the inflammation-related signaling pathways, cytokines, chemokines and non-coding RNAs influences the proliferation, migration and metastasis of liver tumor cells. Inflammation fine-tunes the cancer microenvironment to favor epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in which cancer stem cells maintain tumorigenic potential. Emerging evidence points to inflammation-related microRNAs as crucial molecules to integrate the complex cellular and molecular crosstalk during HCC progression. Thus understanding the mechanisms by which inflammation regulates microRNAs might provide novel and admissible strategies for preventing, diagnosing and treating HCC. In this review, we will update three hypotheses of hepatocarcinogenesis and elaborate the most predominant inflammation signaling pathways, i.e. IL-6/STAT3 and NF-κB. We also try to summarize the crucial tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing microRNAs and detail how they regulate HCC initiation and progression and collaborate with other critical modulators in this review.
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65
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Jiang B, Li M, Ji F, Nie Y. MicroRNA-219 exerts a tumor suppressive role in glioma via targeting Sal-like protein 4. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:6213-6221. [PMID: 29285179 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) serve important roles in the development and progression of various human cancer types, including glioma. Recently, miR-219 has been suggested to function as a tumor suppressor in glioma; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of miR-219 in the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were conducted to examine the mRNA and protein expression. An MTT assay, wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to study cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The qPCR data indicated that the expression of miR-219 was significantly decreased in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues. In addition, a low expression of miR-219 was identified to be associated with an advanced pathological grade. In vitro experiments demonstrated that miR-219 was also downregulated in several common glioma cell lines, including A172, U87, U251 and U373, when compared with that in normal astrocytes. Ectopic expression of miR-219 caused a significant decrease in U87 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay data indicated that Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) was a direct target gene of miR-219, while the protein expression of SALL4 was negatively regulated by miR-219 in U87 cells. Furthermore, SALL4 was significantly upregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines, and upregulation of SALL4 was associated with a higher pathological grade. Furthermore, overexpression of SALL4 significantly attenuated the suppressive effects of miR-219 on U87 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, suggesting that miR-219 serves a suppressive role in glioma growth and metastasis via targeting SALL4. Therefore, the present study highlighted the clinical significance of the miR-219/SALL4 axis in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 430100, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ji
- Teaching and Research Office of Medical Imaging, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Nie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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66
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Kawai T, Yasuchika K, Ishii T, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi EY, Ogiso S, Minami T, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Kita S, Yasuda K, Sasaki N, Fukumitsu K, Hatano E, Uemoto S. Identification of keratin 19-positive cancer stem cells associating human hepatocellular carcinoma using CYFRA 21-1. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2531-2540. [PMID: 28965351 PMCID: PMC5673926 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of an easily measurable surrogate marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) prevents the clinical application of CSCs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that keratin 19 (K19) is a novel HCC‐CSC marker associated with transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Smad signaling, and that K19+ HCC‐CSCs could be a new therapeutic target of TGFβ receptor 1 inhibitor LY2157299. In this study, we examined whether K19+ HCC‐CSCs can be tracked using cytokeratin 19 fragment CYFRA 21‐1. In 147 HCC patients who underwent curative resection and evaluated K19 expression by immunohistochemistry, preoperative serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels were significantly higher in K19+ patients than in K19− patients (P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that serum CYFRA 21‐1 was the statistically significant and the most sensitive predictor of tumor K19 expression among preoperative laboratory test values (P < 0.001). In HCC cells encoding with a K19 promoter‐driven enhanced green fluorescent protein, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐isolated K19+ cells displayed significantly higher levels of supernatant CYFRA 21‐1 than K19− cells (P < 0.01). Gain/loss of K19 function experiments confirmed that CYFRA 21‐1 levels were regulated by K19 function in HCC cells. Furthermore, CYFRA 21‐1 levels reflected the treatment efficacy of LY2157299 in K19+ cells. In conclusion, CYFRA 21‐1 can be used to predict K19 expression in HCC, and should thereby aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting K19+ HCC‐CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahito Minami
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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67
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Oncofetal gene SALL4 and prognosis in cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22968-22979. [PMID: 28160555 PMCID: PMC5410278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spalt-Like Transcription Factor 4 (SALL4) oncogene plays a central function in embryo-fetal development and is absent in differentiated tissues. Evidence suggests that it can be reactivated in several cancers worsening the prognosis. We aimed at investigating the risk associated with SALL4 reactivation for all-cause mortality and recurrence in cancer using the current literature. A PubMed and SCOPUS search until 1st September 2016 was performed, focusing on perspective studies reporting prognostic parameters in cancer data. In addition, 17 datasets of different cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas were considered. A total of 9,947 participants across 40 cohorts, followed-up for about 5 years on average, were analyzed comparing patients showing SALL4 presence (SALL4+, n = 1,811) or absence (SALL4-, n = 8,136). All data were summarised using risk ratios (RRs) for the number of deaths/recurrences and hazard ratios (HRs) for the time-dependent risk related to SALL4+, adjusted for potential confounders. SALL4+ significantly increased overall mortality (RR = 1.34, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.21-1.48, p<0.0001, I2=66%; HR=1.4; 95%CI: 1.19-1.65; p<0.0001; I2=63%) and recurrence of disease (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.1-1.42, p=0.0006, I2=62%); HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.22-1.89, p=0.0002; I2=69%) compared to SALL4-. Moreover, SALL4 remained significantly associated with poor prognosis even using HRs adjusted for potential confounders (overall mortality: HR=1.4; 95%CI: 1.19-1.65; p<0.0001; I2=63%; recurrence of disease: HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.22-1.89, p=0.0002; I2=69%). These results suggest that SALL4 expression increases both mortality and recurrence of cancer, confirming this gene as an important prognostic marker and a potential target for personalized medicine.
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68
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Kim J, Xu S, Xiong L, Yu L, Fu X, Xu Y. SALL4 promotes glycolysis and chromatin remodeling via modulating HP1α-Glut1 pathway. Oncogene 2017; 36:6472-6479. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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69
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Shen H, Li L, Wang D, Yang S, Chen X, Zhou S, Zhong S, Zhao J, Tang J. Higher expression of SALL4 predicts poor cancer prognosis: A meta-analysis. Cancer Biomark 2017; 19:365-373. [PMID: 28582841 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Shen
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujin Yang
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siying Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanliang Zhong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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70
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Liao TT, Yang MH. Revisiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis: the connection between epithelial plasticity and stemness. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28649800 PMCID: PMC5496497 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process in embryonic development, fibrosis, and cancer metastasis. During cancer progression, the activation of EMT permits cancer cells to acquire migratory, invasive, and stem‐like properties. A growing body of evidence supports the critical link between EMT and cancer stemness. However, contradictory results have indicated that the inhibition of EMT also promotes cancer stemness, and that mesenchymal‐epithelial transition, the reverse process of EMT, is associated with the tumor‐initiating ability required for metastatic colonization. The concept of ‘intermediate‐state EMT’ provides a possible explanation for this conflicting evidence. In addition, recent studies have indicated that the appearance of ‘hybrid’ epithelial‐mesenchymal cells is favorable for the establishment of metastasis. In summary, dynamic changes or plasticity between the epithelial and the mesenchymal states rather than a fixed phenotype is more likely to occur in tumors in the clinical setting. Further studies aimed at validating and consolidating the concept of intermediate‐state EMT and hybrid tumors are needed for the establishment of a comprehensive profile of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Tsen Liao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
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71
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Zhao H, Wu L, Wu J, Yu H, Zhou J, Luan B, Xu C. Aberrantly Expressed SALL4 Promotes Cell Proliferation via β-Catenin/c-Myc Pathway in Human Choriocarcinoma Cells. Reprod Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117715130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanxiang Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huandi Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxin Luan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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72
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), with their self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation potential, are a critical subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation, growth, and resistance to therapy. Like embryonic and adult stem cells, CSCs express markers that are not expressed in normal somatic cells and are thus thought to contribute towards a 'stemness' phenotype. This review summarizes the current knowledge of stemness-related markers in human cancers, with a particular focus on important transcription factors, protein surface markers and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yvonne Li
- Dana Farber cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Fan H, Cui Z, Zhang H, Kailasam Mani SK, Diab A, Lefrancois L, Fares N, Merle P, Andrisani O. DNA demethylation induces SALL4 gene re-expression in subgroups of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with Hepatitis B or C virus infection. Oncogene 2017; 36:2435-2445. [PMID: 27797380 PMCID: PMC5408304 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), an embryonic stem cell transcriptional regulator, is re-expressed by an unknown mechanism in poor prognosis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of SALL4 re-expression in HBV-related HCCs. We performed bisulfite sequencing PCR of genomic DNA isolated from HBV-related HCCs and HBV replicating cells, and examined DNA methylation of a CpG island located downstream from SALL4 transcriptional start site (TSS). HBV-related HCCs expressing increased SALL4 exhibited demethylation of specific CpG sites downstream of SALL4 TSS. Similarly, SALL4 re-expression and demethylation of these CpGs was observed in HBV replicating cells. SALL4 is also re-expressed in poor prognosis HCCs of other etiologies. Indeed, increased SALL4 expression in hepatitis C virus-related HCCs correlated with demethylation of these CpG sites. To understand how CpG demethylation downstream of SALL4 TSS regulates SALL4 transcription, we quantified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays RNA polymerase II occupancy of SALL4 gene, as a function of HBV replication. In absence of HBV replication, RNA polymerase II associated with SALL4 exon1. By contrast, in HBV replicating cells RNA polymerase II occupancy of all SALL4 exons increased, suggesting CpG demethylation downstream from SALL4 TSS influences SALL4 transcriptional elongation. Intriguingly, demethylated CpGs downstream from SALL4 TSS are within binding sites of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3). ChIP assays confirmed occupancy of these sites by OCT4 and STAT3 in HBV replicating cells, and sequential ChIP assays demonstrated co-occupancy with chromatin remodeling BRG1/Brahma-associated factors. BRG1 knockdown reduced SALL4 expression, whereas BRG1 overexpression increased SALL4 transcription in HBV replicating cells. We conclude demethylation of CpGs located within OCT4 and STAT3 cis-acting elements, downstream of SALL4 TSS, enables OCT4 and STAT3 binding, recruitment of BRG1, and enhanced RNA polymerase II elongation and SALL4 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Fan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Zhibin Cui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Lydie Lefrancois
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Nadim Fares
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
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Wang H, Kohashi K, Yoshizumi T, Okumura Y, Tanaka Y, Shimokawa M, Iwasaki T, Aishima S, Maehara Y, Oda Y. Coexpression of SALL4 with HDAC1 and/or HDAC2 is associated with underexpression of PTEN and poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2017; 64:69-75. [PMID: 28411180 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spalt-like transcriptional factor 4 (SALL4), a stem marker, is reactivated in several cancers. A previous study has demonstrated that SALL4 interacts with the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex, which contains histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). In this study, we investigated the expression status of SALL4, HDAC1, and HDAC2 and their relationship with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by immunohistochemical analysis of the posthepatectomy specimens of 135 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated at our hospital. Ninety-two frozen samples were subjected to quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis to detect the messenger RNA levels of PTEN. Seventy-six (56%) of 135 patients were positive for SALL4, and this group had a higher prevalence of hepatitis B antigen, a higher value of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKAII) and poor histologic differentiation. The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in the SALL4-positive group. High HDAC1 expression (51%) was correlated with a poor histologic differentiation and a poor prognosis. High HDAC2 expression (46%) was associated with a higher prevalence of hepatitis B antigen positivity, a poor histologic differentiation and higher prevalence of vascular invasion, and a lower 5-year survival rate. Coexpression of SALL4 with HDAC1 and/or HDAC2 was correlated with underexpression of PTEN. Moreover, multivariable analysis revealed that coexpression of SALL4 with HDAC1 and/or HDAC2 was predictive of an unfavorable prognosis. Our data thus suggested that the combination of SALL4, HDAC1, and HDAC2 may provide a potential target for molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlin Wang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Okumura
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Departments of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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75
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Tai CS, Lin YR, Teng TH, Lin PY, Tu SJ, Chou CH, Huang YR, Huang WC, Weng SL, Huang HD, Chen YL, Chen WL. Haptoglobin expression correlates with tumor differentiation and five-year overall survival rate in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171269. [PMID: 28158312 PMCID: PMC5291462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum haptoglobin (Hp) is identified as a prognostic marker in multiple types of solid tumors, which is correlated with poor prognosis. HCC is one of the major causes of cancer deaths in worldwide, which remains poor prognosis and is clinically urgent for discovering early diagnostic markers. However, except for serum Hp, the correlation of tumor Hp expression with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated and identified the tissue Hp expression as a prognostic marker to predict the survival rate of HCC patients. To evaluate the prognostic value of Hp expression for HCC, two cohorts were enrolled in our study, including total 130 matched pair tissue sections (both adjacent non-tumorous and tumor tissue derived from same patient) of HCC patients from Changhua Christian Hospital (CCH) and total 316 RNA-seq data with clinical information of HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. In contrast to other types of cancers, HCC tumor tissues have lower Hp protein expression in CCH cohort and have lower Hp mRNA expression in TCGA cohort as compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues (p < 0.001). Moreover, lower Hp expression is significantly correlated with different stages of HCC cancer differentiation in CCH cohort (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Most importantly, lower Hp expression is highly correlated with poor five-year overall survival rate in TCGA cohort (p < 0.01). Based on our data, we conclude that tissue Hp expression positively correlates with better HCC tumor differentiation and increased five-year overall survival rate of HCC patients. The results indicated that tissue Hp is potentially a prognostic marker for HCC patients. Our findings may further provide a new insight of effective treatments along with biopsy diagnosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-San Tai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Program of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ren Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yi Lin
- Transplant Medicine & Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Jyun Tu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chou
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Rong Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Long Weng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wen Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Transforming growth factor-β-induced plasticity causes a migratory stemness phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 392:39-50. [PMID: 28161507 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of its potential pro-tumorigenic actions, Transforming Growth Factor-(TGF)-β induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Whether EMT induces changes in tumor cell plasticity has not been fully explored yet. Here, we analyze the effects of TGF-β on the EMT and stem-related properties of HCC cells and the potential correlation among those processes. The translational aim of the study was to propose a TGF-β/EMT/stem gene signature that would help in recognizing HCC patients as good candidates for anti-TGF-β therapy. Results indicate that when TGF-β induces EMT in HCC cells, a switch in the expression of stem genes is observed and their stemness potential and migratory/invasive capacity are enhanced. However, TGF-β may induce a partial EMT in some epithelial HCC cells, increasing the expression of mesenchymal genes and CD44, but maintaining epithelial gene expression. Epithelial cells show higher stemness potential than the mesenchymal ones, but respond to TGF-β increasing their migratory and invasive capacity. In HCC patient samples, TGFB1 expression most frequently correlates with a partial EMT, increase in mesenchymal genes and CD44 expression, as well as maintenance or over-expression of epithelial-related genes.
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Abstract
Liver cancer is an often fatal malignant tumor with a high recurrence rate and chemoresistance. The major malignant phenotypes of cancer, including recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance, are related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In the past few decades, CSCs have been identified and characterized in many tumors including liver cancer. Accumulated evidence has revealed many aspects of the biological behavior of liver CSCs and the mechanism of their regulation. Based on these findings, a number of studies have investigated eradication of liver CSCs. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of the biology of liver CSCs and the development of strategies for their treatment.
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Martinez-Quetglas I, Pinyol R, Dauch D, Torrecilla S, Tovar V, Moeini A, Alsinet C, Portela A, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Solé M, Lujambio A, Villanueva A, Thung S, Esteller M, Zender L, Llovet JM. IGF2 Is Up-regulated by Epigenetic Mechanisms in Hepatocellular Carcinomas and Is an Actionable Oncogene Product in Experimental Models. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:1192-1205. [PMID: 27614046 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Effective treatments are urgently needed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Signaling via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway is aberrantly activated in HCC by IGF2 overexpression. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of IGF2 overexpression and its oncogenic activities and evaluate the anti-tumor effects of reducing IGF2 signaling. METHODS We obtained 228 HCC samples from patients who underwent liver resection, 168 paired non-tumor adjacent cirrhotic liver samples, and 10 non-tumor liver tissues from patients undergoing resection for hepatic hemangioma. We analyzed gene expression, microRNA, and DNA methylation profiles for all samples, focusing on genes in the IGF signaling pathway. IGF2 was expressed in SNU449 and PLC5 HCC cells and knocked down with small hairpin RNAs in Hep3B and Huh7 cell lines. We analyzed these cells for proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and colony formation. We performed studies in mice engineered to express Myc and Akt1 in liver, which develop liver tumors, with or without hepatic expression of Igf2. Mice with xenograft tumors grown from HCC cells were given a monoclonal antibody against IGF1 and IGF2 (xentuzumab), along with sorafenib; tumor growth was measured and tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblots. RESULTS Levels of IGF2 messenger RNA and protein were increased >20-fold in 15% of human HCC tissues compared with non-tumor liver tissues. Methylation at the fetal promoters of IGF2 was reduced in the HCC samples and cell lines that overexpressed IGF2, compared with those that did not overexpress this gene, and non-tumor tissues. Tumors that overexpressed IGF2 had gene expression patterns significantly associated with hepatic progenitor cell features, stellate cell activation, NOTCH signaling, and an aggressive phenotype (P < .0001). In mice engineered to express Myc and Akt1 in liver, co-expression of Igf2 accelerated formation of liver tumors, compared to mice with livers expressing only Myc and Akt1, and shortened survival times (P = .02). The antibody xentuzumab blocked phosphorylation of IGF1 receptor in HCC cell lines and reduced their proliferation and colony formation. In mice with xenograft tumors, injection of xentuzumab, with or without sorafenib, slowed tumor growth and increased survival times compared to vehicle or sorafenib alone. Xentuzumab inhibited phosphorylation of IGF1 receptor and AKT and reduced decreased tumor vascularization compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of HCC samples were found to overexpress IGF2, via demethylation of its fetal promoter. Overexpression of IGF2 accelerates formation of liver tumors in mice with hepatic expression of MYC and AKT1, via activation of IGF1 receptor signaling. An antibody against IGF1 and IGF2 slows growth of xenograft tumors and increases survival of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Martinez-Quetglas
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roser Pinyol
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Dauch
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Torrecilla
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victoria Tovar
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agrin Moeini
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Alsinet
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Portela
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leonardo Rodriguez-Carunchio
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Solé
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases and Pathology Department, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Oncological Sciences Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases and Pathology Department, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Swan Thung
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases and Pathology Department, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lars Zender
- Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Center for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERehd Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases and Pathology Department, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Zhou Y, Peng Y, Liu M, Jiang Y. MicroRNA-181b Inhibits Cellular Proliferation and Invasion of Glioma Cells via Targeting Sal-Like Protein 4. Oncol Res 2016; 25:947-957. [PMID: 27938503 PMCID: PMC7841051 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14791732531006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs), a class of noncoding RNAs that are 18-25 nucleotides in length, are able to suppress gene expression by targeting complementary regions of mRNAs and inhibiting protein translation. Recently, miR-181b was found to play a suppressive role in glioma, but the regulatory mechanism of miR-181b in the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that miR-181b was significantly downregulated in glioma tissues when compared with normal brain tissues, and decreased miR-181b levels were significantly associated with high-grade pathology and a poor prognosis for patients with glioma. Moreover, miR-181b was downregulated in glioma cell lines (U87, SHG44, U373, and U251) compared to normal astrocytes. Overexpression of miR-181b significantly decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma U251 cells. Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) was identified as a novel target gene of miR-181b in U251 cells. The expression of SALL4 was significantly upregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines, and an inverse correlation was observed between the miR-181b and SALL4 expression levels in glioma. Further investigation showed that the protein expression of SALL4 was negatively regulated by miR-181b in U251 cells. Knockdown of SALL4 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of U251 cells, while overexpression of SALL4 effectively reversed the suppressive effects of miR-181b on these malignant phenotypes of U251 cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that miR-181b has a suppressive effect on the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells, at least partly, by directly targeting SALL4. Therefore, the miR-181b/SALL4 axis may become a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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SALL4 promotes gastric cancer progression through activating CD44 expression. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e268. [PMID: 27819668 PMCID: PMC5141291 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell factor SALL4 (Sal-like protein 4) plays important roles in the development and progression of cancer. SALL4 is critically involved in tumour growth, metastasis and therapy resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the oncogenic roles of SALL4 have not been well characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that SALL4 knockdown by short hairpin RNA greatly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. We further confirmed the inhibitory effects of SALL4 knockdown on gastric cancer cells by using a tetracycline-inducible system. Mechanistically, SALL4 knockdown downregulated the expression of CD44. The results of luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation study showed that SALL4 bound to CD44 promoter region and transcriptionally activated CD44. The results of rescue study revealed that CD44 overexpression antagonized SALL4 knockdown-mediated inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and gastric cancer growth in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicate that SALL4 promotes gastric cancer progression through directly activating CD44 expression, which suggests a novel mechanism for the oncogenic roles of SALL4 in gastric cancer and represents a new target for gastric cancer therapy.
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81
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Itou J, Tanaka S, Li W, Iida A, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Sato F, Toi M. The Sal-like 4 - integrin α6β1 network promotes cell migration for metastasis via activation of focal adhesion dynamics in basal-like breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:76-88. [PMID: 27773610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During metastasis, cancer cell migration is enhanced. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Here, we addressed this issue by functionally analyzing the transcription factor Sal-like 4 (SALL4) in basal-like breast cancer cells. Loss-of-function studies of SALL4 showed that this transcription factor is required for the spindle-shaped morphology and the enhanced migration of cancer cells. SALL4 also up-regulated integrin gene expression. The impaired cell migration observed in SALL4 knockdown cells was restored by overexpression of integrin α6 and β1. In addition, we clarified that integrin α6 and β1 formed a heterodimer. At the molecular level, loss of the SALL4 - integrin α6β1 network lost focal adhesion dynamics, which impairs cell migration. Over-activation of Rho is known to inhibit focal adhesion dynamics. We observed that SALL4 knockdown cells exhibited over-activation of Rho. Aberrant Rho activation was suppressed by integrin α6β1 expression, and pharmacological inhibition of Rho activity restored cell migration in SALL4 knockdown cells. These results indicated that the SALL4 - integrin α6β1 network promotes cell migration via modulation of Rho activity. Moreover, our zebrafish metastasis assays demonstrated that this gene network enhances cell migration in vivo. Our findings identify a potential new therapeutic target for the prevention of metastasis, and provide an improved understanding of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Itou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Sunao Tanaka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Hu C, Jiang Y. MicroRNA-16 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells by targeting Sal-like protein 4. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1768-1776. [PMID: 27748823 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), a class of non-coding RNAs 18-25 nucleotides in length, act as key regulators in the development and malignant progression of various human cancers by modulating the expression of their target genes. Recently, miR‑16 has been demonstrated to be play a role in glioma. However, the regulatory mechanisms of miR‑16 in glioma growth and metastasis remain largely unclear. In the present study, qRT-PCR revealed that miR‑16 was significantly downregulated in 23 glioma tissue specimens compared to 7 normal brain tissue specimens. Moreover, its levels were markedly lower in the glioma samples at stages T2-T4 compared to those at stage T1. The overexpression of miR-16 significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of U251 and U87 glioma cells. Luciferase reporter assay identified Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) as a target gene of miR‑16, and its protein levels were found to be decreased in miR‑16-overexpressing U251 and U87 cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of SALL4 significantly reversed the suppressive effects of miR‑16 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of U251 and U87 cells, suggesting that miR‑16 playsa tumor suppressor role in glioma by inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion through the targeting of SALL4. Finally, we found that SALL4 was significantly upregulated in glioma tissues compared to normal brain tissues, and its levels were markedly higher in the glioma tissues at stages T2-T4 compared to those at stage T1. In addition, the expression levels of SALL4 inversely correlated with the miR‑16 levels in glioma tissues, suggesting that the downregulation of miR‑16 contributes to the upregulation of SALL4 in glioma. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate a role for the miR‑16/SALL4 axis in glioma. Our data may also provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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83
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Nakanuma Y, Miyata T, Uchida T. Latest advances in the pathological understanding of cholangiocarcinomas. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:113-27. [PMID: 26492529 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are anatomically classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal types. The gross pathological classification of intrahepatic CCAs divides them into mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, and intraductal-growth types; and perihilar/distal CCAs into flat- and nodular-infiltrating and papillary types. Unique preinvasive lesions appear to precede individual gross types of CCA. Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, a flat lesion, precedes periductal-, flat-, and nodular-infiltrating CCAs, whereas intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) precedes the intraductal-growth and papillary type of CCAs. IPNBs are heterogeneous in their histological and pathological profiles along the biliary tree. Hepatobiliary cystadenomas/adenocarcinomas are reclassified as cystic IPNBs and hepatic mucinous cystic neoplasms. Peribiliary glands may participate in the development of CCAs. These latest findings present a new challenge for understanding the pathology of CCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuni Nakanuma
- a Department of Diagnostic Pathology , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- a Department of Diagnostic Pathology , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Uchida
- a Department of Diagnostic Pathology , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Shizuoka , Japan
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84
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Tian Q, Xiao Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Song Z, Gao W, Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Guo T, Dai F, Sun Z. MicroRNA-33b suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the inhibition of Sal-like protein 4 expression. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1587-1595. [PMID: 28026002 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have been found to participate in the development and malignant progression of human cancers by negatively mediating the expression of their target genes. Recently, miR‑33b has been reported to be involved in multiple types of human cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of miR‑33b in HCC cell growth and metastasis remain largely unclear. In the present study, RT-qPCR revealed that miR‑33b was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues compared to their matched adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, the miR‑33b level was significantly lower in advanced-stage HCC (stages T3-T4) compared to early-stage HCC (stages T1-T2). Furthermore, it was also downregulated in the HCC cell lines, LH86, HepG2, LMH and PLHC-1, when compared with the THLE-3 normal human liver cells. We further demonstrated that the overexpression of miR‑33b led to a significant decrease in the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 and LH86 cells. Luciferase reporter assay identified Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) as a target gene of miR‑33b, and its protein expression was negatively regulated by miR‑33b in HepG2 and LH86 cells. Moreover, the restoration of SALL4 expression markedly reversed the inhibitory effect of miR‑33b overexpression on the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 and LH86 cells, indicating that SALL4 is involved in miR‑33b-mediated malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. Furthermore, we found that SALL4 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared to their matched adjacent normal tissues, and its increased expression was significantly associated with the advanced malignancy of HCC. Moreover, SALL4 was also upregulated in HCC cell lines compared to the THLE-3 normal human liver cells. Finally, we found that the SALL4 expression inversely correlated with the miR‑33b level in HCC tissues. On the whole, the findings of our study demonstrate that miR‑33b suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells through the inhibition of SALL4 expression. Therefore, miR‑33b/SALL4 may become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University (Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia), Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Song
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Jingling Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Tuankui Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Furong Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baotou Eighth Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
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85
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Kawai T, Yasuchika K, Seo S, Higashi T, Ishii T, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi EY, Ogiso S, Kita S, Yasuda K, Fukumitsu K, Nakamoto Y, Hatano E, Uemoto S. Identification of Keratin 19-Positive Cancer Stem Cells Associating Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1450-1460. [PMID: 27663597 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The current lack of tools for easy assessment of cancer stem cells (CSC) prevents the development of therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that keratin 19 (K19) is a novel HCC-CSC marker and that PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is an effective method for predicting postoperative outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, we examined whether K19+ HCC-CSCs can be tracked using 18F-FDG-PET.Experimental Design: K19 and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) expression was evaluated by IHC in 98 hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent 18F-FDG-PET scans before primary tumor resection. Standardized uptake values (SUV) for primary tumors and tumor-to-nontumor SUV ratios (TNR) were calculated using FDG accumulation levels, and values were compared among K19+/K19- patients. Using hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines encoding with a K19 promoter-driven enhanced GFP, 18F-FDG uptake and GLUT1 expression were examined in FACS-isolated K19+/K19- cells.Results: In hepatocellular carcinoma patients, K19 expression was significantly correlated with GLUT1 expression and FDG accumulation. ROC analyses revealed that among preoperative clinical factors, TNR was the most sensitive indicator of K19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. In hepatocellular carcinoma cells, FACS-isolated K19+ cells displayed significantly higher 18F-FDG uptake than K19- cells. Moreover, gain/loss-of-function experiments confirmed that K19 regulates 18F-FDG uptake through TGFβ/Smad signaling, including Sp1 and its downstream target GLUT1.Conclusions:18F-FDG-PET can be used to predict K19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and should thereby aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting K19+ HCC-CSCs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(6); 1450-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Satoru Seo
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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86
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BSEP and MDR3: Useful Immunohistochemical Markers to Discriminate Hepatocellular Carcinomas From Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas and Hepatoid Carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:689-96. [PMID: 26735860 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We herein examined the immunohistochemical expression of 2 hepatocyte-specific transporters (bile salt export pump [BSEP] and multidrug-resistance protein 3 [MDR3]) in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs, n=54), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (n=34), combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinomas (n=23), and hepatoid carcinomas originated from extrahepatic organs (n=27) to compare their diagnostic values with those of arginase-1 (ARG1) and hepatocyte paraffin-1 (HepPar-1). BSEP was expressed in 91% of HCCs and MDR3 in 83%. Although their sensitivities were slightly lower than those of ARG1 (96%) and HepPar-1 (93%), the 2 transporters appeared to be more specific for HCCs. ARG1 and HepPar-1 were expressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (9% and 6%) and hepatoid carcinomas (22% and 44%, respectively), whereas BSEP and MDR3 were entirely negative in these neoplasms, except for 1 case of BSEP-positive hepatoid carcinoma of the esophagus. The highly specific expression of BSEP and MDR3 in hepatocytes was recapitulated in additional examinations of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinomas, in which the expression of the transporters was restricted to morphologically hepatocellular areas. In contrast, ARG1 and HepPar-1 were also variably positive in areas of biliary or indeterminate differentiation. We also applied BSEP and MDR3 immunohistochemistry to 8 biopsy cases of poorly differentiated primary liver cancer, in which the original diagnosis was not conclusive. The diagnosis of HCC was retrospectively suggested in 2 cases expressing both BSEP and MDR3. In conclusion, given the highly specific expression of BSEP and MDR3 in HCCs, immunohistochemistry for these transporters will be useful not only for determining hepatocellular differentiation in primary liver cancers but also for discriminating HCCs from hepatoid carcinomas.
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87
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Deng G, Zhu L, Huang F, Nie W, Huang W, Xu H, Zheng S, Yi Z, Wan T. SALL4 is a novel therapeutic target in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27416-26. [PMID: 26317546 PMCID: PMC4694999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the most common and deadly disease of the biliary tree due to its poor prognosis. Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a stem cell marker, has been identified as a potential target for aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our study, 175 ICC cases with an average age of 55 years were included, and 53% (93/175) were male. And 28 adjacent non-tumor tissues were also collected. The SALL4-positive immunoreactivity was detected in a total of 102 ICC cases (58%), whereas all 28 adjacent tissues showed negative staining. Univariate analysis, showed that the SALL4-positive ICC cases had significantly more frequent lymph nodal metastasis (P = 0.0460), vascular invasion (P < 0.0001), and nerve invasion (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the strong SALL4-positive cases (n = 7, 5 months) had shorter overall survival, when compared to moderate SALL4-positive (n = 46, 9 months) or SALL4-negative cases (n = 73, 7 months), respectively. Our data also suggest that SALL4 may be involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ICC. Those results for the first time indicate an oncogenic role of SALL4 in ICC. Therefore, SALL4 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Feizhou Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wanpin Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shaopeng Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjie Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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88
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The Progress and Prospects of Putative Biomarkers for Liver Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7614971. [PMID: 27610139 PMCID: PMC5005617 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7614971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is organized by liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), which are a subset of cells with “stem-like” characteristics. Identification of the LCSCs is a fundamental and important problem in HCC research. LCSCs have been investigated by various stem cell biomarkers. There is still lack of consensus regarding the existence of a “global” marker for LCSCs in HCC. In this review article, we summarize the progress and prospects of putative biomarkers for LCSCs in the past decades, which is essential to develop future therapies targeting CSCs and to predict prognosis and curative effect of these therapies.
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89
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Oikawa T. Cancer Stem cells and their cellular origins in primary liver and biliary tract cancers. Hepatology 2016; 64:645-51. [PMID: 26849406 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver and biliary tract cancers are highly aggressive, are heterogeneous in their phenotypic traits, and result in clinical outcomes that are difficult to manage. Cancers have subpopulations of cells termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) that share common intrinsic signaling pathways for self-renewal and differentiation with normal stem cells. These CSCs likely have the potential to evolve over time and to give rise to new genetically and functionally diverse subclones by accumulating genetic mutations. Extrinsic signaling from the tumor microenvironment, including the CSC niche, has been implicated in tumor initiation/progression and heterogeneity through dynamic crosstalk. CSCs have become recognized as pivotal sources of tumor initiation/progression, relapse/metastasis, and chemoresistance. CONCLUSION The origins of CSCs are hypothesized to derive from the transformation of normal stem/progenitors and/or from the reprogramming of adult cells that converts them to stem/progenitor traits; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. (Hepatology 2016;64:645-651).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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90
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Kawai T, Yasuchika K, Ishii T, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi EY, Ogiso S, Kita S, Yasuda K, Fukumitsu K, Komori J, Hatano E, Kawaguchi Y, Uemoto S. SOX9 is a novel cancer stem cell marker surrogated by osteopontin in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30489. [PMID: 27457505 PMCID: PMC4960550 DOI: 10.1038/srep30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers that are easily evaluated by blood samples prevents the establishment of new therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we examined whether sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) represents a new CSC marker, and whether osteopontin (OPN) can be used as a surrogate marker of SOX9 in HCC. In HCC cell lines transfected with a SOX9 promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescence protein gene, FACS-isolated SOX9+ cells were capable of self-renewal and differentiation into SOX9− cells, and displayed high proliferation capacity in vitro. Xenotransplantation experiments revealed that SOX9+ cells reproduced, differentiated into SOX9− cells, and generated tumors at a high frequency in vivo. Moreover, SOX9+ cells were found to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of TGFb/Smad signaling. Gain/loss of function experiments showed that SOX9 regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, including cyclin D1 and OPN. Immunohistochemistry of 166 HCC surgical specimens and serum OPN measurements showed that compared to SOX9− patients, SOX9+ patients had significantly poorer recurrence-free survival, stronger venous invasion, and higher serum OPN levels. In conclusion, SOX9 is a novel HCC-CSC marker regulating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and its downstream target, OPN. OPN is a useful surrogate marker of SOX9 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Komori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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91
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Zhou S, Venkatramani R, Gomulia E, Shillingford N, Wang L. The diagnostic and prognostic value of SALL4 in hepatoblastoma. Histopathology 2016; 69:822-830. [PMID: 27252091 DOI: 10.1111/his.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the expression of spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), a regulator of embryonal development, in three epithelial components of hepatoblastoma (HB) and the relationship between SALL4 expression levels and patients' clinicopathological features. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 115 specimens from 79 patients with HB were selected for immunostaining of SALL4. Nuclear staining was semi-quantified using the immunoreactive score (IS; range: 0-12). SALL4 expression was seen in all embryonal components (mean IS = 8.58) and in 41% of fetal components (mean IS = 0.78). No SALL4 expression was seen in either small cell undifferentiated or mesenchymal components of HB. Neither chemotherapy nor metastasis altered SALL4 expression significantly. High SALL4 expression levels were associated significantly with decreased overall survival (OS) (P = 0.004), event-free survival (EFS) (P = 0.003) and the presence of metastasis (P = 0.049) on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified SALL4 as an independent prognostic predictor for OS (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS SALL4 is useful for subtyping HB, and high SALL4 expression is associated with decreased survival in HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen Gomulia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Shillingford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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92
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Dirican E, Akkiprik M. Functional and clinical significance of SALL4 in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11701-11709. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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93
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Chaudhari P, Tian L, Deshmukh A, Jang YY. Expression kinetics of hepatic progenitor markers in cellular models of human liver development recapitulating hepatocyte and biliary cell fate commitment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1653-62. [PMID: 27390263 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of research using human embryos and the lack of a biological model of human liver development, the roles of the various markers associated with liver stem or progenitor cell potential in humans are largely speculative, and based on studies utilizing animal models and certain patient tissues. Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro multistage hepatic differentiation systems may serve as good surrogate models for mimicking normal human liver development, pathogenesis and injury/regeneration studies. Here, we describe the implications of various liver stem or progenitor cell markers and their bipotency (i.e. hepatocytic- and biliary-epithelial cell differentiation), based on the pluripotent stem cell-derived model of human liver development. Future studies using the human cellular model(s) of liver and biliary development will provide more human relevant biological and/or pathological roles of distinct markers expressed in heterogeneous liver stem/progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chaudhari
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA
| | - Lipeng Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA
| | - Abhijeet Deshmukh
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA
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94
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Jung YK, Jang K, Paik SS, Kwon YJ, Kim HJ, Lee KG, Park HK, Choi D. Positive immunostaining of Sal-like protein 4 is associated with poor patient survival outcome in the large and undifferentiated Korean hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Treat Res 2016; 91:23-8. [PMID: 27433461 PMCID: PMC4942535 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2016.91.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown the role of Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) as a biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and some studies have shown the relationship between SALL4 and prognosis. Given the debates in study groups differences in terms of etiologic causes between Western and Asian HCC and detection methods, we attempted to verify the features of SALL4 immunoreactivity and its clinical correlation in Korean HCC patients. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of SALL4 of tissue microarrays (TMAs) consisting of 213 surgically resected HCC patients' tissue were scored in a semiquantitative scoring system with immunoreactive score and the results analyzed with clinical outcome, in addition to general demographics and clinical characteristics. RESULTS SALL4 immunoreactivity was expressed in 50 cases. Relevance between SALL4 and α-FP correlated significantly (P = 0.002). Also, the SALL4-positive patients had considerably higher tumor grade (P < 0.001). The survival analysis showed negative correlation with SALL4 immunoreactivity in all HCC patient groups, but SALL4 immunoreactivity in T3 and T4 HCC correlated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Here, we found that positive immunostaining of SALL4 is correlated with poor patient survival outcome in large and undifferentiated Korean HCC. SALL4 expression showed close relationship with clinical outcomes of HCCs in Korean patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Jun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwon Kyum Park
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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95
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Bradshaw A, Wickremsekera A, Tan ST, Peng L, Davis PF, Itinteang T. Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Surg 2016; 3:21. [PMID: 27148537 PMCID: PMC4831983 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive tumor that typically exhibits treatment failure with high mortality rates, is associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor. CSCs possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation, producing downstream progenitor cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple GBM and glioblastoma cancer stem cell subtypes, making investigation and establishment of a universal treatment difficult. This review examines the current knowledge on the CSC markers SALL4, OCT-4, SOX2, STAT3, NANOG, c-Myc, KLF4, CD133, CD44, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, specifically focusing on their use and validity in GBM research and how they may be utilized for investigations into GBM's cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bradshaw
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Agadha Wickremsekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
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96
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Sun JH, Luo Q, Liu LL, Song GB. Liver cancer stem cell markers: Progression and therapeutic implications. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3547-3557. [PMID: 27053846 PMCID: PMC4814640 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i13.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation in cancer, have been proposed to be cancer-initiating cells, and have been shown to be responsible for chemotherapy resistance and cancer recurrence. The identification of CSC subpopulations inside a tumor presents a new understanding of cancer development because it implies that tumors can only be eradicated by targeting CSCs. Although advances in liver cancer detection and treatment have increased the possibility of curing the disease at early stages, unfortunately, most patients will relapse and succumb to their disease. Strategies aimed at efficiently targeting liver CSCs are becoming important for monitoring the progress of liver cancer therapy and for evaluating new therapeutic approaches. Herein, we provide a critical discussion of biological markers described in the literature regarding liver cancer stem cells and the potential of these markers to serve as therapeutic targets.
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97
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Yin F, Han X, Yao SK, Wang XL, Yang HC. Importance of SALL4 in the development and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2837-2843. [PMID: 26973422 PMCID: PMC4778006 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i9.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) and to explore its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six samples of HCC tissue, 44 of adjacent noncancerous cirrhotic tissue and 10 of liver hemangioma tissue, were obtained from patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University. None of the patients had received any form of treatment before the operation. After resection, all the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Expression of SALL4 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed up for postoperative survival until February 2014. The relationships between SALL4 expression level and clinicopathological data and prognosis of HCC were analyzed.
RESULTS: SALL4 expression was negative in the 10 samples of tissue from liver hemangioma, was weakly positive in the two samples from adjacent noncancerous cirrhotic tissue, and positive in 58 samples of HCC tissues. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Expression of SALL4 was higher in patients with higher α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, portal vein tumor thrombus, and later clinical stage based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification (P < 0.05). Among patients with negative expression, weakly positive expression, positive expression, and strongly positive expression of SALL4, the median survival time was 39, 25, 23, and 9 mo, respectively (P < 0.001). When both AFP and SALL4 were detected, patients who were negative for both AFP and SALL4, SALL4-positive only, AFP-positive only, and positive for both AFP and SALL4, had a median survival time of 41, 38, 31, and 12 mo, respectively (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Expression of SALL4 is relevant to the prognosis of HCC patients. Patients with higher expression levels of SALL4 and AFP have worse prognosis.
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98
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Chen YY, Li ZZ, Ye YY, Xu F, Niu RJ, Zhang HC, Zhang YJ, Liu YB, Han BS. Knockdown of SALL4 inhibits the proliferation and reverses the resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells to doxorubicin hydrochloride. BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:6. [PMID: 26935744 PMCID: PMC4776391 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women and drug resistance is the major obstacle for its successful chemotherapy. In the present study, we analyzed the involvement of an oncofetal gene, sal-like 4 (SALL4), in the tumor proliferation and drug resistance of human breast cancer. Results Our study showed that SALL4 was up-regulated in the drug resistant breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/ADR, compared to the other five cell lines. We established the lentiviral system expressing short hairpin RNA to knockdown SALL4 in MCF-7/ADR cells. Down-regulation of SALL4 inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7/ADR cells and induced the G1 phase arrest in cell cycle, accompanied by an obvious reduction of the expression of cyclinD1 and CDK4. Besides, down-regulating SALL4 can re-sensitize MCF-7/ADR to doxorubicin hydrochloride (ADMh) and had potent synergy with ADMh in MCF-7/ADR cells. Depletion of SALL4 led to a decrease in IC50 for ADMh and an inhibitory effect on the ability to form colonies in MCF-7/ADR cells. With SALL4 knockdown, ADMh accumulation rate of MCF-7/ADR cells was increased, while the expression of BCRP and c-myc was significantly decreased. Furthermore, silencing SALL4 also suppressed the growth of the xenograft tumors and reversed their resistance to ADMh in vivo. Conclusion SALL4 knockdown inhibits the growth of the drug resistant breast cancer due to cell cycle arrest and reverses tumor chemo-resistance through down-regulating the membrane transporter, BCPR. Thus, SALL4 has potential as a novel target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Zhen Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui-Jie Niu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong-Chen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi-Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bao-San Han
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kong Jiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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Tatetsu H, Kong NR, Chong G, Amabile G, Tenen DG, Chai L. SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer. Gene 2016; 584:111-9. [PMID: 26892498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting that cancer cells share many similarities with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). For example, aggressive cancers and ESCs share a common gene expression signature that includes hundreds of genes. Since ESC genes are not present in most adult tissues, they could be ideal candidate targets for cancer-specific diagnosis and treatment. This is an exciting cancer-targeting model. The major hurdle to test this model is to identify the key factors/pathway(s) within ESCs that are responsible for the cancer phenotype. SALL4 is one of few genes that can establish this link. The first publication of SALL4 is on its mutation in a human inherited disorder with multiple developmental defects. Since then, over 300 papers have been published on various aspects of this gene in stem cells, development, and cancers. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of SALL4, including a SALL4-based approach to classify and target cancers. Many questions about this important gene still remain unanswered, specifically, on how this gene regulates cell fates at a molecular level. Understanding SALL4's molecular functions will allow development of specific targeted approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikki R Kong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gao Chong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine (MD6), #12-01, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Center for Life Science Room 437, 3 Blackfan Circle Room 437, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hao L, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Yin H, Zhang X, He T, Song S, Sun S, Wang B, Li Z, Su Q. Expression and clinical significance of SALL4 and β-catenin in colorectal cancer. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:117-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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