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Lin X, Chen W, Wei F, Zhou BP, Hung MC, Xie X. POMC maintains tumor-initiating properties of tumor tissue-derived long-term-cultured breast cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2517-2525. [PMID: 28214331 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification and understanding of the molecular network of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have had a profound impact on our view of carcinogenesis and treatment strategy. Unfortunately, a major problem is that serial passages of CSCs from clinical solid tumor specimens currently are not available in any lab, and thus, reported data are difficult to confirm and intensively interrogated. Here, we have generated two tumor tissue-derived breast CSC (BCSC) lines that showed prolonged maintenance over 20 serial passages in vitro, while retaining their tumor-initiating biological properties. We then deciphered the intrinsic mechanism using analyses of mRNA expression array profiles. It has been determined that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is closely related with protein phosphorylation mediated by G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in BCSC. Following, knockdown of POMC inhibits properties of mammosphere formation, CD44+ CD24- population, CD44 expression, and clonogenicity ability in BCSC. We found that inhibition of POMC attenuates phosphorylation of AKT2 and GSK3β in BCSC. Further in vivo investigations demonstrated that POMC interference regulates proliferation of BCSC-bearing tumors. Combination of the clinical results that POMC positive expression is frequently upregulated in human breast cancer and POMC positivity correlated with a poor prognosis, POMC is a potential therapeutic target for BCSC. In conclusion, we have successfully established two long-term-cultured BCSC from clinical specimens. We further indicated that POMC acts as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for future treatment of BCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoti Lin
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China.,Department of Surgery, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan medical school, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fengqin Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China.,Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial 2nd People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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Dong BW, Qin GM, Luo Y, Mao JS. Metabolic enzymes: key modulators of functionality in cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14251-14267. [PMID: 28009990 PMCID: PMC5355174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer Stem-like Cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with self-renewal capacity and are important for the initiation, progression and recurrence of cancer diseases. The metabolic profile of CSCs is consistent with their stem-like properties. Studies have indicated that enzymes, the main regulators of cellular metabolism, dictate functionalities of CSCs in both catalysis-dependent and catalysis-independent manners. This paper reviews diverse studies of metabolic enzymes, and describes the effects of these enzymes on metabolic adaptation, gene transcription and signal transduction, in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Ming Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Shan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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53
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A Cancer Stem Cell Potent Cobalt(III)–Cyclam Complex Bearing Two Tolfenamic Acid Moieties. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zumwalt TJ, Wodarz D, Komarova NL, Toden S, Turner J, Cardenas J, Burn J, Chan AT, Boland CR, Goel A. Aspirin-Induced Chemoprevention and Response Kinetics Are Enhanced by PIK3CA Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:208-218. [PMID: 28154202 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine how aspirin influences the growth kinetics and characteristics of cultured colorectal cancer cells that harbor a variety of different mutational backgrounds, including PIK3CA- and KRAS-activating mutations, and the presence or absence of microsatellite instability. Colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116, HCT116 + Chr3/5, RKO, SW480, HCT15, CACO2, HT29, and SW48) were treated with pharmacologically relevant doses of aspirin (0.5-10 mmol/L) and evaluated for proliferation and cell-cycle distribution. These parameters were fitted to a mathematical model to quantify the effects and understand the mechanism(s) by which aspirin modifies growth in colorectal cancer cells. We also evaluated the effects of aspirin on key G0-G1 cell-cycle genes that are regulated by the PI3K-Akt pathway. Aspirin decelerated growth rates and disrupted cell-cycle dynamics more profoundly in faster growing colorectal cancer cell lines, which tended to be PIK3CA mutants. Additionally, microarray analysis of 151 colorectal cancer cell lines identified important cell-cycle regulatory genes that are downstream targets of PIK3 and were also dysregulated by aspirin treatment (PCNA and RB1). Our study demonstrated what clinical trials have only speculated, that PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancers are more sensitive to aspirin. Aspirin inhibited cell growth in all colorectal cancer cell lines regardless of mutational background, but the effects were exacerbated in cells with PIK3CA mutations. Mathematical modeling combined with bench science revealed that cells with PIK3CA-mutations experience significant G0-G1 arrest and explains why patients with PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancers may benefit from aspirin use after diagnosis. Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 208-18. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Zumwalt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jacob Turner
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jacob Cardenas
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John Burn
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C Richard Boland
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Fazio C, Ricciardiello L. Inflammation and Notch signaling: a crosstalk with opposite effects on tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2515. [PMID: 27929540 PMCID: PMC5260996 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Notch cascade is a fundamental and highly conserved pathway able to control cell-fate. The Notch pathway arises from the interaction of one of the Notch receptors (Notch1–4) with different types of ligands; in particular, the Notch pathway can be activated canonically (through the ligands Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, DLL3 or DLL4) or non-canonically (through various molecules shared by other pathways). In the context of tumor biology, the deregulation of Notch signaling is found to be crucial, but it is still not clear if the activation of this pathway exerts a tumor-promoting or a tumor suppressing function in different cancer settings. Untill now, it is well known that the inflammatory compartment is critically involved in tumor progression; however, inflammation, which occurs as a physiological response to damage, can also drive protective processes toward carcinogenesis. Therefore, the role of inflammation in cancer is still controversial and needs to be further clarified. Interestingly, recent literature reports that some of the signaling molecules modulated by the cells of the immune system also belong to or interact with the canonical and non-canonical Notch pathways, delineating a possible link between Notch activation and inflammatory environment. In this review we analyze the hypothesis that specific inflammatory conditions can control the activation of the Notch pathway in terms of biological effect, partially explaining the dichotomy of both phenomena. For this purpose, we detail the molecular links reported in the literature connecting inflammation and Notch signaling in different types of tumor, with a particular focus on colorectal carcinogenesis, which represents a perfect example of context-dependent interaction between malignant transformation and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fazio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tang Q, Liu Y, Li T, Yang X, Zheng G, Chen H, Jia L, Shao J. A novel co-drug of aspirin and ursolic acid interrupts adhesion, invasion and migration of cancer cells to vascular endothelium via regulating EMT and EGFR-mediated signaling pathways: multiple targets for cancer metastasis prevention and treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73114-73129. [PMID: 27683033 PMCID: PMC5341967 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis currently remains the predominant cause of breast carcinoma treatment failure. The effective targeting of metastasis-related-pathways in cancer holds promise for a new generation of therapeutics. In this study, we developed an novel Asp-UA conjugate, which was composed of classical "old drug" aspirin and low toxicity natural product ursolic acid for targeting breast cancer metastasis. Our results showed that Asp-UA could attenuate the adhesion, migration and invasion of breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a more safe and effective manner in vitro. Molecular and cellular study demonstrated that Asp-UA significantly down-regulated the expression of cell adhesion and invasion molecules including integrin α6β1, CD44 ,MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, EGFR and ERK proteins, and up-regulated the epithelial markers "E-cadherin" and "β-catenin", and PTEN proteins. Furthermore, Asp-UA (80 mg/kg) reduced lung metastasis in a 4T1 murine breast cancer metastasis model more efficiently, which was associated with a decrease in the expression of CD44. More importantly, we did not detect side effects with Asp-UA in mice such as weight loss and main viscera tissues toxicity. Overall, our research suggested that co-drug Asp-UA possessed potential metastasis chemoprevention abilities via influencing EMT and EGFR-mediated pathways and could be a more promising drug candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Tang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guirong Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongning Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Simvastatin induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells via PPARγ signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35783. [PMID: 27779188 PMCID: PMC5078845 DOI: 10.1038/srep35783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is currently one of the most common drugs for old patients with hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic diseases by reducing cholesterol level and anti-lipid properties. Importantly, simvastatin has also been reported to have anti-tumor effect, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We collected several human bladder samples and performed microarray. Data analysis suggested bladder cancer (BCa) was significantly associated with fatty acid/lipid metabolism via PPAR signalling pathway. We observed simvastatin did not trigger BCa cell apoptosis, but reduced cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by PPARγ-activation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis indicated that simvastatin induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, suggested by downregulation of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, simvastatin suppressed BCa cell metastasis by inhibiting EMT and affecting AKT/GSK3β. More importantly, we found that the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and the alterations of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1 triggered by simvastatin could be recovered by PPARγ-antagonist (GW9662), whereas the treatment of PPARα-antagonist (GW6471) shown no significant effects on the BCa cells. Taken together, our study for the first time revealed that simvastatin inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at G1/G0 phase via PPARγ signalling pathway.
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Cressey PB, Eskandari A, Bruno PM, Lu C, Hemann MT, Suntharalingam K. The Potent Inhibitory Effect of a Naproxen-Appended Cobalt(III)-Cyclam Complex on Cancer Stem Cells. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1713-8. [PMID: 27377813 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the potency against cancer stem cells (CSCs) of a new cobalt(III)-cyclam complex (1) that bears the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen. The complex displays selective potency for breast CSC-enriched HMLER-shEcad cells over breast CSC-depleted HMLER cells. Additionally, it inhibited the formation of three-dimensional tumour-like mammospheres, and reduced their viability to a greater extent than clinically used breast cancer drugs (vinorelbine, cisplatin and paclitaxel). The anti-mammosphere potency of 1 was enhanced under hypoxia-mimicking conditions. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that DNA damage and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition contribute to the cytotoxic mechanism of 1. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first cobalt-containing compound to show selective potency for CSCs over bulk cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Cressey
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Arvin Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Peter M Bruno
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 76, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunxin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Michael T Hemann
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 76, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Totary-Jain H, Sionov RV, Gallily R. Indomethacin sensitizes resistant transformed cells to macrophage cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2016; 176:1-7. [PMID: 27210423 PMCID: PMC6011832 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages are well known to exhibit anti-tumor properties. However, certain cell types show intrinsic resistance. Searching for a mechanism that could explain this phenomenon, we observed that the supernatant of resistant cells could confer resistance to otherwise sensitive tumor cells, suggesting the presence of a secreted suppressor factor. The effect was abolished upon dialysis, indicating that the suppressor factor has a low molecular weight. Further studies showed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is secreted by the resistant tumor cells and that inhibition of PGE2 production by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, eliminated the macrophage suppression factor from the supernatant, and sensitized the resistant tumor cells to macrophage cytotoxicity. This study emphasizes the important role of tumor-secreted PGE2 in escaping macrophage surveillance and justifies the use of COX inhibitors as an adjuvant for improving tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Totary-Jain
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hadassah Medical School-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ruth Gallily
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hadassah Medical School-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
The hallmarks of premalignant lesions were first described in the 1970s, a time when relatively little was known about the molecular underpinnings of cancer. Yet it was clear there must be opportunities to intervene early in carcinogenesis. A vast array of molecular information has since been uncovered, with much of this stemming from studies of existing cancer or cancer models. Here, examples of how an understanding of cancer biology has informed cancer prevention studies are highlighted and emerging areas that may have implications for the field of cancer prevention research are described. A note of caution accompanies these examples, in that while there are similarities, there are also fundamental differences between the biology of premalignant lesions or premalignant conditions and invasive cancer. These differences must be kept in mind, and indeed leveraged, when exploring potential cancer prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA..
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Boodram JN, Mcgregor IJ, Bruno PM, Cressey PB, Hemann MT, Suntharalingam K. Breast Cancer Stem Cell Potent Copper(II)-Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain J. Mcgregor
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Peter M. Bruno
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Paul B. Cressey
- Department of Chemistry; King's College London; London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Michael T. Hemann
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Boodram JN, Mcgregor IJ, Bruno PM, Cressey PB, Hemann MT, Suntharalingam K. Breast Cancer Stem Cell Potent Copper(II)-Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2845-50. [PMID: 26806362 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer stem cell (CSC) potency of a series of copper(II)-phenanthroline complexes containing the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin, is reported. The most effective copper(II) complex in this series, 4, selectivity kills breast CSC-enriched HMLER-shEcad cells over breast CSC-depleted HMLER cells. Furthermore, 4 reduces the formation, size, and viability of mammospheres, to a greater extent than salinomycin, a potassium ionophore known to selectively inhibit CSCs. Mechanistic studies revealed that the CSC-specificity observed for 4 arises from its ability to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that is overexpressed in breast CSCs. The former induces DNA damage, activates JNK and p38 pathways, and leads to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine N Boodram
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Iain J Mcgregor
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Peter M Bruno
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paul B Cressey
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Michael T Hemann
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Wang D, Fu L, Sun H, Guo L, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Stem Cell Expansion and Metastasis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1884-1895.e4. [PMID: 26261008 PMCID: PMC4762503 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation may contribute to the formation, maintenance, and expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the capacity for self-renewal, differentiation, and resistance to cytotoxic agents. We investigated the effects of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on colorectal CSC development and metastasis in mice and the correlation between levels of PGE2 and CSC markers in human colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. METHODS Colorectal carcinoma specimens and matched normal tissues were collected from patients at the Mayo Clinic (Scottsdale, AZ) and analyzed by mass spectrometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Human primary CRC cells and mouse tumor cells were isolated using microbeads or flow cytometry and analyzed for sphere-formation and by flow cytometry assays. LS-174T cells were sorted by flow cytometry (for CD133(+)CD44(+) and CD133(-)CD44(-) cells) and also used in these assays. NOD-scidIL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice were given cecal or subcutaneous injections of LS-174T or human primary CRC cells. Apc(Min/+) mice and NSG mice with orthotopic cecal tumors were given vehicle (controls), PGE2, celecoxib, and/or Ono-AE3-208. PGE2 downstream signaling pathways were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs, expressed from lentiviral vectors in LS-174T cells, or blocked with inhibitors in human primary CRC cells. RESULTS Levels of PGE2 correlated with colonic CSC markers (CD133, CD44, LRG5, and SOX2 messenger RNAs) in human colorectal carcinoma samples. Administration of PGE2 to Apc(Min/+) mice increased tumor stem cells and tumor burden, compared with controls. NSG mice given PGE2 had increased numbers of cecal CSCs and liver metastases compared with controls after intracecal injection of LS-174T or human primary CRC cells. Alternatively, celecoxib, an inhibitor of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, reduced polyp numbers in Apc(Min/+) mice, liver metastasis in NSG mice with orthotopic tumors, and numbers of CSCs in Apc(Min/+) and NSG mice. Inhibitors or knockdown of PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), or nuclear factor (NF)-κB reduced PGE2-induced sphere formation and expansion of LS-174T and/or human primary CRC cells. Knockdown of ERK1 or PI3K p85α also attenuated PGE2-induced activation of NF-κB in LS-174T cells. An EP4 antagonist reduced the ability of PGE2 to induce CSC expansion in orthotopic tumors and to accelerate the formation of liver metastases. Knockdown experiments showed that NF-κB was required for PGE2 induction of CSCs and metastasis in mice. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 induces CSC expansion by activating NF-κB, via EP4-PI3K and EP4-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and promotes the formation of liver metastases in mice. The PGE2 signaling pathway therefore might be targeted therapeutically to slow CSC expansion and colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Lingchen Fu
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Lixia Guo
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 (the present affiliation)
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259,Correspondence to: Raymond N. DuBois, MD. Ph.D., Executive Director of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, PO Box 875001, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287, Tel: 480-965-1228 and Fax: 480-727-9550,
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Guo M, Dou J. Advances and perspectives of colorectal cancer stem cell vaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 76:107-20. [PMID: 26653557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is essentially an environmental and genetic disease featured by uncontrolled cell growth and the capability to invade other parts of the body by forming metastases, which inconvertibly cause great damage to tissues and organs. It has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the developed countries such as United States, and approximately 1.2 million new cases are yearly diagnosed worldwide, with the death rate of more than 600,000 annually and incidence rates are increasing in most developing countries. Apart from the generally accepted theory that pathogenesis of colorectal cancer consists of genetic mutation of a certain target cell and diversifications in tumor microenvironment, the colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) theory makes a different explanation, stating that among millions of colon cancer cells there is a specific and scanty cellular population which possess the capability of self-renewal, differentiation and strong oncogenicity, and is tightly responsible for drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Based on these characteristics, CCSCs are becoming a novel target cells both in the clinical and the basic studies, especially the study of CCSCs vaccines due to induced efficient immune response against CCSCs. This review provides an overview of CCSCs and preparation technics and targeting factors related to CCSCs vaccines in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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65
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Drug-repositioning opportunities for cancer therapy: novel molecular targets for known compounds. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:190-199. [PMID: 26456577 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug repositioning is gaining increasing attention in drug discovery because it represents a smart way to exploit new molecular targets of a known drug or target promiscuity among diverse diseases, for medical uses different from the one originally considered. In this review, we focus on known non-oncological drugs with new therapeutic applications in oncology, explaining the rationale behind this approach and providing practical evidence. Moving from incompleteness of the knowledge of drug-target interactions, particularly for older molecules, we highlight opportunities for repurposing compounds as cancer therapeutics, underling the biologically and clinically relevant affinities for new targets. Ideal candidates for repositioning can contribute to the therapeutically unmet need for more-efficient anticancer agents, including drugs that selectively target cancer stem cells.
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66
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Krishnamurthy S, Ke X, Yang YY. Delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers for targeting cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:143-60. [PMID: 25597774 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cancer resistance, cancer relapse and metastasis are attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Eradication of this subpopulation has been shown to increase life expectancy of patients. Since the discovery of CSCs a decade ago, several strategies have been devised to specifically target them but with limited success. Nanocarriers have recently been employed to deliver anti-CSC therapeutics for reducing the population of CSCs at the tumor site with great success. This review discusses the different therapeutic strategies that have been employed using nanocarriers, their advantages, success in targeting CSCs and the challenges that are to be overcome. Exploiting this new modality of cancer treatment in the coming decade may improve outcomes profoundly with promise of effective treatment response and reducing relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Krishnamurthy
- Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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67
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Aspirin blocks growth of breast tumor cells and tumor-initiating cells and induces reprogramming factors of mesenchymal to epithelial transition. J Transl Med 2015; 95:702-17. [PMID: 25867761 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), also known as aspirin, a classic, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is widely used to relieve minor aches and pains and to reduce fever. Epidemiological studies and other experimental studies suggest that ASA use reduces the risk of different cancers including breast cancer (BC) and may be used as a chemopreventive agent against BC and other cancers. These studies have raised the tempting possibility that ASA could serve as a preventive medicine for BC. However, lack of in-depth knowledge of the mechanism of action of ASA reshapes the debate of risk and benefit of using ASA in prevention of BC. Our studies, using in vitro and in vivo tumor xenograft models, show a strong beneficial effect of ASA in the prevention of breast carcinogenesis. We find that ASA not only prevents breast tumor cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in nude mice xenograft model through the induction of apoptosis, but also significantly reduces the self-renewal capacity and growth of breast tumor-initiating cells (BTICs)/breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and delays the formation of a palpable tumor. Moreover, ASA regulates other pathophysiological events in breast carcinogenesis, such as reprogramming the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and delaying in vitro migration in BC cells. The tumor growth-inhibitory and reprogramming roles of ASA could be mediated through inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling pathway that is associated with growth, motility, invasion, and metastasis in advanced BCs. Collectively, ASA has a therapeutic or preventive potential by attacking possible target such as TGF-β in breast carcinogenesis.
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68
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Huang J, Zhang D, Xie F, Lin D. The potential role of COX-2 in cancer stem cell-mediated canine mammary tumor initiation: an immunohistochemical study. J Vet Sci 2015; 16:225-31. [PMID: 26124697 PMCID: PMC4483507 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance. Additionally, it is becoming apparent that cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling is associated with canine mammary tumor development. The goals of the present study were to investigate COX-2 expression patterns and their effect on CSC-mediated tumor initiation in primary canine mammary tissues and tumorsphere models using immunohistochemistry. Patterns of COX-2, CD44, octamer-binding transcription factor (Oct)-3/4, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression were examined in malignant mammary tumor (MMT) samples and analyzed in terms of clinicopathological characteristics. COX-2 and Oct-3/4 expression was higher in MMTs compared to other histological samples with heterogeneous patterns. In MMTs, COX-2 expression correlated with tumor malignancy features. Significant associations between COX-2, CD44, and EGFR were observed in low-differentiated MMTs. Comparative analysis showed that the levels of COX-2, CD44, and Oct-3/4 expression varied significantly among TSs of three histological grades. Enhanced COX-2 staining was consistently observed in TSs. Similar levels of staining intensity were found for CD44 and Oct-3/4, but EGFR expression was weak. Our findings indicate the potential role of COX-2 in CSC-mediated tumor initiation, and suggest that COX-2 inhibition may help treat canine mammary tumors by targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. ; Department of Veterinary Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuqiang Xie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Degui Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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69
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Rigas B, Tsioulias GJ. The evolving role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colon cancer prevention: a cause for optimism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:2-8. [PMID: 25589413 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious yet preventable disease. The low acceptance and cost of colonoscopy as a screening method or CRC make chemoprevention an important option. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not currently recommended for CRC prevention, have the potential to evolve into the agents of choice for this indication. Here, we discuss the promise and challenge of NSAIDs for this chemopreventive application.Multiple epidemiologic studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of sporadic colorectal polyp recurrence, RCTs in patients with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, and pooled analyses of cardiovascular-prevention RCTs linked to cancer outcomes have firmly established the ability of conventional NSAIDs to prevent CRC. NSAIDs, however, are seriously limited by their toxicity,which can become cumulative with their long-term administration for chemoprevention, whereas drug interactions in vulnerable elderly patients compound their safety. Newer, chemically modified NSAIDs offer the hope of enhanced efficacy and safety.Recent work also indicates that targeting earlier stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, such as the lower complexity aberrant crypt foci, is a promising approach that may only require relatively short use of chemopreventive agents. Drug combination approaches exemplified by sulindac plus difluoromethylornithine appear very efficacious. Identification of those at risk or most likely to benefit from a given intervention using predictive biomarkers may usher in personalized chemoprevention. Agents that offer simultaneous chemoprevention of diseases in addition to CRC, e.g., cardiovascular and/or neurodegenerative diseases,may have a much greater potential for a broad clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Rigas
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. basil.rigas@stonybrookmedicine
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70
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Fan P, Bauer N, Gladkich J, Ryschich E, Bazhin AV, Giese NA, Strobel O, Hackert T, Hinz U, Gross W, Fortunato F, Herr I. Aspirin counteracts cancer stem cell features, desmoplasia and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:9999-10015. [PMID: 25846752 PMCID: PMC4496413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis. An inflammatory microenvironment triggers the pronounced desmoplasia, the selection of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and therapy resistance. The anti-inflammatory drug aspirin is suggested to lower the risk for PDA and to improve the treatment, although available results are conflicting and the effect of aspirin to CSC characteristics and desmoplasia in PDA has not yet been investigated. We characterized the influence of aspirin on CSC features, stromal reactions and gemcitabine resistance. Four established and 3 primary PDA cell lines, non-malignant cells, 3 patient tumor-derived CSC-enriched spheroidal cultures and tissues from patients who did or did not receive aspirin before surgery were analyzed using MTT assays, flow cytometry, colony and spheroid formation assays, Western blot analysis, antibody protein arrays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), immunohistochemistry and in vivo xenotransplantation. Aspirin significantly induced apoptosis and reduced the viability, self-renewal potential, and expression of proteins involved in inflammation and stem cell signaling. Aspirin also reduced the growth and invasion of tumors in vivo, and it significantly prolonged the survival of mice with orthotopic pancreatic xenografts in combination with gemcitabine. This was associated with a decreased expression of markers for progression, inflammation and desmoplasia. These findings were confirmed in tissue samples obtained from patients who had or had not taken aspirin before surgery. Importantly, aspirin sensitized cells that were resistant to gemcitabine and thereby enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. Aspirin showed no obvious toxic effects on normal cells, chick embryos or mice. These results highlight aspirin as an effective, inexpensive and well-tolerated co-treatment to target inflammation, desmoplasia and CSC features PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Zhang
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Liu
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pei Fan
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduard Ryschich
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia A. Giese
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franco Fortunato
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Molecular OncoSurgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Toden S, Okugawa Y, Jascur T, Wodarz D, Komarova NL, Buhrmann C, Shakibaei M, Boland CR, Goel A. Curcumin mediates chemosensitization to 5-fluorouracil through miRNA-induced suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in chemoresistant colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:355-67. [PMID: 25653233 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a major cause of mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Chemoresistance has been linked primarily to a subset of cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Curcumin, a botanical with antitumorigenic properties, has been shown to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Effects of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) individually, and in combination, were examined in parental and 5FU resistant (5FUR) cell lines. We performed a series of growth proliferation and apoptosis assays in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Furthermore, we identified and analyzed the expression pattern of a subset of putative EMT-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) and their downstream target genes regulated by curcumin. Chemosensitizing effects of curcumin were validated in a xenograft mouse model. Combined treatment with curcumin and 5FU enhanced cellular apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in both parental and 5FUR cells, whereas 5FU alone was ineffective in 5FUR cells. A group of EMT-suppressive miRNAs were upregulated by curcumin treatment in 5FUR cells. Curcumin suppressed EMT in 5FUR cells by downregulating BMI1, SUZ12 and EZH2 transcripts, key mediators of cancer stemness-related polycomb repressive complex subunits. Using a xenograft and mathematical models, we further demonstrated that curcumin sensitized 5FU to suppress tumor growth. We provide novel mechanistic evidence for curcumin-mediated sensitization to 5FU-related chemoresistance through suppression of EMT in 5FUR cells via upregulation of EMT-suppressive miRNAs. This study highlights the potential therapeutic usefulness of curcumin as an adjunct in patients with chemoresistant advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Suite H-250, Dallas, TX 75246, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Suite H-250, Dallas, TX 75246, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Jascur
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Suite H-250, Dallas, TX 75246, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and
| | | | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Richard Boland
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Suite H-250, Dallas, TX 75246, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Suite H-250, Dallas, TX 75246, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA and Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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72
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HES1 promotes metastasis and predicts poor survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:169-79. [PMID: 25636905 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hairy enhancer of split-1 (HES1) is a transcriptional target of the Notch pathway, and a high level of HES1 is regarded as a marker of activated Notch. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of HES1 in colorectal cancer progression. We used tissue microarrays to analyze the expression and clinical significance of HES1 in 320 colorectal cancer samples. Stable overexpression and knockdown of HES1 were established in three colorectal cancer cell (CRC) lines (RKO, HCT8 and LOVO). We investigated the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways in HES1 overexpressing CRC cells by gene expression profiling. Also, the role of HES1 in invasion and migration were examined in vitro and in vivo. We found that high expression of HES1 was significantly correlated with distal metastasis (P = 0.037) at diagnosis, and HES1 could serve as an unfavorable prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.034). Gene expression profiling and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that HES1 was related to cellular adherens junction loss. In addition, we showed that HES1 overexpression lead to depressed E-cadherin, and elevated N-cadherin, vimentin and Twist-1 levels. Functionally, HES1 enhanced invasiveness and metastasis of CRC cells. HES1 promotes cancer metastasis via inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition and serves as a poor prognosis factor of colorectal cancer patients.
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Abstract
Celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, can prevent several types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we show that celecoxib suppressed the self-renewal and drug-pumping functions in HCC cells. Besides, celecoxib depleted CD44+/CD133+ hepatic cancer stem cells (hCSC). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and CD133 overexpression did not reverse the celecoxib-induced depletion of hCSC. Also, celecoxib inhibited progression of rat Novikoff hepatoma. Moreover, a 60-day celecoxib program increased the survival rate of rats with hepatoma. Histological analysis revealed that celecoxib therapy reduced the abundance of CD44+/CD133+ hCSCs in hepatoma tissues. Besides, the hCSCs depletion was associated with elevated apoptosis and blunted proliferation and angiogenesis in hepatoma. Celecoxib therapy activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and up-regulated PTEN, thereby inhibiting Akt and disrupting hCSC expansion. PTEN gene delivery by adenovirus reduced CD44/CD133 expression in vitro and hepatoma formation in vivo. This study suggests that celecoxib suppresses cancer stemness and progression of HCC via activation of PPARγ/PTEN signaling.
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74
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Bennett DT, Deng XS, Yu JA, Bell MT, Mauchley DC, Meng X, Reece TB, Fullerton DA, Weyant MJ. Cancer stem cell phenotype is supported by secretory phospholipase A2 in human lung cancer cells. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:439-45; discussion 445-6. [PMID: 24928671 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells that drive growth, invasiveness, and resistance to therapy. Inflammatory eicosanoids are critical to maintain this malignant subpopulation. Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIa (sPLA2) is an important mediator of the growth and invasive potential of human lung cancer cells and regulates eicosanoid production. We hypothesized that sPLA2 plays a role in the maintenance of lung CSCs. METHODS Cancer stem cells from lung adenocarcinoma cell lines H125 and A549 were isolated using aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and flow cytometry. Protein and mRNA levels for sPLA2 were compared between sorted cells using Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques. Chemical inhibition of sPLA2 and short-hairpin RNA knockdown of sPLA2 were used to evaluate effects on tumorsphere formation. RESULTS Lung CSCs were isolated in 8.9%±4.1% (mean±SD) and 4.1%±1.6% of H125 and A549 cells respectively. Both sPLA2 protein and mRNA expression were significantly elevated in the CSC subpopulation of H125 (p=0.002) and A549 (p=0.005; n=4). Knockdown of sPLA2 significantly reduced tumorsphere formation in H125 (p=0.026) and A549 (p=0.001; n=3). Chemical inhibition of sPLA2 resulted in dose-dependent reduction in tumorsphere formation in H125 (p=0.003) and A549 (p=0.076; n=3). CONCLUSIONS Lung CSCs express higher levels of sPLA2 than the non-stem cell population. Our findings that viral knockdown and chemical inhibition of sPLA2 reduce tumorsphere formation in lung cancer cells demonstrate for the first time that sPLA2 plays an important role in CSCs. These findings suggest that sPLA2 may be an important therapeutic target for human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daine T Bennett
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xin-Sheng Deng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica A Yu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marshall T Bell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David C Mauchley
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - T Brett Reece
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Fullerton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Weyant
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Kim TI. Chemopreventive drugs: Mechanisms via inhibition of cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3835-3846. [PMID: 24744576 PMCID: PMC3983440 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies, basic research and clinical trials on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention have helped identify candidates for effective chemopreventive drugs. However, because of the conflicting results of clinical trials or side effects, the effective use of chemopreventive drugs has not been generalized, except for patients with a high-risk for developing hereditary CRC. Advances in genetic and molecular technologies have highlighted the greater complexity of carcinogenesis, especially the heterogeneity of tumors. We need to target cells and processes that are critical to carcinogenesis for chemoprevention and treatment of advanced cancer. Recent research has shown that intestinal stem cells may serve an important role in tumor initiation and formation of cancer stem cells. Moreover, studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment may play additional roles in dedifferentiation, to enable tumor cells to take on stem cell features and promote the formation of tumorigenic stem cells. Therefore, early tumorigenic changes of stem cells and signals for dedifferentiation may be good targets for chemoprevention. In this review, I focus on cancer stem cells in colorectal carcinogenesis and the effect of major chemopreventive drugs on stem cell-related pathways.
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76
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Jacobs CD, Chun SG, Yan J, Xie XJ, Pistenmaa DA, Hannan R, Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG, Choe KS, Kim DWN. Aspirin improves outcome in high risk prostate cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:699-706. [PMID: 24658086 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-risk prostate cancer (PC) has poor outcomes due to therapeutic resistance to conventional treatments, which include prostatectomy, radiation, and hormone therapy. Previous studies suggest that anticoagulant (AC) use may improve treatment outcomes in PC patients. We hypothesized that AC therapy confers a freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) and overall survival (OS) benefit when administered with radiotherapy in patients with high-risk PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis was performed on 74 high-risk PC patients who were treated with radiotherapy from 2005 to 2008 at UT Southwestern. Of these patients, 43 were on AC including aspirin (95.6%), clopidogrel (17.8%), warfarin (20%), and multiple ACs (31.1%). Associations between AC use and FFBF, OS, distant metastasis, and toxicity were analyzed. RESULTS Median follow-up was 56.6 mo for all patients. For patients taking any AC compared with no AC, there was improved FFBF at 5 years of 80% vs. 62% (P = 0.003), and for aspirin the FFBF was 84% vs. 65% (P = 0.008). Aspirin use was also associated with reduced rates of distant metastases at 5 years (12.2% vs. 26.7%, P = 0.039). On subset analysis of patients with Gleason score (GS) 9-10 histology, aspirin resulted in improved 5-year OS (88% vs. 37%, P = 0.032), which remained significant on multivariable analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS AC use was associated with a FFBF benefit in high-risk PC which translated into an OS benefit in the highest risk PC patients with GS 9-10, who are most likely to experience mortality from PC. This hypothesis-generating result suggests AC use may represent an opportunity to augment current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin D Jacobs
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Stephen G Chun
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Jingsheng Yan
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - David A Pistenmaa
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Raquibul Hannan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Kevin S Choe
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - D W Nathan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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Lee KL, Kuo YC, Ho YS, Huang YH. Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutant that produces altered elastase. J Bacteriol 1980; 11:cancers11091334. [PMID: 31505803 PMCID: PMC6769912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is cancer that tested as negative for estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and excess human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein which accounts for 15%–20% of all breast cancer cases. TNBC is considered to be a poorer prognosis than other types of breast cancer, mainly because it involves more aggressive phenotypes that are similar to stem cell–like cancer cells (cancer stem cell, CSC). Thus, targeted treatment of TNBC remains a major challenge in clinical practice. This review article surveys the latest evidence concerning the role of genomic alteration in current TNBC treatment responses, current clinical trials and potential targeting sites, CSC and drug resistance, and potential strategies targeting CSCs in TNBC. Furthermore, the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in stemness expression, chemoresistance, and metastasis in TNBC and their relevance to potential treatments are also discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha-Liang Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Soon Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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