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MacDonald NJ, de la Rosa A, Steeg PS. The potential roles of nm23 in cancer metastasis and cellular differentiation. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:1096-100. [PMID: 7576999 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients succumb to the consequences of metastatic disease. A correlation of increased nm23 expression to low metastatic potential has been established in several malignancies, based on published prognostic studies with tumour cohorts and transfection studies. Transfection of highly metastatic MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma cells with nm23-H1 cDNA resulted in a significant reduction in the metastatic potential in vivo. These transfections also showed inhibition of colonisation and motility, as well as morphological and biosynthetic differentiation in vitro. The biochemical mechanism of Nm23-H1 action, as well as the identity of proteins involved in its functional biochemical pathway, are still unknown. We summarise published and recent research concerning the role of the nm23 gene in metastasis and normal cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J MacDonald
- Women's Cancers Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1500, USA
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52
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Leary JA, Kerr J, Chenevix-Trench G, Doris CP, Hurst T, Houghton CR, Friedlander ML. Increased expression of the NME1 gene is associated with metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1995; 64:189-95. [PMID: 7622307 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910640308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The genetic events involved in the development of metastases of epithelial ovarian cancer are largely unknown. One gene postulated to play a role in tumour metastasis suppression is NME1 (nm23-H1), and an inverse relationship between NME1 expression and metastatic potential has been observed for some solid tumours. In this study we have investigated the levels of mRNA expression of the 2 isoforms of the NME gene, NME1 and NME2. A maximum of 45 tumours samples from 33 patients were available for Northern blot analysis. We observed variable levels expression of NME1 and NME2 mRNA. The average level of NME1, but not NME2, mRNA expression was statistically higher in metastatic biopsies when compared with primary tumour biopsies. To examine the possible tumour suppressor gene role of NME1 in ovarian tumours, 76 patients were investigated by Southern blot analysis to determine the rate of allelic deletion. Allele loss at 5 other chromosome 17 loci (D17S5, TP53, NF1, D17S74, D17S4) was also evaluated for many of these 76 patients. Allele loss was observed in 22/30 (73%) informative patients at the NME1 locus. We also observed high rates of allele loss at the other loci evaluated. No correlations with clinical stage, histological subtype or patient survival were observed in either mRNA or DNA analyses. We have established that tumour progression in ovarian cancer is accompanied by over-expression of the NME1 gene; however, despite high rates of allele loss at the NME1 locus, the concept that NME1 may be a candidate tumour suppressor gene in ovarian cancer cannot be confirmed by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Leary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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53
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Okubo T, Inokuma S, Takeda S, Itoyama S, Kinoshita K, Sugawara I. Expression of nm23-H1 gene product in thyroid, ovary, and breast cancers. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1995; 26:205-13. [PMID: 8521452 DOI: 10.1007/bf02791581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nm23 gene product is one of several possible mediators of cancer invasion and metastasis. As the amounts of nm23-H1 mRNA and gene product are reduced in metastatic lymph nodes from patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, we examined the expression of nm23 gene product in 115 thyroid cancers, 78 ovarian cancers, 63 breast cancers, and metastatic lymph node tissues by immunohistochemistry. It was found that nm23-H1, but not nm23-H2 gene product, was expressed in primary sites of thyroid, ovarian, and breast cancers, except for medullary and anaplastic carcinomas of the thyroid, but expressed only weakly or poorly in metastatic lymph nodes. Although nm23-H1 gene product expression was lower in anaplastic and medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, there was no significant difference in nm23-H1 gene product expression among histological types of ovarian and breast cancers. Our data indicate that the nm23-H1 gene product may play a role in metastasis in these hormone-producing organs and that other factors may be involved in metastasis of anaplastic and medullary carcinomas of the thyroid.
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54
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de la Rosa A, Williams RL, Steeg PS. Nm23/nucleoside diphosphate kinase: toward a structural and biochemical understanding of its biological functions. Bioessays 1995; 17:53-62. [PMID: 7702594 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nm23 gene, a putative metastasis suppressor gene, was originally identified by its reduced expression in highly metastatic K-1735 murine melanoma cell lines, as compared to related, low metastatic melanoma cell lines. Transfection of nm23 cDNA has been reported to suppress malignant progression in Drosophila and mammalian cells. Highly conserved homologues of nm23 have been found in organisms ranging from the prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus to Drosophila, where the gene is involved in normal development and differentiation. The product of the nm23 gene exhibits a nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, yet the nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of Nm23 does not correlate with its apparent biological functions. We review recent cellular, genetic, biochemical and X-ray crystallographic data to formulate and evaluate hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanism of nm23 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de la Rosa
- Women's Cancers Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500
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55
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Zeng ZS, Hsu S, Zhang ZF, Cohen AM, Enker WE, Turnbull AA, Guillem JG. High level of Nm23-H1 gene expression is associated with local colorectal cancer progression not with metastases. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:1025-30. [PMID: 7947079 PMCID: PMC2033541 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the expression of Nm23-H1 in colorectal cancer and liver metastases and to correlate Nm23-H1 expression with clinicopathological variables. Specimens from 59 primary colorectal cancers and five liver metastases were studied using Northern blot hybridisation. The mean +/- s.e. of tumour/normal (T/N) ratio of Nm23-H1 RNA expression was 4.3 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.001) and 5.1 +/- 0.90 (P < 0.01) for colorectal cancer and liver metastases respectively. No significant relationship was observed between the level of Nm23-H1 RNA and the patient's age, sex, tumour location, differentiation, presence of lymph node involvement or distant metastases. Nm23-H1 RNA level was 2.6 +/- 0.5 for tumour size less than 3.0 cm and 4.6 +/- 0.5 for those > or = 3.0 cm (P = 0.05). There appeared to be a trend between increasing relative Nm23-H1 RNA and bowel wall invasion, irrespective of metastatic status (T1 = 1.9 +/- 0.3, T2 = 4.1 +/- 0.6, T3 = 4.1 +/- 0.5 and T4 = 6.4 +/- 1.6). This difference was statistically significant when T1 was compared against > or = T2 lesions (P = 0.01). Western blot analysis reveals two Nm23H-1 bands (17.0 kDa and 18.5 kDa). In 16 colorectal patients, the T/N fold-increase in protein expression was 2.66 +/- 0.46 (P < 0.001) and 2.40 +/- 0.32 (P < 0.001) for the 17.0 and 18.5 kDa band respectively. Both Nm23-H1 RNA and protein levels in primary colorectal cancers do not appear to correlate with synchronous regional or distant metastases. Since Nm23-H1 RNA expression is associated with increasing tumour size and tumour local invasion, Nm23-H1 RNA expression may be associated with local disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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56
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Goodall RJ, Dawkins HJ, Robbins PD, Hähnel E, Sarna M, Hähnel R, Papadimitriou JM, Harvey JM, Sterrett GF. Evaluation of the expression levels of nm23-H1 mRNA in primary breast cancer, benign breast disease, axillary lymph nodes and normal breast tissue. Pathology 1994; 26:423-8. [PMID: 7892043 DOI: 10.1080/00313029400169122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of nm23-H1 were evaluated in a variety of normal benign and malignant breast tissues by Northern and slot blot. Tissues from 153 patients presenting with palpable breast lesions were studied: 132 primary infiltrating breast cancers, 9 pure duct carcinoma in situ lesions, a phyllodes tumor, 9 benign lesions and 2 local recurrences of carcinoma. In addition to lesional tissue, 49 samples of macroscopically normal breast tissue, 37 axillary lymph nodes and 9 samples from patients undergoing cosmetic reduction mammoplasty were studied. Sets of normal breast tissue, primary tumor and lymph node tissue from individual patients were available for comparison in 37 cases. A wide range of gene expression was detected in the various tissue types. The highest levels of expression were detected in malignant samples with in situ carcinomas being associated with the highest levels of gene expression. The expression levels of nm23-H1 in normal breast tissue were lower than the corresponding tumors from the same patients (p < 0.0005). Benign breast lesions (including 6 fibroadenomas) had levels of gene expression approximating those of the normal tissue samples. Normal axillary lymph nodes had significantly lower levels of nm23-H1 expression than nodes with metastatic deposits (p < 0.03). No significant association was observed between nm23-H1 expression levels and axillary node status in patients with infiltrating carcinoma, although there was a slight trend toward lower nm23-H1 mRNA levels in the node negative group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Goodall
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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57
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Hähnel E, Dawkins H, Robbins P, Hähnel R. Expression of stromelysin-3 and nm23 in breast carcinoma and related tissues. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:157-60. [PMID: 8026874 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological functions proposed for the ST3 and nm23 genes in tumour development and progression seem to be directly opposed. Stromelysin-3 (ST3) is a putative member of the matrix metalloproteinase family. ST3 has been implicated in the progression of epithelial malignancies, specifically with regard to an invasive (and therefore potentially metastasizing) phenotype. The nm23 gene, on the other hand, encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase which allegedly has a metastasis-suppressor-type function. It was therefore of interest to compare the expression of ST3 and nm23 in various surgically excised normal and neoplastic breast tissues. RNA was isolated from over 200 surgical specimens and studied by Northern blots. Normal breast tissues did not express ST3, and ST3 expression was detected in only 1 of 20 normal axillary lymph nodes. None of 7 fibroadenomas expressed ST3. In contrast, 60% of primary and metastatic breast carcinomas contained ST3-mRNA. The expression of ST3 was mainly confined to invasive carcinomas and was observed less frequently in pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions. Our results support the suggestion that ST3 expression is related to the malignant process in breast cancer. The role of nm23 is far less clear-cut.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hähnel
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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58
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Fishman JR, Gumerlock PH, Meyers FJ, deVere White RW. Quantitation of NM23 expression in human prostate tissues. J Urol 1994; 152:202-7. [PMID: 7515452 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The NM23 gene family (nm23-H1 and nm23-H2) has been reported as a measure of metastatic potential. The goal of this study was to discriminate nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 gene expression in benign and malignant human prostate tissue and to determine the relationship of their expression to tumor stages. Specimens included 5 benign prostatic hyperplasias (BPH), 11 primary prostate adenocarcinomas (CaP) (5 stage B, 5 stage C and 1 stage D1), 2 pelvic lymph nodes with metastases and 3 prostate cancer cell lines derived from metastatic lesions. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of mRNA (RNA/PCR) was used to amplify transcripts of both NM23 genes and a normalizing gene (c-N-ras) to determine the relative levels of expression. A significant difference was shown between the BPH specimens and the cell lines from metastatic prostate cancer for nm23-H2 expression (p = 0.037) and the nm23-H1/nm23-H2 gene expression ratio (p = 0.037). The nm23-H1/nm23-H2 ratio increased significantly (p = 0.026, tau-b = 0.377) from BPH, through the CaP stages, to the cell lines. The expression of nm23-H2 decreased significantly (p = 0.002, tau-b = -0.517) from BPH, through the CaP stages, to the cell lines. Thus, while nm23-H2 appears to be significant for characterizing stages of CaP, an understanding of the metastatic phenotype will require further analysis of both NM23 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fishman
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
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59
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The two major types of noninvasive breast carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), are quite different in their histopathologic appearance and clinical implications. LCIS is only a marker of an increased risk of later development of invasive carcinoma, whereas most DCIS lesions are at least nonobligate precursors of invasive carcinoma. DCIS is a heterogeneous group of lesions composed of several distinct subtypes, with only the comedo subtype having immediate malignant potential. The authors' purpose was to analyze noninvasive carcinomas for the presence of a gene product (nm23) indicative of a favorable prognosis in invasive carcinomas to determine differences (1) among the different types of CIS and (2) in CIS with and without an accompanying invasive component. METHODS Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect nm23 gene product in archival material from two groups of patients: Group 1 consisted of 54 cases of purely noninvasive carcinoma, and Group 2 consisted of 55 examples of noninvasive carcinoma associated with an invasive component. RESULTS Among the cases of CIS with no invasion, LCIS and comedo DCIS expressed more nm23 than noncomedo DCIS (P < or = 0.03). There were no differences among these CIS subtypes in the group with invasion. Comparing subtypes of CIS in the groups with or without invasion, only comedo DCIS was significantly different, with greater expression in the CIS group with no invasion compared with comedo DCIS associated with an invasive component (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These results support the special nature of LCIS and the heterogeneous nature of DCIS. The in situ component attending an invasive component may be different from anatomically similar lesion without associated invasion. The absence of nm23 in comedo DCIS may be indicative of invasive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Simpson
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
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60
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Kodera Y, Isobe K, Yamauchi M, Kondoh K, Kimura N, Akiyama S, Itoh K, Nakashima I, Takagi H. Expression of nm23 H-1 RNA levels in human gastric cancer tissues. A negative correlation with nodal metastasis. Cancer 1994; 73:259-65. [PMID: 8293386 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940115)73:2<259::aid-cncr2820730205>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression of nm23 has been investigated in number of tumors, including breast cancer, colon cancer, malignant melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its down-regulation has been shown to be associated with metastasis or disease progression in some of the tumors. METHODS nm23 H-1 mRNA levels were investigated in 31 surgically resected specimens of gastric cancer by Northern blot analysis, and association with clinical stages was determined. RESULTS There was no significant difference in nm23 expression between tumor and matching normal mucosa. There was a significant down-regulation of the nm23 gene in gastric cancer with serosal invasion (T3 and T4 by the TNM classification) and nodal metastasis (pN1 and pN2), although the association of the down-regulation with clinically manifest hepatic or peritoneal metastasis was not significant. The tumors with low nm23 expression were associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that the down-regulation of nm23 gene might have a role in metastasis and invasion in gastric cancer, possibly leading to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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61
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Sawan A, Lascu I, Veron M, Anderson JJ, Wright C, Horne CH, Angus B. NDP-K/nm23 expression in human breast cancer in relation to relapse, survival, and other prognostic factors: an immunohistochemical study. J Pathol 1994; 172:27-34. [PMID: 7931824 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711720107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nm23 gene was originally identified by Steeg et al. by screening of cDNA libraries from murine melanoma cell lines of varying metastatic potential. An inverse relationship between metastatic potential and nm23 RNA and/or protein was found in four different metastatic model systems. It was proposed that nm23 may function as a suppressor gene for tumour metastasis. It has recently been found that the sequence of nm23 and NDP-kinase (NDP-K) is identical. Using an immunohistochemical technique and employing a polyclonal antibody to purified NDP-K A, we have determined NDP-K expression in a series of 197 breast carcinomas. One hundred and sixty (81.2 per cent) of these tumours were scored positive for NDP-K and 37 (18.8 per cent) scored negative. No relationship was found between NDP-K/nm23 expression and patient relapse or survival. Furthermore, no relationship was found between NDP-K/nm23 expression and a number of other prognostic factors including tumour grade, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and p53 expression. Our results contradict the hypothesis concerning the possible role of NDP-K/nm23 as a metastatic suppressor gene in human breast cancer, but further studies using antibodies specific for NDP-K/nm23 subtypes are clearly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sawan
- School of Pathological Sciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Smith
- Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute, California Pacific Medical, San Francisco
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63
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nm23-H1 metastasis suppressor gene expression in primary breast cancer: associations with axillary lymph node status, tumour size, type and grade. Breast 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-9776(93)90007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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64
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A serine phosphorylation of Nm23, and not its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, correlates with suppression of tumor metastatic potential. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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65
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Yamaguchi A, Urano T, Fushida S, Furukawa K, Nishimura G, Yonemura Y, Miyazaki I, Nakagawara G, Shiku H. Inverse association of nm23-H1 expression by colorectal cancer with liver metastasis. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:1020-4. [PMID: 8217591 PMCID: PMC1968746 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of nm23-H1 mRNA and protein was studied in colorectal cancers by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry. All 21 colorectal cancers studied by Northern blotting had increased levels of nm23-H1 mRNA relative to the adjacent normal colonic mucosa. Increased nm23-H1 protein expression was also observed in all 36 colorectal cancer cases including those studied by Northern blotting. There was no significant correlation between nm23-H1 expression and tumour histology, serosal invasion, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, or lymph node metastasis. However, the expression of both mRNA and protein was significantly lower in tumours associated with liver metastasis than in those without such metastasis. These observations indicate that the nm23 gene may play a role in the suppression of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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66
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Henderson BR. Expression of the nm23-2/NDP kinase alpha gene in rat mammary and oral carcinoma cells of varying metastatic potential. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:874-8. [PMID: 8217603 PMCID: PMC1968727 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the putative metastasis-suppressor gene, nm23-1, has previously been correlated with high tumour metastatic potential. The involvement of the related and proximally-located nm23-2 gene in the suppression of tumour metastasis, however, has not yet been tested. In this study, we compared nm23-2 RNA levels in cell lines derived from three independent rat mammary carcinomas. Northern blot analysis revealed no correlation between nm23-2 RNA levels and metastatic potential in parent or clonal cell lines derived from chemically-induced (MAT 13762, DMBA-8) or spontaneous (BC1) rat mammary carcinomas. Cloning and sequencing of an nm23-2 cDNA from metastatic BC1 cells demonstrated that the predicted coding sequence of nm23-2 RNA in these cells was not inactivated by mutation. Further analysis showed that the nm23-2 gene was not down-regulated in H-ras-transfected metastatic clones or other metastatic cell lines derived from a spontaneous rat paraoral squamous cell carcinoma, B10. The data do not suggest a correlation between nm23-2 gene expression and metastasis-suppression in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Henderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Westmead Centre, NSW, Australia
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67
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Nakamori S, Ishikawa O, Ohigashi H, Imaoka S, Sasaki Y, Kameyama M, Kabuto T, Furukawa H, Iwanakga T, Kimura N. Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of nucleoside diphosphate kinase/nm23 gene product in human pancreatic exocrine neoplasms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1993; 14:125-33. [PMID: 8283076 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase/nm23 gene product in the surgically resected 59 human pancreatic exocrine neoplasms were examined immunohistochemically using antiNDP kinase antibody. Immunoreactivity for NDP kinase varied from one tumor to the other. Out of the 47 invasive pancreatic duct cell carcinomas examined, 31 (66%) tumors showed strong immunoreactivity for NDP kinase, whereas ten (83%) of 12 benign or less invasive tumors (in situ adenocarcinoma and mucin-producing tumor) showed negative or weak immunoreactivity (p < 0.01; Chi-square test). Overall survival of invasive pancreatic duct cell carcinomas with strong immunoreactivity for NDP kinase was poorer than those with negative or weak immunoreactivity (p < 0.03; generalized Wilcoxon test). Strong immunoreactivity for NDP kinase was associated with the type of histological differentiation, the presence of lymph node metastases (p < 0.05, respectively; Chi-square test), and the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (p < 0.01; Student's t-test). These results suggest that NDP kinase/nm23 gene product expression was positively associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor survival of patients in human pancreatic exocrine neoplasms. They also suggest that NDP kinase expression is related to cell proliferation activity represented by the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions. Therefore, examining the level of NDP kinase/nm23 gene product could serve as a marker for malignant potentiality of pancreatic exocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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68
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Verhoeven D, Van Marck E. Proliferation, basement membrane changes, metastasis and vascularization patterns in human breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 1993; 189:851-61. [PMID: 8302706 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(11)81094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cell proliferation shows a heterogeneous intratumour distribution. By comparison with the infiltrating component of breast cancers, the intraductal component has a significantly lower proliferation index. The cells at the periphery of infiltrating tumour strands have a higher proliferation activity than the cells in the core. A variable turn-over of basement membrane material is reported in infiltrating cancers. Increased amounts of type IV collagen are demonstrated in areas of periductal elastosis and of interstitial elastosis in breast cancer. Important parallels are found between metastatic tumour cells and the macrophages acting in the process of inflammation. We found evidence that displacements of tumour cells and macrophages are similar. Studies of vascularization in transplanted tumours cannot be extrapolated to man. A striking heterogeneity in the organization of vessels and in the expression of some markers is observed in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verhoeven
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
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69
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Invited commentary. World J Surg 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01659124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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70
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Tokunaga Y, Urano T, Furukawa K, Kondo H, Kanematsu T, Shiku H. Reduced expression of nm23-H1, but not of nm23-H2, is concordant with the frequency of lymph-node metastasis of human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:66-71. [PMID: 8102131 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nm23 gene is a potential metastasis-suppressor gene originally identified in a murine melanoma line. Several investigators have reported the probable inverse association of nm23 expression with disease prognosis and/or metastasis. Since there are now 2 known isotypes of human nm23, namely nm23-HI and -H2, we immunohistochemically examined expression of these isotypes in human breast-cancer tissues using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for each isotype protein. We also analyzed expression of c-erbB-2 in the same collection of cancer tissues, in order to examine the significance of nm23 expression in comparison with c-erbB-2 expression. Of 130 tumors from breast-cancer patients, 73 (56%) and 69 (53%) positively expressed nm23-HI and -H2 respectively. Expression of c-erbB-2 was positive in 36 (28%). Expression of nm23-HI, but not nm23-H2, was inversely associated with lymph-node metastasis (p < 0.01). Expression of c-erbB-2 was associated with Tnm stage, tumor size and lymph-node metastasis (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively). Overall survival was better (p = 0.014) in patients in whom expression of nm23-HI was positive than in those in whom it was negative. In multivariate analyses using a Cox's proportional-hazards regression model with 9 variables, nm23-HI showed the fourth greatest contribution to patient survival following lymph-node metastasis, Tnm stage and menopausal status. No significant contribution was shown for c-erbB-2 expression. nm23-HI, but not nm23-H2, may perform a role in disease prognosis in addition to its participation in cancer metastasis. It may have value for predicting long-term survival of human breast-cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokunaga
- Second Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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71
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Nakamori S, Ishikawa O, Ohhigashi H, Kameyama M, Furukawa H, Sasaki Y, Inaji H, Higashiyama M, Imaoka S, Iwanaga T. Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase/nm23 gene product in human pancreatic cancer: an association with lymph node metastasis and tumor invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 1993; 11:151-8. [PMID: 8383029 DOI: 10.1007/bf00114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The expression of nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase/nm23 has been reported to be inversely related to metastasizing potential of experimental cells and human breast cancer. In the present study, levels of NDP kinase/nm23 gene product in curatively resected human pancreatic adenocarcinomas were examined immunohistochemically using anti-NDP kinase antibody. Immunoreactivity for NDP kinase varied between tumors. Of 31 pancreatic tumors examined, 17 (55%; positive staining group) showed strong immunoreactivity for the NDP kinase, while 14 (45%; negative staining group) showed low or no immunoreactivity. Positive staining was associated with higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (13/17; 77%) and perineural invasion (13/17; 77%) than negative staining (5/14, 36%, P < 0.03; 4/14, 29%, P < 0.01, respectively). Positive staining was also associated with shorter overall survival and relapse-free survival than negative staining (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). No significant difference in age, sex, size, location of tumor, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, or histological type was found between the two groups. These results showed that, in contrast to the reports on breast cancer, NDP kinase/nm23 expression in human pancreatic cancer is positively associated with lymph node metastasis or perineural invasion and with poor prognosis. These, together with other previous reports, suggest that NDP kinase may play an important role in cancer progression or aggressiveness by altering its expression in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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72
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Abstract
GTP-binding proteins regulate a wide variety of intracellular signalling pathways in eukaryotic cells. The Ras GTP-binding proteins have received a great deal of attention since they were found to be modified by amino acid substitutions in a large number of cancers. It is now clear that Ras plays an essential role in regulating normal cell growth and differentiation, although how this is achieved biochemically is not known. The cellular concentration of Ras bound to GTP appears to be the limiting factor for signalling, and, not surprisingly, it is tightly controlled by both positive and negative regulators. There is now convincing evidence that the loss of one of these negative regulators of Ras, neurofibromin, can contribute to the development of malignancy; thus, neurofibromin behaves as a tumour suppressor gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rey
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, UK SW3 6JB
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73
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Luo W, Matsuo K, Nagayama Y, Urano T, Furukawa K, Takeshita A, Nakayama T, Yokoyama N, Yamashita S, Izumi M. Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of nm23-H1/nucleoside diphosphate kinase in human thyroid carcinomas: lack of correlation between its expression and lymph node metastasis. Thyroid 1993; 3:105-9. [PMID: 8396479 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1993.3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The nm23 gene that encodes nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase has been proposed as a candidate tumor metastasis suppressor in rodent experimental carcinoma models and several types of human carcinomas. The present studies were designed to investigate, by immunohistochemical analysis, whether thyroid tissues express the nm23-H1/NDP kinase and, if so, whether the nm23-H1/NDP kinase expression is correlated to tumor metastasis suppressor potential in thyroid tumors. We found that normal thyroid epithelial cells were stained weakly but homogeneously by mouse monoclonal anti-nm23-H1/NDP kinase antibody. The staining intensity of the nm23-H1/NDP kinase in benign thyroid tumors tended to be weaker than that in normal thyroid tissues. In contrast, a series of malignant thyroid tumors expressed differently the nm23-H1/NDP kinase: the intensity of the nm23-H1/NDP kinase staining was stronger in 22 of 49 malignant tumors (45%), similar in 24 (49%), and weaker in 3 (6%) compared to that in normal tissues. The comparison of the staining intensity of the nm23-H1/NDP kinase in primary lesions of tumors with lymph node metastases and those without metastases revealed no statistically significant difference. In addition, there was also no significant difference in the nm23-H1/NDP kinase staining intensity of primary and metastatic lymph node lesions of tumors with lymph node metastases. These data indicate that the nm23-H1/NDP kinase may not be a good predictive marker for tumor regional metastatic potential in malignant thyroid tumors. We conclude that in thyroid tumors the nm23-H1/NDP kinase expression may be dissociated from metastasis suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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74
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Bennett DC. Genetics, development, and malignancy of melanocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 146:191-260. [PMID: 8360012 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Bennett
- St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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75
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Steeg PS, de la Rosa A, Flatow U, MacDonald NJ, Benedict M, Leone A. Nm23 and breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 25:175-87. [PMID: 8347849 DOI: 10.1007/bf00662142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The majority of breast cancer patients succumb to metastatic disease. We summarize published and recent research concerning the nm23 gene in breast cancer metastasis. In a murine developmental study, nm23 expression increased with the functional differentiation of the mammary gland in nulliparous and pregnant animals. In human breast cancer, five studies have now demonstrated a significant association between reduced nm23 expression, at the RNA or protein levels, and aggressive tumor behavior. Nm23-negative tumor cells have been observed in comedo ductal carcinoma in situ lesions in two independent studies, indicating that decreases in nm23 expression begin prior to actual histologically identifiable invasion. Transfection studies, in which human nm23-H1 cDNA was expressed in the metastatic human MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cell line, indicate that nm23-H1 suppresses in vivo metastatic potential by 50-90%. Finally, our data in melanoma and breast carcinoma transfection systems suggest that the biochemical mechanism of nm23 suppressive activity is likely not due to its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, association with GAP proteins, or secretion from cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Steeg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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76
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Melki R, Lascu I, Carlier MF, Véron M. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase does not directly interact with tubulin nor microtubules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:65-72. [PMID: 1325795 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase has been shown to play a role in proliferation and development. Microtubules have been evoked as a possible target of NDP kinase action; in particular it was proposed that NDP kinase could regulate the cellular pool of polymerizable GTP-tubulin by direct phosphorylation of tubulin bound GDP. We show that this reaction does not occur in vitro and also that NDP kinase does not bind to microtubules both in the presence and absence of MAPs. Thus, any possible physiological effect of NDP kinase on microtubule dynamics is exerted only by modulating the concentrations of free guanine nucleotides in the vicinity of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Melki
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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77
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Abstract
The dissemination of malignant cells is the result of successive and complex biological steps. In most cases, physiopathological observations can explain the different cases of metastatic spread observed in clinical oncology. Our knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in tumoral dissemination is poor. However, recent data have disclosed cellular modifications associated with malignant spread: these observations concern physiopathological aspects of the cytoplasmic membrane of malignant cells, their interconnexion with the stroma of tumors, the characterisation of new genes involved in tumoral progression and viral oncogenic mechanisms involved in cervical neoplasia. These data will yield biological parameters of potential value in assessing the metastatic risk of malignant tumors at the time of diagnosis. In the near future, it should be possible to more accurately select patients for antitumoral therapy and to achieve a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in tumoral progression.
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