51
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Manzara T, Carrasco P, Gruissem W. Developmental and organ-specific changes in promoter DNA-protein interactions in the tomato rbcS gene family. THE PLANT CELL 1991; 3:1305-16. [PMID: 1840899 PMCID: PMC160093 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.12.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The five genes encoding ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcS) from tomato are differentially expressed. Transcription of the genes is organ specific and developmentally regulated in fruit and light regulated in cotyledons and leaves. DNase I footprinting assays were used to map multiple sites of DNA-protein interaction in the promoter regions of all five genes and to determine whether the differential transcriptional activity of each gene correlated with developmental or organ-specific changes in DNA-protein interactions. We show organ-specific differences in DNase I protection patterns, suggesting that differential transcription of rbcS genes is controlled at least in part at the level of DNA-protein interactions. In contrast, no changes were detected in the DNase I footprint pattern generated with nuclear extracts from dark-grown cotyledons versus cotyledons exposed to light, implying that light-dependent regulation of rbcS transcription is controlled by protein-protein interactions or modification of DNA binding proteins. During development of tomato fruit, most DNA-protein interactions in the rbcS promoter regions disappear, coincident with the transcriptional inactivation of the rbcS genes. In nuclear extracts from nonphotosynthetic roots and red fruit, the only detectable DNase I protection corresponds to a G-box binding activity. Detection of other DNA binding proteins in extracts from these organs and expression of nonphotosynthetic genes exclude the possibility that roots and red fruit are transcriptionally inactive. The absence of complex promoter protection patterns in these organs suggests either that cooperative interactions between different DNA binding proteins are necessary to form functional transcription complexes or that there is developmental and organ-specific regulation of several rbcS-specific transcription factors in these organs. The DNase I-protected DNA sequences defined in this study are discussed in the context of conserved DNA sequence motifs and previously characterized binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Manzara
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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52
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Chen KQ, Rubenstein I. Characterization of the structure and transcription of an ubiquitin fusion gene from maize. Gene 1991; 107:205-12. [PMID: 1660830 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90320-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a maize ubiquitin (Ubi) fusion gene (UBF9) by screening a maize W22 genomic phage lambda library with a short (16-nucleotide) oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe derived from the sequence for the extension sequence of a yeast UB13 fusion gene. UBF9 consists of an UB monomer sequence (228 bp long) joined to an extension sequence (237 bp long). The extension sequence encodes a protein of 79 amino acids which shares extensive identity with similar extension aa sequences found in yeast, humans, barley and Arabidopsis thaliana. UBF9 encodes a small-size class of Ubi mRNAs in the maize tissues investigated. The UBF9 transcript is present in high levels in maize endosperm tissues 22 days after pollination. Genomic Southern blots of maize inbred W22 DNA indicate that the fusion gene sequences are present in multiple copies in the maize genome. Primer extension experiments indicate that the transcription start point is located at 80 bp upstream from the translation start codon of UBF9. Two 37-bp tandem repeated A + T-rich sequences are found in the 5'-flanking region of UBF9. The A + T-rich sequences share the motif, AATATTTTATT, which is present in a diverse set of plant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Q Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Plant Molecular Genetics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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53
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Jørgensen JE, Stougaard J, Marcker KA. A two-component nodule-specific enhancer in the soybean N23 gene promoter. THE PLANT CELL 1991; 3:819-27. [PMID: 1820821 PMCID: PMC160049 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.8.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The two positive cis elements in the soybean nodulin N23 gene promoter were investigated in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants and shown to constitute a two-component nodule-specific enhancer. Equal quantitative contributions from the two components were suggested by the similar expression level of chimeric N23-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes after deletion of either the distal positive element (PE-A, -320 to -298) or the proximal positive element (PE-B, -257 to -165). A combined effect of the two elements was indicated by orientation-dependent effects in the N23 promoter, and by the observation that neither PE-A nor PE-B separately was able to confer any activity to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S minimal promoter. Reactivation of the minimal N23 and the minimal cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoters by the inverted complete element (PE-AB) further suggested that PE-AB is a nodule-specific enhancer containing two equally strong enhancer components. Two 12-bp sequence motifs, InvA and InvB, constituting an inverted repeat, were identified as the core of the enhancer components PE-A and PE-B, respectively. Point mutations in InvA or InvB resulted in lower expression levels and mutations in both abolished enhancer activity. Point mutations in two nodulin consensus sequences, 5'-CTCTT and 5'-AAAGAT located downstream of PE-AB, resulted in a decreased level of expression, confirming the involvement of these two motifs in nodulin gene expression. The binding site for the nodule-specific trans-acting factor, NAT2, present in the PE-A segment, was removed without affecting expression significantly. This interaction is, therefore, dispensable for enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Jørgensen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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54
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Lessard PA, Allen RD, Bernier F, Crispino JD, Fujiwara T, Beachy RN. Multiple nuclear factors interact with upstream sequences of differentially regulated beta-conglycinin genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:397-413. [PMID: 1893110 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the alpha' and beta subunit genes of beta-conglycinin is differentially regulated during soybean embryo development. Although both are expressed solely in developing seeds during mid to late stages of embryo development, the alpha' subunit is expressed more highly on a per gene basis, and alpha' subunit mRNA begins to accumulate three to five days earlier than beta subunit mRNA. In cultured cotyledons, beta subunit gene(s) respond to changes in methionine or abscisic acid levels, whereas expression of the alpha' subunit gene(s) is unaffected by these changes. To investigate the mechanisms by which these genes are transcriptionally regulated, we examined the interactions of nuclear proteins with upstream sequences from the alpha' and beta subunit genes. Four distinct DNA binding factors were identified in nuclear extracts from developing soybean seeds. These factors are termed Soybean Embryo Factors (SEF) 1 through 4. SEF binding sites are distributed non-uniformly between the alpha' and beta subunit genes, and the amount of protein binding is modulated over the course of embryo development. DNA footprinting revealed the sequences recognized by three of these factors. Factors which behave in a manner similar to that of SEF3 were also identified in nuclear extracts from developing tobacco and sunflower seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lessard
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
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55
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Roth BA, Goff SA, Klein TM, Fromm ME. C1- and R-dependent expression of the maize Bz1 gene requires sequences with homology to mammalian myb and myc binding sites. THE PLANT CELL 1991; 3:317-325. [PMID: 1840914 PMCID: PMC160002 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of the maize anthocyanin Bronze-1 (Bz1) gene is controlled by the products of several regulatory genes. These include C1 or Pl and R or B that share homology to the myb proto-oncogenes and myc-like genes, respectively. Bz1 expression in embryo tissues is dependent on C1 and an R-sc allele of R. Transient expression from mutated and deleted versions of the Bz1 promoter fused to a luciferase reporter gene was measured in C1, Rscm2 embryos after gene transfer by microprojectiles. This analysis revealed that the sequences between -76 base pairs (bp) and -45 bp and a 9-bp AT-rich block between -88 bp and -80 bp were critical for Bz1 expression. The -76 bp to -45 bp region includes two short sequences that are homologous to the consensus binding sites of the myb- and myc-like proteins. Site-specific mutations of these "myb" and "myc" sequences reduced Bz1 expression to 10% and 1% of normal, respectively. Additionally, a trimer of a 38-bp oligonucleotide containing these myb and myc sites increased the expression of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S minimal promoter by 26-fold. This enhancement was dependent on both C1 and R. Because the sites critical for Bz1 expression are homologous to the myb and myc consensus binding sequences and the C1 and R proteins share homology with the myb and myc products, respectively, we propose that C1 and R interact with the Bz1 promoter at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Roth
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture/University of California, Berkeley, Albany 94710
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56
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57
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Nirunsuksiri W, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Characterization of a novel nodulin gene in soybean that shares sequence similarity to the gene for nodulin-24. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990; 15:835-49. [PMID: 2103476 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding for nodulin-16 (N-16) was isolated from a soybean genomic library. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA and the genomic clone of N-16 indicated that the coding region of this gene is 330 bp long and is interrupted by a single intron of 494 bp. The coding region of the N-16 gene shows a high degree of localized sequence similarity with the coding sequence of soybean nodulin-24 (N-24). Sequence similarity between the two genes is limited to the coding region of 90 bp in the first exon and the first 54 bp in the second exon of the N-16 gene which is repeated as the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th exons in the N-24 gene. The N-24 gene has been postulated to be a result of repeated duplication of an insertion element consisting of the 54 bp exon and the flanking intron sequences. In the absence of sequence similarity in the regions flanking the 54 bp sequence between the N-16 and N-24 genes, the N-16 gene does not appear to be the ancestral gene. Both N-16 and N-24 have a similar hydrophobic amino terminal end suggesting that N-16 like N-24 is targeted to the peribacteroid membrane. Southern analysis of soybean genomic DNA shows the presence of other related sequences to the N-16 gene, one of which is found to be closely linked to it. Analysis of the temporal accumulation of the N-16 transcripts during nodule development in effective and ineffective nodules suggests that N-16 and related genes might differ from leghemoglobin and some other late nodulin genes in their mechanism of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nirunsuksiri
- Molecular Biology Program/Dept. of Agronomy and Horticulture/Plant Genetic Engineering Labs, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003
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58
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Nap JP, Bisseling T. Developmental Biology of a Plant-Prokaryote Symbiosis: The Legume Root Nodule. Science 1990; 250:948-54. [PMID: 17746918 DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4983.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of nitrogen fixing root nodules on the roots of leguminous plants is induced by soil bacteria (for example, from the genus Rhizobium). The formation of this plant organ involves specific activation of genes in both plant and bacterium. Analysis of these genes gives insight into the way in which plant and bacterium succeed in coordinating plant development.
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59
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Abstract
Several promoter elements have previously been shown to influence the expression of the cab-E gene in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Here we demonstrate, by electrophoretic mobility shift and methylation interference assays, that a complex pattern of protein-DNA interactions characterizes this promoter. Among the multiple proteins identified, we focused on five different factors which either occupied important regulatory elements and/or were present in relatively large amounts in nuclear extracts. All of these proteins were distinguished on the basis of their recognition sequence and other biochemical parameters. One, GBF, interacted with a single sequence within the cab-E promoter homologous to the G-box found in many photoregulated and other plant promoters. A second factor, GA-1, bound to the GATA element which is located between the CAAT and TATA boxes of the cab-E and all other LHCII Type I CAB promoters. GA-1 also interacted in vitro with the I-boxes of the Arabidopsis rbcS-1A promoter and the as-2 site of the CaMV 35S promoter. Two other factors, GC-1 and AT-1, bound to multiple recognition sites localized within the GC-rich and AT-rich elements, respectively. GT-1, a protein which interacts with promoters of other light-regulated genes, bound to seven distinct sites distributed throughout the cab-E promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schindler
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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60
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Czarnecka E, Fox PC, Gurley WB. In Vitro Interaction of Nuclear Proteins with the Promoter of Soybean Heat Shock Gene Gmhsp17.5E. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 94:935-43. [PMID: 16667874 PMCID: PMC1077325 DOI: 10.1104/pp.94.3.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins present in crude nuclear extracts of soybean (Glycine max) plumules were shown to bind in vitro to the 5' flanking sequences of the soybean heat shock gene Gmhsp17.5E. The specificity of binding activity present in extracts from both control (28 degrees C) and heat shocked (40 degrees C) tissues was demonstrated by reciprocal competition experiments using gel mobility retardation assays. Footprinting experiments using DNase I with crude nuclear extracts indicated that a continuous stretch of 5' flanking sequences extending from -40 to -153 was protected from digestion in vitro. Nuclear proteins that were partially purified by heparin agarose chromatography were shown to bind specific TATA-proximal sequences containing the heat shock consensus elements (HSEs) (-73 to -49; -107 to -84) and AT-rich motifs (-119 to -153). Other binding sites within AT-rich sequences (-906 to -888, -868 to 863, -859 to 853, and -841 to -830), distal HSE elements (-568 to -532) and a TATA/dyad (-234 to -207) were also identified by DNase I footprinting of TATA-distal probes. DNA binding activities specific for the HSE and AT-rich sequences were present in nuclear extracts from both control and heat shocked tissues. Both types of binding activity were increased after heat shock treatment; HSE binding increased from 1.8- to 2.7-fold, and binding to AT-rich sequences showed an increase from 1.3- to 1.7-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Czarnecka
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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61
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Takaiwa F, Oono K. Interaction of an immature seed-specific trans-acting factor with the 5' upstream region of a rice glutelin gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1990; 224:289-93. [PMID: 2277646 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 5' flanking region of a glutelin gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from immature rice seed. The specific region between positions -272 and -99 was shown to interact with nuclear proteins from immature seeds, but not with those of leaves and roots. Methylation interference experiments revealed that one factor interacted with a specific sequence element between positions -130 and -120 relative to the transcriptional start site. The sequence specificity of this DNA-protein interaction was confirmed by competition experiments using synthetic oligonucleotides. By using a synthetic oligonucleotide as a probe it was also shown that the binding activity was closely correlated with the mRNA levels of this gene during seed maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Takaiwa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ibaraki, Japan
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62
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Guiltinan MJ, Marcotte WR, Quatrano RS. A plant leucine zipper protein that recognizes an abscisic acid response element. Science 1990; 250:267-71. [PMID: 2145628 DOI: 10.1126/science.2145628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which phytohormones, like abscisic acid (ABA), regulate gene expression is unknown. An activity in nuclear extracts that interacts with the ABA response element (ABRE) from the 5' regulatory region of the wheat Em gene was identified. A complementary DNA clone was isolated whose product is a DNA binding protein (EmBP-1) that interacts specifically with an 8-base pair (bp) sequence (CACGTGGC) in the ABRE. A 2-bp mutation in this sequence prevented binding of EmBP-1. The same mutation reduced the ability of the ABRE to confer ABA responsiveness on a viral promoter in a transient assay. The 8-bp EmBP-1 target sequence was found to be conserved in several other ABA-responsive promoters and in promoters from plants that respond to signals other than ABA. Similar sequences are found in promoters from mammals, yeast, and in the major late promoter of adenovirus. The deduced amino acid sequence of EmBP-1 contains conserved basic and leucine zipper domains found in transcription factors in plants, yeast, and mammals. EmBP-1 may be a member of a highly conserved family of proteins that recognize a core sequence found in the regulatory regions of various genes that are integrated into a number of different response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Guiltinan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280
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63
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Szabados L, Ratet P, Grunenberg B, de Bruijn FJ. Functional analysis of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin glb3 gene 5'-upstream region in transgenic Lotus corniculatus and Nicotiana tabacum plants. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:973-86. [PMID: 2136628 PMCID: PMC159946 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.10.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin glb3 gene was analyzed in transgenic Lotus corniculatus and tobacco plants harboring chimeric glb3-uidA (gus) gene fusions to identify cis-acting elements involved in nodule-specific gene expression and general transcriptional control. A 1.9-kilobase fragment of the glb3 5'-upstream region was found to direct a high level of nodule-specific beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in L. corniculatus, restricted to the Rhizobium-infected cells of the nodules. The same fragment directed a low level of GUS activity in tobacco, restricted primarily to the roots and to phloem cells of the stem and petiole vascular system. A deletion analysis revealed that the region between coordinates -429 and -48 relative to the ATG was sufficient for nodule-specific expression. Replacement of the -161 to -48 region, containing the glb3 CAAT and TATA boxes, with the heterologous truncated promoters delta-p35S and delta-pnos resulted in a loss of nodule specificity and reduction of GUS activity in L. corniculatus but a significant increase in tobacco, primarily in the roots. The same fragment could not direct nodule-specific expression when fused to a heterologous enhancer in cis. This region contains DNA sequences required, but not sufficient, for nodule-specific expression in L. corniculatus that function poorly or may be involved in promoter silencing in tobacco. By fusing further upstream fragments to the delta-p35S and delta-pnos promoters, two positive regulatory regions were delimited between coordinates -1601 and -670, as well as -429 and -162. The former region appears to function as a general enhancer because it significantly increased promoter activity in both orientations in L. corniculatus and tobacco. The latter region could enhance gene expression in both orientations in tobacco, but only in the correct orientation in L. corniculatus. These results show that efficient expression of the S. rostrata glb3 gene in nodules is mediated by an ATG-proximal, tissue-specific element, as well as further 5'-upstream positive elements; that the S. rostrata glb3 promoter is induced in a nodule-specific fashion in the heterologous legume L. corniculatus, suggesting a high degree of conservation of the relevant regulatory signals; and that the S. rostrata lb promoter is not silent in the nonlegume tobacco, but is expressed primarily in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Szabados
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Federal Republic of Germany
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64
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Forde BG, Freeman J, Oliver JE, Pineda M. Nuclear factors interact with conserved A/T-rich elements upstream of a nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase gene from French bean. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:925-939. [PMID: 1983793 PMCID: PMC159942 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.9.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The gln-gamma gene, encoding the gamma subunit of glutamine synthetase in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is strongly induced during nodule development. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 1.3-kilobase region at its 5' end and have identified several sequences common to the promoter regions of late nodulin genes from other legume species. The 5'-flanking region was analyzed for sequence-specific interactions with nuclear factors from French bean. A factor from nodules (PNF-1) was identified that binds to multiple sites between -860 and -154, and a related but distinct factor (PRF-1) was detected in extracts from uninfected roots. PNF-1 and PRF-1 bound strongly to a synthetic oligonucleotide containing the sequence of an A/T-rich 21-base pair imperfect repeat found at positions -516 and -466. The same factors also had a high affinity for a protein binding site from a soybean leghemoglobin gene and appeared to be closely related to the soybean nodule factor NAT2, which binds to A/T-rich sequences in the lbc3 and nodulin 23 genes [Jacobsen et al. (1990). Plant Cell 2, 85-94]. Comparison of NAT2/PNF-1 binding sites from a variety of nodulin genes revealed the conservation of the short consensus core motif TATTTWAT, and evidence was obtained that this sequence is important for protein recognition. Cross-recognition by PNF-1 of a protein binding site in a soybean seed protein gene points to the existence of a ubiquitous family of factors with related binding affinities. Our data suggest that PNF-1 and PRF-1 belong to an evolutionarily conserved group of nuclear factors that interact with specific A/T-rich sequences in a diverse set of plant genes. We consider the possible role of these factors in coregulating the expression of gln-gamma and other late nodulin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Forde
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
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65
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Lam E, Kano-Murakami Y, Gilmartin P, Niner B, Chua NH. A metal-dependent DNA-binding protein interacts with a constitutive element of a light-responsive promoter. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:857-66. [PMID: 2152132 PMCID: PMC159936 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.9.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have used DNase I footprinting to characterize nuclear factors that bind to the light-responsive promoter of pea rbcS-3A, one member of the gene family encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. A sequence-specific binding activity, designated 3AF1, binds to an AT-rich sequence present at the -45 region of the rbcS-3A promoter. A tetramer of the 3AF1 binding site, designated as Box VI, can form multiple complexes with tobacco leaf and root nuclear extracts. Mutations of 3 base pairs in Box VI severely reduce DNA-protein complex formation in vitro. The wild-type Box VI tetramer, but not the mutant tetramer, is active in transgenic tobacco plants when placed upstream of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter truncated at -90. These results correlate binding of 3AF1 to the in vivo function of Box VI. The Box VI tetramer/35S chimeric construct confers expression in diverse cell types and organs and its activity is not dependent on light. By using the Box VI tetramer as a probe to screen a cDNA expression library, we have obtained a putative cDNA clone for the 3AF1 DNA-binding activity. Lysogen extracts of Escherichia coli expressing the cDNA clone give sequence-specific complexes with Box VI. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the cDNA contains two stretches of about 100 residues that are 80% homologous. Moreover, in each of the two repeats, there is an arrangement of histidines and cysteines, which may be related to the two known types of zinc-finger motifs found in many DNA-binding proteins. Consistent with the expectation that metal coordination plays an important role in DNA binding by this protein, we found that 1,10-phenanthroline can abolish the formation of DNA-protein complexes. Interestingly, we found that the same treatment did not abolish the DNA binding activity of 3AF1 in crude nuclear extracts of tobacco. These data indicate that the nuclear 3AF1 activity is likely due to multiple DNA-binding proteins all interacting with Box VI in vitro. RNA gel blot analysis shows that multiple transcripts homologous to this cDNA clone are expressed in different tobacco organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lam
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399
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66
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Liu XJ, Prat S, Willmitzer L, Frommer WB. cis regulatory elements directing tuber-specific and sucrose-inducible expression of a chimeric class I patatin promoter/GUS-gene fusion. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1990; 223:401-6. [PMID: 2270080 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-upstream region of the class I patatin gene B33 directs strong expression of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in potato tubers and in leaves treated with sucrose. Cis-acting elements affecting specificity and level of expression were identified by deletion analysis in transgenic potato plants. A putative tuber-specific element is located downstream from position -195. Nuclear proteins present in leaf and tuber extracts bind specifically to a conserved AT rich motif within this region. A DNA fragment between -183 and -143, including the binding site is, however, not able to enhance the expression of a truncated 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Independent positive elements contributing to a 100-fold increase relative to the basic tuber-specific element are located between -228 and -195; -736 and -509, -930 and -736 and -1512 and -951. Sucrose inducibility is controlled by sequences downstream of position -228, indicating that the tuber-specific and sucrose-inducible elements are in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Liu
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH, FRG
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67
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Stougaard J, Jørgensen JE, Christensen T, Kühle A, Marcker KA. Interdependence and nodule specificity of cis-acting regulatory elements in the soybean leghemoglobin lbc3 and N23 gene promoters. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1990; 220:353-60. [PMID: 2338938 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative contributions of four separate cis-acting DNA elements controlling the root nodule-specific soybean leghemoglobin lbc3 gene were analyzed in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants. Expression from internal deletions in the 5' region between positions -49 and -1956 was monitored from a CAT reporter gene. The strong positive element (SPE; -1090, -947) responsible for high-level expression was demonstrated to be an organ-specific element by deleting proximal nodule-specific control elements. Deletion of the downstream qualitative organ-specific element (OSE; -139, -102) containing the putative nodulin consensus sequences 5'AAAGAT and 5'CTCTT resulted in a low expression level. Efficient SPE enhancement is therefore dependent on the organ-specific element, which by itself does not enhance expression. This quantitative effect of the immediate upstream region carrying the consensus sequences was also found in hybrid promoter studies using the soybean nodulin N23 gene promoter, suggesting the involvement of these motifs in a regulatory mechanism for nodulin genes. Deletion of the lbc3 negative element (NE, -102, -49) linking the SPE and OSE onto the TATA box did not lead to unregulated expression. These results indicate that interaction between positive, negative and neutral qualitative elements controls lbc3 expression. Binding of the nuclear protein NAT2 at the lbc3 weak positive element (WPE; -230, -170) is probably not directly required for this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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68
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Jacobsen K, Laursen NB, Jensen EO, Marcker A, Poulsen C, Marcker KA. HMG I-like proteins from leaf and nodule nuclei interact with different AT motifs in soybean nodulin promoters. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:85-94. [PMID: 2152106 PMCID: PMC159866 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Three different nuclear factors recognizing short AT-rich DNA sequences were identified in different organs of soybean. One factor (NAT2) was found to be present in mature nodules, another factor (NAT1) was detected in roots and nodules, and a third one (LAT1) was only observed in leaves. All three factors recognized several DNA sequences in the promoter region of the soybean nodulin N23 gene. Footprinting, deletion, and point mutation analyses revealed different binding properties for all three factors and further showed that even single base pair substitutions had a dramatic effect on binding affinity. The LAT1 and NAT1 factors were released from chromatin by extraction with a low-salt buffer and were soluble in 2% trichloroacetic acid, implying a relationship to high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. DNA binding studies further indicated a functional relationship of these factors to the human HMG I protein. Purification of the LAT1 factor from leaf nuclei revealed the presence of two polypeptides with molecular masses of 21 kilodaltons and 23 kilodaltons, respectively, binding the same DNA sequence with equal affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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69
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Franssen HJ, Thompson DV, Idler K, Kormelink R, van Kammen A, Bisseling T. Nucleotide sequence of two soybean ENOD2 early nodulin genes encoding Ngm-75. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990; 14:103-6. [PMID: 2101308 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Franssen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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70
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Dixon RA, Harrison MJ. Activation, structure, and organization of genes involved in microbial defense in plants. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1990; 28:165-234. [PMID: 2239449 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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71
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de Bruijn FJ, Szabados L, Schell J. Chimeric genes and transgenic plants are used to study the regulation of genes involved in symbiotic plant-microbe interactions (nodulin genes). DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1990; 11:182-96. [PMID: 2279354 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nodulin genes are plant genes specifically activated during the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants. These genes are interesting to study since they are not only induced in a specific developmental fashion by signals coming directly or indirectly from the rhizobial symbiont, but are also expressed in a tissue-specific manner. By examining the expression of chimeric nodulin-reporter genes in transgenic legume plants it has been shown that nodule specific expression is mediated by DNA sequences present in the 5 upstream region of several nodulin genes. Here we summarize the available data on these cis-acting elements and the trans-acting factors interacting with them. We also review experiments designed to identify rhizobial "signals" which may play a role in nodule specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J de Bruijn
- Max-Plank-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Federal Republic of Germany
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72
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Holdsworth MJ, Laties GG. Identification of a wound-induced inhibitor of a nuclear factor that binds the carrot extensin gene. PLANTA 1989; 180:74-81. [PMID: 24201846 DOI: 10.1007/bf02411412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1989] [Accepted: 08/15/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Following wounding of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots, the activity of a nuclear factor (EGBF-1) that binds a 5'-region of the carrot extensin gene declines to undetectable levels within 48 h. Mixing of nuclear extracts from wounded roots with nuclear extracts from unwounded roots has demonstrated the existence of a wound-induced inhibitor of EGBF-1. Inhibition of EGBF-1 DNA-binding activity by nuclear extracts from wounded roots is shown to be specific for EGBF-1, and to be destroyed by heat treatment. In addition, inhibition is saturable and occurs rapidly. Active EGBF-1 can be reconstituted from its inhibited state by renaturation of proteins from mixed extracts following denaturation by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol, and electrophoretic separation, indicating that inhibition is dependent upon the reversible interaction of EGBF-1 with a titratable factor. However, EGBF-1 activity could not be detected in nuclear extracts from wounded roots following denaturation and electrophoretic separation. Inhibitory activity was not detectable in nuclear extracts from roots that had been trated with ethylene. The action of the inhibitor indicates one possible mechanism for the control of EGBF-1 activity in carrot roots following wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Holdsworth
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California/Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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73
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Bandyopadhyay RS, Bruce WB, Gurley WB. Regulatory elements within the agropine synthase promoter of T-DNA. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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74
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Datta N, Cashmore AR. Binding of a pea nuclear protein to promoters of certain photoregulated genes is modulated by phosphorylation. THE PLANT CELL 1989; 1:1069-77. [PMID: 2562560 PMCID: PMC159844 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.1.11.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous recent reports documenting phosphorylation of DNA-binding proteins [Montminy and Bilezikjian (1987); Sorger, Lewis, and Pelham (1987); Hoeffler, Kovelman, and Roeder (1988); Jones et al. (1988); Prywes et al. (1988); Sorger and Pelham (1988); Yamamoto et al. (1988)], and the transcriptional regulatory activity of at least one of these proteins appears to be modulated by this modification [Montminy and Bilezikjian (1987); Yamamoto et al. (1988)]. We report here on a plant nuclear protein, the DNA-binding activity of which is strongly affected by phosphorylation. This protein, AT-1, binds to specific AT-rich elements (the AT-1 box) within promoters of certain nuclear genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the polypeptide components of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex. A consensus sequence of AATATTTTTATT was derived for the AT-1 box. We demonstrate that the DNA-binding ability of AT-1, from nuclear extracts of pea, can be reversibly modulated by phosphorylation. AT-1 is active in the nonphosphorylated form and loses all DNA-binding ability as a result of phosphorylation. The kinase that phosphorylates AT-1 uses both Mg-ATP and Mg-GTP as a substrate and is inhibited by heparin and spermine, indicative of an NII-type casein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Datta
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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75
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Bustos MM, Guiltinan MJ, Jordano J, Begum D, Kalkan FA, Hall TC. Regulation of beta-glucuronidase expression in transgenic tobacco plants by an A/T-rich, cis-acting sequence found upstream of a French bean beta-phaseolin gene. THE PLANT CELL 1989; 1:839-53. [PMID: 2535526 PMCID: PMC159821 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.1.9.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A 0.8-kilobase fragment from the 5'-flanking region of a French bean beta-phaseolin gene yielded strong, temporally regulated, and embryo-specific expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic tobacco plants, paralleling that found for the seed protein phaseolin [Sengupta-Gopalan, C., Reichert, N.A., Barker, R.F., Hall. T.C., and Kemp, J.D. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3320-3324]. Gel retardation and footprinting assays using nuclear extracts from immature bean cotyledons revealed strong binding of nuclear proteins to an upstream region (-628 to -682) that contains two inverted A/T-rich motifs. Fusion of a 103-base pair fragment or a 55-base pair synthetic oligonucleotide containing these motifs to a minimal 35S promoter/GUS cassette yielded strong GUS expression in several tissues. A different pattern of GUS expression was obtained in immature embryos and germinating seedlings from the nominally constitutive, full-length, 35S promoter. Whereas GUS expression under the control of the 0.8-kilobase beta-phaseolin regulatory region is limited to immature embryos, expression from constructs containing the A/T-rich motifs is strongest in roots. These data, combined with S1 mapping, provide direct evidence that a plant upstream A/T-rich sequence that binds nuclear proteins can activate transcription in vivo. They also indicate that additional regulatory elements in the beta-phaseolin 5'-flanking region are required for embryo-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bustos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-3258
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76
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Bustos MM, Guiltinan MJ, Jordano J, Begum D, Kalkan FA, Hall TC. Regulation of beta-glucuronidase expression in transgenic tobacco plants by an A/T-rich, cis-acting sequence found upstream of a French bean beta-phaseolin gene. THE PLANT CELL 1989. [PMID: 2535526 DOI: 10.2307/3868932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A 0.8-kilobase fragment from the 5'-flanking region of a French bean beta-phaseolin gene yielded strong, temporally regulated, and embryo-specific expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic tobacco plants, paralleling that found for the seed protein phaseolin [Sengupta-Gopalan, C., Reichert, N.A., Barker, R.F., Hall. T.C., and Kemp, J.D. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3320-3324]. Gel retardation and footprinting assays using nuclear extracts from immature bean cotyledons revealed strong binding of nuclear proteins to an upstream region (-628 to -682) that contains two inverted A/T-rich motifs. Fusion of a 103-base pair fragment or a 55-base pair synthetic oligonucleotide containing these motifs to a minimal 35S promoter/GUS cassette yielded strong GUS expression in several tissues. A different pattern of GUS expression was obtained in immature embryos and germinating seedlings from the nominally constitutive, full-length, 35S promoter. Whereas GUS expression under the control of the 0.8-kilobase beta-phaseolin regulatory region is limited to immature embryos, expression from constructs containing the A/T-rich motifs is strongest in roots. These data, combined with S1 mapping, provide direct evidence that a plant upstream A/T-rich sequence that binds nuclear proteins can activate transcription in vivo. They also indicate that additional regulatory elements in the beta-phaseolin 5'-flanking region are required for embryo-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bustos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-3258
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77
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Elliott RC, Pedersen TJ, Fristensky B, White MJ, Dickey LF, Thompson WF. Characterization of a single copy gene encoding ferredoxin I from pea. THE PLANT CELL 1989; 1:681-690. [PMID: 2535518 PMCID: PMC159804 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.1.7.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated, mapped, and sequenced a genomic clone containing the ferredoxin I (Fed-1) gene from Pisum sativum. The gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome. It has no introns, and it specifies a 753-nucleotide transcript encoding a 149-amino acid protein including a 52-residue transit peptide. Upstream sequences from Fed-1 contain several elements with similarity to transcriptional regulatory elements from RbcS and Cab genes, and gel mobility shift assays show that nuclear extracts from light-grown pea leaves contain one or more DNA binding activities specific for Fed-1 5'-flanking sequences. RbcS and Cab regulatory sequences are only weak competitors for this binding, however, and the RbcS and Cab similarities mostly lie outside of the region essential for binding. These data are discussed in terms of previously observed physiological differences between the light responses of Fed-1 and other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Elliott
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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78
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Allen RD, Bernier F, Lessard PA, Beachy RN. Nuclear factors interact with a soybean beta-conglycinin enhancer. THE PLANT CELL 1989; 1:623-31. [PMID: 2535514 PMCID: PMC159797 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.1.6.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Upstream sequences of the gene encoding the alpha' subunit of beta-conglycinin were analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from immature soybean seeds. Two factors were identified that interact with specific sequence elements within 257 base pairs 5' of the transcription start site. One factor, SEF 3, binds exclusively to a region composed of two elements located at -183 to -169 base pairs and -153 to -134 base pairs relative to the start of transcription. Each of these sites includes the hexanucleotide sequence AACCCA, which may serve as a primary recognition sequence. During seed development, SEF 3 binding activity was found to increase in soybean embryos during the time of beta-conglycinin synthesis and to decrease as seeds neared maturity. The position of the SEF 3 binding sequence corresponds with a previously reported seed-specific enhancer region, and it seems likely that this factor may act as a positive regulator of transcription of the beta-conglycinin, alpha' subunit gene in developing soybean seeds. The second factor, SEF 4, also binds within the -257 to -77 region but also interacts with sites located further upstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130
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79
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O'Brian MR, Maier RJ. Molecular aspects of the energetics of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium-legume symbioses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 974:229-46. [PMID: 2659085 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R O'Brian
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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80
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Ferl RJ, Laughner BH. In vivo detection of regulatory factor binding sites of Arabidopsis thaliana Adh. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 12:357-366. [PMID: 24272897 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1988] [Accepted: 12/13/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In vivo footprinting experiments have been used to analyze the binding of trans-acting regulatory factors in the 5' flanking region upstream of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Protein-DNA interactions were detected by dimethyl sulfate footprinting and genomic sequencing, using an A. thaliana cell suspension culture that constitutively expressed the Adh gene. Several distinct footprinting domains have been characterized, and the potential effects of the corresponding trans-acting factors have been inferred from a comparison with data from the maize alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (Adh1) gene. One binding site is similar in sequence to one of the anaerobic response elements (ARE) of the maize gene, which has also been shown to bind to a trans-acting factor. Several of the remaining binding sites apparently represent a class of elements sharing the sequence 5'-GTGG-3' within their footprint.Comparisons with maize Adh1 in vivo protein interactions reveal that the elements of Adh promoter structure are highly conserved, but the relative and absolute positions of the elements are variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ferl
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
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81
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Suzuki H, Verma DP. Nodule-specific kinases phosphorylating nuclear factors in isolated nuclei. THE PLANT CELL 1989; 1:373-9. [PMID: 2535508 PMCID: PMC159769 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.1.3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In vitro phosphorylation of total nuclear proteins from soybean (Glycine max L) nodules formed by Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A76 showed several differences in comparison with those from uninfected roots or embryonic-axes nuclei. Three types of protein phosphorylations were observed in nodule nuclei: Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-independent, Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent, and Ca(2+)-dependent but calmodulin-independent. In addition, Ca(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation of some nuclear proteins was observed in nodule nuclei. The first and second types of phosphorylations were also present in root nuclei, but the trifluoperazine-insensitive and Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation (indicating calmodulin independence) occurs only in nodules. The latter appears to phosphorylate a nodule-specific protein of 65 kilodaltons and this protein was purified from other nuclear phosphorylated proteins. In addition, some nuclear proteins from uninfected tissue were found to be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by kinases or phosphatases that originated from the nodule nuclei. These data suggest that some activities of nuclear factors in nodules may be regulated by specific phosphorylation or dephosphorylation during symbiotic interactions with rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1002
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82
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305
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83
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Metz BA, Welters P, Hoffmann HJ, Jensen EO, Schell J, de Bruijn FJ. Primary structure and promoter analysis of leghemoglobin genes of the stem-nodulated tropical legume Sesbania rostrata: conserved coding sequences, cis-elements and trans-acting factors. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1988; 214:181-91. [PMID: 3237206 DOI: 10.1007/bf00337709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of a leghemoglobin (lb) gene from the stem-nodulated, tropical legume Sesbania rostrata and two lb gene promoter regions was analysed. The S. rostrata lb gene structure and Lb amino acid composition were found to be highly conserved with previously described lb genes and Lb proteins. Distinct DNA elements were identified in the S. rostrata lb promoter regions, which share a high degree of homology with cis-active regulatory elements found in the soybean (Glycine max) lbc3 promoter. One conserved DNA element was found to interact specifically with an apparently universal, trans-acting factor present in nuclear extracts of nodules. These results suggest a conserved mechanism for nodule specific induction of lb genes in leguminous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Metz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Genetische Grundlagen der Pflanzenzüchtung, Köln, Federal Republic of Germany
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