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Cathepsin D in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:1-16. [PMID: 32578168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major and leading health problem worldwide. Lack of early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and recurrence of cancer means vast research and development are required in this area. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment in the biological milieu poses greater challenges in having safer, selective, and targeted therapies. Existing strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and antiangiogenic therapies moderately improve progression-free survival; however, they come with side effects that reduce quality of life. Thus, targeting potential candidates in the microenvironment, such as extracellular cathepsin D (CathD) which has been known to play major pro-tumorigenic roles in breast and ovarian cancers, could be a breakthrough in cancer treatment, specially using novel treatment modalities such as immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based therapy. This chapter discusses CathD as a pro-cancerous, more specifically a proangiogenic factor, that acts bi-functionally in the tumor microenvironment, and possible ways of targeting the protein therapeutically.
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Nelvagal HR, Cooper JD. An update on the progress of preclinical models for guiding therapeutic management of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1703672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Ramesh Nelvagal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of genetics and genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of genetics and genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Cardiac pathology in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL): More than a mere co-morbidity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165643. [PMID: 31863828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are mostly seen as diseases affecting the central nervous system, but there is accumulating evidence that they have co-morbidities outside the brain. One of these co-morbidities is a decline in cardiac function. This is becoming increasingly recognised in teenagers and adolescents with juvenile CLN3, but it may also occur in individuals with other NCLs. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of the structural and functional changes found in the hearts of animal models and people diagnosed with NCL. In addition, we present evidence of structural changes that were observed in a systematic comparison of the cardiomyocytes from CLN3Δex7/8 mice.
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Rosenberg JB, Chen A, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG, Sondhi D. Advances in the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019; 7:473-500. [PMID: 33365208 PMCID: PMC7755158 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1684258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a class of neurodegenerative disorders involving defective lysosomal processing enzymes or receptors, leading to lysosomal storage disorders, typically characterized by observation of cognitive and visual impairments, epileptic seizures, ataxia, and deterioration of motor skills. Recent success of a biologic (Brineura®) for the treatment of neurologic manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) has led to renewed interest in therapeutics for NCL, with the goal of ablating or reversing the impact of these devastating disorders. Despite complex challenges associated with CNS therapy, many treatment modalities have been evaluated, including enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and small molecule pharmacotherapy. Because the clinical endpoints for the evaluation of candidate therapies are complex and often reliant on subjective clinical scales, the development of quantitative biomarkers for NCLs has become an apparent necessity for the validation of potential treatments. We will discuss the latest findings in the search for relevant biomarkers for assessing disease progression. For this review, we will focus primarily on recent pre-clinical and clinical developments for treatments to halt or cure these NCL diseases. Continued development of current therapies and discovery of newer modalities will be essential for successful therapeutics for NCL. AREAS COVERED The reader will be introduced to the NCL subtypes, natural histories, experimental animal models, and biomarkers for NCL progression; challenges and different therapeutic approaches, and the latest pre-clinical and clinical research for therapeutic development for the various NCLs. This review corresponds to the literatures covering the years from 1968 to mid-2019, but primarily addresses pre-clinical and clinical developments for the treatment of NCL disease in the last decade and as a follow-up to our 2013 review of the same topic in this journal. EXPERT OPINION Much progress has been made in the treatment of neurologic diseases, such as the NCLs, including better animal models and improved therapeutics with better survival outcomes. Encouraging results are being reported at symposiums and in the literature, with multiple therapeutics reaching the clinical trial stage for the NCLs. The potential for a cure could be at hand after many years of trial and error in the preclinical studies. The clinical development of enzyme replacement therapy (Brineura® for CLN2), immunosuppression (CellCept® for CLN3), and gene therapy vectors (for CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, and CLN6) are providing encouragement to families that have a child afflicted with NCL. We believe that successful therapies in the future may involve the combination of two or more therapeutic modalities to provide therapeutic benefit especially as the patients grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alvin Chen
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Huber RJ, Hughes SM, Liu W, Morgan A, Tuxworth RI, Russell C. The contribution of multicellular model organisms to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165614. [PMID: 31783156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NCLs (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) are forms of neurodegenerative disease that affect people of all ages and ethnicities but are most prevalent in children. Commonly known as Batten disease, this debilitating neurological disorder is comprised of 13 different subtypes that are categorized based on the particular gene that is mutated (CLN1-8, CLN10-14). The pathological mechanisms underlying the NCLs are not well understood due to our poor understanding of the functions of NCL proteins. Only one specific treatment (enzyme replacement therapy) is approved, which is for the treating the brain in CLN2 disease. Hence there remains a desperate need for further research into disease-modifying treatments. In this review, we present and evaluate the genes, proteins and studies performed in the social amoeba, nematode, fruit fly, zebrafish, mouse and large animals pertinent to NCL. In particular, we highlight the use of multicellular model organisms to study NCL protein function, pathology and pathomechanisms. Their use in testing novel therapeutic approaches is also presented. With this information, we highlight how future research in these systems may be able to provide new insight into NCL protein functions in human cells and aid in the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wenfei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alan Morgan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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Total Syntheses of Cathepsin D Inhibitory Izenamides A, B, and C and Structural Confirmation of Izenamide B. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193424. [PMID: 31547147 PMCID: PMC6804045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total syntheses of izenamides A, B, and C, which are depsipeptides inhibitor of cathepsin D, were accomplished. In addition, the stereochemistry of izenamide B was confirmed by our syntheses. The key features of our synthetic route involve the avoidance of critical 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) formation and the minimization of epimerization during the coupling of amino acids for the target peptides.
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57
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Roca FJ, Whitworth LJ, Redmond S, Jones AA, Ramakrishnan L. TNF Induces Pathogenic Programmed Macrophage Necrosis in Tuberculosis through a Mitochondrial-Lysosomal-Endoplasmic Reticulum Circuit. Cell 2019; 178:1344-1361.e11. [PMID: 31474371 PMCID: PMC6736209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis of infected macrophages constitutes a critical pathogenetic event in tuberculosis by releasing mycobacteria into the growth-permissive extracellular environment. In zebrafish infected with Mycobacterium marinum or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, excess tumor necrosis factor triggers programmed necrosis of infected macrophages through the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the participation of cyclophilin D, a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Here, we show that this necrosis pathway is not mitochondrion-intrinsic but results from an inter-organellar circuit initiating and culminating in the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ROS induce production of lysosomal ceramide that ultimately activates the cytosolic protein BAX. BAX promotes calcium flow from the endoplasmic reticulum into the mitochondrion through ryanodine receptors, and the resultant mitochondrial calcium overload triggers cyclophilin-D-mediated necrosis. We identify ryanodine receptors and plasma membrane L-type calcium channels as druggable targets to intercept mitochondrial calcium overload and necrosis of mycobacterium-infected zebrafish and human macrophages. TNF induces mitochondrial ROS to cause necrosis of mycobacterium-infected macrophages Mitochondrial ROS activate lysosomal enzymes that lead to BAX activation BAX activates ER ryanodine receptors to cause Ca2+ flow into the mitochondrion Drugs preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload prevent pathogenic macrophage necrosis in TB
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Roca
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK.
| | - Laura J Whitworth
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Sarah Redmond
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana A Jones
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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58
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Marques ARA, Di Spiezio A, Thießen N, Schmidt L, Grötzinger J, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Damme M, Storck SE, Pietrzik CU, Fogh J, Bär J, Mikhaylova M, Glatzel M, Bassal M, Bartsch U, Saftig P. Enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant pro-CTSD (cathepsin D) corrects defective proteolysis and autophagy in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Autophagy 2019; 16:811-825. [PMID: 31282275 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1637200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CTSD (cathepsin D) is one of the major lysosomal proteases indispensable for the maintenance of cellular proteostasis by turning over substrates of endocytosis, phagocytosis and autophagy. Consequently, CTSD deficiency leads to a strong impairment of the lysosomal-autophagy machinery. In mice and humans CTSD dysfunction underlies the congenital variant (CLN10) of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). NCLs are distinct lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) sharing various hallmarks, namely accumulation of protein aggregates and ceroid lipofuscin leading to neurodegeneration and blindness. The most established and clinically approved approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) aiming to replace the defective hydrolase with an exogenously applied recombinant protein. Here we reveal that recombinant human pro-CTSD produced in a mammalian expression system can be efficiently taken up by a variety of cell models, is correctly targeted to lysosomes and processed to the active mature form of the protease. In proof-of-principle experiments we provide evidence that recombinant human CTSD (rhCTSD) can improve the biochemical phenotype of CTSD-deficient hippocampal slice cultures in vitro and retinal cells in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dosing of rhCTSD in the murine CLN10 model leads to a correction of lysosomal hypertrophy, storage accumulation and impaired autophagic flux in the viscera and central nervous system (CNS). We establish that direct delivery of the recombinant protease to the CNS is required for improvement of neuropathology and lifespan extension. Together these data support the continuation of the pre-clinical studies for the application of rhCTSD in the treatment of NCL.Abbreviations: AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; BBB: blood brain barrier; CNS: central nervous system; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; ERT: enzyme replacement therapy; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; INL: inner nuclear layer; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LRP1: low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1; LSD: lysosomal storage disorder; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; M6P: mannose 6-phosphate; mCTSD: mature CTSD; NCL: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; ONL: outer nuclear layer; PB: phosphate buffer; proCTSD: pro-cathepsin D; LRPAP1: low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein associated protein 1; rhCTSD: human recombinant CTSD; SAPC: saposin C; SAPD: saposin D; ATP5G1: ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9); SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TPP1: tripeptidyl peptidase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Thießen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Julia Bär
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Emmy-Noether Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", ZMNH, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Emmy-Noether Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", ZMNH, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Bassal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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59
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Inhibiting Extracellular Cathepsin D Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Sprague⁻Dawley Rats †. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050171. [PMID: 31060228 PMCID: PMC6571693 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and lifestyle changes are leading to an increased occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using a hyperlipidemic murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we have previously demonstrated that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) is involved with lipid dysregulation and inflammation. However, despite identifying CTSD as a major player in NAFLD pathogenesis, the specific role of extracellular CTSD in NAFLD has not yet been investigated. Given that inhibition of intracellular CTSD is highly unfavorable due to its fundamental physiological function, we here investigated the impact of a highly specific and potent small-molecule inhibitor of extracellular CTSD (CTD-002) in the context of NAFLD. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with CTD-002, and incubation of hepatic HepG2 cells with a conditioned medium derived from CTD-002-treated macrophages, resulted in reduced levels of inflammation and improved cholesterol metabolism. Treatment with CTD-002 improved hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed rats. Additionally, plasma levels of insulin and hepatic transaminases were significantly reduced upon CTD-002 administration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that modulation of extracellular CTSD can serve as a novel therapeutic modality for NAFLD.
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60
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Fukuda N, Senga Y, Honda S. Anxa2
‐ and
Ctsd
‐knockout CHO cell lines to diminish the risk of contamination with host cell proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2820. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Fukuda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ibaraki Japan
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61
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Suzuki C, Tanida I, Ohmuraya M, Oliva Trejo JA, Kakuta S, Sunabori T, Uchiyama Y. Lack of Cathepsin D in the Renal Proximal Tubular Cells Resulted in Increased Sensitivity against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071711. [PMID: 30959855 PMCID: PMC6479628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is one of the major lysosomal aspartic proteases that is essential for the normal functioning of the autophagy-lysosomal system. In the kidney, cathepsin D is enriched in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, and its levels increase during acute kidney injury. To investigate how cathepsin D-deficiency impacts renal proximal tubular cells, we employed a conditional knockout CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Immunohistochemical analyses using anti-cathepsin D antibody revealed that cathepsin D was significantly decreased in tubular epithelial cells of the cortico-medullary region, mainly in renal proximal tubular cells of this mouse. Cathepsin D-deficient renal proximal tubular cells showed an increase of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3; a marker for autophagosome/autolysosome)-signals and an accumulation of abnormal autophagic structures. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury resulted in an increase of early kidney injury marker, Kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), in the cathepsin D-deficient renal tubular epithelial cells of the CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Inflammation marker was also increased in the cortico-medullary region of the CtsDflox/−; Spink3Cre mouse. Our results indicated that lack of cathepsin D in the renal tubular epithelial cells led to an increase of sensitivity against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan.
| | - Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Sunabori
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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62
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Kamarajah SK, Khoo S, Chan WK, Sthaneshwar P, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S. Limited applicability of cathepsin D for the diagnosis and monitoring of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. JGH OPEN 2019; 3:417-424. [PMID: 31633048 PMCID: PMC6788371 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim To date, there are limited data on the applicability of cathepsin D for the diagnosis and monitoring of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods This study included patients with biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosed between November 2012 and October 2015. Serum cathepsin D levels were measured using the CatD enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (USCN Life Science, Wuhan, China) using stored samples collected on the same day of the liver biopsy procedure. The performance of cathepsin D in the diagnosis and monitoring of NASH was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Data for 216 liver biopsies and 34 healthy controls were analyzed. The mean cathepsin D level was not significantly different between NAFLD patients and controls; between NASH and non‐NASH patients; and across the different steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of cathepsin D for the diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH was 0.62 and 0.52, respectively. The AUROC of cathepsin D for the diagnosis of the different steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades ranged from 0.51 to 0.58. Of the 216 liver biopsies, 152 were paired liver biopsies from 76 patients who had a repeat liver biopsy after 48 weeks. There was no significant change in the cathepsin D level at follow‐up compared to baseline in patients who had histological improvement or worsening for steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades. Cathepsin D was poor for predicting improvement or worsening of steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning, with AUROC ranging from 0.47 to 0.54. It was fair for predicting worsening (AUROC 0.73) but poor for predicting improvement (AUROC 0.54) of lobular inflammation. Conclusion Cathepsin D was a poor biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of NASH in our cohort of Asian patients, somewhat inconsistent with previous observations in Caucasian patients. Further studies in different cohorts are needed to verify our observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivesh K Kamarajah
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Stanley Khoo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Pavai Sthaneshwar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Sanjiv Mahadeva
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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63
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8968943. [PMID: 30983883 PMCID: PMC6431490 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8968943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood and respond rapidly to danger, infiltrating tissues within minutes of infectious or sterile injury. Neutrophils were long thought of as simple killers, but now we recognise them as responsive cells able to adapt to inflammation and orchestrate subsequent events with some sophistication. Here, we discuss how these rapid responders release mediators which influence later adaptive T cell immunity through influences on DC priming and directly on the T cells themselves. We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.
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64
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Mukherjee AB, Appu AP, Sadhukhan T, Casey S, Mondal A, Zhang Z, Bagh MB. Emerging new roles of the lysosome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:4. [PMID: 30651094 PMCID: PMC6335712 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs), commonly known as Batten disease, constitute a group of the most prevalent neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Mutations in at least 13 different genes (called CLNs) cause various forms of NCLs. Clinically, the NCLs manifest early impairment of vision, progressive decline in cognitive and motor functions, seizures and a shortened lifespan. At the cellular level, all NCLs show intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent material (called ceroid) and progressive neuron loss. Despite intense studies the normal physiological functions of each of the CLN genes remain poorly understood. Consequently, the development of mechanism-based therapeutic strategies remains challenging. Endolysosomal dysfunction contributes to pathogenesis of virtually all LSDs. Studies within the past decade have drastically changed the notion that the lysosomes are merely the terminal degradative organelles. The emerging new roles of the lysosome include its central role in nutrient-dependent signal transduction regulating metabolism and cellular proliferation or quiescence. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways, lysosomal acidification and endosome-lysosome and autophagosome-lysosome fusions. We emphasize the importance of these processes as their dysregulation leads to pathogenesis of many LSDs including the NCLs. We also describe what is currently known about each of the 13 CLN genes and their products and how understanding the emerging new roles of the lysosome may clarify the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the NCLs. Finally, we discuss the current and emerging therapeutic strategies for various NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B. Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Abhilash P. Appu
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Tamal Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Sydney Casey
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Avisek Mondal
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
- Present address: Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Maria B. Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
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Götzl JK, Colombo AV, Fellerer K, Reifschneider A, Werner G, Tahirovic S, Haass C, Capell A. Early lysosomal maturation deficits in microglia triggers enhanced lysosomal activity in other brain cells of progranulin knockout mice. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:48. [PMID: 30180904 PMCID: PMC6123925 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) while the complete loss of progranulin (PGRN) function results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Thus the growth factor-like protein PGRN may play an important role in lysosomal degradation. In line with a potential lysosomal function, PGRN is partially localized and processed in lysosomes. In the central nervous system (CNS), PGRN is like other lysosomal proteins highly expressed in microglia, further supporting an important role in protein degradation. We have previously reported that cathepsin (Cat) D is elevated in GRN-associated FTLD patients and Grn knockout mice. However, the primary mechanism that causes impaired protein degradation and elevated CatD levels upon PGRN deficiency in NCL and FTLD remains unclear. Methods mRNA expression analysis of selected lysosomal hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins and autophagy-related genes was performed by NanoString nCounter panel. Protein expression, maturation and in vitro activity of Cat D, B and L in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and brains of Grn knockout mice were investigated. To selectively characterize microglial and non-microglial brain cells, an acutely isolated microglia fraction using MACS microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) conjugated with CD11b antibody and a microglia-depleted fraction were analyzed for protein expression and maturation of selected cathepsins. Results We demonstrate that loss of PGRN results in enhanced expression, maturation and in vitro activity of Cat D, B and L in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and brain extracts of aged Grn knockout mice. Consistent with an overall enhanced expression and activity of lysosomal proteases in brain of Grn knockout mice, we observed an age-dependent transcriptional upregulation of certain lysosomal proteases. Thus, lysosomal dysfunction is not reflected by transcriptional downregulation of lysosomal proteases but rather by the upregulation of certain lysosomal proteases in an age-dependent manner. Surprisingly, cell specific analyses identified early lysosomal deficits in microglia before enhanced cathepsin levels could be detected in other brain cells, suggesting different functional consequences on lysosomal homeostasis in microglia and other brain cells upon lack of PGRN. Conclusions The present study uncovers early and selective lysosomal dysfunctions in Grn knockout microglia/macrophages. Dysregulated lysosomal homeostasis in microglia might trigger compensatory lysosomal changes in other brain cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0281-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Götzl
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Fellerer
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Reifschneider
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Werner
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Anja Capell
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Guo DZ, Xiao L, Liu YJ, Shen C, Lou HF, Lv Y, Pan SY. Cathepsin D deficiency delays central nervous system myelination by inhibiting proteolipid protein trafficking from late endosome/lysosome to plasma membrane. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e457. [PMID: 29546879 PMCID: PMC5898895 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of cathepsin D (CathD) in central nervous system (CNS) myelination and its possible mechanism. By using CathD knockout mice in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and western blot assays, the myelination of the CNS and the development of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vivo and in vitro were observed. Endocytosis assays, real-time-lapse experiments and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate the location and movement of proteolipid protein in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In addition, the relevant molecular mechanism was explored by immunoprecipitation. The increase in Fluoromyelin Green staining and proteolipid protein expression was not significant in the corpus callosum of CathD-/- mice at the age of P11, P14 and P24. Proteolipid protein expression was weak at each time point and was mostly accumulated around the nucleus. The number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (olig2+) and mature oligodendrocytes (CC1+) significantly decreased between P14 and P24. In the oligodendrocyte precursor cell culture of CathD-/- mice, the morphology of myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes was simple while oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed delayed differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, more proteolipid protein gathered in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) and fewer reached the plasma membrane. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy analysis showed that CathD, proteolipid protein and VAMP7 could bind with each other, whereas VAMP7 and proteolipid protein colocalized with CathD in late endosome/lysosome. The findings of this paper suggest that CathD may have an important role in the myelination of CNS, presumably by altering the trafficking of proteolipid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center of ChangHai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Company's Office of Service Center, China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lou
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Rodríguez J, Vázquez J, Corte MD, Lamelas M, Bongera M, Corte MG, Alvarez A, Allende M, Gonzalez L, Sánchez M, Vijande M, Garcia Muñiz J, Vizoso F. Clinical Significance of Cathepsin D Concentration in Tumor Cytosol of Primary Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 20:103-11. [PMID: 16011040 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cathepsin D is the proteolytic enzyme most frequently implicated as a prognostic factor in primary breast cancer. In the present study we evaluated by means of an immunoradiometric assay the tumor content of this protease in primary breast cancer, its relationship with tumor-related clinical and pathological parameters, and its prognostic significance in a large series of breast cancer patients. Method The study comprised 1033 women with histologically established invasive breast cancer. Cathepsin D was measured in cytosol samples by means of an immunoradiometric assay to determine the total amount of cathepsin D (52 kDa, 48 kDa and 34 kDa). Evaluation of relapse-free survival and cause-specific survival was performed in the group of 1003 patients without evidence of metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis. The median follow-up of the patients who were free of recurrence was 54 months. Results Cathepsin D levels showed a wide range among the studied tumors (n=1033; median (range) 41 (0.9–2504) pmol/mg protein). Statistical analysis showed that the median cathepsin D levels were considerably higher in large tumors (T2–4) than in smaller ones (T1) (p=0.017), as well as in node-positive than in node-negative tumors (p=0.004). Cathepsin D levels were also higher in ductal tumors than in the other histological types (p=0.001), as well as in moderately or poorly differentiated tumors (p<0.001). Likewise, the median value of the protease was significantly higher in ER or PgR-positive tumors than in hormone receptor-negative ones (p=0.011 and p=0.004, respectively), as well as in aneuploid tumors than in diploid tumors (p=0.029). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated cathepsin D levels (>59 pmol/mg protein) were notably associated with a shorter cause-specific survival in the whole group of patients with breast cancer, as well as in the subgroup of node-positive patients (p<0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that elevated intratumoral cathepsin D levels may identify a subset of node-positive breast cancer patients showing a high probability of earlier death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Beel S, Moisse M, Damme M, De Muynck L, Robberecht W, Van Den Bosch L, Saftig P, Van Damme P. Progranulin functions as a cathepsin D chaperone to stimulate axonal outgrowth in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2850-2863. [PMID: 28453791 PMCID: PMC5886064 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia, but how GRN haploinsufficiency causes neuronal dysfunction remains unclear. We previously showed that GRN is neurotrophic in vitro. Here, we used an in vivo axonal outgrowth system and observed a delayed recovery in GRN-/- mice after facial nerve injury. This deficit was rescued by reintroduction of human GRN and relied on its C-terminus and on neuronal GRN production. Transcriptome analysis of the facial motor nucleus post injury identified cathepsin D (CTSD) as the most upregulated gene. In aged GRN-/- cortices, CTSD was also upregulated, but the relative CTSD activity was reduced and improved upon exogenous GRN addition. Moreover, GRN and its C-terminal granulin domain granulinE (GrnE) both stimulated the proteolytic activity of CTSD in vitro. Pull-down experiments confirmed a direct interaction between GRN and CTSD. This interaction was also observed with GrnE and stabilized the CTSD enzyme at different temperatures. Investigating the importance of this interaction for axonal regeneration in vivo we found that, although individually tolerated, a combined reduction of GRN and CTSD synergistically reduced axonal outgrowth. Our data links the neurotrophic effect of GRN and GrnE with a lysosomal chaperone function on CTSD to maintain its proteolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Beel
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Aghdassi AA, John DS, Sendler M, Weiss FU, Reinheckel T, Mayerle J, Lerch MM. Cathepsin D regulates cathepsin B activation and disease severity predominantly in inflammatory cells during experimental pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1018-1029. [PMID: 29229780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a complex disorder involving both premature intracellular protease activation and inflammatory cell invasion. An initiating event is the intracellular activation of trypsinogen by cathepsin B (CTSB), which can be induced directly via G protein-coupled receptors on acinar cells or through inflammatory cells. Here, we studied CTSB regulation by another lysosomal hydrolase, cathepsin D (CTSD), using mice with a complete (CTSD-/-) or pancreas-specific conditional CTSD knockout (KO) (CTSDf/f/p48Cre/+). We induced acute pancreatitis by repeated caerulein injections and isolated acinar and bone marrow cells for ex vivo studies. Supramaximal caerulein stimulation induced subcellular redistribution of CTSD from the lysosomal to the zymogen-containing subcellular compartment of acinar cells and activation of CTSD, CTSB, and trypsinogen. Of note, the CTSD KO greatly reduced CTSB and trypsinogen activation in acinar cells, and CTSD directly activated CTSB but not trypsinogen in vitro During pancreatitis in pancreas-specific CTSDf/f/p48Cre/+ animals, markers of severity were reduced only at 1 h, whereas in the complete KO, this effect also included the late disease phase (8 h), indicating an important effect of extra-acinar CTSD on course of the disease. CTSD-/- leukocytes exhibited reduced cytokine release after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and CTSD KO also reduced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in acinar cells stimulated with the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin. In summary, CTSD is expressed in pancreatic acinar and inflammatory cells, undergoes subcellular redistribution and activation during experimental pancreatitis, and regulates disease severity by potently activating CTSB. Its impact is only minimal and transient in the early, acinar cell-dependent phase of pancreatitis and much greater in the later, inflammatory cell-dependent phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Aghdassi
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany,
| | - Daniel S John
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Weiss
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Julia Mayerle
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,the Department of Medicine II, Ludwigs-Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- From the Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
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70
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Zhou X, Paushter DH, Feng T, Sun L, Reinheckel T, Hu F. Lysosomal processing of progranulin. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:62. [PMID: 28835281 PMCID: PMC5569495 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations resulting in progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. PGRN is localized to the lysosome and important for proper lysosome function. However, the metabolism of PGRN in the lysosome is still unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that PGRN is processed into ~10 kDa peptides intracellularly in multiple cell types and tissues and this processing is dependent on lysosomal activities. PGRN endocytosed from the extracellular space is also processed in a similar manner. We further demonstrated that multiple cathepsins are involved in PGRN processing and cathepsin L cleaves PGRN in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that PGRN is processed in the lysosome through the actions of cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel H Paushter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lirong Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Nelvagal HR, Cooper JD. Translating preclinical models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: progress and prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1360182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth R. Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
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Wu P, Yuan X, Li F, Zhang J, Zhu W, Wei M, Li J, Wang X. Myocardial Upregulation of Cathepsin D by Ischemic Heart Disease Promotes Autophagic Flux and Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004044. [PMID: 28694354 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in human heart failure for which ischemic heart disease is the leading cause. Altered myocardial expression of CTSD (cathepsin D), a major lysosomal protease, was observed in human heart failure, but its pathophysiological significance has not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot analyses revealed an increase in the precursor but not the mature form of CTSD in myocardial samples from explanted human failing hearts with ischemic heart disease, which is recapitulated in chronic myocardial infarction produced via coronary artery ligation in Ctsd+/+ but not Ctsd+/- mice. Mice deficient of Ctsd displayed impaired myocardial autophagosome removal, reduced autophagic flux, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. After induction of myocardial infarction, weekly serial echocardiography detected earlier occurrence of left ventricle chamber dilatation, greater decreases in ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and lesser wall thickening throughout the first 4 weeks; pressure-volume relationship analyses at 4 weeks revealed greater decreases in systolic and diastolic functions, stroke work, stroke volume, and cardiac output; greater increases in the ventricular weight to body weight and the lung weight to body weight ratios and larger scar size were also detected in Ctsd+/- mice compared with Ctsd+/+ mice. Significant increases of myocardial autophagic flux detected at 1 and 4 weeks after induction of myocardial infarction in the Ctsd+/+ mice were diminished in the Ctsd+/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial CTSD upregulation induced by myocardial infarction protects against cardiac remodeling and malfunction, which is at least in part through promoting myocardial autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglong Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Xun Yuan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Faqian Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Meng Wei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.)
| | - Jingbo Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.).
| | - Xuejun Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (P.W., M.W., J.L., X.W.); Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion (P.W., X.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (X.Y., F.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.Z.); Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China (W.Z.); Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (X.W.); and Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (X.W.).
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73
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Ellis CR, Tsai CC, Lin FY, Shen J. Conformational dynamics of cathepsin D and binding to a small-molecule BACE1 inhibitor. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:1260-1269. [PMID: 28370344 PMCID: PMC5403572 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 is a major therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Developing inhibitors that can selectively target BACE1 in favor of other proteases, especially cathepsin D (CatD), has presented significant challenges. Here, we investigate the conformational dynamics and protonation states of BACE1 and CatD using continuous constant pH molecular dynamics with pH replica-exchange sampling protocol. Despite similar structure, BACE1 and CatD exhibit markedly different active site dynamics. BACE1 displays pH-dependent flap dynamics that controls substrate accessibility, while the CatD flap is relatively rigid and remains open in the pH range 2.5-6. Interestingly, although each protease hydrolyzes peptide bonds, the protonation states of the catalytic dyads are different within the active pH range. The acidic and basic components of the BACE1 catalytic dyad are clear, while either aspartic acid of the CatD catalytic dyad could play the role of acid or base. Finally, we investigate binding of the inhibitor LY2811376 developed by Eli Lilly to BACE1 and CatD. Surprisingly, in the enzyme active pH range, LY2811376 forms a stronger salt bridge with the catalytic dyad in CatD than in BACE1, which might explain the retinal toxicity of the inhibitor related to off-target inhibition of CatD. This work highlights the complexity and challenge in structure-based drug design where receptor-ligand binding induces protonation state change in both the protein and the inhibitor. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Ellis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cheng-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Fang-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jana Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
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74
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Cheng S, Wani WY, Hottman DA, Jeong A, Cao D, LeBlanc KJ, Saftig P, Zhang J, Li L. Haplodeficiency of Cathepsin D does not affect cerebral amyloidosis and autophagy in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Neurochem 2017; 142:297-304. [PMID: 28429406 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and lysosomal function are important for protein homeostasis and their dysfunction have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased immunoreactivities of an important lysosomal protease, cathepsin D (Cat D), are evident in amyloid plaques and neurons in patients with AD. This study tests the hypothesis that deleting one allele of the cathepsin D gene (Ctsd) impacts cerebral β-amyloidosis in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP)sw/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice. Despite a significant 38% decrease in Cat D level in APP/PS1/Ctsd+/- compared with APP/PS1/Ctsd+/+ mice, no changes in steady state levels and deposition of Aβ were found in the brain. There were also no differences in APP processing, the levels of two other Aβ-degrading proteases, the levels of autophagy related protein, such as LAMP2, P62, LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin-1, or the markers of neuroinflammation, observed between the APP/PS1/Ctsd+/+ and APP/PS1/Ctsd+/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that in wild-type mice, Cat D protein levels are either in excess or redundant with other factors in the brain, and at least one allele of Ctsd is dispensable for cerebral β-amyloidosis and autophagy in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Disease, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Willayat Y Wani
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Research and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David A Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela Jeong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dongfeng Cao
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kyle J LeBlanc
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemisches Institut, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Research and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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75
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Zahur M, Tolö J, Bähr M, Kügler S. Long-Term Assessment of AAV-Mediated Zinc Finger Nuclease Expression in the Mouse Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:142. [PMID: 28588449 PMCID: PMC5440507 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing tools like TALENs, ZFNs and Crispr/Cas now offer unprecedented opportunities for targeted genetic manipulations in virtually all species. Most of the recent research in this area has concentrated on manipulation of the genome in isolated cells, which then give rise to transgenic animals or modified stem cell lines. Much less is known about applicability of genetic scissors in terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells like neurons of the adult brain. We addressed this question by expression of a pair of ZFNs targeting the murine cathepsin D gene in CNS neurons by means of an optimized AAV viral vector. We show that ZFN expression resulted in substantial depletion of cathepsin D from neuronal lysosomes, demonstrating a robust gene deletion. Importantly, long-term ZFN expression in CNS neurons did not impair essential neuronal functionality and did not cause inflammation or neurodegeneration, suggesting that potent genetic scissors can be expressed safely in the mouse brain. This finding opens up new venues to create novel research models for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzna Zahur
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Johan Tolö
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain at Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain at Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain at Department of Neurology, University Medical Center GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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76
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Purkinje Cells Are More Vulnerable to the Specific Depletion of Cathepsin D Than to That of Atg7. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1586-1600. [PMID: 28502476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic phenotypes of cathepsin D (CTSD)-deficient mice, a murine model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, indicate the importance of CTSD for the maintenance of metabolism in central nervous system neurons. To further understand the role of CTSD in central nervous system neurons, we generated mice with a CTSD deficiency specifically in the Purkinje cells (PCs) (CTSDFlox/Flox;GRID2-Cre) and compared their phenotypes with those of PC-selective Atg7-deficient (Atg7Flox/Flox;GRID2-Cre) mice. In both strains of mice, PCs underwent degeneration, but the CTSD-deficient PCs disappeared more rapidly than their Atg7-deficient counterparts. When CTSD-deficient PCs died, the neuronal cell bodies became shrunken, filled with autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and had nuclei with dispersed small chromatin fragments. The dying Atg7-deficient PCs also showed similar ultrastructures, indicating that the neuronal cell death of CTSD- and Atg7-deficient PCs was distinct from apoptosis. Immunohistochemical observations showed the formation of calbindin-positive axonal spheroids and the swelling of vesicular GABA transporter-positive presynaptic terminals that were more pronounced in Atg7-deficient PCs than in CTSD-deficient PCs. An accumulation of tubular vesicles may have derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum; nascent autophagosome-like structures with double membranes was a common feature in the swollen axons of these PCs. These results suggested that PCs were more vulnerable to CTSD deficiency in lysosomes than to autophagy impairment, and this vulnerability does not depend on the severity of axonal swelling.
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77
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Parsons CG, Rammes G. Preclinical to phase II amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators under investigation for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:579-592. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris G. Parsons
- Non-Clinical Science, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitat Munchen – Department of Anesthesiology, Munchen, Germany
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78
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Ketterer S, Gomez-Auli A, Hillebrand LE, Petrera A, Ketscher A, Reinheckel T. Inherited diseases caused by mutations in cathepsin protease genes. FEBS J 2017; 284:1437-1454. [PMID: 27926992 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes increasingly recognized as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in a variety of diseases. In those conditions, the cathepsins are mostly overexpressed, thereby driving the respective pathogenic processes. Although less known, there are also diseases with a genetic deficiency of cathepsins. In fact, nowadays 6 of the 15 human proteases called 'cathepsins' have been linked to inherited syndromes. However, only three of these syndromes are typical lysosomal storage diseases, while the others are apparently caused by defective cleavage of specific protein substrates. Here, we will provide an introduction on lysosomal cathepsins, followed by a brief description of the clinical symptoms of the various genetic diseases. For each disease, we focus on the known mutations of which many have been only recently identified by modern genome sequencing approaches. We further discuss the effect of the respective mutation on protease structure and activity, the resulting pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ketterer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa E Hillebrand
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anett Ketscher
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
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79
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Götzl JK, Lang CM, Haass C, Capell A. Impaired protein degradation in FTLD and related disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:122-139. [PMID: 27166223 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired protein degradation has been discussed as a cause or consequence of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. More recently, evidence accumulated that dysfunctional protein degradation may play a role in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since in almost all neurodegenerative diseases, protein aggregates are disease-defining hallmarks, it is most likely that impaired protein degradation contributes to disease onset and progression. In the majority of FTD cases, the pathological protein aggregates contain either microtubuleassociated protein tau or TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP)-43. Aggregates are also positive for ubiquitin and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) indicating that these aggregates are targeted for degradation. FTD-linked mutations in genes encoding three autophagy adaptor proteins, p62/SQSTM1, ubiquilin 2 and optineurin, indicate that impaired autophagy might cause FTD. Furthermore, the strongest evidence for lysosomal impairment in FTD is provided by the progranulin (GRN) gene, which is linked to FTD and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In this review, we summarize the observations that have been made during the last years linking the accumulation of disease-associated proteins in FTD to impaired protein degradation pathways. In addition, we take resent findings for nucleocytoplasmic transport defects of TDP-43, as discussed for hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 into account and provide a hypothesis how the interplay of altered nuclear transport and protein degradation leads to the accumulation of protein deposits.
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80
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Correa-Basurto J, Gutiérrez A, Vitorica J, Rosales-Hernández MC. Asp32 and Asp228 determine the selective inhibition of BACE1 as shown by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:1142-1154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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81
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Mouse models of intestinal inflammation and cancer. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2109-2130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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82
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Vidoni C, Follo C, Savino M, Melone MAB, Isidoro C. The Role of Cathepsin D in the Pathogenesis of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:845-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Miriam Savino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Mariarosa A. B. Melone
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine and Surgery; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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83
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Redmann M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. The Role of Autophagy, Mitophagy and Lysosomal Functions in Modulating Bioenergetics and Survival in the Context of Redox and Proteotoxic Damage: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2016; 7:150-62. [PMID: 27114848 PMCID: PMC4809607 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox and proteotoxic stress contributes to age-dependent accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and protein aggregates, and is associated with neurodegeneration. The free radical theory of aging inspired many studies using reactive species scavengers such as alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate and coenzyme Q to suppress the initiation of oxidative stress. However, clinical trials have had limited success in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We ascribe this to the emerging literature which suggests that the oxidative stress hypothesis does not encompass the role of reactive species in cell signaling and therefore the interception with reactive species with antioxidant supplementation may result in disruption of redox signaling. In addition, the accumulation of redox modified proteins or organelles cannot be reversed by oxidant intercepting antioxidants and must then be removed by alternative mechanisms. We have proposed that autophagy serves this essential function in removing damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles thus preserving neuronal function and survival. In this review, we will highlight observations regarding the impact of autophagy regulation on cellular bioenergetics and survival in response to reactive species or reactive species generating compounds, and in response to proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Redmann
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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84
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BACE1 Physiological Functions May Limit Its Use as Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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85
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Brandenstein L, Schweizer M, Sedlacik J, Fiehler J, Storch S. Lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagy in a novel mouse model deficient for the lysosomal membrane protein Cln7. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:777-91. [PMID: 26681805 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN7 disease is an autosomal recessive, childhood-onset neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by the defective lysosomal membrane protein CLN7. We have disrupted the Cln7/Mfsd8 gene in mice by targeted deletion of exon 2 generating a novel knockout (KO) mouse model for CLN7 disease, which recapitulates key features of human CLN7 disease pathology. Cln7 KO mice showed increased mortality and a neurological phenotype including hind limb clasping and myoclonus. Lysosomal dysfunction in the brain of mutant mice was shown by the storage of autofluorescent lipofuscin-like lipopigments, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase and saposin D and increased expression of lysosomal cathepsins B, D and Z. By immunohistochemical co-stainings, increased cathepsin Z expression restricted to Cln7-deficient microglia and neurons was found. Ultrastructural analyses revealed large storage bodies in Purkinje cells of Cln7 KO mice containing inclusions composed of irregular, curvilinear and rectilinear profiles as well as fingerprint profiles. Generalized astrogliosis and microgliosis in the brain preceded neurodegeneration in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and cerebellum in Cln7 KO mice. Increased levels of LC3-II and the presence of neuronal p62- and ubiquitin-positive protein aggregates suggested that impaired autophagy represents a major pathomechanism in the brain of Cln7 KO mice. The data suggest that loss of the putative lysosomal transporter Cln7 in the brain leads to lysosomal dysfunction, impaired constitutive autophagy and neurodegeneration late in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Diagnostics and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostics and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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86
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Yamamoto-Nonaka K, Koike M, Asanuma K, Takagi M, Oliva Trejo JA, Seki T, Hidaka T, Ichimura K, Sakai T, Tada N, Ueno T, Uchiyama Y, Tomino Y. Cathepsin D in Podocytes Is Important in the Pathogenesis of Proteinuria and CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2685-700. [PMID: 26823550 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed many analogies between podocytes and neurons, and these analogies may be key to elucidating the pathogenesis of podocyte injury. Cathepsin D (CD) is a representative aspartic proteinase in lysosomes. Central nervous system neurons in CD-deficient mice exhibit a form of lysosomal storage disease with a phenotype resembling neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. In the kidney, the role of CD in podocytes has not been fully explored. Herein, we generated podocyte-specific CD-knockout mice that developed proteinuria at 5 months of age and ESRD by 20-22 months of age. Immunohistochemical analysis of these mice showed apoptotic podocyte death followed by proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis with aging. Using electron microscopy, we identified, in podocytes, granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs), autophagosome/autolysosome-like bodies, and fingerprint profiles, typical hallmarks of CD-deficient neurons. CD deficiency in podocytes also led to the cessation of autolysosomal degradation and accumulation of proteins indicative of autophagy impairment and the mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c accumulation in the GRODs, again similar to changes reported in CD-deficient neurons. Furthermore, both podocin and nephrin, two essential components of the slit diaphragm, translocated to Rab7- and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1-positive amphisomes/autolysosomes that accumulated in podocyte cell bodies in podocyte-specific CD-knockout mice. We hypothesize that defective lysosomal activity resulting in foot process effacement caused this accumulation of podocin and nephrin. Overall, our results suggest that loss of CD in podocytes causes autophagy impairment, triggering the accumulation of toxic subunit c-positive lipofuscins as well as slit diaphragm proteins followed by apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yamamoto-Nonaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takagi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takuto Seki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Hidaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Norihiro Tada
- Division of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
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87
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu X, Shi L, Du W, Hu L, Liu C, Cao Y. SIRT1 regulates accumulation of oxidized LDL in HUVEC via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:37-44. [PMID: 26723256 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the degradation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a new anti-atherosclerotic factor, can induce autophagy in cardiac myocytes. In the present study, we observed the effect of SIRT1 on the accumulation of ox-LDL in HUVECs, and elucidated whether its effect is relative with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. The results showed that treatment with either SIRT1 siRNA or SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM) increased Dil-labelled-ox-LDL (Dil-ox-LDL) accumulation in HUVECs, and the SIRT1 inducer resveratrol (RSV) decreased it. Knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5 or inhibit the lysosomal degradation by chloroquine (CQ) decreased the effect of RSV. In HUVECs with ox-LDL, expression of LC3II and LC3 puncta was decreased by treatment with SIRT1 siRNA or NAM, but increased by RSV treatment; sequestosome 1 p62 expression showed the opposite effects. Moreover, Dil-ox-LDL combined with SIRT1 siRNA or NAM showed a much smaller degree of overlap of Lamp1 or Cathepsin D with Dil-ox-LDL than in cells with Dil-ox-LDL alone, and RSV treatment resulted in a greater degree of overlap. These results suggest that SIRT1 can decrease the accumulation of ox-LDL in HUVECs, and this effect is related to the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Luyao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Wenxiu Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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88
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Cathepsin D in pancreatic acinar cells is implicated in cathepsin B and L degradation, but not in autophagic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:405-11. [PMID: 26682926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) is the major lysosomal aspartic protease and is widely distributed in the cells of various mammalian tissues. CD participates in various physiological events such as regulation of programmed cell death, activation of enzymatic precursors, and metabolic degradation of intracellular proteins through macroautophagy. To investigate the role of CD in pancreatic acinar cells, which constitute the exocrine pancreas, we generated and examined mice specifically deficient for CD in pancreatic acinar cells. CD deficient mice showed normal pancreatic development and autophagic activity, although LC3-II, which is a marker of the autophagosome, accumulates in both physiological and pancreatitis conditions. Moreover, CD deficiency leads to accumulation of matured cathepsin B (CB) and cathepsin L (CL) which are members of the cysteine protease family. We therefore conclude that CD in pancreatic acinar cells is implicated in CB and CL degradation but not in autophagic activity.
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89
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Vezenkov LL, Sanchez CA, Bellet V, Martin V, Maynadier M, Bettache N, Lisowski V, Martinez J, Garcia M, Amblard M, Hernandez JF. Structure-Activity Relationships of JMV4463, a Vectorized Cathepsin D Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Properties: The Unique Role of the AMPA-Based Vector. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir L. Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Clément A. Sanchez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Virginie Bellet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marcel Garcia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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90
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Zhou R, Lu Y, Han Y, Li X, Lou H, Zhu L, Zhen X, Duan S. Mice heterozygous for cathepsin D deficiency exhibit mania-related behavior and stress-induced depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:110-8. [PMID: 26092248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in cathepsin D (CTSD), an aspartic protease in the endosomal-lysosomal system, underlie congenital neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (cNCL, also known as CLN10), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. CLN10 patients die within the first few days of life, and in the few patients who live into adulthood psychopathological symptoms have not been reported. Extensive neuropathology and altered neurotransmission have been reported in CTSD-deficient mice; however signs of neuropsychiatric behavior in these mice are not well characterized due to the severe movement disorder and premature death of the animal. In the present study, we show that heterozygous CTSD-deficient (CTSD HET) mice display an overall behavioral profile that is similar to human mania, including hyperlocomotion, d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, sleep-disturbance, and reduced anxiety-like behavior. However, under stressful conditions CTSD HET mice manifest depressive-like behavior, including anhedonia, behavioral despair, and enhanced learned helplessness. Chronic administration of lithium chloride or valproic acid, two clinically effective mood stabilizers, reverses the majority of these behavioral abnormalities. In addition, CTSD HET mice display stress-induced hypersecretion of corticosterone. These findings suggest an important role for CTSD in the regulation of mood stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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91
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Ketscher A, Ketterer S, Dollwet-Mack S, Reif U, Reinheckel T. Neuroectoderm-specific deletion of cathepsin D in mice models human inherited neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 10. Biochimie 2015; 122:219-26. [PMID: 26232697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Ctsd) is a ubiquitously expressed aspartic protease functioning primarily in the acidic endosomal/lysosomal cell compartment. At an age of 26 ± 1 days, mice with constitutive Ctsd deficiency (Ctsd(-/-)) die from a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease equivalent to the congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) type 10 in humans. In addition to neurodegeneration, Ctsd(-/-) mice exhibit a loss of CD4(+)/CD8(+)-double-positive thymocytes and an atrophy of the intestinal mucosa. To date, it is not understood if and how these phenotypes are triggering each other. In addition, the cell type causing initiation of NCL in Ctsd(-/-) mice has not been identified yet. To investigate the tissue- and cell type-specific functions of Ctsd, we generated a novel conditional Ctsd allele by flanking the second exon with loxP sites. We compared a ubiquitous Ctsd deletion with a deletion of the protease by a Nestin-promoter controlled Cre-recombinase expression in cells of neuroectodermal origin, e.g. in neurons and astroglia, but not in microglia. First, we confirmed absence of Ctsd in the respective cell- and tissue types. The neuroectoderm specific knock-out mice survived about 5.5 days longer than the mice with ubiquitous Ctsd deletion, which was in line with the progress in brain histopathology. Atrophies of thymus and small intestine were delayed to similar extend. The conditional Ctsd knock-out mouse model established in this study not only demonstrates that this type of NCL is initiated by cells of neuroectodermal origin, but will also help to further study tissue-specific functions of Ctsd in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Ketscher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ketterer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dollwet-Mack
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reif
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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92
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Faller KME, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Mohammed A, Rahim AA, Tuxworth RI, Wager K, Bond M. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: Opportunities from model systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2267-78. [PMID: 25937302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of severe and progressive neurodegenerative disorders, generally with childhood onset. Despite the fact that these diseases remain fatal, significant breakthroughs have been made in our understanding of the genetics that underpin these conditions. This understanding has allowed the development of a broad range of models to study disease processes, and to develop new therapeutic approaches. Such models have contributed significantly to our knowledge of these conditions. In this review we will focus on the advantages of each individual model, describe some of the contributions the models have made to our understanding of the broader disease biology and highlight new techniques and approaches relevant to the study and potential treatment of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiterie M E Faller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alamin Mohammed
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kim Wager
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Michael Bond
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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93
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Kissing S, Hermsen C, Repnik U, Nesset CK, von Bargen K, Griffiths G, Ichihara A, Lee BS, Schwake M, De Brabander J, Haas A, Saftig P. Vacuolar ATPase in phagosome-lysosome fusion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14166-80. [PMID: 25903133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (v-ATPase) complex is instrumental in establishing and maintaining acidification of some cellular compartments, thereby ensuring their functionality. Recently it has been proposed that the transmembrane V0 sector of v-ATPase and its a-subunits promote membrane fusion in the endocytic and exocytic pathways independent of their acidification functions. Here, we tested if such a proton-pumping independent role of v-ATPase also applies to phagosome-lysosome fusion. Surprisingly, endo(lyso)somes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the V0 a3 subunit of the v-ATPase acidified normally, and endosome and lysosome marker proteins were recruited to phagosomes with similar kinetics in the presence or absence of the a3 subunit. Further experiments used macrophages with a knockdown of v-ATPase accessory protein 2 (ATP6AP2) expression, resulting in a strongly reduced level of the V0 sector of the v-ATPase. However, acidification appeared undisturbed, and fusion between latex bead-containing phagosomes and lysosomes, as analyzed by electron microscopy, was even slightly enhanced, as was killing of non-pathogenic bacteria by V0 mutant macrophages. Pharmacologically neutralized lysosome pH did not affect maturation of phagosomes in mouse embryonic cells or macrophages. Finally, locking the two large parts of the v-ATPase complex together by the drug saliphenylhalamide A did not inhibit in vitro and in cellulo fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Hence, our data do not suggest a fusion-promoting role of the v-ATPase in the formation of phagolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kissing
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Hermsen
- Institute for Cell Biology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristine von Bargen
- Institute for Cell Biology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-866, Japan
| | - Beth S Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 42210
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry III, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, and
| | - Jef De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Albert Haas
- Institute for Cell Biology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, D-53121 Bonn, Germany,
| | - Paul Saftig
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany,
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94
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Okada R, Wu Z, Zhu A, Ni J, Zhang J, Yoshimine Y, Peters C, Saftig P, Nakanishi H. Cathepsin D deficiency induces oxidative damage in brain pericytes and impairs the blood-brain barrier. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 64:51-60. [PMID: 25496868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathological changes in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) and lysosomal storage diseases. In order to examine the possible increase in the permeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and resultant infiltration of PBMCs due to cathepsin D (CatD) deficiency, a process underlying the onset of congenital NCL, we examined structural changes in brain vessels in CatD-/- mice. Consequently, the mean diameter of the brain vessels in the cerebral cortex on postnatal day 24 (P24) was significantly larger in CatD-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, the mean number of brain pericytes in CatD-/- mice began to decline significantly on P16 and almost disappeared on P24, and oxidative DNA damage was first detected in brain pericytes on P12. Examinations with electron microscopy revealed that brain pericytes were laden with dense granular bodies, cytoplasmic vacuoles and lipid droplets. The infiltration of PBMCs characterized by segmented nucleus laden with dense granular bodies was also noted in the cerebral cortex of CatD-/- mice. When primary cultured microglia prepared from enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic rats were injected into the common carotid artery, GFP-positive microglia were detected in the brain parenchyma of CatD-/-, but not wild-type, mice. Moreover, pepstatin A, a specific aspartic protease inhibitor, induced mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the isolated brain pericytes, which decreased the cell viability. These observations suggest that increased lysosomal storage due to CatD deficiency causes oxidative damage in brain pericytes, subsequently resulting in an increased vessel diameter, enhanced permeability of the BBB and the infiltration of PBMCs. Therefore, protecting brain pericytes against lysosomal storage-induced oxidative stress may represent an alternative treatment strategy for congenital NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okada
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Aiqin Zhu
- Institution of Geriatric Qinghai Provincial Hospital, Shining, 810007, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshito Yoshimine
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Christoph Peters
- Instutute für Molekuläre Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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95
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Kowalewski B, Lübke T, Kollmann K, Braulke T, Reinheckel T, Dierks T, Damme M. Molecular characterization of arylsulfatase G: expression, processing, glycosylation, transport, and activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27992-8005. [PMID: 25135642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.584144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatase G (ARSG) is a recently identified lysosomal sulfatase that was shown to be responsible for the degradation of 3-O-sulfated N-sulfoglucosamine residues of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Deficiency of ARSG leads to a new type of mucopolysaccharidosis, as described in a mouse model. Here, we provide a detailed molecular characterization of the endogenous murine enzyme. ARSG is expressed and proteolytically processed in a tissue-specific manner. The 63-kDa single-chain precursor protein localizes to pre-lysosomal compartments and tightly associates with organelle membranes, most likely the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, proteolytically processed ARSG fragments of 34-, 18-, and 10-kDa were found in lysosomal fractions and lost their membrane association. The processing sites and a disulfide bridge between the 18- and 10-kDa chains could be roughly mapped. Proteases participating in the processing were identified as cathepsins B and L. Proteolytic processing is dispensable for hydrolytic sulfatase activity in vitro. Lysosomal transport of ARSG in the liver is independent of mannose 6-phosphate, sortilin, and Limp2. However, mutation of glycosylation site N-497 abrogates transport of ARSG to lysosomes in human fibrosarcoma cells, due to impaired mannose 6-phosphate modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kowalewski
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Torben Lübke
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Katrin Kollmann
- the Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, and
| | - Thomas Braulke
- the Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, and
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld,
| | - Markus Damme
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld,
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96
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Vassar R, Kuhn PH, Haass C, Kennedy ME, Rajendran L, Wong PC, Lichtenthaler SF. Function, therapeutic potential and cell biology of BACE proteases: current status and future prospects. J Neurochem 2014; 130:4-28. [PMID: 24646365 PMCID: PMC4086641 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) were initially identified as transmembrane aspartyl proteases cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP). BACE1 is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease because BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP is the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid-β peptides. BACE1, which is highly expressed in the nervous system, is also required for myelination by cleaving neuregulin 1. Several recent proteomic and in vivo studies using BACE1- and BACE2-deficient mice demonstrate a much wider range of physiological substrates and functions for both proteases within and outside of the nervous system. For BACE1 this includes axon guidance, neurogenesis, muscle spindle formation, and neuronal network functions, whereas BACE2 was shown to be involved in pigmentation and pancreatic β-cell function. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. The protease BACE1 is a major drug target in Alzheimer disease. Together with its homolog BACE2, both proteases have an increasing number of functions within and outside of the nervous system. This review highlights recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg University School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Neurosciences, Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate programs of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Suyama M, Koike M, Asaoka D, Mori H, Oguro M, Ueno T, Nagahara A, Watanabe S, Uchiyama Y. Increased immunoreactivity of cathepsins in the rat esophagus under chronic acid reflux esophagitis. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:645-60. [PMID: 24943348 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414542300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a stable rat chronic acid reflux esophagitis (RE) model. In gastrointestinal lesions, several lysosomal cathepsins are known to participate in epithelial permeability in cell-cell connections, such as tight junctions in ulcerative colitis. However, very few studies have focused on the distribution of cathepsins in the esophageal multilayer squamous epithelium. Therefore to clarify the role of cathepsins in RE, we investigated their immunohistological localization in the esophageal epithelium under normal conditions and after RE. Of the cathepsins examined (cathepsins B, C, D, F, H, L, S, and X), granular immunoreactivity for cathepsins B, C, D and L was observed in the control esophageal epithelia; although, their distribution differed depending on the enzyme examined. In the RE model, immunoreactivity of these cathepsins was increased in esophageal epithelial cells and activated macrophages. The immunoreactivity for cathepsins F, H, S and X was barely detectable in the control esophageal epithelium. However, in the RE model, we noticed a slight increase in the expression of cathepsins H and X in the epithelial cells. Furthermore, activated macrophages of the RE model possessed intense immunoreactivity for these cathepsins, which may have been related to esophageal inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Suyama
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Oguro
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahara
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Götzl JK, Mori K, Damme M, Fellerer K, Tahirovic S, Kleinberger G, Janssens J, van der Zee J, Lang CM, Kremmer E, Martin JJ, Engelborghs S, Kretzschmar HA, Arzberger T, Van Broeckhoven C, Haass C, Capell A. Common pathobiochemical hallmarks of progranulin-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:845-60. [PMID: 24619111 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene and the resulting reduction of GRN levels is a common genetic cause for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with accumulation of TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP)-43. Recently, it has been shown that a complete GRN deficiency due to a homozygous GRN loss-of-function mutation causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disorder. These findings suggest that lysosomal dysfunction may also contribute to some extent to FTLD. Indeed, Grn(-/-) mice recapitulate not only pathobiochemical features of GRN-associated FTLD-TDP (FTLD-TDP/GRN), but also those which are characteristic for NCL and lysosomal impairment. In Grn(-/-) mice the lysosomal proteins cathepsin D (CTSD), LAMP (lysosomal-associated membrane protein) 1 and the NCL storage components saposin D and subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS) were all found to be elevated. Moreover, these mice display increased levels of transmembrane protein (TMEM) 106B, a lysosomal protein known as a risk factor for FTLD-TDP pathology. In line with a potential pathological overlap of FTLD and NCL, Ctsd(-/-) mice, a model for NCL, show elevated levels of the FTLD-associated proteins GRN and TMEM106B. In addition, pathologically phosphorylated TDP-43 occurs in Ctsd(-/-) mice to a similar extent as in Grn(-/-) mice. Consistent with these findings, some NCL patients accumulate pathologically phosphorylated TDP-43 within their brains. Based on these observations, we searched for pathological marker proteins, which are characteristic for NCL or lysosomal impairment in brains of FTLD-TDP/GRN patients. Strikingly, saposin D, SCMAS as well as the lysosomal proteins CTSD and LAMP1/2 are all elevated in patients with FTLD-TDP/GRN. Thus, our findings suggest that lysosomal storage disorders and GRN-associated FTLD may share common features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Götzl
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336, Munich, Germany
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99
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Sondhi D, Rosenberg JB, Van de Graaf BG, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG. Advances in the treatment of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.852081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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100
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Wang W, Liu Y, Lazarus RA. Allosteric inhibition of BACE1 by an exosite-binding antibody. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:797-805. [PMID: 23998983 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Secretase (BACE1) is a membrane-anchored pepsin-like aspartic protease and is the rate-limiting enzyme in the β-amyloidogenic pathway. Thus, inhibitors of BACE1 activity have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease. While much effort has focused on small molecule active site inhibitors, recent exploration of BACE1 inhibition by peptides and antibodies has revealed exosites that can regulate enzymatic activity. This type of allosteric regulation by proteinaceous factors, while frequently found in serine and cysteine proteases, is rarely seen in aspartic proteases. A crystal structure of the anti-BACE1/enzyme complex shows altered structural features and dynamic characteristics near the substrate-binding cleft. This binding mode, along with the enzymatic inhibition pattern, suggests that anti-BACE1 functions through an allosteric inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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