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Prediction of inflammatory responses induced by biomaterials in contact with human blood using protein fingerprint from plasma. Biomaterials 2015; 36:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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52
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Xu LC, Bauer JW, Siedlecki CA. Proteins, platelets, and blood coagulation at biomaterial interfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 124:49-68. [PMID: 25448722 PMCID: PMC5001692 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation and platelet adhesion remain major impediments to the use of biomaterials in implantable medical devices. There is still significant controversy and question in the field regarding the role that surfaces play in this process. This manuscript addresses this topic area and reports on state of the art in the field. Particular emphasis is placed on the subject of surface engineering and surface measurements that allow for control and observation of surface-mediated biological responses in blood and test solutions. Appropriate use of surface texturing and chemical patterning methodologies allow for reduction of both blood coagulation and platelet adhesion, and new methods of surface interrogation at high resolution allow for measurement of the relevant biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - James W Bauer
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Christopher A Siedlecki
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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53
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Ye M, Mohanty P, Ghosh G. Biomimetic apatite-coated porous PVA scaffolds promote the growth of breast cancer cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 44:310-6. [PMID: 25280710 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recapitulating the native environment of bone tissue is essential to develop in vitro models of breast cancer bone metastasis. The bone is a composite material consisting of organic matrix and inorganic mineral phase, primarily hydroxyapatite. In this study, we report the mineralization of porous poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds upon incubation in modified Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) for 14 days. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the deposited minerals have composition similar to hydroxyapatite. The study demonstrated that the rate of nucleation and growth of minerals was faster on surfaces of less porous scaffolds. However, upon prolonged incubation, formation of mineral layer was observed on the surface of all the scaffolds. In addition, the study also demonstrated that 3D mineralization only occurred for scaffolds with highly interconnected porous networks. The mineralization of the scaffolds promoted the adsorption of serum proteins and consequently, the adhesion and proliferation of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Pravansu Mohanty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States.
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Alexandre N, Costa E, Coimbra S, Silva A, Lopes A, Rodrigues M, Santos M, Maurício AC, Santos JD, Luís AL. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of blood coagulation activation of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel plus dextran-based vascular grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1366-79. [PMID: 25044790 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is commonly used in biomedical applications including vascular grafting. It was argued that the copolymerization of PVA with dextran (Dx) can result in improvement of blood-biomaterial interactions. The focus of this experimental study was to assess that interaction through an in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the coagulation system activation. The thrombogenicity of the copolymer was determined by quantification of platelet adhesion through the lactate dehydrogenase assay, determination of whole blood clotting time, and by quantification of platelet activation by flow cytometry. The thrombin-antithrombin complex blood levels were also determined. The obtained results for the in vitro assays suggested a non-thrombogenic profile for PVA/Dx. Additionally in vivo coagulation and hematological parameters were determined in an animal model after PVA/Dx vascular graft implantation. For coagulation homeostasis assessment, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway's activation was determined by measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Other markers of coagulation and inflammation activation including d-dimers, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein were also assessed. The PVA/Dx copolymer tended to inhibit platelet adhesion/activation process and the contact activation process for coagulation. These results were also confirmed with the in vivo experiments where the measurements for APTT, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein parameters were normal considering the species normal range of values. The response to those events is an indicator of the in vitro and in vivo hemocompatibility of PVA/Dx and it allows us to select this biomaterial for further preclinical trials in vascular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Alexandre
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Agro-ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
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55
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Major TC, Brisbois EJ, Jones AM, Zanetti ME, Annich GM, Bartlett RH, Handa H. The effect of a polyurethane coating incorporating both a thrombin inhibitor and nitric oxide on hemocompatibility in extracorporeal circulation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7271-85. [PMID: 24927680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) releasing (NORel) materials have been extensively investigated to create localized increases in NO concentration by the proton driven diazeniumdiolate-containing polymer coatings and demonstrated to improve extracorporeal circulation (ECC) hemocompatibility. In this work, the NORel polymeric coating composed of a diazeniumdiolated dibutylhexanediamine (DBHD-N2O2)-containing hydrophobic Elast-eon™ (E2As) polyurethane was combined with a direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban (AG), and evaluated in a 4 h rabbit thrombogenicity model without systemic anticoagulation. In addition, the immobilizing of argatroban to E2As polymer was achieved by either a polyethylene glycol-containing (PEGDI) or hexane methylene (HMDI) diisocyanate linker. The combined polymer film was coated on the inner walls of ECC circuits to yield significantly reduced ECC thrombus formation compared to argatroban alone ECC control after 4 h blood exposure (0.6 ± 0.1 AG/HMDI/NORel vs 1.7 ± 0.2 cm(2) AG/HMDI control). Platelet count (2.8 ± 0.3 AG/HMDI/NORel vs 1.9 ± 0.1 × 10(8)/ml AG/HMDI control) and plasma fibrinogen levels were preserved after 4 h blood exposure with both the NORel/argatroban combination and the AG/HMDI control group compared to baseline. Platelet function as measured by aggregometry remained near normal in both the AG/HMDI/NORel (63 ± 5%) and AG/HMDI control (58 ± 7%) groups after 3 h compared to baseline (77 ± 1%). Platelet P-selectin mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as measured by flow cytometry also remained near baseline levels after 4 h on ECC to ex vivo collagen stimulation (16 ± 3 AG/HMDI/NORel vs 11 ± 2 MFI baseline). These results suggest that the combined AG/HMDI/NORel polymer coating preserves platelets in blood exposure to ECCs to a better degree than AG/PEGDI/NORel, NORel alone or AG alone. These combined antithrombin, NO-mediated antiplatelet effects were shown to improve thromboresistance of the AG/HMDI/NORel polymer-coated ECCs and move potential nonthrombogenic polymers closer to mimicking vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Major
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Anna M Jones
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margaux E Zanetti
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gail M Annich
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hitesh Handa
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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56
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Kovach KM, Capadona JR, Sen Gupta A, Potkay JA. The effects of PEG-based surface modification of PDMS microchannels on long-term hemocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102:4195-205. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Kovach
- Advanced Platform Technology Center (APT Center); Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Advanced Platform Technology Center (APT Center); Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Cleveland Ohio 44106
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Joseph A. Potkay
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Ann Arbor Michigan 48105
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
- Department of Surgery; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109
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57
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Pawlak M, Bakker E. Chemical Modification of Polymer Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Surfaces. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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58
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Antibody binding, platelet adhesion, and protein adsorption on various polymer surfaces. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25:52-60. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328364a802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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59
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Srokowski EM, Woodhouse KA. Evaluation of the bulk platelet response and fibrinogen interaction to elastin-like polypeptide coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:540-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Srokowski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Kimberly A. Woodhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Ontario Canada
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60
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Bhushan B, Schricker SR. A review of block copolymer-based biomaterials that control protein and cell interactions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2467-80. [PMID: 23893878 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers posses the ability to phase separate into micro and nanoscale patterns resulting in nonhomogeneous surfaces and solids. This nonhomogeneity has been harnessed to improve mechanical properties, control degradation, and add functionality to biomaterials. The ability of block copolymers to generate a wide variety of surface chemistries and morphologies can also be harnessed to control protein adsorption, protein conformation, and cell adhesion. Proteins and cells will respond to periodically structured surfaces, so block copolymers have a great deal of potential as biomaterials. This review will explore the ability of block copolymers to control specific biological responses such as cell adhesion, protein adsorption and conformation, parameters that govern the overall host response to a material. In addition, some of the specific applications of block copolymer, antithrombogenic materials and their ability to pattern proteins, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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61
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Hulander M, Lundgren A, Faxälv L, Lindahl TL, Palmquist A, Berglin M, Elwing H. Gradients in surface nanotopography used to study platelet adhesion and activation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:261-9. [PMID: 23732803 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gradients in surface nanotopography were prepared by adsorbing gold nanoparticles on smooth gold substrates using diffusion technique. Following a sintering procedure the particle binding chemistry was removed, and integration of the particles into the underlying gold substrate was achieved, leaving a nanostructured surface with uniform surface chemistry. After pre-adsorption of human fibrinogen, the effect of surface nanotopography on platelets was studied. The use of a gradient in nanotopography allowed for platelet adhesion and activation to be studied as a function of nanoparticle coverage on one single substrate. A peak in platelet adhesion was found at 23% nanoparticle surface coverage. The highest number of activated platelets was found on the smooth control part of the surface, and did not coincide with the number of adhered platelets. Activation correlated inversely with particle coverage, hence the lowest fraction of activated platelets was found at high particle coverage. Hydrophobization of the gradient surface lowered the total number of adhering cells, but not the ratio of activated cells. Little or no effect was seen on gradients with 36nm particles, suggesting the existence of a lower limit for sensing of surface nano-roughness in platelets. These results demonstrate that parameters such as ratio between size and inter-particle distance can be more relevant for cell response than wettability on nanostructured surfaces. The minor effect of hydrophobicity, the generally reduced activation on nanostructured surfaces and the presence of a cut-off in activation of human platelets as a function of nanoparticle size could have implications for the design of future blood-contacting biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hulander
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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62
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Svensson S, Suska F, Emanuelsson L, Palmquist A, Norlindh B, Trobos M, Bäckros H, Persson L, Rydja G, Ohrlander M, Lyvén B, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Osseointegration of titanium with an antimicrobial nanostructured noble metal coating. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1048-56. [PMID: 23639678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanometer scale surface features on implants and prostheses can potentially be used to enhance osseointegration and may also add further functionalities, such as infection resistance, to the implant. In this study, a nanostructured noble metal coating consisting of palladium, gold and silver, never previously used in bone applications, was applied to machined titanium screws to evaluate osseointegration after 6 and 12 weeks in rabbit tibiae and femurs. Infection resistance was confirmed by in vitro adhesion test. A qualitatively and quantitatively similar in vivo bone response was observed for the coated and uncoated control screws, using histology, histomorphometry and electron microscopy. The bone-implant interface analysis revealed an extensive bone formation and direct bone-implant contact. These results demonstrate that the nanostructured noble metal coating with antimicrobial properties promotes osseointegration and may therefore be used to add extra implant functionality in the form of increased resistance to infection without the use of antibiotics. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The authors of this paper demonstrate that nanostructured noble metal coating of implants and prostheses used in orthopedic procedures promotes osseointegration and may be used to add extra implant functionality in the form of increased resistance to infection without the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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63
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Pandiyarajan CK, Prucker O, Zieger B, Rühe J. Influence of the molecular structure of surface-attached poly(N-alkyl acrylamide) coatings on the interaction of surfaces with proteins, cells and blood platelets. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:873-84. [PMID: 23596084 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Blood protein adsorption and blood platelet adhesion onto surface-attached poly(alkylacrylamide) networks that exhibit small and systematic variations in chemical composition are investigated. The polymer coatings are generated by depositing a thin layer of benzophenone-group-containing copolymer onto a solid substrate, followed by photo crosslinking and simultaneous surface-attachment. The correlation of the swelling of the obtained surface-attached networks with the adsorption of blood proteins and cellular adhesion is studied. The swollen surface-attached layers are inert to blood proteins and platelet cells. These results suggest that the hydrogel-coated materials are promising candidates for the generation of hemocompatible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Pandiyarajan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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64
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Lantvit SM, Barrett BJ, Reynolds MM. Nitric oxide releasing material adsorbs more fibrinogen. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3201-10. [PMID: 23554300 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism of the failure of blood-contacting devices is clotting. Nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials are seen as a viable solution to the mediation of surface clotting by preventing platelet activation; however, NO's involvement in preventing clot formation extends beyond controlling platelet function. In this study, we evaluate NO's effect on factor XII (fibrinogen) adsorption and activation, which causes the initiation of the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade. This is done by utilizing a model plasticized poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC), N-diazeniumdiolate system and looking at the adsorption of fibrinogen, an important clotting protein, to these surfaces. The materials have been prepared in such a way to eliminate changes in surface properties between the control (plasticized PVC) and composite (NO-releasing) materials. This allows us to isolate NO release and determine the effect on the adsorption of fibrinogen, to the material surface. Surprisingly, it was found that an NO releasing material with a surface flux of 17.4 ± 0.5 × 10(-10) mol NO cm(-2) min(-1) showed a significant increase in the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed to the material surface compared to one with a flux of 13.0 ± 1.6 × 10(-10) mol NO cm(-2) min(-1) and the control (2334 ± 496, 226 ± 99, and 103 ±31% fibrinogen adsorbed of control, respectively). This study suggests that NO's role in controlling clotting is extended beyond platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lantvit
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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65
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Fernández-Montes Moraleda B, Román JS, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Influence of surface features of hydroxyapatite on the adsorption of proteins relevant to bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2332-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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66
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Ekdahl KN, Hong J, Hamad OA, Larsson R, Nilsson B. Evaluation of the blood compatibility of materials, cells, and tissues: basic concepts, test models, and practical guidelines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:257-70. [PMID: 23402033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Medicine today uses a wide range of biomaterials, most of which make contact with blood permanently or transiently upon implantation. Contact between blood and nonbiological materials or cells or tissue of nonhematologic origin initiates activation of the cascade systems (complement, contact activation/coagulation) of the blood, which induces platelet and leukocyte activation. Although substantial progress regarding biocompatibility has been made, many materials and medical treatment procedures are still associated with severe side effects. Therefore, there is a great need for adequate models and guidelines for evaluating the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Due to the substantial amount of cross talk between the different cascade systems and cell populations in the blood, it is advisable to use an intact system for evaluation. Here, we describe three such in vitro models for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of materials and therapeutic cells and tissues. The use of different anticoagulants and specific inhibitors in order to be able to dissect interactions between the different cascade systems and cells of the blood is discussed. In addition, we describe two clinically relevant medical treatment modalities, the integration of titanium implants and transplantation of islets of Langerhans to patients with type 1 diabetes, whose mechanisms of action we have addressed using these in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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67
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Liu Q, Singh A, Liu L. Amino Acid-Based Zwitterionic Poly(serine methacrylate) as an Antifouling Material. Biomacromolecules 2012; 14:226-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301646y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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68
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Dahlin C, Johansson A, Hoffman M, Molenberg A. Early biocompatibility of poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel barrier materials for guided bone regeneration. An in vitro study using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 25:16-20. [PMID: 23173910 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the early cellular attachment and viability to modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels with the influence of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) in an in vitro model system. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) were cultured on 6 different modalities of PEG hydrogel in hydrophobic polystyrene wells. A total of 7500 cells/well (10,000 cells/cm(2)) were dispersed over the PEG filled wells and incubated in triplicates for 24 h, 7 and 13 days. Cell numbers were calculated by means of a NucleoCounter. Cell viability was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). For statistical analysis, nonparametric Kruska-Wallis test followed by Dunetts T3 test were used. RESULTS All PEG modifications showed good biocompatibility, as demonstrated by low LDH values per cell at the earlier two time points. After 13 days, all PEG modifications showed significantly lower number of cells compared with the controls, and the MX60 configurations demonstrated significantly higher LDH/cell values compared with the other hydrogels. CONCLUSIONS Modifications of the physio-chemical properties of PEG hydrogels and the addition of RGD and spacers influenced the initial cellular response of cultured HGF-1 cells. With the exception of MX60 after 13 days, all PEG formulations performed similarly well. Early cellular response should be considered when developing PEG-based material for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Dahlin
- Department of Biomaterials, Institutie for Surgical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, NÄL Medical Centre Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden
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69
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Li J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Tan H, Li J, Fu Q. Synthesis and surface properties of polyurethane end-capped with hybrid hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon double-chain phospholipid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1362-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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70
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Goda T, Miyahara Y. Interpretation of protein adsorption through its intrinsic electric charges: a comparative study using a field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and quartz crystal microbalance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14730-8. [PMID: 22992058 DOI: 10.1021/la302977s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe the highly sensitive detection of the nonspecific adsorption of proteins onto a 1-undecanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-formed gold electrode by parallel analysis using field effect transistor (FET), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. The FET sensor detects the innate electric charges of the adsorbed protein at the electrode/solution interface, transforming the change in charge density into a potentiometric signal in real time, without the requirement for labels. In particular, using the Debye-Huckel model, the degree of potential shift was proportional to the dry mass of adsorbed albumin and β-casein. A comparison of the FET signal with SPR and QCM data provided information on the conformation and orientation of the surface-bound protein by observing characteristic break points in the correlation slopes between the signals. These slope transitions reflect a multistage process that occurs upon protein adsorption as a function of protein concentration, including interim coverage, film dehydration, and monolayer condensation. The FET biosensor, in combination with SPR and QCM, represents a new technology for interrogating protein-material interactions both quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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71
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Pop-Georgievski O, Verreault D, Diesner MO, Proks V, Heissler S, Rypácek F, Koelsch P. Nonfouling poly(ethylene oxide) layers end-tethered to polydopamine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14273-83. [PMID: 22989020 PMCID: PMC3489920 DOI: 10.1021/la3029935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonfouling surfaces capable of reducing protein adsorption are highly desirable in a wide range of applications. Coating of surfaces with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), a water-soluble, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic polymer, is most frequently used to reduce nonspecific protein adsorption. Here we show how to prepare dense PEO brushes on virtually any substrate by tethering PEO to polydopamine (PDA)-modified surfaces. The chain lengths of hetero-bifunctional PEOs were varied in the range of 45-500 oxyethylene units (M(n) = 2000-20,000). End-tethering of PEO chains was performed through amine and thiol headgroups from reactive polymer melts to minimize excluded volume effects. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was applied to investigate the adsorption of model protein solutions and complex biologic medium (human blood plasma) to the densely packed PEO brushes. The level of protein adsorption of human serum albumin and fibrinogen solutions was below the detection limit of the SPR measurements for all PEO chains end-tethered to PDA, thus exceeding the protein resistance of PEO layers tethered directly on gold. It was found that the surface resistance to adsorption of lysozyme and human blood plasma increased with increasing length and brush character of the PEO chains end-tethered to PDA with a similar or better resistance in comparison to PEO layers on gold. Furthermore, the chain density, thickness, swelling, and conformation of PEO layers were determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), dynamic water contact angle (DCA) measurements, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), and vibrational sum-frequency-generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, the latter in air and water.
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72
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Tang X, Ali MY, Saif MTA. A Novel Technique for Micro-patterning Proteins and Cells on Polyacrylamide Gels. SOFT MATTER 2012; 8:7197-7206. [PMID: 23002394 PMCID: PMC3447741 DOI: 10.1039/c2sm25533b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterning of proteins (extracellular matrix, ECM) for living cells on polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels has been technically challenging due to the compliant nature of the hydrogels and their aqueous environment. Traditional micro-fabrication process is not applicable. Here we report a simple, novel and general method to pattern a variety of commonly used cell adhesion molecules, i.e. Fibronectin (FN), Laminin (LN) and Collagen I (CN), etc. on PA gels. The pattern is first printed on a hydrophilic glass using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and micro-contact printing (μCP). Pre-polymerization solution is applied on the patterned glass and is then sandwiched by a functionalized glass slide, which covalently binds to the gel. The hydrophilic glass slide is then peeled off from the gel when the protein patterns detach from the glass, but remain intact with the gel. The pattern is thus transferred to the gel. The mechanism of pattern transfer is studied in light of interfacial mechanics. It is found that hydrophilic glass offers strong enough adhesion with ECM proteins such that a pattern can be printed, but weak enough adhesion such that they can be completely peeled off by the polymerized gel. This balance is essential for successful pattern transfer. As a demonstration, lines of FN, LN and CN with widths varying from 5-400 μm are patterned on PA gels. Normal fibroblasts (MKF) are cultured on the gel surfaces. The cell attachment and proliferation are confined within these patterns. The method avoids the use of any toxic chemistry often used to pattern different proteins on gel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA, 61801
| | - M. Yakut Ali
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA, 61801
| | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA, 61801
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA, 61801
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73
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Sask KN, Berry LR, Chan AKC, Brash JL. Polyurethane modified with an antithrombin-heparin complex via polyethylene oxide linker/spacers: Influence of PEO molecular weight and PEO-ATH bond on catalytic and direct anticoagulant functions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2821-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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74
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Lu L, Li QL, Maitz MF, Chen JL, Huang N. Immobilization of the direct thrombin inhibitor-bivalirudin on 316L stainless steel via polydopamine and the resulting effects on hemocompatibility in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2421-30. [PMID: 22566466 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bivalirudin (BV), a peptidic direct thrombin inhibitor, derived from hirudin, has gained increasing interest in clinical anticoagulant therapy in the recent years. In this work, a hemocompatible surface was prepared by immobilization of BV on 316L stainless steel (SS) using a bonding layer of polydopamine (DA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the chemical composition of the surfaces to characterize polydopamine intermediate layer and the immobilized BV. The quantity of bound BV was measured by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The hemocompatibility in vitro was evaluated by coagulating time of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assay, platelet adhesion and activation, fibrinogen adsorption, and activation and whole blood test. The effect of sterilizing method on the bioactivity of immobilized BV was also evaluated. The results showed that BVs were successfully immobilized on SS surface with the DA interlayer at a density of 98 ng/cm(2) . BV coating surface prolonged aPTT and PT, inhibited the activation of platelet and fibrinogen significantly. Sterilization by ultraviolet radiation was possible with only marginal loss of activity. Thus, the approach described here may provide a basis for the preparation of 316L SS surface modification for use in cardiovascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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75
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Srokowski EM, Blit PH, McClung WG, Brash JL, Santerre JP, Woodhouse KA. Platelet Adhesion and Fibrinogen Accretion on a Family of Elastin-Like Polypeptides. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:41-57. [DOI: 10.1163/092050609x12578498935594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Srokowski
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P. H. Blit
- b Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W. G. McClung
- c Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J. L. Brash
- d Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J. P. Santerre
- e Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K. A. Woodhouse
- f Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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76
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Doliška A, Ribitsch V, Stana Kleinschek K, Strnad S. Viscoelastic properties of fibrinogen adsorbed onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) surfaces by QCM-D. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:246-55. [PMID: 23465926 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In presented study a new approach using QCM-D for biocompatibility determination was introduced. The adsorption of fibrinogen on PET and modified PET surfaces was monitored in situ using QCM-D. Protein layer thicknesses were estimated on the basis of a Voight based viscoelastic model. The hydrophilicities and morphologies of the surfaces were investigated using a goniometer and AFM. The results showed that PET surfaces coated with sulphated polysaccharides are more hydrophilic and more fibrinogen-repulsive than non-modified PET surfaces. QCM-D equipped with QTools modelling software is well-applicable to the characterisation of surface properties and can be optimised for biocompatibility determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Doliška
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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77
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Wang K, Zhou C, Hong Y, Zhang X. A review of protein adsorption on bioceramics. Interface Focus 2012; 2:259-77. [PMID: 23741605 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioceramics, because of its excellent biocompatible and mechanical properties, has always been considered as the most promising materials for hard tissue repair. It is well know that an appropriate cellular response to bioceramics surfaces is essential for tissue regeneration and integration. As the in vivo implants, the implanted bioceramics are immediately coated with proteins from blood and body fluids, and it is through this coated layer that cells sense and respond to foreign implants. Hence, the adsorption of proteins is critical within the sequence of biological activities. However, the biological mechanisms of the interactions of bioceramics and proteins are still not well understood. In this review, we will recapitulate the recent studies on the bioceramic-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , 610064 Chengdu , People's Republic of China
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78
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TOF-SIMS imaging of adsorbed proteins on topographically complex surfaces with Bi(3) (+) primary ions. Biointerphases 2012; 6:135. [PMID: 21974684 DOI: 10.1116/1.3622347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated that TOF-SIMS is a powerful method for the characterization of adsorbed proteins due to its specificity and surface sensitivity, it was unclear from earlier work whether the differences between proteins observed on uniform flat surfaces were large enough to facilitate clear image contrast between similar proteins in small areas on topographically complex samples that are more typical of biological tissues. The goal of this study was to determine whether Bi(3) (+) could provide sufficiently high sensitivity to provide clear identification of the different proteins in an image. In this study, 10 μm polystyrene microspheres were adsorbed with one of three different proteins, human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and hemoglobin. Spheres coated with HSA were then mixed with spheres coated with either BSA (a very similar protein) or hemoglobin (a dramatically different protein), and deposited on silicon substrates. Fluorescent labeling was used to verify the SIMS results. With maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF) processing, images showed clear contrast between both the very different proteins (HSA and hemoglobin) and the very similar proteins (HSA and BSA). Similar results were obtained with and without the fluorescent labels. MAF images were calculated using both the full spectrum and only characteristic amino acid fragments. Although better image contrast was obtained using the full spectrum, differences between the spheres were still evident when only the amino acid fragments were included in the analysis, suggesting that we are truly observing differences between the proteins themselves. These results demonstrate that TOF-SIMS, with a Bi(3) (+) primary ion, is a powerful technique for characterizing interfacial proteins not only on large uniform surfaces, but also with high spatial resolution on the topographically complex samples typical in biological analysis.
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79
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Alibeik S, Zhu S, Yau JW, Weitz JI, Brash JL. Dual surface modification with PEG and corn trypsin inhibitor: Effect of PEG:CTI ratio on protein resistance and anticoagulant properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:856-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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80
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Walkowiak-Przybyło M, Klimek L, Okrój W, Jakubowski W, Chwiłka M, Czajka A, Walkowiak B. Adhesion, activation, and aggregation of blood platelets and biofilm formation on the surfaces of titanium alloys Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:768-75. [PMID: 22238248 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Titanium alloys are still on the top list of fundamental materials intended for dental, orthopedics, neurological, and cardiovascular implantations. Recently, a special attention has been paid to vanadium-free titanium alloy, Ti6Al7Nb, that seems to represent higher biocompatibility than traditional Ti6Al4V alloy. Surprisingly, these data are not thoroughly elaborated in the literature; particularly there is a lack of comparative experiments conducted simultaneously and at the same conditions. Our study fills these shortcomings in the field of blood contact and microbiological colonization. To observe platelets adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of compared titanium alloys, fluorescence microscope Olympus GX71 and scanning electron microscope HITACHI S-3000N were used. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis of platelets aggregation and activation in the whole blood after contact with sample surface, as an essential tool for biomaterial thrombocompatibility assessment, was proposed. As a result of our study it was demonstrated that polished surfaces of Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V alloys after contact with whole citrated blood and E. coli bacterial cells exhibit a considerable difference. Overall, it was established that Ti6Al4V has distinct tendency to higher thrombogenicity, more excessive bacterial biofilm formation and notable cytotoxic properties in comparison to Ti6Al7Nb. However, we suggest these studies should be extended for other types of cells and biological objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walkowiak-Przybyło
- Department of Materials' Research, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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81
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Kuo WH, Wang MJ, Chang CW, Wei TC, Lai JY, Tsai WB, Lee C. Improvement of hemocompatibility on materials by photoimmobilization of poly(ethylene glycol). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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82
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Shah PN, Yun YH. Cellular interactions with biodegradable polyurethanes formulated from L-tyrosine. J Biomater Appl 2011; 27:1017-31. [PMID: 22207610 DOI: 10.1177/0885328211432325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine polyurethanes (LTUs) have been synthesized by structural modification of the poly (amino acid) backbone to circumvent the problems associated with the processing of poly (amino acids) arising from their high crystallinity, insolubility in common organic solvents, and high glass-transition and melting temperatures. Additionally, problems such as unpredictable swelling characteristics, change in conformation, and uncontrolled enzymatic degradation have severely restricted the use of poly (amino acids). In contrast, LTUs are designed to retain their superior physico-chemical properties, while incorporating biodegradability through enzymatic, hydrolytic, and oxidative pathways. The aim of this study is to evaluate initially the biocompatibility of LTUs and their degradation products. Studies involving primary dermal human fibroblasts cultured in contact with LTU films or degradation products suggest a lack of toxicity (cell viabilities >93% with p < 0.05 compared to the control for all studies). The diversity of LTU polymer chemistry and the ability of LTUs to phase separate seem to present a heterogeneous surface with variable wettability. This phenomenon influences the adhesion and proliferation of human fibroblasts on polymeric surfaces, wherein fibroblast adhesion on polycaprolactone diol (PCL) based LTUs is characterized by higher cell counts (81,250 ± 18,390 for PCL-C-DTH (desaminotyrosine-tyrosyl hexyl, DTH), 58,360 ± 7370 for PCL-L-DTH, 38,480 ± 12,680 for PEG-C-DTH (polyethylene glycol, PEG), and 46,430 ± 16,000 for PEG-L-DTH at 120 h with p < 0.001 for comparison between PCL-C-DTH and all other LTUs), more rapid cellular proliferation (doubling time of 37-49 h for PCL-based LTUs compared to 68-90 h for PEG-based LTUs), and a uniform cell distribution compared to PEG-based LTUs. However, immunofluorescence assay for F-actin suggests that the cells are well attached. Thus, the lack of cytotoxicity and the ability to control cellular adhesion through polymer chemistry make LTUs attractive candidates for tissue-engineering applications that require elastomeric, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth N Shah
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
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83
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Cozzens D, Luk A, Ojha U, Ruths M, Faust R. Surface characterization and protein interactions of segmented polyisobutylene-based thermoplastic polyurethanes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14160-14168. [PMID: 22023013 DOI: 10.1021/la202586j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The surface properties and biocompatibility of a class of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with applications in blood-contacting medical devices have been studied. Thin films of commercial TPUs and novel polyisobutylene (PIB)-poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) TPUs were characterized by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. PIB-PTMO TPU surfaces have significantly higher C/N ratios and lower amounts of oxygen than the theoretical bulk composition, which is attributed to surface enrichment of PIB. Greater differences in the C/N ratios were observed with the softer compositions due to their higher relative amounts of PIB. The contact angles were higher on PIB-PTMO TPUs than on commercial polyether TPUs, indicating lower surface energy. AFM imaging showed phase separation and increasing domain sizes with increasing hard segment content. The biocompatibility was investigated by quantifying the adsorption of fouling and passivating proteins, fibrinogen (Fg) and human serum albumin (HSA) respectively, onto thin TPU films spin coated onto the electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Competitive adsorption experiments were performed with a mixture of Fg and albumin in physiological ratio followed by binding of GPIIb-IIIa, the platelet receptor ligand that selectively binds to Fg. The QCM-D results indicate similar adsorbed amounts of both Fg and HSA on PIB-PTMO TPUs and commercial TPUs. The strength of the protein interactions with the various TPU surfaces measured with AFM (colloidal probe) was similar among the various TPUs. These results suggest excellent biocompatibility of these novel PIB-PTMO TPUs, similar to that of polyether TPUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cozzens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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84
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Kuo WH, Wang MJ, Chien HW, Wei TC, Lee C, Tsai WB. Surface Modification with Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) To Reduce Fibrinogen Adsorption, Platelet Adhesion, and Plasma Coagulation. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4348-56. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2013185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Rd.,
Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiy Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Rd.,
Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Wen Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106,
Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chin Wei
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200, Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li 320, Taiwan
| | - Chiapyng Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Rd.,
Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106,
Taiwan
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85
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Feng W, Gao X, McClung G, Zhu S, Ishihara K, Brash JL. Methacrylate polymer layers bearing poly(ethylene oxide) and phosphorylcholine side chains as non-fouling surfaces: in vitro interactions with plasma proteins and platelets. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3692-9. [PMID: 21693202 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two methacrylate monomers, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA; MW=300 g mol(-1), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of average length n=4.5) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC; MW=295 g mol(-1)), were grafted from silicon wafer surfaces via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The grafted surfaces were used as model PEG and phosphorylcholine surface systems to allow comparison of the effectiveness of these two motifs in the prevention of plasma protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. It was found that at high graft density fibrinogen adsorption from plasma on the poly(MPC) and poly(OEGMA) surfaces for a given graft chain length was comparable and extremely low. At low graft density, poly(OEGMA) was slightly more effective than poly(MPC) in resisting fibrinogen adsorption from plasma. Flowing whole blood experiments showed that at low graft density the poly(OEGMA) surfaces were more resistant to fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adhesion than the poly(MPC) surfaces. At high graft density, both the poly(MPC) and poly(OEGMA) surfaces were highly resistant to fibrinogen and platelets. Immunoblots of proteins eluted from the surfaces after contact with human plasma were probed with antibodies against a range of proteins, including the contact phase clotting factors, fibrinogen, albumin, complement C3, IgG, vitronectin and apolipoprotein A-I. The blot responses were weak on the poly(MPC) and poly(OEGMA) surfaces at low graft density and zero at high graft density, again indicating strongly protein resistant properties for these surfaces. Since the side chains of the poly(OEGMA) are about 50% greater in size than those of poly(MPC), the difference in protein resistance between the poly(MPC) and poly(OEGMA) surfaces at low graft density may be due to the difference in surface coverage of the two graft types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8P 4L7
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86
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Szott LM, Horbett TA. Protein interactions with surfaces: cellular responses, complement activation, and newer methods. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:677-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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87
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Thasneem YM, Sajeesh S, Sharma CP. Effect of thiol functionalization on the hemo-compatibility of PLGA nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:607-17. [PMID: 21953904 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to reduce the interaction of poly(D,L-lactic acid/glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with the opsonins and phagocytic cells upon functionalization with thiol groups. Terminal carboxylic groups in PLGA were conjugated to the amino group of cysteine and nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Detailed in vitro investigations were performed on PLGA and cysteine modified PLGA (Cys-PLGA) nanoparticles to asses their blood compatibility. The effect of these nanoparticles on the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) from human macrophage cells were evaluated. Thiolation was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Ellman's assay; both PLGA and modified nanoparticles had average size in the range of 250 nm. Thiolation was an effective strategy in reducing the protein adsorption, complement activation, and platelet activation of PLGA nanoparticles. PLGA and modified PLGA nanoparticles were compatible with the blood cells and no hemolytic effect was detected. Particles were noncytotoxic on L929 cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophage cells was rather unaffected with the modification strategy. From these studies, it seems that thiolation of particulate delivery system is an interesting approach in manipulating the blood-particle interactions and appears to be an effective candidate for injectable drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Thasneem
- Division of Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India
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88
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Ekdahl KN, Lambris JD, Elwing H, Ricklin D, Nilsson PH, Teramura Y, Nicholls IA, Nilsson B. Innate immunity activation on biomaterial surfaces: a mechanistic model and coping strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1042-50. [PMID: 21771620 PMCID: PMC3166435 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
When an artificial biomaterial (e.g., a stent or implantable pump) is exposed to blood, plasma proteins immediately adhere to the surface, creating a new interface between the biomaterial and the blood. The recognition proteins within the complement and contact activation/coagulation cascade systems of the blood will be bound to, or inserted into, this protein film and generate different mediators that will activate polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes, as well as platelets. Under clinical conditions, the ultimate outcome of these processes may be thrombotic and inflammatory reactions, and consequently the composition and conformation of the proteins in the initial layer formed on the surface will to a large extent determine the outcome of a treatment involving the biomaterial, affecting both the functionality of the material and the patient's life quality. This review presents models of biomaterial-induced activation processes and describes various strategies to attenuate potential adverse reactions by conjugating bioactive molecules to surfaces or by introducing nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Ekdahl
- Dept of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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89
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Platelet inhibition and endothelial cell adhesion on elastin-like polypeptide surface modified materials. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5790-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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90
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Karchin A, Simonovsky FI, Ratner BD, Sanders JE. Melt electrospinning of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3277-84. [PMID: 21640853 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning from a melt, in contrast to from a solution, is an attractive tissue engineering scaffold manufacturing process as it allows for the formation of small diameter fibers while eliminating potentially cytotoxic solvents. Despite this, there is a dearth of literature on scaffold formation via melt electrospinning. This is likely due to the technical challenges related to the need for a well-controlled high-temperature setup and the difficulty in developing an appropriate polymer. In this paper, a biodegradable and thermally stable polyurethane (PU) is described specifically for use in melt electrospinning. Polymer formulations of aliphatic PUs based on (CH(2))(4)-content diisocyanates, polycaprolactone (PCL), 1,4-butanediamine and 1,4-butanediol (BD) were evaluated for utility in the melt electrospinning process. The final polymer formulation, a catalyst-purified PU based on 1,4-butane diisocyanate, PCL and BD in a 4/1/3M ratio with a weight-average molecular weight of about 40kDa, yielded a nontoxic polymer that could be readily electrospun from the melt. Scaffolds electrospun from this polymer contained point bonds between fibers and mechanical properties analogous to many in vivo soft tissues.
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91
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Ayala R, Zhang C, Yang D, Hwang Y, Aung A, Shroff SS, Arce FT, Lal R, Arya G, Varghese S. Engineering the cell-material interface for controlling stem cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3700-11. [PMID: 21396708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effective utilization of stem cells in regenerative medicine critically relies upon our understanding of the intricate interactions between cells and their extracellular environment. While bulk mechanical and chemical properties of the matrix have been shown to influence various cellular functions, the role of matrix interfacial properties on stem cell behavior is unclear. Here, we report the striking effect of matrix interfacial hydrophobicity on stem cell adhesion, motility, cytoskeletal organization, and differentiation. This is achieved through the development of tunable, synthetic matrices with control over their hydrophobicity without altering the chemical and mechanical properties of the matrix. The observed cellular responses are explained in terms of hydrophobicity-driven conformational changes of the pendant side chains at the interface leading to differential binding of proteins. These results demonstrate that the hydrophobicity of the extracellular matrix could play a considerably larger role in dictating cellular behaviors than previously anticipated. Additionally, these tunable matrices, which introduce a new control feature for regulating various cellular functions offer a platform for studying proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in a controlled manner and would have applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses Ayala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0412, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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92
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Corum LE, Eichinger CD, Hsiao TW, Hlady V. Using microcontact printing of fibrinogen to control surface-induced platelet adhesion and activation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8316-22. [PMID: 21657213 PMCID: PMC3261074 DOI: 10.1021/la201064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to promote or inhibit specific platelet-surface interactions in well-controlled environments is crucial to studying fundamental adhesion and activation mechanisms. Here, microcontact printing was used to immobilize human fibrinogen covalently in the form of randomly placed, micrometer-sized islands at an overall surface coverage of 20, 50, or 85%. The nonprinted background region was blocked with covalently immobilized human albumin. Platelet adhesion and morphology on each substrate were assessed using combined differential interference and fluorescence microscopy. At 20% coverage, most of the fibrinogen surface features were small round islands, and platelet adhesion and spreading areas were limited by the position and the size of the islands. Platelet circularity, indicated the morphology was mostly rounded. At 50% coverage, some fibrinogen islands coalesced and platelet adhesion and spreading areas increased. Platelet morphology was controlled by the shape of underlying fibrinogen islands, leading to more irregular spreading. At 85% coverage, the fibrinogen pattern was completely interconnected and both platelet adhesion and the spreading area were significantly higher than at lower coverage. In addition, platelets also spread over the albumin regions, suggesting that after a critical surface density of fibrinogen ligands is reached, platelet spreading is no longer inhibited by albumin. Increasing the overall fibrinogen coverage resulted in higher activation levels defined by key morphological characteristics of the spreading platelet.
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93
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Gong M, Wang YB, Li M, Hu BH, Gong YK. Fabrication and hemocompatibility of cell outer membrane mimetic surfaces on chitosan by layer by layer assembly with polyanion bearing phosphorylcholine groups. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 85:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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95
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Engberg AE, Rosengren-Holmberg JP, Chen H, Nilsson B, Lambris JD, Nicholls IA, Ekdahl KN. Blood protein-polymer adsorption: implications for understanding complement-mediated hemoincompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:74-84. [PMID: 21319295 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create polymeric materials with known properties to study the preconditions for complement activation. Initially, 22 polymers were screened for complement activating capacity. Based on these results, six polymers (P1-P6) were characterized regarding physico-chemical parameters, for example, composition, surface area, pore size, and protein adsorption from human EDTA-plasma. P2, P4, and reference particles of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride, were hydrophobic, bound low levels of protein and were poor complement activators. Their accessible surface was limited to protein adsorption in that they had pore diameters smaller than most plasma proteins. P1 and P3 were negatively charged and adsorbed IgG and C1q. A 10-fold difference in complement activation was attributed to the fact that P3 but not P1 bound high amounts of C1-inhibitor. The hydrophobic P5 and P6 were low complement activators. They selectively bound apolipoproteins AI and AIV (and vitronectin), which probably limited the binding of complement activators to the surface. We demonstrate the usefulness of the modus operandi to use a high-throughput procedure to synthesize a great number of novel substances, assay their physico-chemical properties with the aim to study the relationship between the initial protein coat on a surface and subsequent biological events. Data obtained from the six polymers characterized here, suggest that a complement-resistant surface should be hydrophobic, uncharged, and have a small available surface, accomplished by nanostructured topography. Additional attenuation of complement can be achieved by selective enrichment of inert proteins and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Engberg
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden
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96
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Carrillo-Conde B, Garza A, Anderegg J, Narasimhan B. Protein adsorption on biodegradable polyanhydride microparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:40-8. [PMID: 20740599 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro adsorption of plasma proteins on polyanhydride microparticles based on sebacic acid (SA), 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) was studied. Three model proteins from bovine serum (albumin (BSA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and fibrinogen (Fg)) were used. The adsorption was studied using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis. 2D electrophoresis was used to study the adsorption of plasma proteins from bovine serum. Differences in the amount of protein adsorbed were detected as a function of the following: (i) copolymer composition and (ii) specific protein studied. A direct correlation between polymer hydrophobicity and protein adsorbed was observed and higher quantities of Fg and IgG were absorbed. In vitro release studies were performed with ovalbumin-encapsulated microparticles that were incubated with Fg; these studies showed a reduction in the amount of ovalbumin released from the microparticles when Fg is adsorbed on the surface. An understanding of protein adsorption patterns on parenteral delivery devices is valuable in optimizing their in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Carrillo-Conde
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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97
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Abstract
Polyrotaxane-immobilized surfaces were prepared as a platform of dynamic surfaces, which can prevent from non-specific interaction with plasma proteins and platelet, and then modulate cellular functions via specific interaction with receptor protein-ligand binding through movable polyrotaxane backbone. The immobilization of the polyrotaxane was carried out via two-step protocol, in which the polyrotaxane with tetraethyleneglycol dodecanethiol (TEGDT) anchoring group at both terminals was fixed onto Au substrate via Au-S bond, followed by the fixation of TEGDT molecule onto the Au substrate to complete the loop formation of polyrotaxane on the Au substrate with the help of self-assembled monolayer formation of TEGDT. Their surface properties were characterized by means dynamic contact angle measurements, and preliminary studies as biomaterials were performed in terms of plasma protein adsorption onto their surfaces.
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98
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Chien HW, Wu SP, Kuo WH, Wang MJ, Lee C, Lai JY, Tsai WB. Modulation of hemocompatibility of polysulfone by polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 77:270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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99
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Abstract
Prevention of the coagulation cascade and platelet activation is the foremost demand for biomaterials in contact with blood. In this review we describe the underlying mechanisms of these processes and offer the current state of antithrombotic strategies. We give an overview of methods to prevent protein and platelet adhesion, as well as techniques to immobilize biochemically active molecules on biomaterial surfaces. Finally, recent strategies in biofunctionalization by endothelial cell seeding as well as their possible clinical applications are discussed.
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100
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Mrówka P, Kozakiewicz J, Jurkowska A, Sienkiewicz E, Przybylski J, Lewandowski Z, Przybylski J, Lewandowska-Szumieł M. Moisture-cured silicone-urethanes-Candidate materials for tissue engineering: A biocompatibility study in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:71-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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