51
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The role of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in diseases of the salivary glands. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:133-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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52
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Eisenstein N, Stapley S, Grover L. Post-Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification: An Old Problem in Need of New Solutions. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1061-1068. [PMID: 29193256 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of pathological bone in ectopic sites and it can have serious consequences for functional outcomes. For many years, its main clinical relevance was as a rare complication of elective joint arthroplasty or CNS injury and a number of prophylaxes were developed to mitigate against it in these settings. As a consequence of changes in patterns of wounding and survival in conflicts since the turn of the century, post-traumatic HO has become much more common and case severity has increased. It represents one of the main barriers to rehabilitation in a large cohort of combat-injured patients. However, extant prophylaxes have not been shown to be effective or appropriate in this patient cohort. In addition, the lack of reliable early detection or means of predicting which patients will develop HO is another barrier to effective prevention. This review examines the current state of understanding of post-traumatic HO including the historical context, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical issues, currently prophylaxis and detection, management, and potential future approaches. Our aims are to highlight the current lack of effective means of early detection and prevention of HO after major trauma and to stimulate research into novel solutions to this challenging problem. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1061-1068, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Eisenstein
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Stapley
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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53
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Cholok D, Chung MT, Ranganathan K, Ucer S, Day D, Davis TA, Mishina Y, Levi B. Heterotopic ossification and the elucidation of pathologic differentiation. Bone 2018; 109:12-21. [PMID: 28987285 PMCID: PMC6585944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration following acute or persistent inflammation can manifest a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from the adaptive to the pathologic. Heterotopic Ossification (HO), the endochondral formation of bone within soft-tissue structures following severe injury serves as a prominent example of pathologic differentiation; and remains a persistent clinical issue incurring significant patient morbidity and expense to adequately diagnose and treat. The pathogenesis of HO provides an intriguing opportunity to better characterize the cellular and cell-signaling contributors to aberrant differentiation. Indeed, recent work has continued to resolve the unique cellular lineages, and causative pathways responsible for ectopic bone development yielding promising avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies shown to be successful in analogous animal models of HO development. This review details advances in the understanding of HO in the context of inciting inflammation, and explains how these advances inform the current standards of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cholok
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael T Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kavitha Ranganathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Serra Ucer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Devaveena Day
- Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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54
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Cappato S, Giacopelli F, Ravazzolo R, Bocciardi R. The Horizon of a Therapy for Rare Genetic Diseases: A "Druggable" Future for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040989. [PMID: 29587443 PMCID: PMC5979309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic condition characterized by progressive extra-skeletal ossification leading to cumulative and severe disability. FOP has an extremely variable and episodic course and can be induced by trauma, infections, iatrogenic harms, immunization or can occur in an unpredictable way, without any recognizable trigger. The causative gene is ACVR1, encoding the Alk-2 type I receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The signaling is initiated by BMP binding to a receptor complex consisting of type I and II molecules and can proceed into the cell through two main pathways, a canonical, SMAD-dependent signaling and a p38-mediated cascade. Most FOP patients carry the recurrent R206H substitution in the receptor Glycine-Serine rich (GS) domain, whereas a few other mutations are responsible for a limited number of cases. Mutations cause a dysregulation of the downstream BMP-dependent pathway and make mutated ACVR1 responsive to a non-canonical ligand, Activin A. There is no etiologic treatment for FOP. However, many efforts are currently ongoing to find specific therapies targeting the receptor activity and the downstream aberrant pathway at different levels or targeting cellular components and/or processes that are important in modifying the local environment leading to bone neo-formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Giacopelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
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55
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Wang X, Li F, Xie L, Crane J, Zhen G, Mishina Y, Deng R, Gao B, Chen H, Liu S, Yang P, Gao M, Tu M, Wang Y, Wan M, Fan C, Cao X. Inhibition of overactive TGF-β attenuates progression of heterotopic ossification in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:551. [PMID: 29416028 PMCID: PMC5803194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired heterotopic ossification (HO) is a painful and debilitating disease characterized by extraskeletal bone formation after injury. The exact pathogenesis of HO remains unknown. Here we show that TGF-β initiates and promotes HO in mice. We find that calcified cartilage and newly formed bone resorb osteoclasts after onset of HO, which leads to high levels of active TGF-β that recruit mesenchymal stromal/progenitor cells (MSPCs) in the HO microenvironment. Transgenic expression of active TGF-β in tendon induces spontaneous HO, whereas systemic injection of a TGF-β neutralizing antibody attenuates ectopic bone formation in traumatic and BMP-induced mouse HO models, and in a fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive mouse model. Moreover, inducible knockout of the TGF-β type II receptor in MSPCs inhibits HO progression in HO mouse models. Our study points toward elevated levels of active TGF-β as inducers and promoters of ectopic bone formation, and suggest that TGF-β might be a therapeutic target in HO.
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MESH Headings
- Achilles Tendon/drug effects
- Achilles Tendon/injuries
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Becaplermin/metabolism
- Bone Remodeling
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic
- Cartilage
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elbow Joint/surgery
- Female
- Fracture Fixation, Internal
- Fractures, Bone
- Humans
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myositis Ossificans/metabolism
- Ossification, Heterotopic/metabolism
- Osteoclasts
- Osteogenesis/drug effects
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/genetics
- Spinal Cord Injuries
- Tendon Injuries
- Tendons
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Young Adult
- Elbow Injuries
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Janet Crane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ruoxian Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Manli Tu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yiguo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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56
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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57
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Tang Z, Li X, Tan Y, Fan H, Zhang X. The material and biological characteristics of osteoinductive calcium phosphate ceramics. Regen Biomater 2018; 5:43-59. [PMID: 29423267 PMCID: PMC5798025 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of osteoinductivity of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) ceramics has set an enduring paradigm of conferring biological regenerative activity to materials with carefully designed structural characteristics. The unique phase composition and porous structural features of osteoinductive Ca-P ceramics allow it to interact with signaling molecules and extracellular matrices in the host system, creating a local environment conducive to new bone formation. Mounting evidence now indicate that the osteoinductive activity of Ca-P ceramics is linked to their physicochemical and three-dimensional structural properties. Inspired by this conceptual breakthrough, many laboratories have shown that other materials can be also enticed to join the rank of tissue-inducing biomaterials, and besides the bones, other tissues such as cartilage, nerves and blood vessels were also regenerated with the assistance of biomaterials. Here, we give a brief historical recount about the discovery of the osteoinductivity of Ca-P ceramics, summarize the underlying material factors and biological characteristics, and discuss the mechanism of osteoinduction concerning protein adsorption, and the interaction with different types of cells, and the involvement of the vascular and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhurong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
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58
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MacLeod AM, Treuting PM, Carlson CS. Proliferative Cartilaginous Lesions in the Calcaneal Tendons of huNOG Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:952-956. [PMID: 28974149 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317734822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull (NOG) mice are humanized with CD34+ hematopoietic cells (huNOG mice) and are commonly utilized for biological or medical research on human therapeutics. In the present study, nine 26-week-old, female huNOG mice were utilized for testing proprietary immune-modulating drugs over a 3-week period at the University of Washington. Two of the 9 mice developed unilateral swelling of a tibiotarsal joint with associated paresis of the affected limb. Full necropsies were performed after euthanasia at experimental end point, and routine tissues and affected tibiotarsal joints were evaluated. An expansile, multilobular mass composed primarily of chondroid cells associated with the calcaneal tendon was present within 1 tibiotarsal joint of both mice. A small focus of well-differentiated bone was present within the mass of 1 mouse. In addition, the calcaneal periosteum was expanded by a chondroid mass in 1 mouse. The cartilaginous masses associated with the calcaneal tendon were interpreted as a hyperplastic or low-grade neoplastic process accompanied by endochondral ossification, and the mass associated with the calcaneal periosteum was interpreted as chondroid metaplasia. Although the etiology of these lesions is unclear, their prevalence in 2/9 (22%) huNOG mice is interesting and may have biological significance for future studies involving the huNOG mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M MacLeod
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.,2 Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Piper M Treuting
- 3 Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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59
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Yan L, Gao R, Liu Y, He B, Lv S, Hao D. The Pathogenesis of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. Aging Dis 2017; 8:570-582. [PMID: 28966802 PMCID: PMC5614322 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a multi-factorial disease involving an ectopic bone formation of spinal ligaments. It affects 0.8-3.0% aging Asian and 0.1-1.7% aging European Caucasian. The ossified ligament compresses nerve roots in the spinal cord and causes serious neurological problems such as myelopathy and radiculopathy. Research in understanding pathogenesis of OPLL over the past several decades have revealed many genetic and non-genetic factors contributing to the development and progress of OPLL. The characterizations of aberrant signaling of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and the pathological phenotypes of OPLL-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have provided new insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying OPLL. This paper reviews the recent progress in understanding the pathophysiology of OPLL and proposes future research directions on OPLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Rui Gao
- 2Department of Respiration, The Children's Hospital of Xi'an City, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Baorong He
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shemin Lv
- 3Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- 1Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
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60
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Dubansky BH, Dubansky BD. Natural development of dermal ectopic bone in the american alligator (Alligator mississippiensis
) resembles heterotopic ossification disorders in humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:56-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke H. Dubansky
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Public Health; Tarleton State University; 1501 Enderly Place, Fort Worth Texas
| | - Benjamin D. Dubansky
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas, 1511 W. Sycamore St; Denton Texas
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61
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Mercuri LG, Saltzman BM. Acquired heterotopic ossification of the temporomandibular joint. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:1562-1568. [PMID: 28711310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the risk factors and diagnosis of heterotopic ossification (HO) are discussed in the orthopedics literature, the etiology of HO, as well as its prevention and management, remain theoretical. Furthermore, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding HO in temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR). This article provides a qualitative review of information relative to the etiology, diagnosis, and management of HO to inform and encourage further investigation in TMJR. The orthopedic HO literature considered for this qualitative review was drawn from a comprehensive examination of the subject published previously by one of the authors. Using the key words "heterotopic ossification" or "heterotopic bone", citations in the PubMed database from both the dental and oral and maxillofacial surgery literature were reviewed. Based on this, it appears that the etiology, diagnosis, imaging, laboratory testing, risk factors, prophylaxis, and non-surgical and surgical options available for the management of TMJR-related HO are similar to those for orthopedic HO, but further elucidation is required for TMJR. There is a lack of published information in the literature on TMJR. Therefore, using the literature from this review as a foundation, studies should be developed and reported so that alloplastic TMJ surgeons have evidence-based protocols that will lead to the early detection and potential prevention of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Mercuri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; TMJ Concepts, Ventura, California, USA.
| | - B M Saltzman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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62
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Davies OG, Liu Y, Player DJ, Martin NRW, Grover LM, Lewis MP. Defining the Balance between Regeneration and Pathological Ossification in Skeletal Muscle Following Traumatic Injury. Front Physiol 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 28421001 PMCID: PMC5376571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is characterized by the formation of bone at atypical sites. This type of ectopic bone formation is most prominent in skeletal muscle, most frequently resulting as a consequence of physical trauma and associated with aberrant tissue regeneration. The condition is debilitating, reducing a patient's range of motion and potentially causing severe pathologies resulting from nerve and vascular compression. Despite efforts to understand the pathological processes governing HO, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the micro-environmental conditions conducive to its formation, and attempting to define the balance between muscle regeneration and pathological ossification remains complex. The development of HO is thought to be related to a complex interplay between factors released both locally and systemically in response to trauma. It develops as skeletal muscle undergoes significant repair and regeneration, and is likely to result from the misdirected differentiation of endogenous or systemically derived progenitors in response to biochemical and/or environmental cues. The process can be sequentially delineated by the presence of inflammation, tissue breakdown, adipogenesis, hypoxia, neo-vasculogenesis, chondrogenesis and ossification. However, exactly how each of these stages contributes to the formation of HO is at present not well understood. Our previous review examined the cellular contribution to HO. Therefore, the principal aim of this review will be to comprehensively outline changes in the local tissue micro-environment following trauma, and identify how these changes can alter the balance between skeletal muscle regeneration and ectopic ossification. An understanding of the mechanisms governing this condition is required for the development and advancement of HO prophylaxis and treatment, and may even hold the key to unlocking novel methods for engineering hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Yang Liu
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK
| | - Darren J Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK
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63
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Hans S, Tom DB, Didier DS, Jozef VG, Karina C, Lieven B, Wim W. Predominant dendriform pulmonary ossification in a usual interstitial pneumonia-like distribution: to be distinguished from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES 2017; 34:251-256. [PMID: 32476853 PMCID: PMC7170096 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v34i3.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dendriform diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare disorder. High resolution CT (HRCT) with appropriate osteoporosis window setting reveals the diagnosis. We report the features of eight patients, of whom two brothers, with HRCT findings compatible with predominant DPO in a bibasal subpleural distribution (usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)-like distribution) and review the literature for DPO in this UIP-like distribution. DPO in a UIP-like distribution seems to be a disorder of the very old (age 75-87 (mean 83.6) male (8 out of 8), with familial occurrence, with associated cardiovascular disease and frequent use of anticoagulants as common findings, and with a slowly progressive nature and the absence of radiological honeycombing despite long lasting disease contrasting with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) should be differentiated from predominant DPO in a UIP-like distibution. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2017; 34: 251-256)
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Affiliation(s)
- Slabbynck Hans
- Middelheim General Hospital, ZNA, Dept. Respiratory Medicine, Antwerp, BE
| | - de Beukelaar Tom
- Middelheim General Hospital, ZNA, Dept. Respiratory Medicine, Antwerp, BE
| | | | | | | | - Bedert Lieven
- Middelheim General Hospital, ZNA, Dept. Respiratory Medicine, Antwerp, BE
| | - Wuyts Wim
- University Hospitals Leuven, Respiratory Medicine, Leuven, BE
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64
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Byval'tsev VA, Kalinin AA, Stepanov IA, Pestryakov YY, Shepelev VV. [Analysis of the results of total cervical disc arthroplasty using a M6-C prosthesis: a multicenter study]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEIROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2017; 81:46-55. [PMID: 29076467 DOI: 10.17116/neiro201781546-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cervical spondylosis and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration are the most common cause for compression of the spinal cord and/or its roots. Total IVD arthroplasty, as a modern alternative to surgical treatment of IVD degeneration, is gaining popularity in many neurosurgical clinics around the world. Aim - the study aim was to conduct a multicenter analysis of cervical spine arthroplasty with an IVD prosthesis M6-C ('Spinal Kinetics', USA). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 112 patients (77 males and 35 females). All patients underwent single-level discectomy with implantation of the artificial IVD prosthesis M6-C. The follow-up period was up to 36 months. Dynamic assessment of the prosthesis was based on clinical parameters (pain intensity in the cervical spine and upper extremities (visual analog scale - VAS); quality of life (Neck Disability Index - NDI)); and subjective satisfaction with the results of surgical treatment (Macnab scale) and instrumental data (range of motion in the operated spinal motion segment, degree of heterotopic ossification (McAfee-Suchomel classification), and time course of degenerative changes in the adjacent segments).
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Byval'tsev
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia; Railway Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk-Passenger Station, Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education', Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A A Kalinin
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia; Railway Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk-Passenger Station, Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - I A Stepanov
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | | | - V V Shepelev
- 1477th Naval Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Vladivostok, Russia
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Otsuru S, Overholt KM, Olson TS, Hofmann TJ, Guess AJ, Velazquez VM, Kaito T, Dominici M, Horwitz EM. Hematopoietic derived cells do not contribute to osteogenesis as osteoblasts. Bone 2017; 94:1-9. [PMID: 27725318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of extensive investigation, the cellular origin of heterotopic ossification (HO) has not been fully elucidated. We have previously shown that circulating bone marrow-derived osteoblast progenitor cells, characterized by the immunophenotype CD45-/CD44+/CXCR4+, contributed to the formation of heterotopic bone induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2. In contrast, other reports have demonstrated the contribution of CD45+ hematopoietic derived cells to HO. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel triple transgenic mouse strain that allows us to visualize CD45+ cells with red fluorescence and mature osteoblasts with green fluorescence. These mice were generated by crossing CD45-Cre mice with Z/RED mice that express DsRed, a variant of red fluorescent protein, after Cre-mediated recombination, and then crossing with Col2.3GFP mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in mature osteoblasts. Utilizing this model, we were able to investigate if hematopoietic derived cells have the potential to give rise to mature osteoblasts. Analyses of this triple transgenic mouse model demonstrated that DsRed and GFP did not co-localize in either normal skeletogenesis, bone regeneration after fracture, or HO. This indicates that in these conditions hematopoietic derived cells do not differentiate into mature osteoblasts. Interestingly, we observed the presence of previously unidentified DsRed positive bone lining cells (red BLCs) which are derived from hematopoietic cells but lack CD45 expression. These red BLCs fail to produce GFP even under in vitro osteogenic conditions. These findings indicate that, even though both osteoblasts and hematopoietic cells are developmentally derived from mesoderm, hematopoietic derived cells do not contribute to osteogenesis in fracture healing or HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Otsuru
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Overholt
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Timothy S Olson
- Division of Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ted J Hofmann
- Division of Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam J Guess
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Victoria M Velazquez
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Mikami Y, Tsuda H, Akiyama Y, Honda M, Shimizu N, Suzuki N, Komiyama K. Alkaline phosphatase determines polyphosphate-induced mineralization in a cell-type independent manner. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:627-637. [PMID: 26475372 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate [Poly(P)] has positive effects on osteoblast mineralization; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In addition, it is unknown whether Poly(P) promotes mineralization in soft tissues. We investigated this by using various cells. Poly(P) concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mg/mL yielded high levels of mineralization in ROS17/2.8 osteoblast cells. Similarly, Poly(P) induced mineralization in cell types expressing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), namely, ATDC5 and MC3T3-E1, but not in CHO, C3H10T1/2, C2C12, and 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, forced expression of ALP caused Poly(P)-induced mineralization in CHO cells. These results suggest that ALP determines Poly(P)-induced mineralization in a cell-type independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Yuko Akiyama
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kazuo Komiyama
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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Pérez L, Muñoz-Durango N, Riedel CA, Echeverría C, Kalergis AM, Cabello-Verrugio C, Simon F. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Cytokine-mediated pathways that determine endothelial fibrosis under inflammatory conditions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:41-54. [PMID: 27692608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process has attracted considerable attention due to associations with the onset of certain diseases, such as organ fibrosis and cancer. Several studies have assessed the mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate endothelial fibrosis in the context of human pathologies. A number of inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, and toxins, induce the conversion of endothelial cells into mesenchymal fibroblast-like cells that promote disease progression. This review is separated into five chapters that critically present current knowledge on EndMT in the context of pathology. First, the main characteristics of EndMT are summarized, with a focus on the endothelial protein pattern changes that modulate the expressions of endothelial/fibrotic markers and extracellular matrix proteins. These expressions could serve as mechanisms for explaining potential EndMT contributions to human pathologies in adults. Second, the main findings supporting a connection between EndMT-mediated endothelial fibrosis and inflammatory conditions are presented. These connections could be linked to the onset and progression of pathological conditions. Third, EndMT inducers are described in detail. This includes considerations on the actions of the first and most well-known EndMT inducer, TGF-β; of the most prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines released during inflammation, such as IL 1-β and TNF-α; and of the NF-κB transcription factor, a common player during inflammation-induced EndMT. Furthermore, thorough attention is given to EndMT induction by endotoxins in the context of bacterial infectious diseases. Additionally, the participation of the inflammatory oxidative stress environment in the EndMT induction was also reviewed. Fourth, the pathophysiological findings of inflammation-induced EndMT are presented, and, fifth, special focus is placed on associations with cancer onset and development. Altogether, this review highlights the important role of EndMT-mediated endothelial fibrosis during inflammation in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Bionanotecnologia, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, General Gana 1780, 8370854, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Ave. Republica 239, 8370134, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Ave. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
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Cappato S, Tonachini L, Giacopelli F, Tirone M, Galietta LJV, Sormani M, Giovenzana A, Spinelli AE, Canciani B, Brunelli S, Ravazzolo R, Bocciardi R. High-throughput screening for modulators of ACVR1 transcription: discovery of potential therapeutics for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:685-96. [PMID: 27125279 PMCID: PMC4920148 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ACVR1 gene encodes a type I receptor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Activating mutations in ACVR1 are responsible for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare disease characterized by congenital toe malformation and progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification leading to severe and cumulative disability. Until now, no therapy has been available to prevent soft-tissue swelling (flare-ups) that trigger the ossification process. With the aim of finding a new therapeutic strategy for FOP, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify inhibitors of ACVR1 gene expression among drugs already approved for the therapy of other diseases. The screening, based on an ACVR1 promoter assay, was followed by an in vitro and in vivo test to validate and characterize candidate molecules. Among compounds that modulate the ACVR1 promoter activity, we selected the one showing the highest inhibitory effect, dipyridamole, a drug that is currently used as a platelet anti-aggregant. The inhibitory effect was detectable on ACVR1 gene expression, on the whole Smad-dependent BMP signaling pathway, and on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation processes by in vitro cellular assays. Moreover, dipyridamole reduced the process of heterotopic bone formation in vivo. Our drug repositioning strategy has led to the identification of dipyridamole as a possible therapeutic tool for the treatment of FOP. Furthermore, our study has also defined a pipeline of assays that will be useful for the evaluation of other pharmacological inhibitors of heterotopic ossification. Summary: We describe the identification of dipyridamole as a potential therapeutic tool for FOP, through a series of in vitro and in vivo assays to screen and validate FDA-approved compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Laura Tonachini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Francesca Giacopelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Mario Tirone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Martina Sormani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Anna Giovenzana
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Antonello E Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department and Centre for Experimental Imaging, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Barbara Canciani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova & IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
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Risk factors for the development of heterotopic ossification in seriously burned adults: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research burn model system database analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 79:870-6. [PMID: 26496115 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating complication of burn injury; however, incidence and risk factors are poorly understood. In this study, we use a multicenter database of adults with burn injuries to identify and analyze clinical factors that predict HO formation. METHODS Data from six high-volume burn centers, in the Burn Injury Model System Database, were analyzed. Univariate logistic regression models were used for model selection. Cluster-adjusted multivariate logistic regression was then used to evaluate the relationship between clinical and demographic data and the development of HO. RESULTS Of 2,979 patients in the database with information on HO that addressed risk factors for development of HO, 98 (3.5%) developed HO. Of these 98 patients, 97 had arm burns, and 96 had arm grafts. When controlling for age and sex in a multivariate model, patients with greater than 30% total body surface area burn had 11.5 times higher odds of developing HO (p < 0.001), and those with arm burns that required skin grafting had 96.4 times higher odds of developing HO (p = 0.04). For each additional time a patient went to the operating room, odds of HO increased by 30% (odds ratio, 1.32; p < 0.001), and each additional ventilator day increased odds by 3.5% (odds ratio, 1.035; p < 0.001). Joint contracture, inhalation injury, and bone exposure did not significantly increase odds of HO. CONCLUSION Risk factors for HO development include greater than 30% total body surface area burn, arm burns, arm grafts, ventilator days, and number of trips to the operating room. Future studies can use these results to identify highest-risk patients to guide deployment of prophylactic and experimental treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level III.
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Eisenstein NM, Cox SC, Williams RL, Stapley SA, Grover LM. Bedside, Benchtop, and Bioengineering: Physicochemical Imaging Techniques in Biomineralization. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:507-28. [PMID: 26789418 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The need to quantify physicochemical properties of mineralization spans many fields. Clinicians, mineralization researchers, and bone tissue bioengineers need to be able to measure the distribution, quantity, and the mechanical and chemical properties of mineralization within a wide variety of substrates from injured muscle to electrospun polymer scaffolds and everything in between. The techniques available to measure these properties are highly diverse in terms of their complexity and utility. Therefore it is of the utmost importance that those who intend to use them have a clear understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and its appropriateness to their specific application. This review provides all of this information for each technique and uses heterotopic ossification and engineered bone substitutes as examples to illustrate how these techniques have been applied. In addition, we provide novel data using advanced techniques to analyze human samples of combat related heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Eisenstein
- Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine; ICT Centre; Vincent Drive; Edgbaston B15 2SQ UK
| | - Sophie C. Cox
- Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Stapley
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine; ICT Centre; Vincent Drive; Edgbaston B15 2SQ UK
| | - Liam M. Grover
- Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhong B, Luo CF. SMAD7 prevents heterotopic ossification in a rat Achilles tendon injury model via regulation of endothelial-mesenchymal transition. FEBS J 2016; 283:1275-85. [PMID: 26807862 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Orthopaedic Department; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Orthopaedic Department; Tongren Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; China
| | - Biao Zhong
- Orthopaedic Department; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; China
| | - Cong-feng Luo
- Orthopaedic Department; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; China
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Sun Y, Cai J, Yu S, Chen S, Li F, Fan C. MiR-630 Inhibits Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Targeting Slug in Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22729. [PMID: 26940839 PMCID: PMC4778133 DOI: 10.1038/srep22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal formation of mature bone in extraskeletal soft tissues that occurs as a result of inflammation caused by traumatic injury or associated with genetic mutation. Despite extensive research to identify the source of osteogenic progenitors, the cellular origins of HO are controversial and the underlying mechanisms, which are important for the early detection of HO, remain unclear. Here, we used in vitro and in vivo models of BMP4 and TGF-β2-induced HO to identify the cellular origin and the mechanisms mediating the formation of ectopic bone in traumatic HO. Our results suggest an endothelial origin of ectopic bone in early phase of traumatic HO and indicate that the inhibition of endothelial-mesenchymal transition by miR-630 targeting Slug plays a role in the formation of ectopic bone in HO. A matched case-control study showed that miR-630 is specifically downregulated during the early stages of HO and can be used to distinguish HO from other processes leading to bone formation. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism of post-traumatic ectopic bone formation and identify miR-630 as a potential early indicator of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbai Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiangyu Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Inglis S, Christensen D, Wilson DI, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Human endothelial and foetal femur-derived stem cell co-cultures modulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:13. [PMID: 26781715 PMCID: PMC4717648 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A dynamic vasculature is a prerequisite for bone formation where the interaction of bone cells and endothelial cells is essential for both the development and the healing process of bone. Enhanced understanding of the specific mediators involved in bone cell and endothelial cell interactions offers new avenues for skeletal regenerative applications. This study has investigated the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of co-cultures of human foetal diaphyseal or epiphyseal cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) supplementation. Methods Early osteogenic activities of the co-cultures (±VEGF) were assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. An ex vivo organotypic embryonic chick (E11) femur culture model was used to determine the osteogenic effects of VEGF as determined using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and Alcian blue/Sirius red histochemistry and immunocytochemistry for expression of CD31. Results ALP activity and gene expression of ALP and Type-1 collagen was enhanced in foetal skeletal/HUVECs co-cultures. In foetal diaphyseal/HUVECs co-cultures, VEGF reduced the levels of ALP activity and displayed a negligible effect on von Willebrand factor (vWF) and VEGF gene expression. In contrast, VEGF supplementation was observed to significantly increase FLT-1 and KDR gene expression in co-cultures with modulation of expression enhanced, compared to VEGF skeletal monocultures. In the organotypic chick model, addition of VEGF significantly enhanced bone formation, which coincided with elevated levels of CD31-positive cells in the mid-diaphyseal region of the femurs. Conclusion These studies demonstrate a differential skeletal response of early foetal skeletal cells, when co-cultured with endothelial cells and the potential of co-culture models for bone repair. The differential effect of VEGF supplementation on markers of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in co-cultures and organ cultures, demonstrate the importance of the intricate temporal coordination of osteogenic and angiogenic processes during bone formation and implications therein for effective approaches to bone regenerative therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David Christensen
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David I Wilson
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Endothelial Rictor is crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive FGF2-induced neovascularization in the adult. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17705. [PMID: 26635098 PMCID: PMC4669526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the general requirement of endothelial mTORC2 during embryonic and
adolescent development, we knocked out the essential mTORC2 component Rictor
in the mouse endothelium in the embryo, during adolescence and in endothelial cells
in vitro. During embryonic development, Rictor knockout resulted
in growth retardation and lethality around embryonic day 12. We detected reduced
peripheral vascularization and delayed ossification of developing fingers, toes and
vertebrae during this confined midgestational period. Rictor knockout did not
affect viability, weight gain, and vascular development during further adolescence.
However during this period, Rictor knockout prevented skin capillaries to
gain larger and heterogeneously sized diameters and remodeling into tortuous vessels
in response to FGF2. Rictor knockout strongly reduced extensive FGF2-induced
neovascularization and prevented hemorrhage in FGF2-loaded matrigel plugs.
Rictor knockout also disabled the formation of capillary-like networks by
FGF2-stimulated mouse aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Low RICTOR
expression was detected in quiescent, confluent mouse aortic endothelial cells,
whereas high doses of FGF2 induced high RICTOR expression that was associated with
strong mTORC2-specific protein kinase Cα and AKT phosphorylation. We
demonstrate that the endothelial FGF-RICTOR axis is not required during endothelial
quiescence, but crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive
neovascularization in the adult.
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone 2015; 80:43-59. [PMID: 26051467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue homeostasis, including regulation of the bone homeostasis. The BMP signaling pathway consists in a well-orchestrated manner of ligands, membrane receptors, co-receptors and intracellular mediators, that regulate the expression of genes controlling the normal functioning of the bone tissues. Interestingly, BMP signaling perturbation is associated to a variety of low and high bone mass diseases, including osteoporosis, bone fracture disorders and heterotopic ossification. Consistent with these findings, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that BMPs have potent effects on the activity of cells regulating bone function, suggesting that manipulation of the BMP signaling pathway may be employed as a therapeutic approach to treat bone diseases. Here we review the recent advances on BMP signaling and bone homeostasis, and how this knowledge may be used towards improved diagnosis and development of novel treatment modalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Myositis ossificans is a self-limiting, benign ossifying lesion that can affect any type of soft tissue, including subcutaneous fat, tendons, and nerves. It is most commonly found in muscle as a solitary lesion. Ossifying soft-tissue lesions historically have been inconsistently classified. Fundamentally, myositis ossificans can be categorized into nonhereditary and hereditary types, with the latter being a distinct entity with a separate pathophysiology and treatment approach. The etiology of myositis ossificans is variable; however, clinical presentation generally is characterized by an ossifying soft-tissue mass. Advanced cross-sectional imaging alone can be nonspecific and may appear to be similar to more sinister etiologies. Therefore, the evaluation of a suspicious soft-tissue mass often necessitates multiple imaging modalities for accurate diagnosis. When imaging is indeterminate, biopsy may be required for a histologic diagnosis. However, histopathology varies based on stage of evolution. The treatment of myositis ossificans is complex and is often made in a multidisciplinary fashion because accurate diagnosis is fundamental to a successful outcome.
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Peterson JR, Eboda ON, Brownley RC, Cilwa KE, Pratt LE, De La Rosa S, Agarwal S, Buchman SR, Cederna PS, Morris MD, Wang SC, Levi B. Effects of aging on osteogenic response and heterotopic ossification following burn injury in mice. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:205-13. [PMID: 25122460 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common and debilitating complication of burns, traumatic brain injuries, and musculoskeletal trauma and surgery. Although the exact mechanism of ectopic bone formation is unknown, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) capable of osteogenic differentiation are known to play an essential role. Interestingly, the prevalence of HO in the elderly population is low despite the high overall occurrence of musculoskeletal injury and orthopedic procedures. We hypothesized that a lower osteogenicity of MSCs would be associated with blunted HO formation in old compared with young mice. In vitro osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs from old (18-20 months) and young (6-8 weeks) C57/BL6 mice was assessed, with or without preceding burn injury. In vivo studies were then performed using an Achilles tenotomy with concurrent burn injury HO model. HO formation was quantified using μCT scans, Raman spectroscopy, and histology. MSCs from young mice had more in vitro bone formation, upregulation of bone formation pathways, and higher activation of Smad and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling following burn injury. This effect was absent or blunted in cells from old mice. In young mice, burn injury significantly increased HO formation, NF-κB activation, and osteoclast activity at the tenotomy site. This blunted, reactive osteogenic response in old mice follows trends seen clinically and may be related to differences in the ability to mount acute inflammatory responses. This unique characterization of HO and MSC osteogenic differentiation following inflammatory insult establishes differences between age populations and suggests potential pathways that could be targeted in the future with therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Peterson
- 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Peterson JR, Agarwal S, Loder SJ, Eboda O, Cederna PS, Buchman SR, Xi C, Wang SC, Levi B. Picking a bone with heterotopic ossification: translational progress current and future. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:188. [PMID: 26366405 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Peterson
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shawn J Loder
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Eboda
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul S Cederna
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven R Buchman
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stewart C Wang
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; 3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lazard ZW, Olmsted-Davis EA, Salisbury EA, Gugala Z, Sonnet C, Davis EL, Beal E, Ubogu EE, Davis AR. Osteoblasts Have a Neural Origin in Heterotopic Ossification. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2790-806. [PMID: 25944403 PMCID: PMC4523517 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the process of bone formation at a nonskeletal site. Recently, we showed that the earliest steps occur in sensory nerves. We now extend these studies by identifying unique osteogenic progenitors within the endoneurial compartment of sensory nerves. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked: (1) What is the nature of the osteoprogenitor in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves? (2) How do osteoprogenitors travel from the nerve to the site of new bone formation? METHODS HO was induced by intramuscular injection of Ad5BMP-2-transduced cells in mice. Osteoprogenitors were identified through immunohistochemistry and then quantified and further characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunocytochemistry. The kinetics of the appearance of markers of extravasation was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In each experiment mice were injected with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-producing cells (experimental) or with cells transduced with empty vector or, in some cases, a group receiving no injection (control). RESULTS Induction of HO leads to the expression, within 24 hours, of osteoblast-specific transcription factors in cells in the endoneurium followed by their coordinate disappearance from the nerve at 48 hours. They reappear in blood also at 48 hours after induction. During vessel entrance they begin to express the tight junction molecule, claudin 5. The cells expressing both the osteoblast-specific transcription factor, osterix, as well as claudin 5, then disappear from circulation at approximately 3 to 4 days by extravasation into the site of new bone formation. These endoneurial osteoprogenitors express neural markers PDGFRα, musashi-1, and the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75(NTR) as well as the endothelial marker Tie-2. In a key experiment, cells that were obtained from mice that were injected with cells transduced with an empty vector, at 2 days after injection, contained 0.83% (SD, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-1.05) cells expressing claudin 5. However, cells that were obtained from mice 2 days after injection of BMP-2-producing cells contained 4.5% cells expressing claudin 5 (SD, 0.72%; 95% CI, 2.01-6.94; p < 0.0015). Further analysis revealed that all of the cells expressing claudin 5 were found to be positive for osteoblast-specific markers, whereas cells not expressing claudin 5 were negative for these same markers. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the endoneurial progenitors are the major osteogenic precursors that are used for HO. They exit the nerve through the endoneurial vessels, flow through vessels to the site of new bone formation, and then extravasate out of the vessels into this site. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The biogenesis of osteoblasts in HO is very different than expected and shows that HO is, at least in part, a neurological disorder. This could result in a major shift in orthopaedic methodologies to prevent or treat this disease. The fact that nerves are intimately involved in the process may also provide clues that will lead to an explanation of the clinical fact that HO often occurs as a result of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZaWaunyka W. Lazard
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Olmsted-Davis
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA , />Departments of Hematology-Oncology and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Salisbury
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Zbigniew Gugala
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Corrine Sonnet
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Eleanor L. Davis
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Eric Beal
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Eroboghene E. Ubogu
- />Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Alan R. Davis
- />Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA , />Departments of Hematology-Oncology and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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80
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Wang L, Carroll DO, Liu X, Roth T, Kim H, Halloran B, Nissenson RA. Effects of blockade of endogenous Gi signaling in Tie2-expressing cells on bone formation in a mouse model of heterotopic ossification. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1212-7. [PMID: 25773760 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that some Tie2-expressing (Tie2(+) ) cells serve as multipotent progenitors that have robust BMP-dependent osteogenic activity and mediate heterotopic ossification (HO). Since signaling through the G protein Gi is required for cell motility, we hypothesized that blockade of endogenous Gi signaling in Tie2(+) cell populations would prevent HO formation. Blockade of Gi signaling in Tie2(+) cells was accomplished in transgenic mice with expression of pertussis toxin (PTX) under the control of the Tie2 promoter (Tie2(+) /PTX(+) ). Bone formation within HOs was evaluated 2 weeks after BMP injection. Expression of PTX in Tie2(+) cells significantly reduced the bone volume (BV) of HOs in male and female mice. Orthotopic bones were assessed at the distal femur and expression of PTX significantly increased trabecular bone fractional volume and bone formation rate in females only. In adult Tie2(+) /GFP(+) mice, GFP(+) cells appeared both inside and at the surfaces of bone tissue within HOs and in orthotopic bones. In summary, blockade of Gi signaling in Tie2(+) cells reduced the accrual of HOs and stimulated osteogenesis in orthotopic bones. Targeting of Gi protein coupled receptors in Tie2(+) cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy in states of abnormal bone formation such as osteoporosis and HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, California.,Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, California
| | - Dylan O' Carroll
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, California
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, California
| | - Theresa Roth
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, California
| | - Hubert Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, California
| | - Bernard Halloran
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, California
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, California.,Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, California
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81
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Ranganathan K, Loder S, Agarwal S, Wong VW, Forsberg J, Davis TA, Wang S, James AW, Levi B, Levi B. Heterotopic Ossification: Basic-Science Principles and Clinical Correlates. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97:1101-11. [PMID: 26135077 PMCID: PMC6948799 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.n.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
➤ Heterotopic ossification occurs most commonly after joint arthroplasty, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, blast trauma, elbow and acetabular fractures, and thermal injury.➤ The conversion of progenitor cells to osteogenic precursor cells as a result of cell-mediated interactions with the local tissue environment is affected by oxygen tension, pH, availability of micronutrients, and mechanical stimuli, and leads to heterotopic ossification.➤ Radiation and certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are important methods of prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification.➤ Well-planned surgical excision can improve patient outcomes regardless of the joint involved or the initial cause of injury.➤ Future therapeutic strategies are focused on targeted inhibition of local factors and signaling pathways that catalyze ectopic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ranganathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
| | - Shawn Loder
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
| | - Victor W. Wong
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 4924 Campbell Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21236
| | - Jonathan Forsberg
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Thomas A. Davis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Stewart Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, DGSOM, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi:
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82
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Correia AC, Moonen JRA, Brinker MG, Krenning G. FGF-2 inhibits Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition through microRNA-20a-mediated repression of canonical TGF-β Signaling. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:569-79. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is characterized by the loss of endothelial cell markers and functions, and coincides with de novo expression of mesenchymal markers. EndMT is induced by TGFβ1 and changes endothelial microRNA expression. We found that miR-20a is decreased during EndMT and ectopic expression of miR-20a inhibits EndMT induction.
TGFβ1 induces cellular hypertrophy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and abrogates VE-Cadherin expression, reduces endothelial sprouting capacity and induces the expression of the mesenchymal marker SM22α. We identified ALK5, TGFBR2 and SARA as direct miR-20a targets. Expression of miR-20a mimics abrogates the endothelial responsiveness to TGFβ1 by decreasing ALK5, TGFBR2, and SARA and inhibits EndMT, indicated by the maintenance of VE-Cadherin expression and sprouting ability and absence of SM22α expression. FGF2 increases miR-20a expression and inhibits EndMT in TGFβ1-stimulated endothelial cells.
In summary, FGF2 controls endothelial TGFβ1 signaling by regulating ALK5, TGFBR2 and SARA expression, through miR-20a. Loss of FGF2 signaling combined with a TGFβ1 challenge reduces miR-20a levels and increases endothelial responsiveness to TGFβ1 through elevated receptor complex levels and activation of Smad2/3, which culminates in EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C.P. Correia
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Renier A.J. Moonen
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marja G.L. Brinker
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lee YE, Liu HC, Lin YL, Liu SH, Yang RS, Chen RM. Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. improves the bone mass of ovariectomized rats through osteocalcin-involved endochondral ossification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:94-101. [PMID: 25456426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY Our previous study showed that Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. (Kunze), a traditional Chinese medical herb, can promote osteoblast differentiation and maturation. This study was further aimed to confirm the traditional effects of Kunze on the bone mass of ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Wistar rats were given an ovariectomy and then administered the water extract of Kunze (WEK). Systemic and tissue toxicities of WEK were assessed. A biomechanical test, bone mineral contents, and bone histomorphometry were analyzed to determine the effects of the WEK on the bone mass. Levels of osteocalcin (OCN) in bone tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The effects of naringin, one of the bioactive compounds of the WEK, on the bone mass were evaluated. RESULTS A bilateral ovariectomy in rats caused a time-dependent decrease in levels of serum 17β-estradiol. Exposure of ovariectomized rats to the WEK at 0.5 and 1g/kg body weight/day for 1, 2, 3, and 6 months did not induce systemic or tissue toxicities. Biomechanical testing and a bone mineral content analysis showed that the ovariectomy decreased the bone torsion force and bone ash in time-dependent manners. In comparison, after exposure to the WEK, the ovariectomy-induced reductions in the bone torsion force and bone ash were significantly alleviated. In parallel, results of a bone histomorphometric assay further revealed that the ovariectomy caused significant diminution in the production of prehypertrophic chondrocytes and trabecular bone but enhanced hypertrophic chondrocyte numbers in the growth plate. However, exposure to the WEK lowered ovariectomy-induced changes in these cellular events. As to the mechanism, the WEK increased OCN biosynthesis in bone tissues of ovariectomized rats. Administration of naringin to ovariectomized rats caused significant amelioration of the bone strength, bone mineral contents, and trabecular bone amounts. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the WEK can translationally promote the bone mass in ovariectomized rats through stimulating OCN-involved endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Eng Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University׳s Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwa-Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University׳s Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University׳s Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthetics Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Oleson CV, Seidel BJ, Zhan T. Association of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 50:1177-86. [PMID: 24458959 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.11.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to explore the relationship between low vitamin D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and heterotopic ossification (HO) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Ninety-six subjects with acute or chronic motor complete SCI participated. Levels of serum vitamin D25(OH), calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) were collected, and information regarding nutritional patterns and fracture history was obtained from subjects. Evidence of current or previous HO was ascertained through chart review. Of the 96 subjects, 12 were found to have developed HO, 11 with serum vitamin D25(OH) between 5 and 17 ng/mL. Nine subjects exhibited secondary hyperparathyroidism in the range of 72 to 169 pg/mL. Only one subject demonstrated HO in the absence of low vitamin D. However, many subjects with low vitamin D (5-31 ng/mL) did not have hyperparathyroidism or HO. Statistical testing demonstrated a correlation between hyperparathyroidism and HO (p < 0.001) as well as hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL). Direct correlation between HO and low vitamin D was not observed, but hyperparathyroidism may increase this risk. We believe that those patients who demonstrate low vitamin D and elevated PTH should be screened for HO in addition to beginning vitamin supplementation. Initiating early treatment of low vitamin D to restore therapeutic levels may prevent development of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Oleson
- Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 132 South 10th St, Regional SCI Center of the Delaware Valley, TJUH, 375 Main Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
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Abstract
The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is integral in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour, and contributes pathologically to fibrosis and cancer progression. This switch in cell differentiation and behaviour is mediated by key transcription factors, including SNAIL, zinc-finger E-box-binding (ZEB) and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, the functions of which are finely regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The reprogramming of gene expression during EMT, as well as non-transcriptional changes, are initiated and controlled by signalling pathways that respond to extracellular cues. Among these, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family signalling has a predominant role; however, the convergence of signalling pathways is essential for EMT.
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86
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Abstract
Ectopic bone formation refers to the ossification of tissue outside of its typical microenvironment. Numerous animal models exist to experimentally induce ectopic bone formation in order to examine the process of osteogenesis or to evaluate the "osteogenic potential" of a given implant. The most widely employed methods in the rodent include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and renal capsule implantation. This chapter will outline the (1) clinical correlates to ectopic ossification, (2) a brief history of experimental models of ectopic ossification, (3) advantages and disadvantages of various models (with a focus on rodent models), and (4) detailed methods and explanation of a mouse intramuscular implantation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Asatrian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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87
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Abstract
Aberrant redeployment of the 'transient' events responsible for bone development and postnatal longitudinal growth has been reported in some diseases in what is otherwise inherently 'stable' cartilage. Lessons may be learnt from the molecular mechanisms underpinning transient chondrocyte differentiation and function, and their application may better identify disease aetiology. Here, we review the current evidence supporting this possibility. We firstly outline endochondral ossification and the cellular and physiological mechanisms by which it is controlled in the postnatal growth plate. We then compare the biology of these transient cartilaginous structures to the inherently stable articular cartilage. Finally, we highlight specific scenarios in which the redeployment of these embryonic processes may contribute to disease development, with the foresight that deciphering those mechanisms regulating pathological changes and loss of cartilage stability will aid future research into effective disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Staines
- (Correspondence should be addressed to K A Staines; )
| | | | | | - C Farquharson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary CollegeRoyal College Street, London, NW1 0TUUK
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Yang W, Guo D, Harris MA, Cui Y, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Wu J, Chen XD, Skinner C, Nyman JS, Edwards JR, Mundy GR, Lichtler A, Kream BE, Rowe DW, Kalajzic I, David V, Quarles DL, Villareal D, Scott G, Ray M, Liu S, Martin JF, Mishina Y, Harris SE. Bmp2 in osteoblasts of periosteum and trabecular bone links bone formation to vascularization and mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4085-98. [PMID: 23843612 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a new Bmp2 conditional-knockout allele without a neo cassette that removes the Bmp2 gene from osteoblasts (Bmp2-cKO(ob)) using the 3.6Col1a1-Cre transgenic model. Bones of Bmp2-cKO(ob) mice are thinner, with increased brittleness. Osteoblast activity is reduced as reflected in a reduced bone formation rate and failure to differentiate to a mature mineralizing stage. Bmp2 in osteoblasts also indirectly controls angiogenesis in the periosteum and bone marrow. VegfA production is reduced in Bmp2-cKO(ob) osteoblasts. Deletion of Bmp2 in osteoblasts also leads to defective mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which correlates with the reduced microvascular bed in the periosteum and trabecular bones. Expression of several MSC marker genes (α-SMA, CD146 and Angiopoietin-1) in vivo, in vitro CFU assays and deletion of Bmp2 in vitro in α-SMA(+) MSCs support our conclusions. Critical roles of Bmp2 in osteoblasts and MSCs are a vital link between bone formation, vascularization and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Yang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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89
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WNT3A promotes hematopoietic or mesenchymal differentiation from hESCs depending on the time of exposure. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:53-65. [PMID: 24052942 PMCID: PMC3757745 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of canonical WNT signaling in mesoderm and hematopoietic development from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using a recombinant human protein-based differentiation medium (APEL). In contrast to prior studies using less defined culture conditions, we found that WNT3A alone was a poor inducer of mesoderm. However, WNT3A synergized with BMP4 to accelerate mesoderm formation, increase embryoid body size, and increase the number of hematopoietic blast colonies. Interestingly, inclusion of WNT3A or a GSK3 inhibitor in methylcellulose colony-forming assays at 4 days of differentiation abrogated blast colony formation but supported the generation of mesospheres that expressed genes associated with mesenchymal lineages. Mesospheres differentiated into cells with characteristics of bone, fat, and smooth muscle. These studies identify distinct effects for WNT3A, supporting the formation of hematopoietic or mesenchymal lineages from human embryonic stem cells, depending upon differentiation stage at the time of exposure.
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90
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Insights into posttraumatic heterotopic ossification in extremity war injuries. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e31828780c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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91
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Schipani E, Wu C, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Regulation of Bone Marrow Angiogenesis by Osteoblasts during Bone Development and Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:85. [PMID: 23847596 PMCID: PMC3706978 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is a highly heterogeneous and vascularized tissue. The various cell types populating the bone marrow extensively communicate with each other, and cell-to-cell cross talk is likely to be essential for proper bone development and homeostasis. In particular, the existence of osteogenesis and angiogenesis coupling has been recently proposed. Despite its high degree of vascularization, a gradient of oxygenation is present in the bone marrow, and the endosteal surface of cortical bone appears to be among the most hypoxic areas in the body. Oxygen (O2) is both an essential metabolic substrate and a regulatory signal that is in charge of a specific genetic program. An important component of this program is the family of transcription factors known as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this Perspective, we will summarize our current knowledge about the role of the HIF signaling pathway in controlling bone development and homeostasis, and especially in regulating the crosstalk between osteoblasts, progenitor cells, and bone marrow blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Schipani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Ernestina Schipani, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, R3, Room C104, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA e-mail: ; Amato J. Giaccia, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303-5152, USA e-mail:
| | - Collen Wu
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B. Rankin
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Ernestina Schipani, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, R3, Room C104, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA e-mail: ; Amato J. Giaccia, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303-5152, USA e-mail:
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Benson MD, Opperman LA, Westerlund J, Fernandez CR, San Miguel S, Henkemeyer M, Chenaux G. Ephrin-B stimulation of calvarial bone formation. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1901-10. [PMID: 23129351 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ephrin-B2 on osteoclasts was reported to promote bone formation as part of homeostasis by activating the EphB4 tyrosine kinase receptor on osteoblasts. Little is known about the role of ephrin-B signaling to EphBs in developmental bone formation. RESULTS We observed expression of an ephrin-B2 LacZ chimeric allele in the periosteum, sutural bone fronts, and dura mater of embryonic and neonatal mice. Expression in the adult skull was confined to sutures, but was heavily upregulated at sites of bone injury. Culture of embryonic calvariae with soluble recombinant ephrin-B2/Fc doubled their bone content without altering suture width or overall skull morphology. Ephrin-B2/Fc also stimulated osteoblast marker gene expression in cultured MC3T3 preosteoblastic cells without the need for type 1 collagen-induced differentiation. EphB4 was absent in embryonic and adult skulls. However, EphB1 and EphB2, both physiological receptors for ephrin-Bs, were expressed at sites of osteogenesis, and EphB1 knockout mice displayed a reduction in calvarial bone content compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for ephrin-B2 in the development and healing of bone through activation of osteoblast-specific gene expression. EphB1 and EphB2 are likely candidates receptors for the ephrin-B2 in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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Mohler ER, Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ. Boning-Up on Aortic Valve Calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1954-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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