51
|
Lu H, Wang T, Li J, Fedele C, Liu Q, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Jain D, Iozzo RV, Violette SM, Weinreb PH, Davis RJ, Gioeli D, FitzGerald TJ, Altieri DC, Languino LR. αvβ6 Integrin Promotes Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer through JNK1-Mediated Activation of Androgen Receptor. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5163-74. [PMID: 27450452 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling fuels prostate cancer and is a major therapeutic target. However, mechanisms of resistance to therapeutic androgen ablation are not well understood. Here, using a prostate cancer mouse model, Pten(pc-/-), carrying a prostate epithelial-specific Pten deletion, we show that the αvβ6 integrin is required for tumor growth in vivo of castrated as well as of noncastrated mice. We describe a novel signaling pathway that couples the αvβ6 integrin cell surface receptor to androgen receptor via activation of JNK1 and causes increased nuclear localization and activity of androgen receptor. This downstream kinase activation by αvβ6 is specific for JNK1, with no involvement of p38 or ERK kinase. In addition, differential phosphorylation of Akt is not observed under these conditions, nor is cell morphology affected by αvβ6 expression. This pathway, which is specific for αvβ6, because it is not regulated by a different αv-containing integrin, αvβ3, promotes upregulation of survivin, which in turn supports anchorage-independent growth of αvβ6-expressing cells. Consistently, both αvβ6 and survivin are significantly increased in prostatic adenocarcinoma, but are not detected in normal prostatic epithelium. Neither XIAP nor Bcl-2 is affected by αvβ6 expression. In conclusion, we show that αvβ6 expression is required for prostate cancer progression, including castrate-resistant prostate cancer; mechanistically, by promoting activation of JNK1, the αvβ6 integrin causes androgen receptor-increased activity in the absence of androgen and consequent upregulation of survivin. These preclinical results pave the way for further clinical development of αvβ6 antagonists for prostate cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5163-74. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Lu
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Li
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carmine Fedele
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thomas J FitzGerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Anti-Cancer Effect of Lambertianic Acid by Inhibiting the AR in LNCaP Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071066. [PMID: 27399684 PMCID: PMC4964442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambertianic acid (LA) is known to have anti-allergic and antibacterial effects. However, the anticancer activities and mechanism of action of LA have not been investigated. Therefore, the anticancer effects and mechanism of LA are investigated in this study. LA decreased not only AR protein levels, but also cellular and secretory levels of PSA. Furthermore, LA inhibited nuclear translocation of the AR induced by mibolerone. LA suppressed cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest, downregulating CDK4/6 and cyclin D1 and activating p53 and its downstream molecules, p21 and p27. LA induced apoptosis and the expression of related proteins, including cleaved caspase-9 and -3, c-PARP and BAX, and inhibited BCl-2. The role of AR in LA-induced apoptosis was assessed by using siRNA. Collectively, these findings suggest that LA exerts the anticancer effect by inhibiting AR and is a valuable therapeutic agent in prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
53
|
Pham T, Sadowski MC, Li H, Richard DJ, d'Emden MC, Richard K. Advances in hormonal therapies for hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancers with or without previous chemotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:15. [PMID: 27340608 PMCID: PMC4918127 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal manipulation plays a significant role in the treatment of advanced hormone naïve prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with or without previous chemotherapy. Combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (combined androgen blockade; CAB) is the first line therapy for advanced hormone naïve prostate cancer, but current strategies are developing novel GnRH antagonists to overcome disadvantages associated with GnRH agonist monotherapy and CAB in the clinical setting. Abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are hormonal agents currently available for patients with CRPC and are both shown to improve overall survival versus placebo. Recently, in clinical trials, testosterone has been administered in cycles with existing surgical and chemical androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) (intermittent therapy) to CRPC patients of different stages (low risk, metastatic) to abate symptoms of testosterone deficiency and reduce cost of treatment from current hormonal therapies for patients with CRPC. This review will provide an overview on the therapeutic roles of hormonal manipulation in advanced hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancers, as well as the development of novel hormonal therapies currently in preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thy Pham
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Huika Li
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Michael C d'Emden
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia ; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Kerry Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Suri A, Pusalkar S, Li Y, Prakash S. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of the Investigational Agent Orteronel (TAK-700) in Healthy Male Subjects: A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single-Dose Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5:180-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Suri
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals; Inc; a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals; Inc; a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Yuexian Li
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals; Inc; a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Shimoga Prakash
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals; Inc; a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Cambridge MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Xia S, Kohli M, Du M, Dittmar RL, Lee A, Nandy D, Yuan T, Guo Y, Wang Y, Tschannen MR, Worthey E, Jacob H, See W, Kilari D, Wang X, Hovey RL, Huang CC, Wang L. Plasma genetic and genomic abnormalities predict treatment response and clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16411-21. [PMID: 25915538 PMCID: PMC4599278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies, examinations of tumor components in body fluids, have shown promise for predicting clinical outcomes. To evaluate tumor-associated genomic and genetic variations in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and their associations with treatment response and overall survival, we applied whole genome and targeted sequencing to examine the plasma cfDNAs derived from 20 patients with advanced prostate cancer. Sequencing-based genomic abnormality analysis revealed locus-specific gains or losses that were common in prostate cancer, such as 8q gains, AR amplifications, PTEN losses and TMPRSS2-ERG fusions. To estimate tumor burden in cfDNA, we developed a Plasma Genomic Abnormality (PGA) score by summing the most significant copy number variations. Cox regression analysis showed that PGA scores were significantly associated with overall survival (p < 0.04). After androgen deprivation therapy or chemotherapy, targeted sequencing showed significant mutational profile changes in genes involved in androgen biosynthesis, AR activation, DNA repair, and chemotherapy resistance. These changes may reflect the dynamic evolution of heterozygous tumor populations in response to these treatments. These results strongly support the feasibility of using non-invasive liquid biopsies as potential tools to study biological mechanisms underlying therapy-specific resistance and to predict disease progression in advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xia
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Meijun Du
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rachel L Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adam Lee
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debashis Nandy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tiezheng Yuan
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yongchen Guo
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael R Tschannen
- Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Worthey
- Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Howard Jacob
- Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - William See
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Deepak Kilari
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Raymond L Hovey
- Great Lakes Genomics Center, School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Chiang-Ching Huang
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Obinata D, Takada S, Takayama KI, Urano T, Ito A, Ashikari D, Fujiwara K, Yamada Y, Murata T, Kumagai J, Fujimura T, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Homma Y, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Abhydrolase domain containing 2, an androgen target gene, promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Eur J Cancer 2016; 57:39-49. [PMID: 26854828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the development of prostate cancer. AR signalling mediates the expression of androgen-responsive genes, which are involved in prostate cancer development and progression. Our previous chromatin immunoprecipitation study showed that the region of abhydrolase domain containing 2 (ABHD2) includes a functional androgen receptor binding site. In this study, we demonstrated that ABHD2 is a novel androgen-responsive gene that is overexpressed in human prostate cancer tissues. METHODS The expression levels of ABHD2 in androgen-sensitive cells were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western-blot analyses. LNCaP and VCaP cells with ABHD2 overexpression or short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown were used for functional analyses. ABHD2 expression was examined in clinical samples of prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We showed that ABHD2 expression is increased by androgen in LNCaP and VCaP cells. This androgen-induced ABHD2 expression was diminished by bicalutamide. While stable expression of ABHD2 affected the enhancement of LNCaP cell proliferation and migration, siRNA-mediated ABHD2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and migration. In addition, the siRNA treatment significantly repressed the tumour growth derived from LNCaP cells in athymic mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of ABHD2 expression in tumour specimens showed a positive correlation of ABHD2 immunoreactivity with high Gleason score and pathological N stage. Moreover, patients with high immunoreactivity of ABHD2 showed low cancer-specific survival rates and a resistance to docetaxel-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION ABHD2 is a novel androgen-regulated gene that can promote prostate cancer growth and resistance to chemotherapy, and is a novel target for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Takada
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Takayama
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Murata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinpei Kumagai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Prencipe M, O’Neill A, O’Hurley G, Nguyen LK, Fabre A, Bjartell A, Gallagher WM, Morrissey C, Kay EW, Watson RW. Relationship between serum response factor and androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1704-17. [PMID: 26250344 PMCID: PMC4579008 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum response factor (SRF) is an important transcription factor in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Since CRPC is associated with androgen receptor (AR) hypersensitivity, we investigated the relationship between SRF and AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transcriptional activity was assessed by luciferase assay. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT and flow cytometry. Protein expression in patients was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS To investigate AR involvement in SRF response to androgen, AR expression was down-regulated using siRNA. This resulted in the abrogation of SRF induction post-DHT. Moreover, DHT stimulation failed to induce SRF transcriptional activity in AR-negative PC346 DCC cells, which was only restored following AR over-expression. Next, SRF expression was down-regulated by siRNA, resulting in AR increased transcriptional activity in castrate-resistant LNCaP Abl cells but not in the parental LNCaP. This negative feedback loop in the resistant cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry which showed a negative correlation between AR and SRF expression in CRPC bone metastases and a positive correlation in androgen-naïve prostatectomies. Cell proliferation was next assessed following SRF inhibition, demonstrating that SRF inhibition is more effective than AR inhibition in castrate-resistant cells. CONCLUSION Our data support SRF as a promising therapeutic target in combination with current treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prencipe
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel:
+353 1716 6913,
| | - Amanda O’Neill
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian O’Hurley
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lan K. Nguyen
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent’s University Hospital,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital,
Malmö, Sweden
| | - William M. Gallagher
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, RCSI Education and Research Centre;
Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R William Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Dietary-derived agents, such as the flavonoids, are of particular interest for prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention as they may offer a favourable safety and side-effect profile. An agent that demonstrates action on the androgen receptor (AR) axis may have value for preventing or treating castrate-resistant PCa. Four main flavonols - quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and fisetin - have been demonstrated in laboratory studies to have chemopreventive action in both castrate-resistant and castrate-sensitive PCa models. Mechanisms of flavonol action on the AR axis in PCa have been proposed to be inhibition of the 5α-reductase enzymes, direct androgen competition, suppression of the AR complex and transactivation by coregulators such as c-Jun, Sp1, and the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is, however, still unclear with current levels of evidence whether AR axis-mediated effects can fully account for the flavonols' chemopreventive action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Boam
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, L7 8XP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
GU HUI, LIU TONG, CAI XINZE, TONG YUXIN, LI YAN, WANG CHUNYU, LI FENG. Upregulated LMO1 in prostate cancer acts as a novel coactivator of the androgen receptor. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2181-7. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
60
|
Accumulation of trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in prostate cancer due to androgen-induced expression of amino acid transporters. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:756-64. [PMID: 24943499 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgens play a crucial role in prostate cancer progression, and trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-[(18) F]FACBC) are used for visualization of prostate cancer. We examined the effect of androgen on the expression of amino acid transporters related to anti-[(18)F]FACBC transport and uptake of trans-1-amino-3-fluoro-[1-(14)C]cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-[(14)C]FACBC). PROCEDURES Expression of amino acid transporters and uptake of anti-[(14)C]FACBC in androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP and AR-negative DU145 human prostate cancer cells cultured with/without 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the effect of bicalutamide, an AR antagonist, on DHT-associated changes were investigated. RESULTS DHT stimulated the expression of amino acid transporters ASCT2, SNAT5, 4F2 heavy chain, and LAT3 in LNCaP but not in DU145 cells. Anti-[(14)C]FACBC uptake was enhanced, in a DHT-dependent manner, in LNCaP cells only. CONCLUSIONS DHT enhanced the expression of ASCT2, the transporter responsible for anti-[(18)F]FACBC uptake, thereby increasing anti-[(14)C]FACBC uptake in AR-positive LNCaP cells. Androgen-mediated induction may contribute to the distinct anti-[(18)F]FACBC accumulation pattern in prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
61
|
Jangale AD, Wagh YB, Tayade YA, Dalal DS. Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 5-Substituted-3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one Derivatives from S-Amino Acids and Phenylisothiocyanate in Et3N/DMF-H2O. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha D. Jangale
- School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
| | - Yogesh B. Wagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
| | - Yogesh A. Tayade
- School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
| | - Dipak S. Dalal
- School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
HU ZHIMEI, QI HAIXIA, ZHANG RUIXUE, ZHANG KUN, SHI ZHEMIN, CHANG YANAN, CHEN LINFENG, ESMAEILI MOHSEN, BANIAHMAD ARIA, HONG WEI. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits the growth of hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells by promoting the degradation of the androgen receptor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3769-3774. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
63
|
Mooney D, Paluri R, Mehta A, Goyal J, Sonpavde G. Update in Systemic Therapy of Urologic Malignancies. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:44-54. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
64
|
Denduluri SK, Idowu O, Wang Z, Liao Z, Yan Z, Mohammed MK, Ye J, Wei Q, Wang J, Zhao L, Luu HH. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in tumorigenesis and the development of cancer drug resistance. Genes Dis 2015; 2:13-25. [PMID: 25984556 PMCID: PMC4431759 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest obstacles to current cancer treatment efforts is the development of drug resistance by tumors. Despite recent advances in diagnostic practices and surgical interventions, many neoplasms demonstrate poor response to adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. As a result, the prognosis for many patients afflicted with these aggressive cancers remains bleak. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling axis has been shown to play critical role in the development and progression of various tumors. Many basic science and translational studies have shown that IGF pathway modulators can have promising effects when used to treat various malignancies. There also exists a substantial body of recent evidence implicating IGF signaling dysregulation in the dwindling response of tumors to current standard-of-care therapy. By better understanding both the IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which pathway members can influence drug sensitivity, we can eventually aim to use modulators of IGF signaling to augment the effects of current therapy. This review summarizes and synthesizes numerous recent investigations looking at the role of the IGF pathway in drug resistance. We offer a brief overview of IGF signaling and its general role in neoplasia, and then delve into detail about the many types of human cancer that have been shown to have IGF pathway involvement in resistance and/or sensitization to therapy. Ultimately, our hope is that such a compilation of evidence will compel investigators to carry out much needed studies looking at combination treatment with IGF signaling modulators to overcome current therapy resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya K. Denduluri
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olumuyiwa Idowu
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhan Liao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maryam K. Mohammed
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lianggong Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Liu C, Chen Z, Hu X, Wang L, Li C, Xue J, Zhang P, Chen W, Jiang A. MicroRNA-185 downregulates androgen receptor expression in the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4625-32. [PMID: 25673182 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether microRNA (miR)‑185 downregulated androgen receptor expression in the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line. Human prostate cancer (PCa) LNCaP cells were cultured and transfected with synthetic has‑miR‑185 mimic or inhibitor. The transfected cells were subsequently evaluated with a viability assay, nuclear staining, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), dual luciferase assay and western blot analysis. The results of the western blot analysis and RT‑qPCR indicated that transfection with an miR‑185 mimic markedly reduced the androgen receptor (AR) protein expression levels in LNCaP cells, whereas transfection with an miR‑185 inhibitor increased the protein expression of AR in the LNCaP cells. The results of the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the predicted target site in the AR 3' untranslated regions was a specific functional binding site for miR‑185, and that AR was a direct target of miR‑185. In addition, downregulation of AR by miR‑185 impaired the interaction between AR and androgen response element, and downregulated the expression of the AR target gene prostate specific antigen. Data also suggested that the downregulation of AR mediated by miR‑185, inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of the LNCaP cells. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that miR‑185 may be a potential negative modulator of AR‑mediated signaling and may act as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Anli Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ishikura N, Kawata H, Nishimoto A, Nakamura R, Tsunenari T, Watanabe M, Tachibana K, Shiraishi T, Yoshino H, Honma A, Emura T, Ohta M, Nakagawa T, Houjo T, Corey E, Vessella RL, Aoki Y, Sato H. CH5137291, an androgen receptor nuclear translocation-inhibiting compound, inhibits the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1560-72. [PMID: 25634071 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of prostate cancer to castration is currently an unavoidable problem. The major mechanisms underlying such resistance are androgen receptor (AR) overexpression, androgen-independent activation of AR, and AR mutation. To address this problem, we developed an AR pure antagonist, CH5137291, with AR nuclear translocation-inhibiting activity, and compared its activity and characteristics with that of bicalutamide. Cell lines corresponding to the mechanisms of castration resistance were used: LNCaP-BC2 having AR overexpression and LNCaP-CS10 having androgen-independent AR activation. VCaP and LNCaP were used as hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells. In vitro functional assay clearly showed that CH5137291 inhibited the nuclear translocation of wild-type ARs as well as W741C- and T877A-mutant ARs. In addition, it acted as a pure antagonist on the transcriptional activity of these types of ARs. In contrast, bicalutamide did not inhibit the nuclear translocation of these ARs, and showed a partial/full agonistic effect on the transcriptional activity. CH5137291 inhibited cell growth more strongly than bicalutamide in VCaP and LNCaP cells as well as in LNCaP-BC2 and LNCaP-CS10 cells in vitro. In xenograft models, CH5137291 strongly inhibited the tumor growth of LNCaP, LNCaP-BC2, and LNCaP-CS10, whereas bicalutamide showed a weaker effect in LNCaP and almost no effect in LNCaP-BC2 and LNCaP-CS10 xenografts. Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in plasma correlated well with the antitumor effect of both agents. CH5137291 inhibited the growth of LNCaP tumors that had become resistant to bicalutamide treatment. A docking model suggested that CH5137291 intensively collided with the M895 residue of helix 12, and therefore strongly inhibited the folding of helix 12, a cause of AR agonist activity, in wild-type and W741C-mutant ARs. In cynomolgus monkeys, the serum concentration of CH5137291 increased dose-dependently and PSA level decreased 80% at 100 mg/kg. CH5137291 is expected to offer a novel therapeutic approach against major types of castration-resistant prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishikura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kawata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsunenari
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tachibana
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiraishi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshino
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Akie Honma
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Emura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masateru Ohta
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takao Houjo
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yuko Aoki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wang M, Liu X, Jiang G, Chen H, Guo J, Weng X. Relationship between LSD1 expression and E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:485-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
68
|
Gauthier-Landry L, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Multiple roles for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)2B15 and UGT2B17 enzymes in androgen metabolism and prostate cancer evolution. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:187-92. [PMID: 24861263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the prostate, approximately 50% of androgens are from adrenal steroids, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate and androstenedione. These compounds are converted first into testosterone, and then into the active hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). After having activated the androgen receptor (AR), DHT is reduced into androstane-3α-DIOL (3α-DIOL) and androsterone (ADT), which are subsequently converted into 2 inactive and easily excretable metabolites: 3α-DIOL-17glucuronide (3α-DIOL-17G) and ADT-3glucuronide (ADT-3G). The formation of these last derivatives through the glucuronidation reaction involves 2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, namely UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. The present review article aims at providing a comprehensive view of the physiological and pharmacological importance of these 2 enzymes for the control of androgen homeostasis. We will resume: (i) how UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 contribute to androgen elimination; (ii) how their glucuronidation capacity influences the androgen signaling pathway in prostate cells; (iii) how they contribute to the anti-proliferative properties of AR antagonists in prostate cancer cells; and (iv) how AR and its spliced variants regulate the UGT2B15 and/or UGT2B17 genes expression. Finally, whether the unexploited AR-UGT axis could serve as a prognostic maker or a pharmacological target for novel therapeutics in the treatment of prostate cancer is also discussed. This article is part of a special issue entitled 'Essential role of DHEA'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gauthier-Landry
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Bélanger
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, and the Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mizokami A, Namiki M. Reconsideration of progression to CRPC during androgen deprivation therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:164-71. [PMID: 24717975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgen blockade-naïve prostate cancer (PCa) develops into CRPC during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by various genetic actions. The androgen-AR signaling axis plays a key role in this development. PCa cells mainly adapt themselves to the environment of lower androgen concentrations and change into androgen-hypersensitive cells or androgen-independent cells. Androgens of adrenal origin and their metabolites synthesized in the microenvironment in an intracrine/paracrine fashion act on surviving PCa cells and secrete prostate specific antigen (PSA). Total androgen deprivation (TAD) (castration, antiandrogen, and CYP17A1 inhibitor) can become an effective therapeutic strategy concerning the androgen signaling axis-related pathway. However, it is important to ascertain whether elevation of serum PSA results from AR activation or from an androgen-independent tumor volume effect. Then, clinicians can judge it adequately using the imaging studies such as CT or bone scan as well as PSA and bone metabolic markers, an approach which is necessary to judge which treatment is most suitable for the CRPC patients. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Essential role of DHEA'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizokami
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Mikio Namiki
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Labrie F. Combined blockade of testicular and locally made androgens in prostate cancer: a highly significant medical progress based upon intracrinology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:144-56. [PMID: 24925260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently two drugs, namely the antiandrogen MDV-3100 and the inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylase abiraterone have been accepted by the FDA for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with or without previous chemotherapy, with a prolongation of overall survival of 2.2-4.8 months. While medical (GnRH agonist) or surgical castration reduces the serum levels of testosterone by about 97%, an important concentration of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone remains in the prostate and activates the androgen receptor (AR), thus offering an explanation for the positive data obtained in CRPC. In fact, explanation of the response observed with MDV-3100 or enzalutamide in CRPC is essentially a blockade of the action or formation of intraprostatic androgens. In addition to the inhibition of the action or formation of androgens made locally by the mechanisms of intracrinology, increased AR levels and AR mutations can be involved, especially in very advanced disease. Future developments look at more efficient inhibitors of the action or formation of intraprostatic androgens and starting treatment earlier when blockade of androgens can exert long-term control and even cure prostate cancer treated at a stage before the appearance of metastases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Essential role of DHEA'.
Collapse
|
71
|
Mulay K, Shah SJ, Aggarwal E, White VA, Honavar SG. Periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma: do androgen receptor (NR3C4) and nuclear survivin (BIRC5) have a prognostic significance? Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e681-7. [PMID: 24930483 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed at evaluating the expression of androgen receptor (AR) and nuclear survivin (NS) in periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) and to determine whether this expression is associated with histopathological features, markers of apoptosis and proliferation and with clinical outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective, comparative case series which included 56 patients with a biopsy-proven periocular SGC. Immunohistochemical staining for AR, survivin, p53 and Ki-67 was analysed in all cases. RESULTS All patients expressed AR, p53 and Ki-67 in the nucleus of tumour cells. Twenty-four patients (42.8%) had a high AR score, and 32 patients (57.2%) had a low AR score. Twenty-four (42.8%) patients expressed survivin in the nucleus of tumour cells. Nine (37.5%) had a high NS score, and 15 (62.5%) had a low NS score. Patients with a high AR score had a greater recurrence (p < 0.005), higher expression of Ki-67 (p < 0.0001) and a lower p53 expression (p < 0.005). Nuclear expression of survivin correlated with a high Ki-67 labelling index (0.0001) and low p53 expression (<0.005). Neither nuclear expression of survivin nor the NS score correlated with any clinicopathological features. CONCLUSION Expression of AR significantly impacts prognosis and is thus promising prognostic marker in periocular SGC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Mulay
- National Reporting Centre for Ophthalmic Pathology; Centre for Sight; Hyderabad India
- Ocular Pathology Service; L.V.Prasad Eye Institute; Hyderabad India
| | - Sneha J. Shah
- Department of Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology; Centre for Sight; Hyderabad India
- Department of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplastics; L.V. Prasad Eye Institute; Hyderabad India
| | - Ekta Aggarwal
- Department of Ophthalmic Plastics; Vasan Eye Care Hospitals; Hyderabad India
| | - Valerie A. White
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Vancouver General Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Santosh G. Honavar
- Department of Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology; Centre for Sight; Hyderabad India
- Department of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplastics; L.V. Prasad Eye Institute; Hyderabad India
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Han G, Kortylewicz ZP, Enke T, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Co-targeting androgen receptor and DNA for imaging and molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer: in vitro studies. Prostate 2014; 74:1634-46. [PMID: 25214432 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) axis, the key growth and survival pathway in prostate cancer, remains a prime target for drug development. 5-Radioiodo-3'-O-(17β-succinyl-5α-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridin-5'-yl phosphate (RISAD-P) is the AR-seeking reagent developed for noninvasive assessment of AR and proliferative status, and for molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer with Auger electron-emitting radionuclides. METHODS RISAD-P radiolabeled with 123I, 124I, and 125I were synthesized using a common stannylated precursor. The cellular uptake, subcellular distribution, and radiotoxicity of 123I-, 124I-, and (125) IRISAD-P were measured in LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cell lines expressing various levels of AR. RESULTS The uptake of RISAD-P by prostate cancer cells is proportional to AR levels and independent of the radionuclide. The intracellular accumulation of radioactivity is directly proportional to the extracellular concentration of RISAD-P and the duration of exposure. Initially, RISAD-P is trapped in the cytoplasm. Within 24 hr, radioactivity is associated exclusively with DNA. The RISAD-P radiotoxicity is determined by the radionuclide; however, the cellular responses are directly proportional to the AR expression levels. LNCaP cells expressing high levels of AR are killed at the rate of up to 60% per day after a brief 1 hr RISAD-P treatment. For the first time, the AR expression in PC-3 and DU 145 cells, generally reported as AR-negative, was quantitated by the ultra sensitive RISAD-P-based method. CONCLUSIONS RISAD-P is a theranostic drug, which targets AR. Its subcellular metabolite participates in DNA synthesis. RISAD-P is a promising candidate for imaging of the AR expression and tumor proliferation as well as molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Obinata D, Fujiwara K, Yamaguchi K, Takayama KI, Urano T, Nagase H, Inoue S, Takahashi S, Fukuda N. Review of novel therapeutic medicines targeting androgen signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:264-271. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignant neoplasm. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play a key role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. The expression of the AR is still preserved in the majority of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC is considered to be induced by the following mechanisms: (1) sustained AR activation by enhancing intracellular conversion of adrenal androgens to dehydrotestosterone via a de novo route; (2) AR hypersensitivity; (3) promiscuous activation of AR signaling; and (4) outlaw pathways. Recent advances in the treatment of CRPC include novel medicines targeting AR signaling pathways. In addition, functional molecular studies have shown that some of the AR-regulated genes and AR coregulators are prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer, particularly in the castration-resistant state. Therefore, identification of the AR signaling pathways responsible for establishment of CRPC is critical for developing new strategies for the treatment of CRPC.
Collapse
|
74
|
Chism DD, De Silva D, Whang YE. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to androgen receptor targeting drugs in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1369-78. [PMID: 24927631 PMCID: PMC4221359 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.928594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After initial response to androgen receptor (AR) targeting drugs abiraterone or enzalutamide, most patients develop progressive disease and therefore, castration resistant prostate cancer remains a terminal disease. Multiple mechanisms underlying acquired resistance have been postulated. Intratumoral androgen synthesis may resume after abiraterone treatment. A point mutation in the ligand-binding domain of AR may confer resistance to enzalutamide. Emergence of AR splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain may mediate resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide. Steroid receptors such as glucocorticoid receptor may substitute for AR. Drugs with novel mechanisms of action or combination therapy, along with biomarkers for patient selection, may be needed to improve the therapy of castration resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Chism
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dinuka De Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Young E. Whang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lee SY, Song CH, Xie YB, Jung C, Choi HS, Lee K. SMILE upregulated by metformin inhibits the function of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
76
|
Coll-Bastus N, Mao X, Young BD, Sheer D, Lu YJ. DNA replication-dependent induction of gene proximity by androgen. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:963-71. [PMID: 25281662 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The male hormone androgen, working through the androgen receptor (AR), plays a major role in physiological process and disease development. Previous studies of AR mainly focus on its transcriptional activity. Here, we found that androgen-induced TMPRSS2 and ERG gene proximity is mediated by AR control of DNA replication rather than gene transcription. We demonstrate that, in both AR transactivation-positive and -negative prostate cells, androgen regulates DNA replication and androgen-induced gene proximity relies on both DNA replication-licensing and actual DNA replication activity. Androgen stimulation advances DNA replication timing of certain genomic regions, which may potentially increase gene proximity through sharing the same replication factory at a similar time. Therefore, we have revealed novel mechanisms of AR biological function, which will stimulate new research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan D Young
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK and
| | - Denise Sheer
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Helsen C, Van den Broeck T, Voet A, Prekovic S, Van Poppel H, Joniau S, Claessens F. Androgen receptor antagonists for prostate cancer therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T105-18. [PMID: 24639562 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the mainstay therapy for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Another way of suppressing androgen receptor (AR) signaling is via AR antagonists or antiandrogens. Despite being frequently prescribed in clinical practice, there is conflicting evidence concerning the role of AR antagonists in the management of PCa. In the castration-resistant settings of PCa, docetaxel has been the only treatment option for decades. With recent evidence that castration-resistant PCa is far from AR-independent, there has been an increasing interest in developing new AR antagonists. This review gives a concise overview of the clinically available antiandrogens and the experimental AR antagonists that tackle androgen action with a different approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, JapanLaboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hendrik Van Poppel
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steven Joniau
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Song X, Wang Y, Du H, Fan Y, Yang X, Wang X, Wu X, Luo C. Overexpression of HepaCAM inhibits cell viability and motility through suppressing nucleus translocation of androgen receptor and ERK signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate 2014; 74:1023-33. [PMID: 24811146 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HepaCAM is suppressed in a variety of human cancers, and involved in cell adhesion, growth, migration, invasion, and survival. However, the expression and function of HepaCAM in prostate cancer are still unknown. METHODS HepaCAM expression has been detected by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining in prostate cell lines RWPE-1, LNCap, DU145, PC3, and in 75 human prostate tissue specimens, respectively. Meanwhile, the cell proliferation ability was detected by WST-8 assay. The role of HepaCAM in prostate cancer cell migration and invasion was examined by wound healing and transwell assay. And flow cytometry was used to observe the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Then we detected changes of Androgen Receptor translocation and ERK signaling using immunofluorescence staining and western blot after overexpression of HepaCAM. RESULTS The HepaCAM expression was significantly down-regulated in prostate cancer tissues and undetected in prostate cancer cells. However, the low HepaCAM expression was not statistically associated with clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer. Overexpression of HepaCAM in prostate cancer cells decreased the cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced the cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, HepaCAM prevented the androgen receptor translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and down-regulated the MAPK/ERK signaling. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that HepaCAM acted as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. HepaCAM inhibited cell viability and motility which might be through suppressing the nuclear translocation of Androgen Receptor and down-regulating the ERK signaling. Therefore, it was indicated that HepaCAM may be a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Song
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostics Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chung WM, Chang WC, Chen L, Lin TY, Chen LC, Hung YC, Ma WL. Ligand-independent androgen receptors promote ovarian teratocarcinoma cell growth by stimulating self-renewal of cancer stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:24-35. [PMID: 24793306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian teratocarcinoma (OVTC) arises from germ cells and contains a high percentage of cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), which promote cancer development through their ability to self-renew. Androgen and androgen receptor (androgen/AR) signaling has been reported to participate in cancer stemness in some types of cancer; however, this phenomenon has never been studied in OVTC. METHODS Ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line PA1 was manipulated to overexpress or knockdown AR by lentiviral deliver system. After analyzing of AR expression in PA1 cells, cell growth assay was assessed at every given time point. In order to determine ligand effect on AR actions, luciferase assay was performed to evaluate endogenous and exogenous AR function in PA1 cells. CD133 stem cell marker antibody was used to identify CSPCs in PA1 cells, and AR expression level in enriched CSPCs was determined. To assess AR effects on CD133+ population progression, stem cell functional assays (side population, sphere formation assay, CD133 expression) were used to analyze role of AR in PA1 CSPCs. In tissue specimen, immunohistochemistry staining was used to carry out AR and CD133 staining in normal and tumor tissue. RESULTS We examined androgen/AR signaling in OVTC PA1 cells, a CSPCs-rich cell line, and found that AR, but not androgen, promoted cell growth. We also examined the effects of AR on CSPCs characteristics and found that AR expression was more abundant in CD133+ cells, a well-defined ovarian cancer stem/progenitor marker, than in CD133- populations. Moreover, results of the sphere formation assay revealed that AR expression was required to maintain CSPCs populations. Interestingly, this AR-governed self-renewal capacity of CSPCs was only observed in CD133+ cells. In addition, we found that AR-mediated CSPCs enrichment was accompanied by down-regulation of p53 and p16. Finally, co-expression of AR and CD133 was more abundant in OVTC lesions than in normal ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that AR itself might play a ligand-independent role in the development of OVTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Chung
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Lumin Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Yi Lin
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chi Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Hung
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Pterostilbene-isothiocyanate conjugate suppresses growth of prostate cancer cells irrespective of androgen receptor status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93335. [PMID: 24699278 PMCID: PMC3974779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and anti-hormonal therapies are the most common treatments for non-organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa). However, the effectiveness of these therapies is limited, thus necessitating the development of alternative approaches. The present study focused on analyzing the role of pterostilbene (PTER)-isothiocyanate (ITC) conjugate--a novel class of hybrid compound synthesized by appending an ITC moiety on PTER backbone--in regulating the functions of androgen receptor (AR), thereby causing apoptosis of PCa cells. The conjugate molecule caused 50% growth inhibition (IC50) at 40 ± 1.12 and 45 ± 1.50 μM in AR positive (LNCaP) and negative (PC-3) cells, respectively. The reduced proliferation of PC-3 as well as LNCaP cells by conjugate correlated with accumulation of cells in G2/M phase and induction of caspase dependent apoptosis. Both PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways played an important and differential role in conjugate-induced apoptosis of these PCa cells. While the inhibitor of Akt (A6730) or Akt-specific small interference RNA (siRNA) greatly sensitized PC-3 cells to conjugate-induced apoptosis, on the contrary, apoptosis was accelerated by inhibition of ERK (by PD98059 or ERK siRNA) in case of LNCaP cells, both ultimately culminating in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 protein. Moreover, anti-androgenic activity of the conjugate was mediated by decreased expression of AR and its co-activators (SRC-1, GRIP-1), thus interfering in their interactions with AR. All these data suggests that conjugate-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis are partly mediated by the down regulation of AR, Akt, and ERK signaling. These observations provide a rationale for devising novel therapeutic approaches for treating PCa by using conjugate alone or in combination with other therapeutics.
Collapse
|
81
|
AR variant ARv567es induces carcinogenesis in a novel transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1009-17. [PMID: 24027426 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy remains the primary treatment modality for patients with metastatic prostate cancer but is uniformly marked by progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after a period of regression. Continued activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is attributed as one of the most important mechanisms underlying failure of therapy. Recently, the discovery of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) adds more credence to this idea. Expression of AR-Vs in metastases portends a rapid progression of the tumor. However, the precise role of the AR-Vs in CRPC still remains unknown. ARv567es is one of the two AR variants frequently found in human CRPC xenografts and metastases. Herein, we developed a probasin (Pb) promoter-driven ARv567es transgenic mouse, Pb-ARv567es, to evaluate the role of ARv567es in both autonomous prostate growth and progression to CRPC. We found that expression of ARv567es in the prostate results in epithelial hyperplasia by 16 weeks and invasive adenocarcinoma is evident by 1 year of age. The underlying genetic cellular events involved a cell cycle-related transcriptome and differential expression of a spectrum of genes that are critical for tumor initiation and progression. These findings indicate that ARv567es could induce tumorigenesis de novo and signifies the critical role of AR-Vs in CRPC. Thus, the Pb-ARv567es mouse could provide a novel model in which the role of AR variants in prostate cancer progression can be examined.
Collapse
|
82
|
Jakobiec FA, Rai R, Lefebvre DR. Papillary hidradenoma of the eyelid margin: clinical and immunohistochemical observations further supporting an apocrine rather than an eccrine origin. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59:540-7. [PMID: 24661803 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 46-year-old woman was evaluated for a "recurring papilloma" of the left medial upper eyelid margin. Beneath the papillary lesion medial to the punctum was a 5-mm diameter cutaneous mass thought to be cystic. After excisional biopsy, histopathologic analysis documented the presence of an epidermal keratinizing squamous papilloma surmounting a circumscribed dermal papillary hidradenoma composed of deeply eosinophilic columnar cells. Additionally, there was intraductal proliferation of tumor extending toward a subclinical poral opening through the epidermis. Immunohistochemistry proved the apocrine nature of the benign, non-cystic lesion by virtue of its nuclear androgen receptor and cytoplasmic gross-cystic disease fluid protein-15 positivity, along with its smooth muscle actin-positive myoepithelial layer. This and prior cases establish that apocrine tumors, both benign and malignant, are strictly localized at or near the eyelid margin where only apocrine glands are found. These tumors are more often papillary than solid adenomas, and most exceptionally can be malignant. We review the differential diagnosis of simulating eccrine eyelid tumors. We recommend wide local excision for benign lesions, in view of possible intraductal extension that can be eccentric to the main tumor and the miniscule potential for malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- Department of Ophthalmology, David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ruju Rai
- Department of Ophthalmology, David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel R Lefebvre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Lim M, Otto-Duessel M, He M, Su L, Nguyen D, Chin E, Alliston T, Jones JO. Ligand-independent and tissue-selective androgen receptor inhibition by pyrvinium. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:692-702. [PMID: 24354286 PMCID: PMC3962707 DOI: 10.1021/cb400759d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrvinium pamoate (PP) is a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of the androgen receptor (AR). Using a novel method of target identification, we demonstrate that AR is a direct target of PP in prostate cancer cells. We demonstrate that PP inhibits AR activity via the highly conserved DNA binding domain (DBD), the only AR inhibitor that functions via this domain. Furthermore, computational modeling predicts that pyrvinium binds at the interface of the DBD dimer and the minor groove of the AR response element. Because PP acts through the DBD, PP is able to inhibit the constitutive activity of AR splice variants, which are thought to contribute to the growth of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PP also inhibits androgen-independent AR activation by HER2 kinase. The antiandrogen activity of pyrvinium manifests in the ability to inhibit the in vivo growth of CRPC xenografts that express AR splice variants. Interestingly, PP was most potent in cells with endogenous AR expression derived from prostate or bone. PP was able to inhibit several other hormone nuclear receptors (NRs) but not structurally unrelated transcription factors. PP inhibition of other NRs was similarly cell-type selective. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, we demonstrate that the cell-type specificity of PP manifests in tissue-selective inhibition of AR activity in mice, as PP decreases prostate weight and bone mineral density but does not affect lean body mass. Our results suggest that the noncompetitive AR inhibitor pyrvinium has significant potential to treat CRPC, including cancers driven by ligand-independent AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, California 91010, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Chaturvedi S, Garcia JA. Novel agents in the management of castration resistant prostate cancer. J Carcinog 2014; 13:5. [PMID: 24799832 PMCID: PMC4007389 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in men and despite high cure rates with surgery and/or radiation, 30-40% of patients will eventually develop advanced disease. Androgen deprivation is the first line therapy for standard of care for men with advanced disease. Eventually however all men will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Insight into the molecular mechanisms of androgen resistance has led to the development of alternative novel hormonal agents. Newer hormonal agents such as abiraterone, enzalutamide and TOK-001; and the first cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel T have been approved for use in men with CRPC. The recognition of the importance of bone health and morbidity associated with skeletal related events has led to the introduction of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B-ligand inhibitor denosumab. Other molecularly targeted therapies have shown promise in pre-clinical studies, but this has not consistently translated into clinical efficacy. It is increasingly evident that CRPC is a heterogeneous disease and an individualized approach directed at identifying primary involvement of specific pathways could maximize the benefit from targeted therapies. This review focuses on targeted therapy for PCa with special emphasis on therapies that have been Food and Drug Administration approved for use in men with CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chaturvedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute and Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jorge A Garcia
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute and Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA ; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute and Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Jakobiec FA, Werdich X. Androgen receptor identification in the diagnosis of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157:687-96.e1-2. [PMID: 24333189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the role of androgen receptor detection in diagnosing eyelid sebaceous carcinomas and to compare it with that of adipophilin. DESIGN Retrospective, clinicopathologic study. METHODS Ten sebaceous carcinomas (8 invasive, 2 intraepithelial only) were stained immunohistochemically for androgen receptors and were compared with adipophilin staining. Receptor staining also was performed on benign sebaceous tumors (a sebaceoma and an adenoma) and as controls on eyelid basal cell carcinomas, eyelid squamous cell carcinomas, conjunctival squamous dysplasias, and conjunctival melanomas. RESULTS All 8 patients with an invasive component of sebaceous carcinoma underwent a biopsy in which the tumor cells showed diffusely positive results for androgen receptors (>20% of cells and usually >40%) and positive results for adipophilin. Eight cases displaying an intraepithelial (or pagetoid) component of spread also showed diffusely positive results for androgen receptors and adipophilin in at least 1 of multiple biopsy samples from each patient. However, in 8 of 21 separate conjunctival biopsy specimens with intraepithelial cytologic atypia, adipophilin results were negative. A sebaceoma and a sebaceous adenoma also showed positive results for both of these biomarkers. Among the controls, squamous carcinomas and melanomas showed negative results for androgen receptors and adipophilin. Basal cell carcinomas displayed focal receptor positivity in fewer than 5% of cells and showed negative results for adipophilin. CONCLUSIONS Androgen receptors and adipophilin can separate sebaceous tumors immunohistochemically from squamous carcinomas and melanomas, which showed negative results for both, and from basal cell carcinomas, which showed positive receptor results in a distant minority of cells. Regarding intraepithelial (or pagetoid) spread, androgen receptor detection was more sensitive and reliable than adipophilin in highlighting this component of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Xiang Werdich
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Enzalutamide, modalités pratiques d’utilisation d’une nouvelle hormonothérapie. Bull Cancer 2014; 101:107-12. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
87
|
Robinson JLL, Hickey TE, Warren AY, Vowler SL, Carroll T, Lamb AD, Papoutsoglou N, Neal DE, Tilley WD, Carroll JS. Elevated levels of FOXA1 facilitate androgen receptor chromatin binding resulting in a CRPC-like phenotype. Oncogene 2013; 33:5666-74. [PMID: 24292680 PMCID: PMC4051595 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to pose a significant clinical challenge with new generation second line hormonal therapies affording limited improvement in disease outcome. As the androgen receptor (AR) remains a critical driver in CRPC, understanding the determinants of its transcriptional activity is important for developing new AR targeted therapies. FOXA1 is a key component of the AR transcriptional complex yet its role in prostate cancer progression and the relationship between AR and FOXA1 are not completely resolved. It is well established that FOXA1 levels are elevated in advanced prostate cancer and metastases. We mimicked these conditions by over-expressing FOXA1 in the androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and observed a significant increase in AR genomic binding at novel regions that possess increased chromatin accessibility. High levels of FOXA1 resulted in increased proliferation at both sub-optimal and high 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations. Immunohistochemical staining for FOXA1 in a clinical prostate cancer cohort revealed that high FOXA1 expression is associated with shorter time to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (HR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2-21.1, p=0.028), positive surgical margins and higher stage disease at diagnosis. The gene expression program that results from FOXA1 over-expression is enriched for PTEN, Wnt and other pathways typically represented in CRPC gene signatures. Together these results suggest that in an androgen-depleted state, elevated levels of FOXA1 enhance AR binding at genomic regions not normally occupied by AR, which in turn facilitates prostate cancer cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L L Robinson
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S L Vowler
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Carroll
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A D Lamb
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [3] Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Papoutsoglou
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D E Neal
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [3] Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - W D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and the Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J S Carroll
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Mahmoud AM, Zhu T, Parray A, Siddique HR, Yang W, Saleem M, Bosland MC. Differential effects of genistein on prostate cancer cells depend on mutational status of the androgen receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78479. [PMID: 24167630 PMCID: PMC3805529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the androgen receptor (AR) activity is the main goal of therapies for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, relapse with a more aggressive, hormone refractory PCa arises, which harbors restored AR activity. One mechanism of such reactivation occurs through acquisition of AR mutations that enable its activation by various steroidal and non-steroidal structures. Thus, natural and chemical compounds that contribute to inappropriate (androgen-independent) activation of the AR become an area of intensive research. Here, we demonstrate that genistein, a soy phytoestrogen binds to both the wild and the Thr877Ala (T877A) mutant types of AR competitively with androgen, nevertheless, it exerts a pleiotropic effect on PCa cell proliferation and AR activity depending on the mutational status of the AR. Genistein inhibited, in a dose-dependent way, cell proliferation and AR nuclear localization and expression in LAPC-4 cells that have wild AR. However, in LNCaP cells that express the T877A mutant AR, genistein induced a biphasic effect where physiological doses (0.5-5 µmol/L) stimulated cell growth and increased AR expression and transcriptional activity, and higher doses induced inhibitory effects. Similar biphasic results were achieved in PC-3 cells transfected with AR mutants; T877A, W741C and H874Y. These findings suggest that genistein, at physiological concentrations, potentially act as an agonist and activate the mutant AR that can be present in advanced PCa after androgen ablation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tian Zhu
- Center of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maarten C. Bosland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Fortin S, Brasseur K, Morin N, Asselin É, Bérubé G. New platinum(II) complexes conjugated at position 7α of 17β-acetyl-testosterone as new combi-molecules against prostate cancer: design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:433-43. [PMID: 23994871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and, more specifically, new treatments for hormone-refractory cancers are highly sought by several research groups. Although platinum(II)-based chemotherapy and other strategies grow in interest to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), they still exhibit modest activity on CRPC and overall patient survival. In this study, we designed and prepared new combi-molecules using 17β-acetyl-testosterone and amino acid platinum(II) complexes linked at the position 7α to target and to improve the antiproliferative activity of platinum(II)-based chemotherapy on prostate cancer cells. Twelve chemical intermediates and six new combi-molecules were prepared and characterized. Structure-activity relationships studies show that the platinum complex moiety is essential for an optimal cytocidal activity. Moreover, stereochemistry of the amino acid involved in the platinum complexes had only minor effects on the antiproliferative activity whereas pyridinyl (10a and b) and thiazolyl (10f) complexes exhibited the highest cytocidal activities that are significantly superior to that of cisplatin used as control on human prostate adenocarcinoma LNCaP (AR+), PC3 (AR-) and DU145 (AR-). Compounds 10a, b and f arrested the cell cycle progression in S-phase and induced double strand breaks as confirmed by the phosphorylation of histone H2AX into γH2AX. Compounds 10a and f showed 33 and 30% inhibition, respectively of the growth of HT-1080 tumors grafted onto chick chorioallantoic membranes. Finally, compounds 10a and 10f exhibited low toxicity on the chick embryos (18 and 21% of death, respectively), indicating that these new combi-molecules might be a promising new class of anticancer agents for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fortin
- Département de Chimie et Physique et, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7; Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Scaffold attachment factor B1 regulates the androgen receptor in concert with the growth inhibitory kinase MST1 and the methyltransferase EZH2. Oncogene 2013; 33:3235-45. [PMID: 23893242 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that employs many diverse interactions with coregulatory proteins in normal physiology and in prostate cancer (PCa). The AR mediates cellular responses in association with chromatin complexes and kinase cascades. Here we report that the nuclear matrix protein, scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), regulates AR activity and AR levels in a manner that suggests its involvement in PCa. SAFB1 mRNA expression was lower in PCa in comparison with normal prostate tissue in a majority of publicly available RNA expression data sets. SAFB1 protein levels were also reduced with disease progression in a cohort of human PCa that included metastatic tumors. SAFB1 bound to AR and was phosphorylated by the MST1 (Hippo homolog) serine-threonine kinase, previously shown to be an AR repressor, and MST1 localization to AR-dependent promoters was inhibited by SAFB1 depletion. Knockdown of SAFB1 in androgen-dependent LNCaP PCa cells increased AR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, stimulated growth of cultured cells and subcutaneous xenografts and promoted a more aggressive phenotype, consistent with a repressive AR regulatory function. SAFB1 formed a complex with the histone methyltransferase EZH2 at AR-interacting chromatin sites in association with other polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) proteins. We conclude that SAFB1 acts as a novel AR co-regulator at gene loci where signals from the MST1/Hippo and EZH2 pathways converge.
Collapse
|
91
|
Characterisations of human prostate stem cells reveal deficiency in class I UGT enzymes as a novel mechanism for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:950-6. [PMID: 23880823 PMCID: PMC3749571 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence increasingly supports that prostate cancer is initiated by the malignant transformation of stem cells (SCs). Furthermore, many SC-signalling pathways are shown to be shared in prostate cancer. Therefore, we planned transcriptome characterisation of adult prostate SCs as a strategy to consider new targets for cancer treatment. Methods: Intuitive pathway analysis was used for putative target discovery in 12 matched selections of human prostate SCs, transiently amplifying cells and terminally differentiated cells. These were pooled into three groups according to the stage of differentiation for mRNA microarray analysis. Targets identified were validated using uncultured primary tissue (n=12), functional models of prostate cancer and a tissue microarray consisting of benign (n=42) and malignant prostate (n=223). Results: A deficiency in class 1 UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes (UGT1A) was identified in prostate SCs, which are involved in androgen catabolism. Class 1 UGT enzyme expression was also downregulated in cancer SCs and during progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Reduction of UGT1A expression in vitro was seen to improve cell survival and increase androgen receptor (AR) activity, as shown by upregulation of prostate-specific antigen expression. Interpretation: Inactivation of intracellular androgen catabolism represents a novel mechanism to maintain AR activity during CRPC.
Collapse
|
92
|
Caboni L, Egan B, Kelly B, Blanco F, Fayne D, Meegan MJ, Lloyd DG. Structure–Activity Relationships in Non-Ligand Binding Pocket (Non-LBP) Diarylhydrazide Antiandrogens. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:2116-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400189m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caboni
- Molecular Design Group, School
of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Billy Egan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Kelly
- Molecular Design Group, School
of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fernando Blanco
- Molecular Design Group, School
of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- Molecular Design Group, School
of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David G. Lloyd
- Molecular Design Group, School
of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
On the origins of the androgen receptor low molecular weight species. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:259-69. [PMID: 23860689 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP), a commonly diagnosed malignancy, is readily treated by androgen ablation. This treatment temporarily halts the disease, but castration-resistant neoplasms that are refractory to current therapies emerge. While these neoplasms are no longer dependent on physiological levels of androgens, they remain reliant on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). There are multiple mechanisms by which CaP cells circumvent androgen ablation therapies. These include AR mutations that broaden ligand specificity, AR overexpression, AR activation by growth factors and cytokines, overexpression of AR co-activators, altered steroid metabolism, and a locus-wide histone transcriptional activation of some AR targets. This review focuses on a more recently described mechanism: the expression of low molecular weight AR species that are missing the ligand-binding domain and function independently of ligand to drive proliferation. The etiology, biological activity, unique features, predictive value, and therapeutic implication of these androgen receptor isoforms are discussed in depth.
Collapse
|
94
|
Mechanisms of the androgen receptor splicing in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:3140-50. [PMID: 23851510 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate tumors develop resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by multiple mechanisms, one of which is to express constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain. AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7, also termed AR3) is the most abundantly expressed variant that drives prostate tumor progression under ADT conditions. However, the molecular mechanism by which AR-V7 is generated remains unclear. In this manuscript, we demonstrated that RNA splicing of AR-V7 in response to ADT was closely associated with AR gene transcription initiation and elongation rates. Enhanced AR gene transcription by ADT provides a prerequisite condition that further increases the interactions between AR pre-mRNA and splicing factors. Under ADT conditions, recruitment of several RNA splicing factors to the 3' splicing site for AR-V7 was increased. We identified two RNA splicing enhancers and their binding proteins (U2AF65 and ASF/SF2) that had critical roles in splicing AR pre-mRNA into AR-V7. These data indicate that ADT-induced AR gene transcription rate and splicing factor recruitment to AR pre-mRNA contribute to the enhanced AR-V7 levels in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
|
95
|
Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE, Maity SN, Kim J, Aparicio A, Efstathiou E, Lin SH. Molecular classification of prostate cancer progression: foundation for marker-driven treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:849-61. [PMID: 23811619 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many therapeutic agents for prostate cancer have been approved that target the androgen receptor and/or the prostate tumor microenvironment. Each of these therapies has modestly increased patient survival. A better understanding of when in the course of prostate cancer progression specific therapies should be applied, and of what biomarkers would indicate when resistance arises, would almost certainly improve survival due to these therapies. Thus, applying the armamentarium of therapeutic agents in the right sequences in the right combination at the right time is a major goal in prostate cancer treatment. For this to occur, an understanding of prostate cancer evolution during progression is required. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of prostate cancer progression, but challenge the prevailing view by proposing a new model of prostate cancer progression, with the goal of improving biologic classification and treatment strategies. We use this model to discuss how integrating clinical and basic understanding of prostate cancer will lead to better implementation of molecularly targeted therapeutics and improve patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Logothetis
- Departments of 1Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Functional domains of androgen receptor coactivator p44/Mep50/WDR77and its interaction with Smad1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64663. [PMID: 23734213 PMCID: PMC3667176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p44/MEP50/WDR77 has been identified as a coactivator of androgen receptor (AR), with distinct growth suppression and promotion function in gender specific endocrine organs and their malignancies. We dissected the functional domains of p44 for protein interaction with transcription factors, transcriptional activation, as well as the functional domains in p44 related to its growth inhibition in prostate cancer. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a novel transcription complex AR-p44-Smad1, confirmed for physical interaction by co-immunoprecipitaion and functional interaction with luciferase assays in human prostate cancer cells. Yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the N-terminal region of p44, instead of the traditional WD40 domain at the C-terminus, mediates the interaction among p44, N-terminus of AR and full length Smad1. Although both N and C terminal domains of p44 are necessary for maximum AR transcriptional activation, the N terminal fragment of p44 alone maintains the basic effect on AR transcriptional activation. Cell proliferation assays with N- and C- terminal deletion mutations indicated that the central portion of p44 is required for nuclear p44 mediated prostate cancer growth inhibition.
Collapse
|
97
|
Sun S, Pan S, Miao A, Ling C, Pang S, Tang J, Chen D, Zhao C. Active extracts of black tea (Camellia Sinensis) induce apoptosis of PC-3 prostate cancer cells via mitochondrial dysfunction. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:763-72. [PMID: 23715786 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the prostate gland is the most common invasive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in human males. Many studies have shown that black tea reduces the risk of several types of cancer. We studied the effects of active extracts of black tea and the black tea polyphenols theaflavins (TFs), on the cellular proliferation and mitochondria of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Our studies revealed that Yinghong black tea extracts (YBT), Assam black tea extracts (ABT) and TFs inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed that TFs, YBT and ABT affected the morphology of PC-3 cells and induced apoptosis or even necrosis in PC-3 cells. In addition, it was observed that the samples significantly caused loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from the intermembrane space into the cytosol, decrease of the ATP content and activation of caspase-3 compared with the control. Taken together, these findings suggest that black tea could act as an effective anti-proliferative agent in PC-3 cells, and TFs, YBT and ABT induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shili Sun
- Drink Plant Research Institute/Tea Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
The prostate cancer-up-regulated Myc-associated zinc-finger protein (MAZ) modulates proliferation and metastasis through reciprocal regulation of androgen receptor. Med Oncol 2013; 30:570. [PMID: 23609189 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in men and the second leading cause of male cancer mortality. MAZ (Myc-associated zinc-finger protein) is a transcription factor that regulates the transcription of oncogenes, and the deregulated MAZ expression is closely related to the development and progression of a variety of cancers. In the present study, the role of MAZ in PCa tumorigenesis and its interaction with androgen receptor (AR), which is essential to PCa development in humans, were investigated. MAZ expression was found to be higher in clinical PCa specimens than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and adjacent normal tissues, and MAZ expression was positively correlated with AR expression, which was also observed in PCa cell lines. After knockdown of MAZ by siRNA, cell proliferation was notably inhibited, colony formation declined, the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase, and the number of cells in S phase decreased (p < 0.05). MAZ knockdown resulted in a significant decline in the migration and invasion capacity of the LNCaP-AD cell line. siRNA knockdown of AR significantly decreased MAZ expression, and knockdown of MAZ significantly increased the expression of AR and DHT-induced androgen response element (ARE). These results suggest that MAZ and AR are interrelated and that MAZ plays an important role in PCa pathogenesis, which could be a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
99
|
van Royen ME, van de Wijngaart DJ, Cunha SM, Trapman J, Houtsmuller AB. A multi-parameter imaging assay identifies different stages of ligand-induced androgen receptor activation. Cytometry A 2013; 83:806-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | - Sónia M. Cunha
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
By using in silico models of the complexes formed by analogues of a cancer drug and its receptor, it may be possible to strategically redesign existing drugs and win the race against mutations that lead to drug resistance in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Josan
- is at the Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|