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Combined epidermal growth factor receptor and Beclin1 autophagic protein expression analysis identifies different clinical presentations, responses to chemo- and radiotherapy, and prognosis in glioblastoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:208076. [PMID: 25821789 PMCID: PMC4363549 DOI: 10.1155/2015/208076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated EGFR in glioblastoma may inactivate the key autophagy protein Beclin1. Each of high EGFR and low Beclin1 protein expression, independently, has been associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. High (H) compared to low (L) expression of EGFR and Beclin1 is here correlated with main clinical data in 117 patients after chemo- and radiotherapy. H-EGFR correlated with low Karnofsky performance and worse neurological performance status, higher incidence of synchronous multifocality, poor radiological evidence of response, shorter progression disease-free (PDFS), and overall survival (OS). H-Beclin1 cases showed better Karnofsky performance status, higher incidence of objective response, longer PDFS, and OS. A mutual strengthening effect emerges in correlative power of stratified L-EGFR and H-Beclin1 expression with incidence of radiological response after treatment, unifocal disease, and better prognosis, thus identifying an even longer OS group (30 months median OS compared to 18 months in L-EGFR, 15 months in H-Beclin1, and 11 months in all GBs) (P = 0.0001). Combined L-EGFR + H-Beclin1 expression may represent a biomarker in identifying relatively favorable clinical presentations and prognosis, thus envisaging possible EGFR/Beclin1-targeted therapies.
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Wu H, Huang S, Zhang D. Autophagic responses to hypoxia and anticancer therapy in head and neck cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Haikerwal SJ, Hagekyriakou J, MacManus M, Martin OA, Haynes NM. Building immunity to cancer with radiation therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:198-208. [PMID: 25592036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in the focus of cancer research toward understanding how the body's immune defenses can be harnessed to promote the effectiveness of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. The ability of ionizing radiation to elicit anti-cancer immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth has led to the emergence of promising combination-based radio-immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Herein we review the immunoadjuvant properties of localized radiation therapy and discuss how technological advances in radio-oncology and developments in the field of tumor-immunotherapy have started to revolutionize the therapeutic application of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J Haikerwal
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jim Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Michael MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
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Yuan X, Du J, Hua S, Zhang H, Gu C, Wang J, Yang L, Huang J, Yu J, Liu F. Suppression of autophagy augments the radiosensitizing effects of STAT3 inhibition on human glioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 330:267-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Réirradiation de métastases ganglionnaires d’un adénocarcinome œsogastrique par une technique de tomothérapie associée à de l’évérolimus. Cancer Radiother 2014; 18:681-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Radiation oncology in vitro: trends to improve radiotherapy through molecular targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:461687. [PMID: 25302298 PMCID: PMC4180203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/461687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much has been investigated to improve the beneficial effects of radiotherapy especially in that case where radioresistant behavior is observed. Beyond simple identification of resistant phenotype the discovery and development of specific molecular targets have demonstrated therapeutic potential in cancer treatment including radiotherapy. Alterations on transduction signaling pathway related with MAPK cascade are the main axis in cancer cellular proliferation even as cell migration and invasiveness in irradiated tumor cell lines; then, for that reason, more studies are in course focusing on, among others, DNA damage enhancement, apoptosis stimulation, and growth factors receptor blockages, showing promising in vitro results highlighting molecular targets associated with ionizing radiation as a new radiotherapy strategy to improve clinical outcome. In this review we discuss some of the main molecular targets related with tumor cell proliferation and migration as well as their potential contributions to radiation oncology improvements.
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NVP-BEZ-235 enhances radiosensitization via blockade of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:293-302. [PMID: 25221647 PMCID: PMC4162139 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most drug resistant cancer cells also develop resistance to radiation therapy. In this study, we hypothesized that the dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, NVP-BEZ-235, could potentially enhance radiosensitization in cisplatin-resistance (CDDP-R) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by disabling autophagy as a mechanism of self-preservation. METHODS We used both in vitro and in vivo approaches, including clonogenic assays, Western blotting, molecular analyses of autophagy and apoptosis, a xenograft model of tumor growth, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Basal p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6R proteins were enhanced in CDDP-R NSCLC cells. CDDP-R-resistant NSCLC cells are less radiation sensitive in comparison to parental cells (DER=0.82, p=0.02); BEZ-235 enhanced the radiosensitivity (DER=1.2, p=0.01). In addition, combining BEZ-235/RT showed a dramatic tumor growth delay in a mouse xenograft model. Immunohistochemistry showed that combination therapy yielded 50% decrease in caspase-3 activity. Moreover, cell proliferation was reduced by 87.8% and vascular density by 86.1%. These results were associated with a downregulation of PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and an increase in autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be utilized as a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy in drug-selected non-small cell lung cancer exhibiting radioresistance.
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Gewirtz DA. The autophagic response to radiation: relevance for radiation sensitization in cancer therapy. Radiat Res 2014; 182:363-7. [PMID: 25184372 DOI: 10.1667/rr13774.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation almost uniformly promotes autophagy in tumor cells. While radiation-induced autophagy often serves as a protective function in cell culture studies, it is currently uncertain to what extent autophagy might be induced by radiation in human malignancies; it is furthermore unknown whether autophagy induced by radiation can or should be suppressed for therapeutic benefit. Current clinical trials combining chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation therapy with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as autophagy inhibitors may be premature without the benefit of stratification to identify patients whose malignancies might be susceptible to autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. In addition, there are also concerns as to whether chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the agents currently in use, have the capacity to suppress autophagy when administered systemically at tolerable doses. Finally, any agent that actually has the appropriate pharmacokinetic profile to function as a systemic autophagy inhibitor may collaterally disrupt the homeostatic function of autophagy in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Saito K, Iizuka Y, Ohta S, Takahashi S, Nakamura K, Saya H, Yoshida K, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Functional analysis of a novel glioma antigen, EFTUD1. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1618-29. [PMID: 25015090 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cDNA library made from 2 glioma cell lines, U87MG and T98G, was screened by serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression (SEREX) using serum from a glioblastoma patient. Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing protein 1 (EFTUD1), which is required for ribosome biogenesis, was identified. A cancer microarray database showed overexpression of EFTUD1 in gliomas, suggesting that EFTUD1 is a candidate molecular target for gliomas. METHODS EFTUD1 expression in glioma cell lines and glioma tissue was assessed by Western blot, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The effect on ribosome biogenesis, cell growth, cell cycle, and induction of apoptosis and autophagy in glioma cells during the downregulation of EFTUD1 was investigated. To reveal the role of autophagy, the autophagy-blocker, chloroquine (CQ), was used in glioma cells downregulating EFTUD1. The effect of combining CQ with EFTUD1 inhibition in glioma cells was analyzed. RESULTS EFTUD1 expression in glioma cell lines and tissue was higher than in normal brain tissue. Downregulating EFTUD1 induced G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, leading to reduced glioma cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying this antitumor effect was impaired ribosome biogenesis via EFTUD1 inhibition. Additionally, protective autophagy was induced by glioma cells as an adaptive response to EFTUD1 inhibition. The antitumor effect induced by the combined treatment was significantly higher than that of either EFTUD1 inhibition or CQ alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EFTUD1 represents a novel therapeutic target and that the combination of EFTUD1 inhibition with autophagy blockade may be effective in the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Yukihiko Iizuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Shigeki Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
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Bilger A, Bittner MI, Grosu AL, Wiedenmann N, Meyer PT, Firat E, Niedermann G, Weber WA, Milanović D. FET-PET-based reirradiation and chloroquine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: first tolerability and feasibility results. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:957-61. [PMID: 24928248 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) remains an unsolved clinical problem. Reirradiation (re-RT) can be used to treat some patients with rGBM, but as a monotherapy it has only limited efficacy. Chloroquine (CQ) is an anti-malaria and immunomodulatory drug that may inhibit autophagy and increase the radiosensitivity of GBM. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2012 and August 2013, we treated five patients with histologically confirmed rGBM with re-RT and 250 mg CQ daily. RESULTS Treatment was very well tolerated; no CQ-related toxicity was observed. At the first follow-up 2 months after finishing re-RT, two patients achieved partial response (PR), one patient stable disease (SD), and one patient progressive disease (PD). One patient with reirradiated surgical cavity did not show any sign of PD. CONCLUSION In this case series, we observed encouraging responses to CQ and re-RT. We plan to conduct a CQ dose escalation study combined with re-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bilger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Robert Koch Strasse 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Morgan-Bathke M, Hill GA, Harris ZI, Lin HH, Chibly AM, Klein RR, Burd R, Ann DK, Limesand KH. Autophagy correlates with maintenance of salivary gland function following radiation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5206. [PMID: 24903000 PMCID: PMC4047540 DOI: 10.1038/srep05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard of care for head and neck cancer includes surgical resection of the tumor followed by targeted head and neck radiation. This radiotherapy results in a multitude of negative side effects in adjacent normal tissues. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism that could be targeted to ameliorate these side effects based on its role in cellular homeostasis. In this study, we utilized Atg5f/f;Aqp5-Cre mice which harbor a conditional knockout of Atg5, in salivary acinar cells. These autophagy-deficient mice display increased radiosensitivity. Treatment of wild-type mice with radiation did not robustly induce autophagy following radiotherapy, however, using a model of preserved salivary gland function by IGF-1-treatment prior to irradiation, we demonstrate increased autophagosome formation 6–8 hours following radiation. Additionally, administration of IGF-1 to Atg5f/f;Aqp5-Cre mice did not preserve physiological function. Thus, autophagy appears to play a beneficial role in salivary glands following radiation and pharmacological induction of autophagy could alleviate the negative side effects associated with therapy for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morgan-Bathke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Grace A Hill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Zoey I Harris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Her H Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alex M Chibly
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Rob R Klein
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David K Ann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Gravina GL, Marampon F, Sherris D, Vittorini F, Di Cesare E, Tombolini V, Lenzi A, Jannini EA, Festuccia C. Torc1/Torc2 inhibitor, Palomid 529, enhances radiation response modulating CRM1-mediated survivin function and delaying DNA repair in prostate cancer models. Prostate 2014; 74:852-68. [PMID: 24715588 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P529, a Torc1/Torc2 inhibitor, has demonstrated its potential as a radiosensitizer. However the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon still need to be elucidated. Aim of this study is to dissect molecular mechanisms regulating the radiosensitizing properties of P529 in a wide panel of prostate cancer models. METHODS Six tumor cell lines and xenograft models were used for in vitro and in vivo studies. Clonogenic survival, apoptotic, autophagic, and senescence assays were used to examine the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) alone and in combination with P529. CRM1, survivin, GSK-3β, and DNA-DSBs expression and modulation, upon P529 and RT, were monitored by western blot. In vivo treatment response upon P529, irradiation or combination of P529 with IR was monitored by tumor volume, time to progression (TTP), and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS P529 treatment induced significantly more apoptosis and DNA double-strand break (DSB) when combined with radiotherapy resulting in cellular radiosensitization and growth delay of irradiated tumor xenografts. Upon P529 treatment Rad51, DNA-PKcs, and Ku70 protein expression was downregulated, indicating delayed DNA double-strand damage repair. The radiosensitizing properties of P529 were partially linked to GSK-3β, cyclin-D1, and c-myc modulation with associated inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of survivin. Importantly, autophagy and tumor senescence were involved in the enhanced P529 radioresponse. CONCLUSIONS Impaired DNA double-strand damage repair, inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of survivin, modulation of cyclin-D1 and c-myc with associated pro-apoptotic and autophagic and senescent events explain the radiosensitizing properties of P529 in preclinical models of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, School of Sexology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Deroyer C, Rénert AF, Merville MP, Fillet M. New role for EMD (emerin), a key inner nuclear membrane protein, as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Autophagy 2014; 10:1229-40. [PMID: 24819607 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, precise roles of EMD (emerin) remain poorly described. In this paper, we investigated the role of EMD in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Ceramides are bioactive signaling molecules acting notably in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, or cell death. However, the mechanisms by which they mediate these pathways are not fully understood. We found that C16-ceramide induces EMD phosphorylation on its LEM domain through PRKACA. Upon ceramide treatment, phosphorylated EMD binds MAP1LC3B leading to an increase of autophagosome formation. These data suggest a new role of EMD as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deroyer
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Paule Merville
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium; Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche du Médicament; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
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Palumbo S, Miracco C, Pirtoli L, Comincini S. Emerging roles of microRNA in modulating cell-death processes in malignant glioma. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:277-86. [PMID: 23929496 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate protein expression by cleaving or repressing the translation of target mRNAs. In mammals, their function mainly represses the mRNA transcripts via imperfect complementary sequences in the 3'UTR of target mRNAs. Several miRNAs have been recently reported to be involved in modulation of different genes in tumors, including glioblastoma, the most frequent brain tumor in adults. Despite the improvements in treatments, survival of patients remains poor, and glioblastoma is one of the most lethal form of human cancer. To define novel strategies against this tumor, emerging research investigated miRNAs involvement in glioblastoma. In particular, this review is focused on miRNAs involved on the two principal programmed cell-death, apoptosis and autophagy, recently described from the literature. Moreover, the discovery of miRNAs role in glioma cell-death pathways has also revealed a new category of therapeutic targets, fundamental for this kind of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Gallegos CE, Michelin S, Trasci SB, Lobos EA, Dubner D, Carosella ED. HLA-G1 increases the radiosensitivity of human tumoral cells. Cell Immunol 2014; 287:106-11. [PMID: 24487034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different molecules regulate the response of tumoral tissues to ionizing radiation. The objective of this work was to determine if HLA-G1 expression modulates the radiosensitivity of human tumoral cell lines. To this end, human melanoma M8 and human erythroleukemia K562 cell lines, with their correspondent HLA-G1 negative and positive variants, were gamma irradiated and the survival frequency was determined by clonogenic assay. The survival fraction of HLA-G1 expressing cells was around 60% of HLA-G1 negative cells. The generation of acidic vesicular organelles was higher in HLA-G1 positive cells. Apoptosis levels showed statistically significant differences only in K562 cells, whereas the variation in G2/M cycle progression was only significant in M8 cells. In addition, irradiation diminished cell-surface HLA-G1 and increased soluble HLA-G1 levels. Soluble HLA-G1 has no influence on cell survival in any cell line. In summary, we could demonstrate that HLA-G1 confers higher radiosensitivity to HLA-G1 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Gallegos
- Radiopathology Laboratory, Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Toxicology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Severino Michelin
- Radiopathology Laboratory, Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Baffa Trasci
- Radiopathology Laboratory, Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diana Dubner
- Radiopathology Laboratory, Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E-5 Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
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Berdis AJ. Current and emerging strategies to increase the efficacy of ionizing radiation in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:167-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.876987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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68
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Manipulation of autophagy in cancer cells: an innovative strategy to fight drug resistance. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1009-21. [PMID: 23734684 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process activated by stress conditions and nutrient deprivation, to which it reacts by promoting the degradation of damaged organelles and misfolded/aggregated proteins, as well as generating new energetic pools. Paradoxically, in cancer cells, which signal the dangerous microenvironment occurring during clinical therapies, autophagy could promote their proliferation and sustain drug resistance. Special attention is given to autophagy manipulation in order to counteract drug resistance of cancer cells. This article describes the basic properties of autophagy and focuses on the strategies of manipulating it.
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69
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Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15931-58. [PMID: 23912235 PMCID: PMC3759894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation damage to biological systems is determined by the type of radiation, the total dosage of exposure, the dose rate, and the region of the body exposed. Three modes of cell death—necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy—as well as accelerated senescence have been demonstrated to occur in vitro and in vivo in response to radiation in cancer cells as well as in normal cells. The basis for cellular selection for each mode depends on various factors including the specific cell type involved, the dose of radiation absorbed by the cell, and whether it is proliferating and/or transformed. Here we review the signaling mechanisms activated by radiation for the induction of toxicity in transformed and normal cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of radiation toxicity is critical for the development of radiation countermeasures as well as for the improvement of clinical radiation in cancer treatment.
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Comincini S, Allavena G, Palumbo S, Morini M, Durando F, Angeletti F, Pirtoli L, Miracco C. microRNA-17 regulates the expression of ATG7 and modulates the autophagy process, improving the sensitivity to temozolomide and low-dose ionizing radiation treatments in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:574-86. [PMID: 23792642 PMCID: PMC3742487 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATG7 is a key autophagy-promoting gene that plays a critical role in the regulation of cell death and survival of various cell types. We report here that microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous 22-24 nucleotide noncoding RNA molecules able to affect stability and translation of mRNA, may represent a novel mechanism for regulating ATG7 expression and therefore autophagy. We demonstrated that ATG7 is a potential target for miR-17, and this miRNA could negatively regulate ATG7 expression, resulting in a modulation of the autophagic status in T98G glioblastoma cells. Treatment of these tumor cells with the miR-17 mimic decreased, and with the antagomir increased, the expression of ATG7 protein. Dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that a specific miR-17 binding sequence in the 3'-UTR of ATG7 contributed to the modulation of the expression of the gene by miR-17. Interestingly, our results showed that anti-miR-17 administration activated autophagy through autophagosome formation, as resulted by LC3B and ATG7 protein expression increase, and by the analysis of GFP-LC3 positive autophagosome vesicles in living cells. Furthermore, the autophagy activation by anti-miR-17 resulted in a decrease of the threshold resistance at temozolomide doses in T98G cells, while miR-17 modulation in U373-MG glioblastoma cells resulted in a sensitization to low ionizing radiation doses. Our study of the role of miR-17 in regulating ATG7 expression and autophagy reveals a novel function for this miRNA sequence in a critical cellular event with significant impacts in cancer development, progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Comincini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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71
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Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly controlled self-degradation process utilised by cells to sustain cellular homeostasis and to support cell survival in response to metabolic stress and starvation. Thus, autophagy plays a critical role in promoting cell integrity and maintaining proper function of cellular processes. Defects in autophagy, however, can have drastic implications in human health and diseases, including cancer. Described as a double-edged sword in the context of cancer, autophagy can act as both suppressor and facilitator of tumorigenesis. As such, defining the precise role of autophagy in a multistep event like cancer progression can be complex. Recent findings have implicated a role for components of the autophagy pathway in oncogene-mediated cell transformation, tumour growth, and survival. Notably, aggressive cancers driven by Ras oncoproteins rely on autophagy to sustain a reprogrammed mitochondrial metabolic signature and evade cell death. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of oncogene-induced autophagy in cancer progression and discuss how modulators of autophagic responses can bring about therapeutic benefit and eradication of a subset of cancers that are addicted to this ancient recycling machinery.
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72
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Gewirtz DA. Autophagy and senescence: a partnership in search of definition. Autophagy 2013; 9:808-12. [PMID: 23422284 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and senescence share a number of characteristics, which suggests that both responses could serve to collaterally protect the cell from the toxicity of external stress such as radiation and chemotherapy and internal forms of stress such as telomere shortening and oncogene activation. Studies of oncogene activation in normal fibroblasts as well as exposure of tumor cells to chemotherapy have indicated that autophagy and senescence are closely related but not necessarily interdependent responses; specifically, interference with autophagy delays but does not abrogate senescence. The literature relating to this topic is inconclusive, with some reports appearing to be consistent with a direct relationship between autophagy and senescence and others indicative of an inverse relationship. Before this question can be resolved, additional studies will be necessary where autophagy is clearly inhibited by genetic silencing and where the temporal responses of both autophagy and senescence are monitored, preferably in cells that are intrinsically incapable of apoptosis or where apoptosis is suppressed. Understanding the nature of this relationship may provide needed insights relating to cytoprotective as well as potential cytotoxic functions of both autophagy and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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73
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Yang Y, Wang H, Wang S, Xu M, Liu M, Liao M, Frank JA, Adhikari S, Bower KA, Shi X, Ma C, Luo J. GSK3β signaling is involved in ultraviolet B-induced activation of autophagy in epidermal cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1782-8. [PMID: 22961228 PMCID: PMC3583618 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure causes damage to skin and represents the primary etiological agent for skin cancer formation. UVB induces DNA damage and apoptosis in epidermal cells. In this study, we demonstrated that UVB activated autophagy in JB6 epidermal cells, which was evident by the formation of LC3 puncta, the induction of LC3 lipidation, the increase in beclin 1 expression, and the decrease in the levels of p62. Autophagy appeared to be a protective response to UVB-induced damage because inhibition of autophagy exacerbated UVB-induced cell death, and stimulation of autophagy offered protection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was involved in UVB-induced autophagy. UVB inhibited GSK3β activation by simultaneously enhancing phosphorylation at Ser9 and suppressing Tyr216 phosphorylation. GSK3β negatively regulated autophagy; overexpression of wild-type or S9A (constitutive-active) GSK3β mutant inhibited UVB-mediated autophagy, while overexpression of a dominant-negative K85R mutant enhanced UVB-mediated autophagy. Inhibition of GSK3β also offered protection against UVB-mediated damage. UVB activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of autophagy through the inhibition of GSK3β. Taken together, our results suggest that UVB-stimulated autophagy is a protective response for epidermal cells and is mediated by the GSK3β/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Golden EB, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Formenti SC. The convergence of radiation and immunogenic cell death signaling pathways. Front Oncol 2012; 2:88. [PMID: 22891162 PMCID: PMC3413017 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) triggers programmed cell death in tumor cells through a variety of highly regulated processes. Radiation-induced tumor cell death has been studied extensively in vitro and is widely attributed to multiple distinct mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, mitotic catastrophe (MC), autophagy, and senescence, which may occur concurrently. When considering tumor cell death in the context of an organism, an emerging body of evidence suggests there is a reciprocal relationship in which radiation stimulates the immune system, which in turn contributes to tumor cell kill. As a result, traditional measurements of radiation-induced tumor cell death, in vitro, fail to represent the extent of clinically observed responses, including reductions in loco-regional failure rates and improvements in metastases free and overall survival. Hence, understanding the immunological responses to the type of radiation-induced cell death is critical. In this review, the mechanisms of radiation-induced tumor cell death are described, with particular focus on immunogenic cell death (ICD). Strategies combining radiotherapy with specific chemotherapies or immunotherapies capable of inducing a repertoire of cancer specific immunogens might potentiate tumor control not only by enhancing cell kill but also through the induction of a successful anti-tumor vaccination that improves patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encouse B Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University New York, NY, USA
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