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Ager-Wick E, Hodne K, Fontaine R, von Krogh K, Haug TM, Weltzien FA. Preparation of a High-quality Primary Cell Culture from Fish Pituitaries. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30222142 DOI: 10.3791/58159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cell culture is a powerful tool commonly used by scientists to study cellular properties and mechanisms of isolated cells in a controlled environment. Despite vast differences in the physiology between mammals and fish, primary cell culture protocols from fish are often based on mammalian culture conditions, often with only minor modifications. The environmental differences affect not only body temperature, but also blood serum parameters such as osmolality, pH, and pH buffer capacity. As cell culture media and similar working solutions are meant to mimic characteristics of the extracellular fluid and/or blood serum to which a cell is adapted, it is crucial that these parameters are adjusted specifically to the animal in question. The current protocol describes optimized primary culture conditions for medaka (Oryzias latipes). The protocol provides detailed steps on how to isolate and maintain healthy dissociated pituitary cells for more than one week and includes the following steps: 1. the adjustment of the osmolality to the values found in medaka blood plasma, 2. the adjustment of the incubation temperature to normal medaka temperature (here in the aquarium facility), and 3. the adjustment of the pH and bicarbonate buffer to values comparable to other fish species living at similar temperatures. The results presented using the described protocol promote physiologically meaningful results for medaka and can be used as a reference guide by scientists making primary cell cultures from other non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
| | - Kristine von Krogh
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
| | - Trude M Haug
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences;
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52
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Wermter FC, Maus B, Pörtner HO, Dreher W, Bock C. CO 2 induced pH i changes in the brain of polar fish: a TauCEST application. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3955. [PMID: 29932479 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) from taurine to water (TauCEST) can be used for in vivo mapping of taurine concentrations as well as for measurements of relative changes in intracellular pH (pHi ) at temperatures below 37°C. Therefore, TauCEST offers the opportunity to investigate acid-base regulation and neurological disturbances of ectothermic animals living at low temperatures, and in particular to study the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on neurophysiological changes of fish. Here, we report the first in vivo application of TauCEST imaging. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the TauCEST effect in a broad range of temperatures (1-37°C) and pH (5.5-8.0), motivated by the high taurine concentration measured in the brains of polar fish. The in vitro data show that the TauCEST effect is especially detectable in the low temperature range and strictly monotonic for the relevant pH range (6.8-7.5). To investigate the specificity of TauCEST imaging for the brain of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) at 1.5°C simulations were carried out, indicating a taurine contribution of about 65% to the in vivo expected CEST effect, if experimental parameters are optimized. B. saida was acutely exposed to three different CO2 concentrations in the sea water (control normocapnia; comparatively moderate hypercapnia OAm = 3300 μatm; high hypercapnia OAh = 4900 μatm). TauCEST imaging of the brain showed a significant increase in the TauCEST effect under the different CO2 concentrations of about 1.5-3% in comparison with control measurements, indicative of changes in pHi or metabolite concentration. Consecutive recordings of 1 H MR spectra gave no support for a concentration induced change of the in vivo observed TauCEST effect. Thus, the in vivo application of TauCEST offers the possibility of mapping relative changes in pHi in the brain of polar cod during exposure to CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizitas C Wermter
- University of Bremen, Department of Chemistry, in-vivo-MR Group, Bremen, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bastian Maus
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dreher
- University of Bremen, Department of Chemistry, in-vivo-MR Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
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53
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Cattano C, Claudet J, Domenici P, Milazzo M. Living in a high CO2
world: a global meta-analysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research; PSL Université Paris; CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD; Maison des Océans; 195 rue Saint-Jacques Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Perpignan 66860 France
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR Istituto Ambiente Marino Costiero Sezione di Oristano; Località Sa Mardini Torregrande (Oristano) 09072 Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
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54
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Magnoni LJ, Eding E, Leguen I, Prunet P, Geurden I, Ozório ROA, Schrama JW. Hypoxia, but not an electrolyte-imbalanced diet, reduces feed intake, growth and oxygen consumption in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Rep 2018; 8:4965. [PMID: 29563578 PMCID: PMC5862884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen limitation and dietary imbalances are key aspects influencing feed intake (FI) and growth performance in cultured fish. This study investigated the combined effects of hypoxia and dietary electrolyte balance on the growth performance, body composition and nutrient utilization in a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isogenic line. Fish were fed ad libitum two experimental diets: electrolyte-balanced or -imbalanced diets (DEB 200 or 700 mEq kg−1, respectively) and exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (7.9 or 4.5 mg O2 l−1, respectively) for 42 days. DEB did not affect FI, growth performance or body composition. Nevertheless, hypoxia had a negative impact, reducing FI (6%), growth rate (8%), oxygen consumption (19%), energy (5%) and lipid (42%) contents. Digestible energy intake and heat production were higher in normoxic fish (40% and 23%, respectively), retaining 64% more energy in lipid or protein. Hypoxia reduced the apparent digestibility of dry matter, ash, protein, lipid, carbohydrates and energy. Trout fed DEB 700 diet were energetically less efficient, reflected in higher heat production and energy requirements for maintenance. FI was inhibited by low dissolved oxygen levels, but not by electrolyte-imbalanced diet, in spite of the higher energy requirements for maintenance. This study highlights the importance that dietary-electrolyte content and DO levels have on energy balance and growth performance when fish are fed to satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J Magnoni
- CIIMAR, University of Porto, Matosinhos, 4450-208, Portugal.,IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, 7310, Argentina
| | - Ep Eding
- AFI, WIAS, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo O A Ozório
- CIIMAR, University of Porto, Matosinhos, 4450-208, Portugal.,ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Johan W Schrama
- AFI, WIAS, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands.
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55
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Gam LTH, Jensen FB, Huong DTT, Phuong NT, Bayley M. The effects of elevated environmental CO 2 on nitrite uptake in the air-breathing clown knifefish, Chitala ornata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:124-131. [PMID: 29367072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite and carbon dioxide are common environmental contaminants in the intensive aquaculture ponds used to farm clown knifefish (Chitala ornata) in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Here we tested the hypothesis that hypercapnia reduces nitrite uptake across the gills, because pH regulation will reduce chloride uptake and hence nitrite uptake as the two ions compete for the same transport route via the branchial HCO3-/Cl- exchanger. Fish fitted with arterial catheters were exposed to normocapnic/normoxic water (control), nitrite (1 mM), hypercapnia (21 mmHg CO2), or combined hypercapnia (acclimated hypercapnia) and nitrite for 96 h. Blood was sampled to measure acid-base status, haemoglobin derivatives and plasma ions. Plasma nitrite increased for 48 h, but levels stayed below the exposure concentration, and subsequently decreased as a result of nitrite detoxification to nitrate. The total uptake of nitrite (evaluated as [NO2-] + [NO3-]) was significantly decreased in hypercapnia, in accordance with the hypothesis. Methemoglobin and nitrosylhemoglobin levels were similarly lower during hypercapnic compared to normocapnic nitrite exposure. The respiratory acidosis induced by hypercapnia was half-compensated by bicarbonate accumulation in 96 h, which was mainly chloride-mediated (i.e. reduced Cl- influx via the branchial HCO3-/Cl- exchanger). Plasma osmolality and main ions (Na+, Cl-) were significantly decreased by hypercapnia and by nitrite exposure, consistent with inhibition of active transport. We conclude that hypercapnia induces a long-lasting, and mainly chloride-mediated acid-base regulation that reduces the uptake of nitrite across the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Hong Gam
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Frank Bo Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Phuong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Mark Bayley
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1131 C.F. Møllers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
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56
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Brannen M, Gilmour KM. Carbonic anhydrase expression in the branchial ionocytes of rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.164582. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to acid-base challenges activate branchial mechanisms for the excretion of acid-base equivalents. Current models of branchial acid-base excretion in freshwater rainbow trout propose two main ionocyte types; the peanut lectin agglutinin-positive (PNA+) mitochondrion-rich cell or ionocyte is believed to secrete HCO3− in exchange for Cl−, whereas H+ secretion is thought to occur across PNA− ionocytes in exchange for Na+. Both HCO3− and H+ are supplied by intracellular hydration of CO2 catalyzed by cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CAc). Immunohistochemical approaches revealed that under control conditions, CAc was detectable in 92.3±1.0% (N=11) of PNA− ionocytes, and the abundance of PNA− ionocytes increased in response to systemic acidosis elicited by 72 h exposure to water of low pH (nominally pH 4.5), hypercapnia (1% CO2, nominally 7.6 Torr) or hyperoxia (achieved by gassing water with pure O2), as did the abundance of PNA− ionocytes that exhibited immunofluorescence for CAc. However, just 4.3 ± 0.6% (N=11) of PNA+ ionocytes expressed detectable CAc under control conditions. Marked increases in the abundance of CAc-positive PNA+ ionocytes were detected following exposure of trout to a base load via recovery from hypercapnia, or base infusion (72 h infusion with 140 mmol L−1 NaHCO3). The percentage of CAc-positive PNA+ ionocytes also was increased in trout treated with cortisol (10 mg kg−1 hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate daily for 7 d). These results suggest that regulation of CA within PNA+ ionocytes and/or the abundance of CAc-positive PNA+ ionocytes plays a role in activating base secretion in response to systemic alkalosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brannen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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57
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Cuoghi I, Lazzaretti C, Mandrioli M, Mola L, Pederzoli A. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of molecules involved in ionic and pH regulation in the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (Hubbs, 1922). Acta Histochem 2018; 120:33-40. [PMID: 29169695 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present work is to analyse the distribution of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-H+-ATPase), Na+/K+ ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and SLC26A6 (solute carrier family 26, member 6), also known as pendrin protein, in the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae in order to go in depth in the evolution of osmoregulation and pH regulation in Chordates. In view of their phylogenetic position, lancelets may indeed provide a critical point of reference for studies on osmoregulation evolution in Chordates. The results of present work demonstrated that, except to Na+/K+ ATPase that is strongly expressed in nephridia only, all the other studied molecules are abundantly present in skin, coelomic epithelium, renal papillae and nephridia and hepatic coecum. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that also in lancelet, as in fish, these organs are involved in pH control and ionic regulation. In the digestive tract of B. floridae, the intestine epithelium was weakly immune-reactive to all tested antibodies, while the hepatic coecum showed an intense immunoreactivity to all molecules. Since in amphioxus the hepatic coecum functions simultaneously as stomach, liver and pancreas, these immunohistochemical results proved the secretion of H+ and HCO3- ions, typical of digestive process. Colocalization studies indicated a co-expression of the studied proteins in all considered organs, excluding NHE and pendrin for renal papillae, since some renal papillae are NHE immunopositive only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cuoghi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Mola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Aurora Pederzoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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58
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Chen XL, Zhang B, Chng YR, Ong JLY, Chew SF, Wong WP, Lam SH, Ip YK. Na +/H + Exchanger 3 Is Expressed in Two Distinct Types of Ionocyte, and Probably Augments Ammonia Excretion in One of Them, in the Gills of the Climbing Perch Exposed to Seawater. Front Physiol 2017; 8:880. [PMID: 29209224 PMCID: PMC5701670 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, is an euryhaline teleost and an obligate air-breather with the ability to actively excrete ammonia. Members of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) family help maintain intracellular pH homeostasis and ionic balance through the electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+. This study aimed to obtain, from the gills of A. testudineus, the full cDNA coding sequence of nhe3, and to determine the effects of exposure to seawater or 100 mmol l-1 of NH4Cl in fresh water on its mRNA and protein expression levels. Efforts were also made to elucidate the type of ionocyte that Nhe3 was associated with in the branchial epithelium of A. testudineus. The transcript level and protein abundance of nhe3/Nhe3 were very low in the gills of freshwater A. testudineus, but they increased significantly in the gills of fish acclimated to seawater. In the gills of fish exposed to seawater, Nhe3 was expressed in two distinct types of seawater-inducible Na+/K+-ATPase (Nka)-immunoreactive ionocytes. In Nkaα1b-immunoreactive ionocytes, Nhe3 had an apical localization. As these ionocytes also expressed apical Rhcg1 and basolateral Rhcg2, which are known to transport ammonia, they probably participated in proton-facilitated ammonia excretion in A. testudineus during seawater acclimation. In Nkaα1c-immunoreactive ionocytes, Nhe3 was atypically expressed in the basolateral membrane, and its physiological function is uncertain. For A. testudineus exposed to NH4Cl in fresh water, the transcript and protein expression levels of nhe3/Nhe3 remained low. In conclusion, the branchial Nhe3 of A. testudineus plays a greater physiological role in passive ammonia transport and acid-base balance during seawater acclimation than in active ammonia excretion during environmental ammonia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu L. Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - You R. Chng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine L. Y. Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai P. Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew H. Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tovey KJ, Brauner CJ. Effects of water ionic composition on acid-base regulation in rainbow trout, during hypercarbia at rest and during sustained exercise. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:295-304. [PMID: 29067494 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic hypercarbia (elevated environmental CO2) results in a blood acidosis in fish, which is compensated by the exchange of Na+ and/or Cl- for its acid/base counterpart (H+, HCO3-) across the gill epithelium. To date, no studies exist on how a single species, capable of inhabiting both fresh and saltwater, responds to hypercarbia, at rest or during sustained exercise. Rainbow trout was acclimated to soft water (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 0.08; Cl-, 0.05; pH 6.7-6.8), hard water (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 2.4; Cl-, 0.2; pH 7.9-8.0), or 85% saltwater (28 ppt) (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 410; Cl-, 476; pH 7.8-8.0). Acid-base relevant blood parameters were measured during a 1 kPa CO2 hypercarbia exposure, both at rest and during sustained exercise (~ 60% U crit). After 48 h of hypercarbia, resting hard-, and saltwater trout fully restored blood pH, whereas soft-water-acclimated trout was only 60.6 ± 10.5% recovered. In all fish, recovery was associated with an increase in plasma [HCO3-] and an equimolar reduction in plasma [Cl-]. Following 8 h of hypercarbia during sustained exercise, saltwater fish fully restored blood pH, while soft- and hard water fish were 42 ± 18.1 and 64 ± 6.8% recovered, respectively. Results provide intra-specific support demonstrating that saltwater acclimated fish acid-base compensate faster than freshwater fish during hypercarbia. Furthermore, data indicate that recovery during hypercarbia in trout is more rapid during exercise than rest. This not only demonstrates an important link between ambient water ion levels and ability to recover from acid-base disturbances, but also it presents novel data, suggesting that exercise may enhance acid-base regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Tovey
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Wang X, Song L, Chen Y, Ran H, Song J. Impact of ocean acidification on the early development and escape behavior of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 131:10-18. [PMID: 28923289 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is predicted to affect a wide diversity of marine organisms. However, no studies have reported the effects of ocean acidification on Indian Ocean fish. We have used the Indian Ocean medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a model species for a marine fish that lives in coastal waters. We investigated the impact of ocean acidification on the embryonic development and the stereotyped escape behavior (mediated by the Mauthner cell) in newly hatched larvae. Newly fertilized eggs of medaka were reared in seawater at three different partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2): control at 450 μatm, moderate at 1160 μatm, and high at 1783 μatm. Hatch rates, embryonic duration, and larval malformation rates were compared and were not significantly different between the treatments and the control. In the high pCO2 group, however, the yolks of larvae were significantly smaller than in the control group, and the newly hatched larvae were significantly longer than the larvae in the control. In the moderate pCO2 group, the eye distance decreased significantly. No significantly negative growth effects were observed in the larvae when exposed to pCO2 levels that are predicted as a result of ocean acidification in the next 100-200 years. Larvae reared under control conditions readily produced C-start escape behavior to mechanosensory stimuli; however, in the moderate and high pCO2 experimental groups, the probabilities of C-start were significantly lower than those of the control group. Therefore, the sensory integration needed for the C-start escape behavior appears to be vulnerable to ocean acidification. Altered behavior in marine larval fish, particularly behaviors involved in escape from predation, could have potentially negative implications to fish populations, and, further, to the marine ecosystems at the levels of CO2 projected for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lulu Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Yi Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Haoyu Ran
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Jiakun Song
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China.
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61
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Thang NQ, Huy BT, Van Tan L, Phuong NTK. Lead and Arsenic Accumulation and Its Effects on Plasma Cortisol Levels in Oreochromis sp. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:187-193. [PMID: 28528485 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, elimination and effect of heavy metals on plasma cortisol levels in Oreochromis sp. were studied in the exposure and recovery phases. In the exposure phase, the mean rate of accumulation in the tissues was in the order gill > liver > muscle for Pb exposure and muscle > liver > gill for As exposure. In the recovery phase, the order of elimination in the tissues was gill > liver > muscle for Pb and liver > gill > muscle for As. The amount of cortisol secreted by the Oreochromis sp. after Pb or As treatment was lower compared to Oreochromis sp. in the control group during the exposure phase. In the recovery phase, plasma cortisol levels in Oreochromis sp. increased in all Pb treatment groups while it continuously decreased in all As treatment groups. A fish affected by As has obvious difficulty recovering from the stress response. It was concluded that exposure to the tested concentrations of Pb and As over 20 days could be a potent endocrine disruptor, which may lead to adverse impacts on the health of the Oreochromis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Thang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bui The Huy
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, South Korea.
| | - Le Van Tan
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- HoChiMinh City Institute of Resources Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi, Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Jacob H, Pouil S, Lecchini D, Oberhänsli F, Swarzenski P, Metian M. Trophic transfer of essential elements in the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris in the context of ocean acidification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174344. [PMID: 28399186 PMCID: PMC5388329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information exists on the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the digestive and post-digestive processes in marine fish. Here, we investigated OA impacts (Δ pH = 0.5) on the trophic transfer of select trace elements in the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris using radiotracer techniques. Assimilation efficiencies of three essential elements (Co, Mn and Zn) as well as their other short-term and long-term kinetic parameters in juvenile clownfish were not affected by this experimental pH change. In complement, their stomach pH during digestion were not affected by the variation in seawater pH. Such observations suggest that OA impacts do not affect element assimilation in these fish. This apparent pCO2 tolerance may imply that clownfish have the ability to self-regulate pH shifts in their digestive tract, or that they can metabolically accommodate such shifts. Such results are important to accurately assess future OA impacts on diverse marine biota, as such impacts are highly species specific, complex, and may be modulated by species-specific metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Jacob
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine 1er, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
- USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Université de Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Simon Pouil
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine 1er, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle, France
| | - David Lecchini
- USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Université de Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - François Oberhänsli
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine 1er, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Peter Swarzenski
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine 1er, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine 1er, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
- * E-mail:
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63
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Allmon EB, Esbaugh AJ. Carbon dioxide induced plasticity of branchial acid-base pathways in an estuarine teleost. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45680. [PMID: 28378831 PMCID: PMC5381225 DOI: 10.1038/srep45680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 is expected to drive ocean pCO2 above 1,000 μatm by 2100 – inducing respiratory acidosis in fish that must be corrected through branchial ion transport. This study examined the time course and plasticity of branchial metabolic compensation in response to varying levels of CO2 in an estuarine fish, the red drum, which regularly encounters elevated CO2 and may therefore have intrinsic resilience. Under control conditions fish exhibited net base excretion; however, CO2 exposure resulted in a dose dependent increase in acid excretion during the initial 2 h. This returned to baseline levels during the second 2 h interval for exposures up to 5,000 μatm, but remained elevated for exposures above 15,000 μatm. Plasticity was assessed via gene expression in three CO2 treatments: environmentally realistic 1,000 and 6,000 μatm exposures, and a proof-of-principle 30,000 μatm exposure. Few differences were observed at 1,000 or 6,000 μatm; however, 30,000 μatm stimulated widespread up-regulation. Translocation of V-type ATPase after 1 h of exposure to 30,000 μatm was also assessed; however, no evidence of translocation was found. These results indicate that red drum can quickly compensate to environmentally relevant acid-base disturbances using baseline cellular machinery, yet are capable of plasticity in response to extreme acid-base challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Allmon
- University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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64
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Dietary electrolyte balance affects growth performance, amylase activity and metabolic response in the meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 211:8-15. [PMID: 28323073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary ion content is known to alter the acid-base balance in freshwater fish. The current study investigated the metabolic impact of acid-base disturbances produced by differences in dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) in the meagre (Argyrosomus regius), an euryhaline species. Changes in fish performance, gastric chyme characteristics, pH and ion concentrations in the bloodstream, digestive enzyme activities and metabolic rates were analyzed in meagre fed ad libitum two experimental diets (DEB 200 or DEB 700mEq/kg) differing in the Na2CO3 content for 69days. Fish fed the DEB 200 diet had 60-66% better growth performance than the DEB 700 group. Meagre consuming the DEB 200 diet were 90-96% more efficient than fish fed the DEB 700 diet at allocating energy from feed into somatic growth. The pH values in blood were significantly lower in the DEB 700 group 2h after feeding when compared to DEB 200, indicating that acid-base balance in meagre was affected by electrolyte balance in diet. Osmolality, and Na+ and K+ concentrations in plasma did not vary with the dietary treatment. Gastric chyme in the DEB 700 group had higher pH values, dry matter, protein and energy contents, but lower lipid content than in the DEB 200 group. Twenty-four hours after feeding, amylase activity was higher in the gastrointestinal tract of DEB 700 group when compared to the DEB 200 group. DEB 700 group had lower routine metabolic (RMR) and standard metabolic (SMR) rates, indicating a decrease in maintenance energy expenditure 48h after feeding the alkaline diet. The current study demonstrates that feeding meagre with an alkaline diet not only causes acid-base imbalance, but also negatively affects digestion and possibly nutrient assimilation, resulting in decreased growth performance.
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65
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Andrade TS, Henriques JF, Almeida AR, Soares AMVM, Scholz S, Domingues I. Zebrafish embryo tolerance to environmental stress factors-Concentration-dose response analysis of oxygen limitation, pH, and UV-light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:682-690. [PMID: 27530196 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last century the increase in the mean global temperatures has been shown to impact on freshwater physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, or ultraviolet (UV) light abundance. Changes in these parameters could modify the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Therefore, in the present study, the authors studied the tolerance (survival and sublethal endpoints) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to variations in pH (3-12), dissolved oxygen (3.9-237 μmol/L) and UV intensity (55-467 mW/m2 ) using selected endpoints. Sublethal endpoint assessment included the quantification of hatching success, developmental delay, reduction of body length, frequency of edema, and morphological abnormalities. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s; 96-h) of 3.68 and 10.21 were determined for acid and alkaline pH, respectively. Embryo survival appeared to be relatively resistant to oxygen depletion with a 96-h LC50 of 0.42 mg/L. However, concentrations of 6 mg/L and below caused edema and developmental retardations. Continuous exposure to UV radiation affected zebrafish development by reducing survival and hatching rate and triggering a series of developmental abnormalities such as pericardial edema and deformities. A 72-h LC50 of 227 mW/m2 was derived from intensity-response modeling. By generation of concentration-response parameters the authors' data provide a basis for the subsequent assessment of combined effect of environmental stress parameters and chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:682-690. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayres S Andrade
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge F Henriques
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Dang M, Nørregaard R, Bach L, Sonne C, Søndergaard J, Gustavson K, Aastrup P, Nowak B. Metal residues, histopathology and presence of parasites in the liver and gills of fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) and shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) near a former lead-zinc mine in East Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:171-180. [PMID: 27984761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fourhorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) and shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) have been considered suitable local bioindicators for environmental monitoring studies in the Arctic. Because these species share many characteristics, data from the two species have previously been pooled when assessing marine metal contamination. A chemical and histological study was conducted on fourhorn and shorthorn sculpins collected around a contaminated lead-zinc mine at East Greenland to investigate whether there were any differences in the residues of metals, histopathology and parasites in liver and gills between the two sculpin species. The results demonstrated that concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were significantly higher in the fourhorn sculpins (p<0.001) while there were no significant differences for arsenic (As) or cadmium (Cd). Furthermore, density of blood vessel fibrosis (p=0.028), prevalence and density of chondroplasia (p=0.002 and p=0.005, respectively), number of mucin-containing mucous cells (p<0.001) and chloride cells (p<0.001) and mean intensity of colonial Peritricha (p<0.001) were significantly higher in fourhorn sculpin. Based on these results we suggest that pooling the two species when conducting environmental assessments is not recommended as it can lead to incorrect conclusions. We propose that a larger study investigating the biological effects of zinc-lead mining in Greenland is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Dang
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Rasmus Nørregaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lis Bach
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Aastrup
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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67
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Inokuchi M, Nakamura M, Miyanishi H, Hiroi J, Kaneko T. Functional classification of gill ionocytes and spatiotemporal changes in their distribution after transfer from seawater to fresh water in Japanese seabass. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4720-4732. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal changes in branchial ionocyte distribution were investigated following transfer from seawater (SW) to fresh water (FW) in Japanese seabass. The mRNA expression levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter 1a (NKCC1a) in the gills rapidly decreased after transfer to FW, whereas Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) and Na+/Cl− cotransporter 2 (NCC2) expressions were upregulated following the transfer. By quadruple-color whole-mount immunofluorescence staining with anti-Na+/K+-ATPase, anti-NHE3, anti-CFTR and T4 (anti-NKCC1a/NCC2) antibodies, we classified ionocytes into one SW-type and two FW-types; NHE3 cell and NCC2 cell. Time-course observation after transfer revealed an intermediate type between SW-type and FW-type NHE3 ionocytes, suggesting functional plasticity of ionocytes. Finally, on the basis of the ionocyte classification of Japanese seabass, we observed the location of ionocyte subtypes on frozen sections of the gill filaments stained by triple-color immunofluorescence staining. Our observation indicated that SW-type ionocytes transformed into FW-type NHE3 ionocytes and at the same time shifted their distribution from filaments to lamellae. On the other hand, FW-specific NCC2 ionocytes appeared mainly in the filaments. Taken together, these findings indicated that ionocytes originated from undifferentiated cells in the filaments and expanded their distribution to the lamellae during FW acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Inokuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Imabari, Ehime 794-2305, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Junya Hiroi
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Toyoji Kaneko
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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68
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Hancock JR, Place SP. Impact of ocean acidification on the hypoxia tolerance of the woolly sculpin, Clinocottus analis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow040. [PMID: 27729981 PMCID: PMC5055287 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As we move into the Anthropocene, organisms inhabiting marine environments will continue to face growing challenges associated with changes in ocean pH (ocean acidification), dissolved oxygen (dead zones) and temperature. These factors, in combination with naturally variable environments such as the rocky intertidal zone, may create extreme physiological challenges for organisms that are already performing near their biological limits. Although numerous studies have examined the impacts of climate-related stressors on intertidal animals, little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms driving adaptation to ocean acidification and how this may alter organism interactions, particularly in marine vertebrates. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of decreased ocean pH on the hypoxia response of an intertidal sculpin, Clinocottus analis. We used both whole-animal and biochemistry-based analyses to examine how the energetic demands associated with acclimation to low-pH environments may impact the fish's reliance on facultative air breathing in low-oxygen environments. Our study demonstrated that acclimation to ocean acidification resulted in elevated routine metabolic rates and acid-base regulatory capacity (Na+,K+-ATPase activity). These, in turn, had downstream effects that resulted in decreased hypoxia tolerance (i.e. elevated critical oxygen tension). Furthermore, we present evidence that these fish may be living near their physiological capacity when challenged by ocean acidification. This serves as a reminder that the susceptibility of teleost fish to changes in ocean pH may be underestimated, particularly when considering the multiple stressors that many experience in their natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Hancock
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928,USA
| | - Sean P. Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928,USA
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69
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Elevated CO 2 increases energetic cost and ion movement in the marine fish intestine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34480. [PMID: 27682149 PMCID: PMC5041088 DOI: 10.1038/srep34480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic costs associated with ion and acid-base regulation in response to ocean acidification have been predicted to decrease the energy available to fish for basic life processes. However, the low cost of ion regulation (6-15% of standard metabolic rate) and inherent variation associated with whole-animal metabolic rate measurements have made it difficult to consistently demonstrate such a cost. Here we aimed to gain resolution in assessing the energetic demand associated with acid-base regulation by examining ion movement and O2 consumption rates of isolated intestinal tissue from Gulf toadfish acclimated to control or 1900 μatm CO2 (projected for year 2300). The active marine fish intestine absorbs ions from ingested seawater in exchange for HCO3- to maintain water balance. We demonstrate that CO2 exposure causes a 13% increase of intestinal HCO3- secretion that the animal does not appear to regulate. Isolated tissue from CO2-exposed toadfish also exhibited an 8% higher O2 consumption rate than tissue from controls. These findings show that compensation for CO2 leads to a seemingly maladaptive persistent base (HCO3-) loss that incurs an energetic expense at the tissue level. Sustained increases to baseline metabolic rate could lead to energetic reallocations away from other life processes at the whole-animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Heuer
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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70
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Altered brain ion gradients following compensation for elevated CO2 are linked to behavioural alterations in a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33216. [PMID: 27620837 PMCID: PMC5020430 DOI: 10.1038/srep33216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosensory and behavioural disruptions are some of the most consistently reported responses upon exposure to ocean acidification-relevant CO2 levels, especially in coral reef fishes. The underlying cause of these disruptions is thought to be altered current across the GABAA receptor in neuronal cells due to changes in ion gradients (HCO3(-) and/or Cl(-)) that occur in the body following compensation for elevated ambient CO2. Despite these widely-documented behavioural disruptions, the present study is the first to pair a behavioural assay with measurements of relevant intracellular and extracellular acid-base parameters in a coral reef fish exposed to elevated CO2. Spiny damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) exposed to 1900 μatm CO2 for 4 days exhibited significantly increased intracellular and extracellular HCO3(-) concentrations and elevated brain pHi compared to control fish, providing evidence of CO2 compensation. As expected, high CO2 exposed damselfish spent significantly more time in a chemical alarm cue (CAC) than control fish, supporting a potential link between behavioural disruption and CO2 compensation. Using HCO3(-) measurements from the damselfish, the reversal potential for GABAA (EGABA) was calculated, illustrating that biophysical properties of the brain during CO2 compensation could change GABAA receptor function and account for the behavioural disturbances noted during exposure to elevated CO2.
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71
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Heuer RM, Munley KM, Narsinghani N, Wingar JA, Mackey T, Grosell M. Changes to Intestinal Transport Physiology and Carbonate Production at Various CO2Levels in a Marine Teleost, the Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:402-16. [DOI: 10.1086/688235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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72
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Pistevos JCA, Nagelkerken I, Rossi T, Connell SD. Antagonistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on hunting sharks. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. A. Pistevos
- Darling Building, DX 650 418, Southern Seas Ecological Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute Univ. of Adelaide South Australia SA 5005 Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Darling Building, DX 650 418, Southern Seas Ecological Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute Univ. of Adelaide South Australia SA 5005 Australia
| | - Tullio Rossi
- Darling Building, DX 650 418, Southern Seas Ecological Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute Univ. of Adelaide South Australia SA 5005 Australia
| | - Sean D. Connell
- Darling Building, DX 650 418, Southern Seas Ecological Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute Univ. of Adelaide South Australia SA 5005 Australia
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73
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Liu ST, Horng JL, Chen PY, Hwang PP, Lin LY. Salt secretion is linked to acid-base regulation of ionocytes in seawater-acclimated medaka: new insights into the salt-secreting mechanism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31433. [PMID: 27511107 PMCID: PMC4980601 DOI: 10.1038/srep31433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionocytes in the skin and gills of seawater (SW) teleosts are responsible for both salt and acid secretion. However, the mechanism through which ionocytes secrete acid is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that apical Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE2/3), carbonic anhydrase (CA2-like), and basolateral HCO3−/Cl− exchanger (AE1) are involved in acid secretion. In addition, the hypothesized involvement of basolateral AE1 suggested that acid secretion may be linked to Cl− secretion by ionocytes. The scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) was used to measure H+ and Cl− secretion by ionocytes in the skin of medaka larvae acclimated to SW. Treatment with inhibitors of NHE, CA, and AE suppressed both H+ and Cl− secretion by ionocytes. Short-term exposure to hypercapnic SW stimulated both H+ and Cl− secretion. mRNA of CA2-like and AE1 were localized to ionocytes in the skin. Branchial mRNA levels of NKCC1a, CA2-like, and AE1a increased together with the salinity to which fish were acclimated. In addition, both AE1a and AE1b mRNA increased in fish acclimated to acidified (pH 7) SW; NKCC1a mRNA increased in fish acclimated to pH 9 SW. This study reveals the mechanism of H+ secretion by ionocytes, and refines our understanding of the well-established mechanism of Cl− secretion by ionocytes of SW fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian-Tai Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rimoldi S, Terova G, Zaccone G, Parker T, Kuciel M, Dabrowski K. The Effect of Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on Growth and Expression of Hypoxia-Related Genes and Proteins in Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus Larvae and Juveniles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:250-67. [PMID: 27245617 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the molecular responses to different water oxygen levels in gills and swim bladder of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), a bimodal breather. Fish at swim-up stage were exposed for 71 days to normoxic, hypoxic, and hyperoxic water conditions. Then, all aquaria were switched to normoxic conditions for recovery until the end of the experiment (120 days). Fish were sampled at the beginning of the experiment, and then at 71 days of exposure and at 8 days of recovery. We first cloned three hypoxia-related genes, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE-1), and NHE-3, and uploaded their cDNA sequences in the GeneBank database. We then used One Step Taqman® real-time PCR to quantify the mRNA copies of target genes in gills and swim bladder of fish exposed to different water O2 levels. We also determined the protein expression of HIF-2α and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the swim bladder by using confocal immunofluorescence. Hypoxic stress for 71 days significantly increased the mRNA copies of HIF-2α and NHE-1 in gills and swim bladder, whereas normoxic recovery for 8 days decreased the HIF-2α mRNA copies to control values in both tissues. We did not found significant changes in mRNA copies of the NHE-3 gene in either gills or swim bladder in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Unlike in normoxic swim bladder, double immunohistochemical staining in hypoxic and hyperoxic swim bladder using nNOS/HIF-2α showed extensive bundles of HIF-2α-positive nerve fibers in the trabecular musculature associated with a few varicose nNOS immunoreactive nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies, "The Protein Factory", Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tim Parker
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Crakow, Poland
| | - Konrad Dabrowski
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Boudour-Boucheker N, Boulo V, Charmantier-Daures M, Anger K, Charmantier G, Lorin-Nebel C. Osmoregulation in larvae and juveniles of two recently separated Macrobrachium species: Expression patterns of ion transporter genes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 195:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lefevre S. Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and their interaction. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow009. [PMID: 27382472 PMCID: PMC4922249 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in 25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2 had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences,
University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316,
Norway
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77
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Michael K, Kreiss CM, Hu MY, Koschnick N, Bickmeyer U, Dupont S, Pörtner HO, Lucassen M. Adjustments of molecular key components of branchial ion and pH regulation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in response to ocean acidification and warming. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 193:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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78
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Guh YJ, Yang CY, Liu ST, Huang CJ, Hwang PP. Oestrogen-related receptor α is required for transepithelial H+ secretion in zebrafish. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152582. [PMID: 26911965 PMCID: PMC4810828 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor which is important for adaptive metabolic responses under conditions of increased energy demand, such as cold, exercise and fasting. Importantly, metabolism under these conditions is usually accompanied by elevated production of organic acids, which may threaten the body acid-base status. Although ERRα is known to help regulate ion transport by the renal epithelia, its role in the transport of acid-base equivalents remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ERRα is involved in acid-base regulation mechanisms by using zebrafish as the model to examine the effects of ERRα on transepithelial H(+) secretion. ERRα is abundantly expressed in H(+)-pump-rich cells (HR cells), a group of ionocytes responsible for H(+) secretion in the skin of developing embryos, and its expression is stimulated by acidic (pH 4) environments. Knockdown of ERRα impairs both basal and low pH-induced H(+) secretion in the yolk-sac skin, which is accompanied by decreased expression of H(+)-secreting-related transporters. The effect of ERRα on H(+) secretion is achieved through regulating both the total number of HR cells and the function of individual HR cells. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that ERRα is required for transepithelial H(+) secretion for systemic acid-base homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yew Yang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sian-Tai Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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79
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Huth TJ, Place SP. Transcriptome wide analyses reveal a sustained cellular stress response in the gill tissue of Trematomus bernacchii after acclimation to multiple stressors. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:127. [PMID: 26897172 PMCID: PMC4761167 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As global climate change progresses, the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is poised to undergo potentially rapid and substantial changes in temperature and pCO2. To survive in this challenging environment, the highly cold adapted endemic fauna of these waters must demonstrate sufficient plasticity to accommodate these changing conditions or face inexorable decline. Previous studies of notothenioids have focused upon the short-term response to heat stress; and more recently the longer-term physiological response to the combined stress of increasing temperatures and pCO2. This inquiry explores the transcriptomic response of Trematomus bernacchii to increased temperatures and pCO2 at 7, 28 and 56 days, in an attempt to discern the innate plasticity of T. bernacchii available to cope with a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS Differential gene expression analysis supported previous research in that T. bernacchii exhibits no inducible heat shock response to stress conditions. However, T. bernacchii did demonstrate a strong stress response to the multi-stressor condition in the form of metabolic shifts, DNA damage repair, immune system processes, and activation of apoptotic pathways combined with negative regulation of cell proliferation. This response declined in magnitude over time, but aspects of this response remained detectable throughout the acclimation period. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to the multi-stressor condition, T. bernacchii demonstrates a cellular stress response that persists for a minimum of 7 days before returning to near basal levels of expression at longer acclimation times. However, subtle changes in expression persist in fish acclimated for 56 days that may significantly affect the fitness T. bernacchii over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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80
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81
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Hu MY, Hwang PP, Tseng YC. Recent advances in understanding trans-epithelial acid-base regulation and excretion mechanisms in cephalopods. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1064196. [PMID: 26716070 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1064196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved complex sensory systems and an active lifestyle to compete with fish for similar resources in the marine environment. Their highly active lifestyle and their extensive protein metabolism has led to substantial acid-base regulatory abilities enabling these organisms to cope with CO2 induced acid-base disturbances. In convergence to teleost, cephalopods possess an ontogeny-dependent shift in ion-regulatory epithelia with epidermal ionocytes being the major site of embryonic acid-base regulation and ammonia excretion, while gill epithelia take these functions in adults. Although the basic morphology and excretory function of gill epithelia in cephalopods were outlined almost half a century ago, modern immunohistological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights to the mechanistic basis of acid-base regulation and excretion of nitrogenous waste products (e.g. NH3/NH4 (+)) across ion regulatory epithelia of cephalopods. Using cephalopods as an invertebrate model, recent findings reveal partly conserved mechanisms but also novel aspects of acid-base regulation and nitrogen excretion in these exclusively marine animals. Comparative studies using a range of marine invertebrates will create a novel and exciting research direction addressing the evolution of pH regulatory and excretory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel ; Kiel, Germany ; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology; Academia Sinica ; Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology; Academia Sinica ; Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Tseng
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University ; Taipei City, Taiwan
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82
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Yao Z, Lai Q, Hao Z, Chen L, Lin T, Zhou K, Wang H. Carbonic anhydrase 2-like and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase α gene expression in medaka (Oryzias latipes) under carbonate alkalinity stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1491-1500. [PMID: 26183260 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High carbonate alkalinity is one of the major stress factors for living organisms in saline-alkaline water areas. Acute and chronic effects of carbonate alkalinity on expression of two genes, carbonic anhydrase 2-like (CA2-like) and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase α subunit (NKA-α) mRNA in medaka (Oryzias latipes) were evaluated to better understand the responses important for coping with a carbonate alkalinity stress. In the acute exposure experiment, the expression of CA2-like and NKA-α mRNA in the gill and kidney of medaka were examined from 0 h to 7 days exposed to 30.4 mM carbonate alkalinity water. Exposure to high carbonate alkalinity resulted in a transitory alkalosis, followed by a transient increase in gill and kidney CA2-like and NKA-α mRNA expression. In the chronic exposure experiment, the expression of these two genes was examined in the gill and kidney at 50 days post-exposure to six different carbonate alkalinity concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 30.4 mM. Gill and kidney CA2-like mRNA levels in 30.4 mM were approximately 10 and 30 times higher than that of the control (1.5 mM), respectively. Less differences were found in NKA-α expression in the 50-days exposure. The results indicate that when transferred to high carbonate alkalinity water, a transitory alkalosis may occur in medaka, followed by compensatory acid-base and ion regulatory responses. Thus, CA2-like and NKA-α are at least two of the important factors that contribute to the regulation of alkalinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Yao
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
| | - Qifang Lai
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
| | - Zhuoran Hao
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tingting Lin
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
| | - Kai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China.
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83
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Perry DM, Redman DH, Widman JC, Meseck S, King A, Pereira JJ. Effect of ocean acidification on growth and otolith condition of juvenile scup, Stenotomus chrysops. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4187-96. [PMID: 26442471 PMCID: PMC4588644 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) from human industrial activities are causing changes in global ocean carbonate chemistry, resulting in a reduction in pH, a process termed “ocean acidification.” It is important to determine which species are sensitive to elevated levels of CO2 because of potential impacts to ecosystems, marine resources, biodiversity, food webs, populations, and effects on economies. Previous studies with marine fish have documented that exposure to elevated levels of CO2 caused increased growth and larger otoliths in some species. This study was conducted to determine whether the elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) would have an effect on growth, otolith (ear bone) condition, survival, or the skeleton of juvenile scup, Stenotomus chrysops, a species that supports both important commercial and recreational fisheries. Elevated levels of pCO2 (1200–2600 μatm) had no statistically significant effect on growth, survival, or otolith condition after 8 weeks of rearing. Field data show that in Long Island Sound, where scup spawn, in situ levels of pCO2 are already at levels ranging from 689 to 1828 μatm due to primary productivity, microbial activity, and anthropogenic inputs. These results demonstrate that ocean acidification is not likely to cause adverse effects on the growth and survivability of every species of marine fish. X‐ray analysis of the fish revealed a slightly higher incidence of hyperossification in the vertebrae of a few scup from the highest treatments compared to fish from the control treatments. Our results show that juvenile scup are tolerant to increases in seawater pCO2, possibly due to conditions this species encounters in their naturally variable environment and their well‐developed pH control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Perry
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
| | - Dylan H Redman
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
| | - James C Widman
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
| | - Shannon Meseck
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
| | - Andrew King
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
| | - Jose J Pereira
- U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut 06460
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84
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Kreiss CM, Michael K, Lucassen M, Jutfelt F, Motyka R, Dupont S, Pörtner HO. Ocean warming and acidification modulate energy budget and gill ion regulatory mechanisms in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J Comp Physiol B 2015. [PMID: 26219611 PMCID: PMC4568026 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification are threatening marine ecosystems. In marine animals, acidification is thought to enhance ion regulatory costs and thereby baseline energy demand, while elevated temperature also increases baseline metabolic rate. Here we investigated standard metabolic rates (SMR) and plasma parameters of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after 3–4 weeks of exposure to ambient and future PCO2 levels (550, 1200 and 2200 µatm) and at two temperatures (10, 18 °C). In vivo branchial ion regulatory costs were studied in isolated, perfused gill preparations. Animals reared at 18 °C responded to increasing CO2 by elevating SMR, in contrast to specimens at 10 °C. Isolated gills at 10 °C and elevated PCO2 (≥1200 µatm) displayed increased soft tissue mass, in parallel to increased gill oxygen demand, indicating an increased fraction of gill in whole animal energy budget. Altered gill size was not found at 18 °C, where a shift in the use of ion regulation mechanisms occurred towards enhanced Na+/H+-exchange and HCO3− transport at high PCO2 (2200 µatm), paralleled by higher Na+/K+-ATPase activities. This shift did not affect total gill energy consumption leaving whole animal energy budget unaffected. Higher Na+/K+-ATPase activities in the warmth might have compensated for enhanced branchial permeability and led to reduced plasma Na+ and/or Cl− concentrations and slightly lowered osmolalities seen at 18 °C and 550 or 2200 µatm PCO2 in vivo. Overall, the gill as a key ion regulation organ seems to be highly effective in supporting the resilience of cod to effects of ocean warming and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kreiss
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - K Michael
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Lucassen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - F Jutfelt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Kristineberg 566, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - R Motyka
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Dupont
- The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Kristineberg 566, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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85
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Guffey SC, Fliegel L, Goss GG. Cloning and characterization of Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger isoforms NHE2 and NHE3 from the gill of Pacific dogfish Squalus suckleyi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 188:46-53. [PMID: 26112825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger (NHE) proteins mediate cellular and systemic homeostasis of sodium and acid and may be the major sodium uptake method for fishes. We cloned and sequenced NHE2 and NHE3 from the gill of the North Pacific Spiny Dogfish shark Squalus suckleyi and expressed them in functional form in NHE-deficient (AP-1) cell lines. Estimated IC50 for inhibition of NHE activity by amiloride and EIPA were 55 μmol l(-1) and 4.8 μmol l(-1), respectively, for NHE2 and 9 μmol l(-1) and 24 μmol l(-1), respectively, for NHE3. Phenamil at 100 μmol l(-1) caused less than 16% inhibition of activity for each isoform. Although the IC50 are similar for the two isoforms, dfNHE2 is less sensitive than human NHE2 to inhibition by amiloride and EIPA, while dfNHE3 is more sensitive than human NHE3. These IC50 estimates should be considered when selecting inhibitor doses for fishes and for reinterpretation of previous studies that use these pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Guffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Z512 Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, 347 Medical Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Z512 Biological Sciences Bldg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
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86
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Nichols JW, Du B, Berninger JP, Connors KA, Chambliss CK, Erickson RJ, Hoffman AD, Brooks BW. Observed and modeled effects of pH on bioconcentration of diphenhydramine, a weakly basic pharmaceutical, in fathead minnows. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1425-35. [PMID: 25920411 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A need exists to better understand the influence of pH on the uptake and accumulation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in fish. In the present study, fathead minnows were exposed to diphenhydramine (DPH; disassociation constant = 9.1) in water for up to 96 h at 3 nominal pH levels: 6.7, 7.7, and 8.7. In each case, an apparent steady state was reached by 24 h, allowing for direct determination of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), blood-water partitioning (PBW,TOT), and apparent volume of distribution (approximated from the whole-body-plasma concentration ratio). The BCFs and measured PBW,TOT values increased in a nonlinear manner with pH, whereas the volume of distribution remained constant, averaging 3.0 L/kg. The data were then simulated using a model that accounts for acidification of the gill surface caused by elimination of metabolically produced acid. Good agreement between model simulations and measured data was obtained for all tests by assuming that plasma binding of ionized DPH is 16% that of the neutral form. A simpler model, which ignores elimination of metabolically produced acid, performed less well. These findings suggest that pH effects on accumulation of ionizable compounds in fish are best described using a model that accounts for acidification of the gill surface. Moreover, measured plasma binding and volume of distribution data for humans, determined during drug development, may have considerable value for predicting chemical binding behavior in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Nichols
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jason P Berninger
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin A Connors
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Russell J Erickson
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alex D Hoffman
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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87
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Stapp LS, Kreiss CM, Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Differential impacts of elevated CO2 and acidosis on the energy budget of gill and liver cells from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:160-7. [PMID: 26005104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification impacts fish and other marine species through increased seawater PCO2 levels (hypercapnia). Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms mediating effects in various tissues of fish is incomplete. Here we tested the effects of extracellular hypercapnia and acidosis on energy metabolism of gill and liver cells of Atlantic cod. Exposure media mimicked blood conditions in vivo, either during normo- or hypercapnia and at control or acidic extracellular pH (pHe). We determined metabolic rate and energy expenditure for protein biosynthesis, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase and considered nutrition status by measurements of metabolic rate and protein biosynthesis in media with and without free amino acids (FAA). Addition of FAA stimulated hepatic but not branchial oxygen consumption. Normo- and hypercapnic acidosis as well as hypercapnia at control pHe depressed metabolic stimulation of hepatocytes. In gill cells, acidosis depressed respiration independent of PCO2 and FAA levels. For both cell types, depressed respiration was not correlated with the same reduction in energy allocated to protein biosynthesis or Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Hepatic energy expenditure for protein synthesis and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase was even elevated at acidic compared to control pHe suggesting increased costs for ion regulation and cellular reorganization. Hypercapnia at control pHe strongly reduced oxygen demand of branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase with a similar trend for H(+)-ATPase. We conclude that extracellular acidosis triggers metabolic depression in gill and metabolically stimulated liver cells. Additionally, hypercapnia itself seems to limit capacities for metabolic usage of amino acids in liver cells while it decreases the use and costs of ion regulatory ATPases in gill cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Stapp
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - C M Kreiss
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - G Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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88
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Impact of long-term moderate hypercapnia and elevated temperature on the energy budget of isolated gills of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 182:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Stawicki TM, Owens KN, Linbo T, Reinhart KE, Rubel EW, Raible DW. The zebrafish merovingian mutant reveals a role for pH regulation in hair cell toxicity and function. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:847-56. [PMID: 24973752 PMCID: PMC4073274 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the extracellular environment of inner ear hair cells by ionic transporters is crucial for hair cell function. In addition to inner ear hair cells, aquatic vertebrates have hair cells on the surface of their body in the lateral line system. The ionic environment of these cells also appears to be regulated, although the mechanisms of this regulation are less understood than those of the mammalian inner ear. We identified the merovingian mutant through genetic screening in zebrafish for genes involved in drug-induced hair cell death. Mutants show complete resistance to neomycin-induced hair cell death and partial resistance to cisplatin-induced hair cell death. This resistance is probably due to impaired drug uptake as a result of reduced mechanotransduction ability, suggesting that the mutants have defects in hair cell function independent of drug treatment. Through genetic mapping we found that merovingian mutants contain a mutation in the transcription factor gcm2. This gene is important for the production of ionocytes, which are cells crucial for whole body pH regulation in fish. We found that merovingian mutants showed an acidified extracellular environment in the vicinity of both inner ear and lateral line hair cells. We believe that this acidified extracellular environment is responsible for the defects seen in hair cells of merovingian mutants, and that these mutants would serve as a valuable model for further study of the role of pH in hair cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara M Stawicki
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly N Owens
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tor Linbo
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine E Reinhart
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edwin W Rubel
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David W Raible
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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90
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Haigh R, Ianson D, Holt CA, Neate HE, Edwards AM. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperate Coastal Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117533. [PMID: 25671596 PMCID: PMC4324998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. In British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and Pacific Halibut are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Haigh
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Debby Ianson
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Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carrie A. Holt
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Holly E. Neate
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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91
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Smith RW, Wang J, Mothersill CE, Lee LEJ, Seymour CB. Proteomic responses in the gills of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque, 1820) after 6 months and 2 years of continuous exposure to environmentally relevant dietary226Ra. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:248-56. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.988894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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92
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Damsgaard C, Gam LTH, Dang DT, Van Thinh P, Huong DTT, Wang T, Bayley M. High capacity for extracellular acid-base regulation in the air-breathing fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1290-4. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.117671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of accessory air-breathing structures is typically associated with reduction of the gills, although branchial ion transport remains pivotal for acid-base and ion-regulation. Therefore, air-breathing fishes are believed to have a low capacity for extracellular pH regulation during a respiratory acidosis. In the present study, we investigated acid-base regulation during hypercapnia in the air-breathing fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in normoxic and hypoxic water at 28-30°C. Contrary to previous studies, we show that this air-breathing fish has a pronounced ability to regulate pHe during hypercapnia, with complete metabolic compensation of extracellular pH within 72 h of exposure to hypoxic hypercapnia with CO2 levels above 34 mmHg. The high capacity for pHe regulation relies on a pronounced ability to increase [HCO3−]plasma. Our study illustrates the diversity in the physiology of air-breathing fishes, such that generalizations across phylogenies may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Thi Hong Gam
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Diem Tuong Dang
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Thinh
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Institute for Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Bayley
- Zoophysiology, Institute for Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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93
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1061-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00064.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance; however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on fish have documented impacts at CO2 levels predicted to occur before the end of this century. Notable impacts on neurosensory and behavioral endpoints, otolith growth, mitochondrial function, and metabolic rate demonstrate an unexpected sensitivity to current-day and near-future CO2 levels. Most explanations for these effects seem to center on increases in Pco2 and HCO3− that occur in the body during pH compensation for acid-base balance; however, few studies have measured these parameters at environmentally relevant CO2 levels or directly related them to reported negative endpoints. This compensatory response is well documented, but noted variation in dynamic regulation of acid-base transport pathways across species, exposure levels, and exposure duration suggests that multiple strategies may be utilized to cope with hypercapnia. Understanding this regulation and changes in ion gradients in extracellular and intracellular compartments during CO2 exposure could provide a basis for predicting sensitivity and explaining interspecies variation. Based on analysis of the existing literature, the present review presents a clear message that ocean acidification may cause significant effects on fish across multiple physiological systems, suggesting that pH compensation does not necessarily confer tolerance as downstream consequences and tradeoffs occur. It remains difficult to assess if acclimation responses during abrupt CO2 exposures will translate to fitness impacts over longer timescales. Nonetheless, identifying mechanisms and processes that may be subject to selective pressure could be one of many important components of assessing adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Heuer
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
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94
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Bresolin de Souza K, Jutfelt F, Kling P, Förlin L, Sturve J. Effects of increased CO2 on fish gill and plasma proteome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102901. [PMID: 25058324 PMCID: PMC4109940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are both primarily caused by increased levels of atmospheric CO2, and marine organisms are exposed to these two stressors simultaneously. Although the effects of temperature on fish have been investigated over the last century, the long-term effects of moderate CO2 exposure and the combination of both stressors are almost entirely unknown. A proteomics approach was used to assess the adverse physiological and biochemical changes that may occur from the exposure to these two environmental stressors. We analysed gills and blood plasma of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) exposed to temperatures of 12°C (control) and 18°C (impaired growth) in combination with control (400 µatm) or high-CO2 water (1000 µatm) for 14 weeks. The proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed by Nanoflow LC-MS/MS using a LTQ-Orbitrap. The high-CO2 treatment induced the up-regulation of immune system-related proteins, as indicated by the up-regulation of the plasma proteins complement component C3 and fibrinogen β chain precursor in both temperature treatments. Changes in gill proteome in the high-CO2 (18°C) group were mostly related to increased energy metabolism proteins (ATP synthase, malate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase thermostable, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase), possibly coupled to a higher energy demand. Gills from fish exposed to high-CO2 at both temperature treatments showed changes in proteins associated with increased cellular turnover and apoptosis signalling (annexin 5, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1γ, receptor for protein kinase C, and putative ribosomal protein S27). This study indicates that moderate CO2-driven acidification, alone and combined with high temperature, can elicit biochemical changes that may affect fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bresolin de Souza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Kling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Förlin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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95
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Blier PU, Lemieux H, Pichaud N. Holding our breath in our modern world: will mitochondria keep the pace with climate changes? CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in environmental temperature can pose considerable challenges to animals and shifts in thermal habitat have been shown to be a major force driving species’ adaptation. These adaptations have been the focus of major research efforts to determine the physiological or metabolic constraints related to temperature and to reveal the phenotypic characters that can or should adjust. Considering the current consensus on climate change, the focus of research will likely shift to questioning whether ectothermic organisms will be able to survive future modifications of their thermal niches. Organisms can adjust to temperature changes through physiological plasticity (e.g., acclimation), genetic adaptation, or via dispersal to more suitable thermal habitats. Thus, it is important to understand what genetic and phenotypic attributes—at the individual, population, and species levels—could improve survival success. These issues are particularly important for ectotherms, which are in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding environment. To start addressing these queries, we should consider what physiological or metabolic functions are responsible for the impact of temperature on organisms. Some recent developments indicate that mitochondria are key metabolic structures determining the thermal range that an organism can tolerate. The catalytic capacity of mitochondria is highly sensitive to thermal variation and therefore should partly dictate the temperature dependence of biological functions. Mitochondria contain a complex network of different enzymatic reaction pathways that interact synergistically. The precise regulation of both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production depends on the integration of different enzymes and pathways. Here, we examine the temperature dependence of different parts of mitochondrial pathways and evaluate the evolutionary challenges that need to be overcome to ensure mitochondrial adaptations to new thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre U. Blier
- Laboratoire de physiologie animale intégrative, Département de Biologie, Université du Québec, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, 8406, Marie-Anne-Gaboury Street (91 Street), Edmonton, AB T6C 4G9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Laboratoire de physiologie animale intégrative, Département de Biologie, Université du Québec, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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96
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Preferential intracellular pH regulation represents a general pattern of pH homeostasis during acid-base disturbances in the armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:709-18. [PMID: 24973965 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preferential intracellular pH (pHi) regulation, where pHi is tightly regulated in the face of a blood acidosis, has been observed in a few species of fish, but only during elevated blood PCO2. To determine whether preferential pHi regulation may represent a general pattern for acid-base regulation during other pH disturbances we challenged the armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis, with anoxia and exhaustive exercise, to induce a metabolic acidosis, and bicarbonate injections to induce a metabolic alkalosis. Fish were terminally sampled 2-3 h following the respective treatments and extracellular blood pH, pHi of red blood cells (RBC), brain, heart, liver and white muscle, and plasma lactate and total CO2 were measured. All treatments resulted in significant changes in extracellular pH and RBC pHi that likely cover a large portion of the pH tolerance limits of this species (pH 7.15-7.86). In all tissues other than RBC, pHi remained tightly regulated and did not differ significantly from control values, with the exception of a decrease in white muscle pHi after anoxia and an increase in liver pHi following a metabolic alkalosis. Thus preferential pHi regulation appears to be a general pattern for acid-base homeostasis in the armoured catfish and may be a common response in Amazonian fishes.
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97
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Takei Y, Hiroi J, Takahashi H, Sakamoto T. Diverse mechanisms for body fluid regulation in teleost fishes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R778-92. [PMID: 24965789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fishes are the major group of ray-finned fishes and represent more than one-half of the total number of vertebrate species. They have experienced in their evolution an additional third-round whole genome duplication just after the divergence of their lineage, which endowed them with an extra adaptability to invade various aquatic habitats. Thus their physiology is also extremely diverse compared with other vertebrate groups as exemplified by the many patterns of body fluid regulation or osmoregulation. The key osmoregulatory organ for teleosts, whose body fluid composition is similar to mammals, is the gill, where ions are absorbed from or excreted into surrounding waters of various salinities against concentration gradients. It has been shown that the underlying molecular physiology of gill ionocytes responsible for ion regulation is highly variable among species. This variability is also seen in the endocrine control of osmoregulation where some hormones have distinct effects on body fluid regulation in different teleost species. A typical example is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ANP is secreted in response to increased blood volume and acts on various osmoregulatory organs to restore volume in rainbow trout as it does in mammals, but it is secreted in response to increased plasma osmolality, and specifically decreases NaCl, and not water, in the body of eels. The distinct actions of other osmoregulatory hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, angiotensin II, and vasotocin among teleost species are also evident. We hypothesized that such diversity of ionocytes and hormone actions among species stems from their intrinsic differences in body fluid regulation that originated from their native habitats, either fresh water or seawater. In this review, we summarized remarkable differences in body fluid regulation and its endocrine control among teleost species, although the number of species is still limited to substantiate the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takei
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Junya Hiroi
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Hideya Takahashi
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama, Japan
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98
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A new model for fish ion regulation: identification of ionocytes in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated medaka (Oryzias latipes). Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:225-43. [PMID: 24842048 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ion regulation mechanisms of fishes have been recently studied in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a stenohaline species. However, recent advances using this organism are not necessarily applicable to euryhaline fishes. The euryhaline species medaka (Oryzias latipes), which, like zebrafish, is genetically well categorized and amenable to molecular manipulation, was proposed as an alternative model for studying osmoregulation during acclimation to different salinities. To establish its suitability as an alternative, the present study was conducted to (1) identify different types of ionocytes in the embryonic skin and (2) analyze gene expressions of the transporters during seawater acclimation. Double/triple in situ hybridization and/or immunocytochemistry revealed that freshwater (FW) medaka contain three types of ionocyte: (1) Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) cells with apical NHE3 and basolateral Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA) and anion exchanger (AE); (2) Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) cells with apical NCC and basolateral H(+)-ATPase; and (3) epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ECaC) cells [presumed accessory (AC) cells] with apical ECaC. On the other hand, seawater (SW) medaka has a single predominant ionocyte type, which possesses apical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and NHE3 and basolateral NKCC and NKA and is accompanied by smaller AC cells that express lower levels of basolateral NKA. Reciprocal gene expressions of decreased NHE3, AE, NCC and ECaC and increased CFTR and NKCC in medaka gills during SW were revealed by quantative PCR analysis.
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99
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Guh YJ, Tseng YC, Yang CY, Hwang PP. Endothelin-1 regulates H⁺-ATPase-dependent transepithelial H⁺ secretion in zebrafish. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1728-37. [PMID: 24424055 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (EDN1) is an important regulator of H⁺ secretion in the mammalian kidney. EDN1 enhances renal tubule H⁺-ATPase activity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To further elucidate the role of EDN1 in vertebrates' acid-base regulation, the present study used zebrafish as the model to examine the effects of EDN1 and its receptors on transepithelial H⁺ secretion. Expression of EDN1 and one of its receptors, EDNRAa, was stimulated in zebrafish acclimated to acidic water. A noninvasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique was used to show that edn1 overexpression enhances H⁺ secretion in embryonic skin at 3 days post fertilization. EDNRAa loss of function significantly decreased EDN1- and acid-induced H⁺ secretion. Abrogation of EDN1-enhanced H⁺ secretion by a vacuolar H⁺-ATPase inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) suggests that EDN1 exerts its action by regulating the H⁺-ATPase-mediated H⁺ secretion. EDN1 does not appear to affect H⁺ secretion through either altering the abundance of H⁺-ATPase or affecting the cell differentiation of H⁺-ATPase-rich ionocytes, because the reduction in secretion upon ednraa knockdown was not accompanied by decreased expression of H⁺-ATPase or reduced H⁺-ATPase-rich cell density. These findings provide evidence that EDN1 signaling is involved in acid-base regulation in zebrafish and enhance our understanding of EDN1 regulation of transepithelial H⁺ secretion in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Y.-J.G., P.-P.H.), National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (Y.-J.G., C.-Y.Y., P.-P.H.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science (Y.-C.T.), National Taiwan Normal University and Institute of Fisheries Science (C.-Y.Y.), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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100
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Expression of carbonic anhydrase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and V-H(+)-ATPase in the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774). Acta Histochem 2014; 116:487-92. [PMID: 24220283 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of the amphioxus genome revealed that it contains a basic set of chordate genes involved in development and cell signaling. Despite the availability of genomic data, up till now no studies have been addressed on the comprehension of the amphioxus osmoregulation. Using primers designed on Branchiostoma floridae carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and V-H(+)-ATPase, a 100bp long region, containing the protein region recognized by the respective antibodies, has been amplified and sequenced in B. lanceolatum indicating the presence of hortologous V-ATPase, CFTR and carbonic anhydrase II genes in Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Immunohistochemical results showed that all three transporting proteins are expressed in almost 90% of epithelial cells of the skin in B. lanceolatum adults with a different degree of positivity in different regions of body wall and with a different localization in the cells. The comparison of results between young and adult lancelets showed that the distribution of these transporters is quite different. Indeed, in the young specimens the expression pattern of all tested molecules appears concentrated at the gut level, whereas in adult the gut loses its key role that is mostly supported by skin.
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