51
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Troiber C, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Carriers Based on Precise Polymer Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1737-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Troiber
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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52
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Functional Polymer Conjugates for Medicinal Nucleic Acid Delivery. POLYMERS IN NANOMEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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53
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Dong X, Wang X, He Y, Yu Z, Lin M, Zhang C, Wang J, Song Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Guo Z. Reversible DNA Condensation Induced by a Tetranuclear Nickel(II) Complex. Chemistry 2010; 16:14181-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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54
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Candiani G, Pezzoli D, Ciani L, Chiesa R, Ristori S. Bioreducible liposomes for gene delivery: from the formulation to the mechanism of action. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13430. [PMID: 20976172 PMCID: PMC2955545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A promising strategy to create stimuli-responsive gene delivery systems is to exploit the redox gradient between the oxidizing extracellular milieu and the reducing cytoplasm in order to disassemble DNA/cationic lipid complexes (lipoplexes). On these premises, we previously described the synthesis of SS14 redox-sensitive gemini surfactant for gene delivery. Although others have attributed the beneficial effects of intracellular reducing environment to reduced glutathione (GSH), these observations cannot rule out the possible implication of the redox milieu in its whole on transfection efficiency of bioreducible transfectants leaving the determinants of DNA release largely undefined. Methodology/Principal Findings With the aim of addressing this issue, SS14 was here formulated into binary and ternary 100 nm-extruded liposomes and the effects of the helper lipid composition and of the SS14/helper lipids molar ratio on chemical-physical and structural parameters defining transfection effectiveness were investigated. Among all formulations tested, DOPC/DOPE/SS14 at 25∶50∶25 molar ratio was the most effective in transfection studies owing to the presence of dioleoyl chains and phosphatidylethanolamine head groups in co-lipids. The increase in SS14 content up to 50% along DOPC/DOPE/SS14 liposome series yielded enhanced transfection, up to 2.7-fold higher than that of the benchmark Lipofectamine 2000, without altering cytotoxicity of the corresponding lipoplexes at charge ratio 5. Secondly, we specifically investigated the redox-dependent mechanisms of gene delivery into cells through tailored protocols of transfection in GSH-depleted and repleted vs. increased oxidative stress conditions. Importantly, GSH specifically induced DNA release in batch and in vitro. Conclusions/Significance The presence of helper lipids carrying unsaturated dioleoyl chains and phosphatidylethanolamine head groups significantly improved transfection efficiencies of DOPC/DOPE/SS14 lipoplexes. Most importantly, this study shows that intracellular GSH levels linearly correlated with transfection efficiency while oxidative stress levels did not, highlighting for the first time the pivotal role of GSH rather than oxidative stress in its whole in transfection of bioreducible vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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55
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Debus H, Baumhof P, Probst J, Kissel T. Delivery of messenger RNA using poly(ethylene imine)-poly(ethylene glycol)-copolymer blends for polyplex formation: biophysical characterization and in vitro transfection properties. J Control Release 2010; 148:334-43. [PMID: 20854856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid based therapies have so far mainly been focused on plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was the subject of only a few studies. The objective of this investigation was the preparation of new composite polyplexes with mRNA consisting of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and poly(ethylene imine)-poly(ethylene glycol)-copolymers (PEI-PEG) as blends. These complexes were designed to increase the stability of mRNA, to improve transfection efficiency and to reduce cytotoxicity. Hydrodynamic diameters of the polyplexes were measured by dynamic light scattering, polyplex stability was analyzed by gel retardation assay and transfection efficiency of luciferase (Luc) encoding mRNA was evaluated under in vitro conditions. Most of the polyplexes generated showed small particle sizes <200 nm and positive zeta-potentials of +20 mV to +30 mV. Stable complexes were formed even at low nitrogen to phosphate ratios. Polyplexes with mRNA Luc and blends of low molecular weight PEI(5 kDa) and PEI(25k Da)-PEG(20 kDa)₁-block-copolymer showed protein expression as high as polyplexes with PEI(25 kDa). Moreover, luciferase expression was significantly higher than that obtained with one of the components alone. These results suggest that delivery systems for pulmonary application of mRNA merit further investigation under in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Debus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Ketzerbach 63, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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56
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Edinger D, Wagner E. Bioresponsive polymers for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:33-46. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edinger
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU University, Butenandtstrasse 5‐13, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU University, Butenandtstrasse 5‐13, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
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57
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Tros de Ilarduya C, Sun Y, Düzgüneş N. Gene delivery by lipoplexes and polyplexes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:159-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Baumhover NJ, Anderson K, Fernandez CA, Rice KG. Synthesis and in vitro testing of new potent polyacridine-melittin gene delivery peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:74-83. [PMID: 19968269 DOI: 10.1021/bc9003124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a polyacridine peptide modified with a melittin fusogenic peptide results in a potent gene transfer agent. Polyacridine peptides of the general formula (Acr-X)(n)-Cys were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis, where Acr is Lys modified on its epsilon-amine with acridine, X is Arg, Leu, or Lys and n is 2, 3, or 4 repeats. The Cys residue was modified by either a maleimide-melittin or a thiolpyridine-Cys-melittin fusogenic peptide resulting in reducible or non-reducible polyacridine-melittin peptides. Hemolysis assays established that polyacridine-melittin peptides retained their membrane lytic potency relative to melittin at pH 7.4 and 5. When combined with plasmid DNA, the membrane lytic potency of polyacridine-melittin peptides was neutralized. Gene transfer experiments in multiple cell lines established that polyacridine-melittin peptides mediate expression as efficiently as PEI. The expression was very dependent upon a disulfide bond linking polyacridine to melittin. The gene transfer was most efficient when X is Arg and n is 3 or 4 repeats. These studies establish polyacridine peptides as a novel DNA binding anchor peptide.
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59
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Wan L, You Y, Zou Y, Oupický D, Mao G. DNA release dynamics from bioreducible poly(amido amine) polyplexes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 113:13735-41. [PMID: 19522487 DOI: 10.1021/jp901835u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA release dynamics of bioreducible poly(amido amine) polyplexes were studied in real time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). DNA release is triggered by a depolymerization of high-molecular-weight polycations into low-molecular-weight oligocations that occurs by means of the thiol and disulfide exchange reaction mechanism. AFM images were captured in a simulated physiological reducing environment that used dithiothreitol. Distinctive stages of disassembly are common among various polyplexes that have different disulfide content, molecular weight, and polymer architecture, while the DNA release rate depends upon the disulfide content. In the first stage, polyplexes evolve from metastable structures into the more stable toroid structure upon the depolymerization. In the second stage, toroids either aggregate or fuse into larger toroids. In the last stage, DNA wormlike chains and loops are held by a central compact core. The results confirm the prospect of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s as controlled DNA delivery vectors. The study offers new physical insights into the DNA release pathway including intermediate structures that have a high degree of structural heterogeneity and disassembly induced particle growth. The study identifies disassembly induced colloidal and morphological instability as an important issue to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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60
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Duan Y, Zhang S, Wang B, Yang B, Zhi D. The biological routes of gene delivery mediated by lipid-based non-viral vectors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 6:1351-61. [PMID: 19780710 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903287153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipid/DNA complexes (lipoplexes) represent an attractive alternative to viral vectors for cell transfection in vitro and in vivo but still suffer from relatively low efficiency. Comprehension of the interactions between vectors and DNA as well as cellular pathways and mechanisms in DNA entry into cells and ultimately nuclei will lead to the design of better adapted non-viral vectors for gene therapy applications. Here, some recent developments in the field on the pathways and mechanisms involved in lipoplex-mediated transfection are discussed. The techniques that are widely used to study the mechanism of gene delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Duan
- Dalian Nationalities University, College of Life Science, SEAC-ME Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, China
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61
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Abstract
Plasmid DNA and siRNA have a large potential for use as therapeutic nucleic acids in medicine. The way to the target cell and its proper compartment is full of obstacles. Polymeric carriers help to overcome the encountered barriers. Cationic polymers can interact with the nucleic acid in a nondamaging way but still require optimization with regard to transfer efficiency and biocompatibility. Aiming at virus-like features, as viruses are the most efficient natural gene carriers, the design of bioresponsive polymers shows promising results regarding DNA and siRNA delivery. By specific chemical modifications dynamic structures are created, programmed to respond towards changing demands on the delivery pathway by cleavage of labile bonds or conformational changes, thus enhancing biocompatible gene delivery.
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62
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Soliman M, Allen S, Davies MC, Alexander C. Responsive polyelectrolyte complexes for triggered release of nucleic acid therapeutics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5421-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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63
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Reducible poly(oligo-D-arginine) for enhanced gene expression in mouse lung by intratracheal injection. Mol Ther 2009; 18:734-42. [PMID: 20029398 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonarginine (D-R9) has been reported to be one of the most efficacious protein transduction domains (PTDs) for the intracellular cargo delivery such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and particles. Although oligoarginines are capable of forming polyplex with DNA by electrostatic interaction, the length of oligoarginine can affect the toxicity and gene expression. The reducible poly(oligo-D-arginine) (rPOA) composed of the Cys-(D-R9)-Cys repeating unit forming disulfide bonds between terminal cysteinyl-thiol groups of short peptides was hypothesized to show efficient gene transfection without toxicity. The reducible high molecular weight poly(oligo-D-arginine) may fragment into the Cys-(D-R9)-Cys in cellular environments such as cytosol, cell surface, endosomes, and lysosomes, and enhance DNA transfection efficiency. In the present study, in vitro stability, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficiency of DNA/poly(oligo-D-arginine) polyplex were evaluated. In addition, in vivo delivery of DNA into the lung was performed by intratracheal injection of DNA/poly(oligo-D-arginine) polyplex. The in vivo study with rPOA showed higher level of gene expression than PEI, sustaining for 1 week without toxicity. Reducible high molecular weight poly(oligo-D-arginine) based on R9 PTD is a very promising nonviral gene carrier for lung diseases by efficiently condensing, stabilizing, and transfecting DNA.
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64
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small peptides that can facilitate the uptake of macromolecular drugs, such as proteins or nucleic acids, into mammalian cells. Cytosolic delivery of CPPs could be beneficial to bypass conventional endocytosis in order to avoid degradation in the lysosomes. Oligoarginine conjugates have characteristics similar to CPPs in terms of cell translocation and are used in the intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA. In these cases, oligoarginine length and/or charge are important factors in the cellular uptake of oligoarginine alone. The arginine moiety of oligoarginine-modified particles may also be a decisive factor for vectors to deliver plasmid DNA. Oligoarginine-PEG-lipids can form self-assembled particles and modify the surface of lipid- and polymer-based particles. This review focuses on the influence of: i) oligoarginine-modified particles such as micelles, liposomes and polymer-based particles; ii) the morphology of oligoarginine-PEG-lipid complexed with plasmid DNA by decreasing the charge ratio; and iii) the oligoarginine length in the complex on its cellular uptake, transfection efficiency and uptake mechanism. The oligoarginine length of oligoarginine-modified particle complexed with plasmid DNA governs the cellular uptake pathway that determines the destiny of intracellular trafficking and finally transfection efficiency. The new aspects of surface-functionalized particle vectors with oligoarginine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Maitani
- Hoshi University, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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65
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Effect of innate glutathione levels on activity of redox-responsive gene delivery vectors. J Control Release 2009; 141:77-84. [PMID: 19720098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Redox-responsive polyplexes represent a promising class of non-viral gene delivery vectors. The reducible disulfide bonds in the polyplexes undergo intracellular reduction owing to the presence of high concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH). Available evidence suggests improved transfection activity of redox-sensitive polyplexes upon artificial modulation of intracellular GSH. This study investigates the effect of innate differences in GSH concentration in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines on activity of reducible polyplexes of the four major classes of nucleic acid therapeutics: plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AON) and siRNA. In general, reducible polyplexes of linear poly(amido amines) (PAA) show improved activity compared to non-reducible polyplexes of PAA. Results demonstrate that increased GSH levels are associated with improved transfection of mRNA polyplexes but no clear trend is observed for pDNA, AON and siRNA polyplexes.
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66
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Midoux P, Pichon C, Yaouanc JJ, Jaffrès PA. Chemical vectors for gene delivery: a current review on polymers, peptides and lipids containing histidine or imidazole as nucleic acids carriers. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:166-78. [PMID: 19459843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA/cationic lipid (lipoplexes), DNA/cationic polymer (polyplexes) and DNA/cationic polymer/cationic lipid (lipopolyplexes) electrostatic complexes are proposed as non-viral nucleic acids delivery systems. These DNA-nanoparticles are taken up by the cells through endocytosis processes, but the low capacity of DNA to escape from endosomes is regarded as the major limitations of their transfection efficiency. Here, we present a current report on a particular class of carriers including the polymers, peptides and lipids, which is based on the exploitation of the imidazole ring as an endosome destabilization device to favour the nucleic acids delivery in the cytosol. The imidazole ring of histidine is a weak base that has the ability to acquire a cationic charge when the pH of the environment drops bellow 6. As it has been demonstrated for poly(histidine), this phenomena can induce membrane fusion and/or membrane permeation in an acidic medium. Moreover, the accumulation of histidine residues inside acidic vesicles can induce a proton sponge effect, which increases their osmolarity and their swelling. The proof of concept has been shown with polylysine partially substituted with histidine residues that has caused a dramatic increase by 3-4.5 orders of magnitude of the transfection efficiency of DNA/polylysine polyplexes. Then, several histidine-rich polymers and peptides as well as lipids with imidazole, imidazolinium or imidazolium polar head have been reported to be efficient carriers to deliver nucleic acids including genes, mRNA or SiRNA in vitro and in vivo. More remarkable, histidylated carriers are often weakly cytotoxic, making them promising chemical vectors for nucleic acids delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Midoux
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301 affiliated to the University of Orléans and Inserm, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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67
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Ditto AJ, Shah PN, Gump LR, Yun YH. Nanospheres formulated from L-tyrosine polyphosphate exhibiting sustained release of polyplexes and in vitro controlled transfection properties. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:986-95. [PMID: 19341289 DOI: 10.1021/mp9000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, viruses are utilized as vectors for gene therapy, since they transport across cellular membranes, escape endosomes, and effectively deliver genes to the nucleus. The disadvantage of using viruses for gene therapy is their immune response. Therefore, nanospheres have been formulated as a nonviral gene vector by blending l-tyrosine-polyphosphate (LTP) with polyethylene glycol grafted to chitosan (PEG-g-CHN) and linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) conjugated to plasmid DNA (pDNA). PEG-g-CHN stabilizes the emulsion and prevents nanosphere coalescence. LPEI protects pDNA degradation during nanosphere formation, provides endosomal escape, and enhances gene expression. Previous studies show that LTP degrades within seven days and is appropriate for intracellular gene delivery. These nanospheres prepared by water-oil emulsion by sonication and solvent evaporation show diameters between 100 and 600 nm. Also, dynamic laser light scattering shows that nanospheres completely degrade after seven days. The sustained release of pDNA and pDNA-LPEI polyplexes is confirmed through electrophoresis and PicoGreen assay. A LIVE/DEAD cell viability assay shows that nanosphere viability is comparable to that of buffers. X-Gal staining shows a sustained transfection for 11 days using human fibroblasts. This result is sustained longer than pDNA-LPEI and pDNA-FuGENE 6 complexes. Therefore, LTP-pDNA nanospheres exhibit controlled transfection and can be used as a nonviral gene delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ditto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Olson Research Center, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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68
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Saccardo P, Villaverde A, González-Montalbán N. Peptide-mediated DNA condensation for non-viral gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Suggate EL, Ahmed Z, Read ML, Eaton-Charnock K, Douglas MR, Gonzalez AM, Berry M, Logan A. Optimisation of siRNA-mediated RhoA silencing in neuronal cultures. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 40:451-62. [PMID: 19340932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In investigating the consequences of gene silencing in axon growth disinhibition strategies in cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGC), we conducted experiments designed to silence RhoA signalling in PC12 and primary adult rat retinal cell cultures (containing RGC) by siRNA-mediated RhoA mRNA knockdown. We demonstrate wide differences in the levels of RhoA mRNA knockdown, dose-dependent cell toxicity, and induction of endogenous inflammatory cytokine and interferon responses to siRNA therapy. Toxicity effects observed with RhoA-siRNA was significantly reduced with "Stealth" chemical modification of the sequence, promoting approximately 50% and 70% knockdown of RhoA mRNA and protein in retinal cells, respectively, while promoting significant disinhibited RGC neurite outgrowth in the presence of inhibitory CNS myelin. Our results highlight differential responsiveness of cell lines compared to primary cultured cells, and demonstrate the efficacy of the "Stealth" modification to reduce siRNA-induced interferon responses, thereby increasing target cell viability and reducing off-target effects of the delivered nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Suggate
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK
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70
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Read ML, Mir S, Spice R, Seabright RJ, Suggate EL, Ahmed Z, Berry M, Logan A. Profiling RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated toxicity in neural cultures for effective short interfering RNA design. J Gene Med 2009; 11:523-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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71
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Conformation and dynamics of DNA molecules during photoreversible condensation. Biophys Chem 2009; 142:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Liu YC, Le Ny ALM, Schmidt J, Talmon Y, Chmelka BF, Lee CT. Photo-assisted gene delivery using light-responsive catanionic vesicles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5713-5724. [PMID: 19435291 DOI: 10.1021/la803588d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive catanionic vesicles have been developed as a novel gene delivery vector combining enhanced cellular uptake with phototriggered release of vesicle payload following entry into cells. Vesicles with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm [measured using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light-scattering techniques] form spontaneously, following mixing of positively charged azobenzene-containing surfactant and negatively charged alkyl surfactant species. Fluorescent probe measurements showed that the catanionic vesicles at a cation/anion ratio of 7:3 formed at surfactant concentrations as low as 10 microM of the azobenzene surfactant under visible light (with the azobenzene surfactant species principally in the trans configuration), while 50-60 microM of the azobenzene surfactant is required to form vesicles under UV illumination (with the azobenzene surfactant species principally in the cis configuration). At intermediate surfactant concentrations (ca. 15-45 microM) under visible light conditions, transport of DNA-vesicle complexes occurred past the cell membrane of murine fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells through endocytosis. Subsequent UV illumination induced rupture of the vesicles and release of uncomplexed DNA into the cell interiors, where it was capable of passing through the nuclear membrane and thereby contributing to enhanced expression. Single-molecule fluorescent images of T4-DNA demonstrated that the formation of vesicles with a net positive charge led to compaction of DNA molecules via complex formation within a few seconds, while UV-induced disruption of the vesicle-DNA complexes led to DNA re-expansion to the elongated-coil state, also within a few seconds. Transfection experiments with eGFP DNA revealed that photoresponsive catanionic vesicles are more effectively taken up by cells compared to otherwise identical alkyl (i.e., nonazobenzene-containing and thus nonlight-responsive) catanionic vesicles, presumably because of pi-pi stacking interactions that enhance bilayer rigidity in the photoresponsive vesicles. Subsequent UV illumination following endocytosis leads to further dramatic enhancements in the transfection efficiencies, demonstrating that vector unpacking and release of DNA from the carrier complex can be the limiting step in the overall process of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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73
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Canine BF, Wang Y, Hatefi A. Biosynthesis and characterization of a novel genetically engineered polymer for targeted gene transfer to cancer cells. J Control Release 2009; 138:188-96. [PMID: 19379785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel multi-domain biopolymer was designed and genetically engineered with the purpose to target and transfect cancer cells. The biopolymer contains at precise locations: 1) repeating units of arginine and histidine to condense pDNA and lyse endosome membranes, 2) a HER2 targeting affibody to target cancer cells, 3) a pH responsive fusogenic peptide to destabilize endosome membranes and enhance endosomolytic activity of histidine residues, and 4) a nuclear localization signal to enhance translocation of pDNA towards the cell nucleus. The results demonstrated that the biopolymer was able to condense pDNA into nanosize particles, protect pDNA from serum endonucleases, target HER2 positive cancer cells but not HER2 negative ones, efficiently disrupt endosomes, and effectively reach the cell nucleus of target cells to mediate gene expression. To reduce potential toxicity and enhance biodegradability, the biopolymer was designed to be susceptible to digestion by endogenous furin enzymes inside the cells. The results revealed no significant biopolymer related toxicity as determined by impact on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda F Canine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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74
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Jere D, Arote R, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Cho MH, Cho CS. Bioreducible polymers for efficient gene and siRNA delivery. Biomed Mater 2009; 4:025020. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/4/2/025020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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75
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Hu Q, Shen J. Cholesterol tethered bioresponsive polycation as a candidate for gene delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Laufer SD, Restle T. Peptide-mediated cellular delivery of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics in vitro: quantitative evaluation of overall efficacy employing easy to handle reporter systems. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 14:3637-55. [PMID: 19075740 PMCID: PMC2778081 DOI: 10.2174/138161208786898806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of therapeutic oligonucleotides and subsequent intracellular trafficking to their target sites represents the major technical hurdle for the biological effectiveness of these potential drugs. Accordingly, laboratories worldwide focus on the development of suitable delivery systems. Among the different available non-viral systems like cationic polymers, cationic liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent an attractive concept to bypass the problem of poor membrane permeability of these charged macromolecules. While uptake per se in most cases does not represent the main obstacle of nucleic acid delivery in vitro, it becomes increasingly apparent that intracellular trafficking is the bottleneck. As a consequence, in order to optimize a given delivery system, a side-by-side analysis of nucleic acid cargo internalized and the corresponding biological effect is required to determine the overall efficacy. In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. To illustrate current limitations of non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems, we present own data as an example and discuss options of how to enhance trafficking of molecules entrapped in cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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77
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Fujita T, Furuhata M, Hattori Y, Kawakami H, Toma K, Maitani Y. Calcium enhanced delivery of tetraarginine-PEG-lipid-coated DNA/protamine complexes. Int J Pharm 2009; 368:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Yoon CS, Jung HS, Kim TK, Kwon MJ, Kim MK, Lee M, Koh KS, Rhee BD, Park JH. Comparison of the efficiency and toxicity of sonoporation with branched polyethylenimine-mediated gene transfection in various cultured cell lines. J Drug Target 2009; 16:773-9. [PMID: 19005939 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802470549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate transfection efficiency and safety for gene delivery by sonoporation in comparison with cationic polymer gene carrier branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). METHODS The cDNA expressing VEGF(165) was cloned under chicken beta-actin promoter. The plasmid DNA was transfected into the CHO, HEK293, and NIH3T3 cells using microbubble-based sonoporation and BPEI (25 kDa) under various conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the expressed protein level. Cytotoxicities of transfection methods were compared by Cell Counting Kit-8. RESULTS At 1 MHz intensity, transfection efficiency of sonoporation was enhanced by microbubble concentration with no detrimental effects. By contrast, BPEI exacerbated cell viability, despite its high transgene expression efficiency. CONCLUSION Sonoporation gene therapy might be the safest technique to be used in actual clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S Yoon
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
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79
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Jere D, Kim JE, Arote R, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Choi YJ, Yun CH, Cho MH, Cho CS. Akt1 silencing efficiencies in lung cancer cells by sh/si/ssiRNA transfection using a reductable polyspermine carrier. Biomaterials 2008; 30:1635-47. [PMID: 19097641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Efforts directed in ameliorating silencing studies with shRNA, siRNA and ssiRNA (siRNA with sticky overhangs) are faltered mainly due to the lack of efficient carrier system. In the present study, we developed reductable polyspermine (RPS) carrier composed of multiple spermine units with disulfide linkages for gene expression and silencing studies. In gene expression studies, EGFP expression was found to be almost 4 folds higher and 20 folds safer with RPS carrier than with PEI25K. Moreover, on systemic administration, RPS exhibited significantly high EGFP expression in mice lungs. Similarly in gene silencing studies, EGFP silencing achieved was nearly 1.5 times superior with RPS carrier than PEI25K. Also, RPS delivered Akt1 shRNA (shAkt), siRNA (siAkt) and ssiRNA (ssiAkt) efficiently silenced oncoprotein Akt1 and thereby decreased A549 cell survival. The degrees of cell survival, proliferation and metastasis were differed with the nature of siRNA treatment. Further study at different time intervals revealed that ssiAkt treatment, although superior to sh/siAkt, was highly transient while, shAkt treatment was uniform and prolong. These finding demonstrate the potential use of RPS carrier in gene expression and silencing studies, and significance of the nature of siRNA employed in cancer study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Jere
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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80
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Wan L, Manickam DS, Oupický D, Mao G. DNA release dynamics from reducible polyplexes by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12474-82. [PMID: 18839970 PMCID: PMC2825055 DOI: 10.1021/la802088y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled intracellular disassembly of polyelectrolyte complexes of polycations and DNA (polyplexes) is a crucial step for the success of nonviral gene delivery. Motivated by our previous observation of different gene delivery performances among multiblock reducible copolypeptide vectors ( Manickam, D. S. ; Oupicky, D. Bioconjugate Chem. 2006, 17, 1395- 1403 ), atomic force microscopy is used to visualize plasmid DNA in various decondensed states from reducible polypeptide polyplexes under simulated physiological reducing conditions. DNA decondensation is triggered by reductive degradation of disulfide-containing cationic polypeptides. Striking differences in DNA release dynamics between polyplexes based on polypeptides of histidine-rich peptide (HRP, CKHHHKHHHKC) and nuclear localization signal (NLS, CGAGPKKKRKVC) peptide are presented. The HRP and NLS polyplexes are similar to each other in their initial morphology with a majority of them containing only one DNA plasmid. Upon reductive degradation by dithiothreitol, DNA is released from NLS abruptly regardless of the initial polyplex morphology, while DNA release from HRP polyplexes displays a gradual decondensation that is dependent on the size of polyplexes. The release rate is higher for larger HRP polyplexes. The smaller HRP polyplexes become unstable when they are in contact with expanding chains nearby. The results reveal potentially rich DNA release dynamics that can be controlled by subtle variation in multivalent counterion binding to DNA as well as the cellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Devika S. Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
- Corresponding author:
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81
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Yamashita A, Kanda D, Katoono R, Yui N, Ooya T, Maruyama A, Akita H, Kogure K, Harashima H. Supramolecular control of polyplex dissociation and cell transfection: Efficacy of amino groups and threading cyclodextrins in biocleavable polyrotaxanes. J Control Release 2008; 131:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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82
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Lee M, Choi JS, Ko KS. Mitochondria targeting delivery of nucleic acids. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:879-87. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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83
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Piest M, Lin C, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Lok MC, Hennink WE, Feijen J, Engbersen JF. Novel poly(amido amine)s with bioreducible disulfide linkages in their diamino-units: Structure effects and in vitro gene transfer properties. J Control Release 2008; 130:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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84
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Veldhoen S, Laufer SD, Restle T. Recent developments in peptide-based nucleic acid delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1276-1320. [PMID: 19325804 PMCID: PMC2635728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems are generally considered to be less efficient than viral vectors, they have gained much interest in recent years due to their superior safety profile compared to their viral counterpart. Among these synthetic vectors are cationic polymers, branched dendrimers, cationic liposomes and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). The latter represent an assortment of fairly unrelated sequences essentially characterised by a high content of basic amino acids and a length of 10–30 residues. CPPs are capable of mediating the cellular uptake of hydrophilic macromolecules like peptides and nucleic acids (e.g. siRNAs, aptamers and antisense-oligonucleotides), which are internalised by cells at a very low rate when applied alone. Up to now, numerous sequences have been reported to show cell-penetrating properties and many of them have been used to successfully transport a variety of different cargos into mammalian cells. In recent years, it has become apparent that endocytosis is a major route of internalisation even though the mechanisms underlying the cellular translocation of CPPs are poorly understood and still subject to controversial discussions. In this review, we will summarise the latest developments in peptide-based cellular delivery of nucleic acid cargos. We will discuss different mechanisms of entry, the intracellular fate of the cargo, correlation studies of uptake versus biological activity of the cargo as well as technical problems and pitfalls.
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Key Words
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- EIPA, ethylisopropylamiloride
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LF, Lipofectamine™
- LF2000, Lipofectamine™ 2000
- MAP, model amphipathic peptide
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- NLS, nuclear localisation sequence
- OMe, O-methyl
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PMO, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- PNA, peptide nucleic acid
- PTD, protein transduction domains
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SAP, Sweet Arrow Peptide
- STR-R8, stearyl-R8
- TAR, transactivator responsive region
- TFO, triplex forming oligonucleotide
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TP10, transportan 10
- bPrPp, bovine prion protein derived peptide
- cell-penetrating peptides
- endocytosis
- hCT, human calcitonin
- mPrPp, murine prion protein derived peptide
- miRNA, microRNA
- nucleic acid delivery
- nucleic acid drugs
- siRNA, small inhibitory RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Veldhoen
- Department of Metabolomics, ISAS - Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - Sandra D. Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Restle
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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85
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Fujita T, Furuhata M, Hattori Y, Kawakami H, Toma K, Maitani Y. High gene delivery in tumor by intratumoral injection of tetraarginine-PEG lipid-coated protamine/DNA. J Control Release 2008; 129:124-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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86
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Abstract
Polyplexes sensitive to redox potential gradients represent a promising class of vectors for delivery of nucleic acids. This review focuses on the recent advances in the development of these vectors. The biological rationale for the design of redox-sensitive polyplexes is discussed together with the basic synthetic approaches for introducing reducible disulfide bonds into the structure of the polyplexes. The biological properties of the redox-sensitive polyplexes of plasmid DNA, mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA are reviewed with emphasis on in vitro cellular delivery, cytotoxicity and in vivo activity. Overall, redox-sensitive polyplexes represent a promising platform for further development as vectors for delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic nucleic acids.
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87
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Stevenson M, Ramos-Perez V, Singh S, Soliman M, Preece JA, Briggs SS, Read ML, Seymour LW. Delivery of siRNA mediated by histidine-containing reducible polycations. J Control Release 2008; 130:46-56. [PMID: 18571758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Histidine containing reducible polycations based on CH(6)K(3)H(6)C monomers (His6 RPCs), are highly effective DNA transfection agents combining pH buffering endosomal escape mechanisms with rapid unpackaging following reduction in the cytoplasm. We examined their ability to mediate siRNA uptake into cells focusing on hepatocyte delivery. Co-delivery of EGFP siRNA with pEGFP plasmid DNA reduced reporter gene expression by 85%. However while DNA transfection efficiency increased with polymer size, with 162 k His6 RPCs proving the most effective, delivery of siRNA alone to EGFP stably expressing cells was only possible using 36-80 k polymers. Analysis of particle sizes showed that 80 k polymers formed more compact siRNA complexes than 162 k polymers. The reducible nature of the polymer was necessary for siRNA activity, since siRNA combined with non-reducible polylysine showed little activity. Incorporation of a targeting peptide from the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein onto His6 RPCs, significantly improved transfection of plasmid DNA and siRNA activity in hepatocytes, but not in most non-liver cells tested. siRNA targeted to the hepatitis B virus surface antigen delivered by CS-His6 RPC, mediated falls in both mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that this delivery system could be developed for potential therapies for viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevenson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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88
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Manickam DS, Hirata A, Putt DA, Lash LH, Hirata F, Oupický D. Overexpression of Bcl-2 as a proxy redox stimulus to enhance activity of non-viral redox-responsive delivery vectors. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2680-8. [PMID: 18377980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Redox-sensitive non-viral delivery systems exploit intracellular reducing environment to improve the efficacy of the delivery of nucleic acids by selectively releasing the cargo in the subcellular space. Bcl-2 overexpression is frequently observed in human cancers and is closely associated with increased resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the biochemical alterations accompanying Bcl-2 overexpression is the increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels. In this study, we hypothesize that such increase of GSH concentration will selectively enhance the transfection activity of redox-sensitive delivery systems in cells overexpressing Bcl-2. Transfection studies were conducted in MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells and MCF-7 clones overexpressing Bcl-2. It was confirmed that Bcl-2 overexpression resulted in the expected increase in GSH concentration. Redox-sensitive complexes containing plasmid DNA, mRNA, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, and siRNA exhibited selectively increased activity in cells overexpressing Bcl-2 compared to non-redox complexes. The effect of Bcl-2 overexpression on the selective enhancement of transfection was highly dependent on the type of the delivered nucleic acid, and was most pronounced for mRNA. This study shows that Bcl-2 overexpression can serve as a proxy redox stimulus to enhance the activity of all major classes of potential nucleic acid therapeutics, when delivered using redox-sensitive vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika S Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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89
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90
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Breunig M, Lungwitz U, Liebl R, Goepferich A. Breaking up the correlation between efficacy and toxicity for nonviral gene delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14454-9. [PMID: 17726101 PMCID: PMC1964826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703882104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral nucleic acid delivery to cells and tissues is considered a standard tool in life science research. However, although an ideal delivery system should have high efficacy and minimal toxicity, existing materials fall short, most of them being either too toxic or little effective. We hypothesized that disulfide cross-linked low-molecular-weight (MW) linear poly(ethylene imine) (MW<4.6 kDa) would overcome this limitation. Investigations with these materials revealed that the extracellular high MW provided outstandingly high transfection efficacies (up to 69.62+/-4.18% in HEK cells). We confirmed that the intracellular reductive degradation produced mainly nontoxic fragments (cell survival 98.69+/-4.79%). When we compared the polymers in >1,400 individual experiments to seven commercial transfection reagents in seven different cell lines, we found highly superior transfection efficacies and substantially lower toxicities. This renders reductive degradation a highly promising tool for the design of new transfection materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Breunig
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Uta Lungwitz
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; and
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark-SDU, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Renate Liebl
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Achim Goepferich
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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91
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92
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Parker AL, Eckley L, Singh S, Preece JA, Collins L, Fabre JW. (LYS)(16)-based reducible polycations provide stable polyplexes with anionic fusogenic peptides and efficient gene delivery to post mitotic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1331-7. [PMID: 17651899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular stability, endocytic escape, intracellular DNA release and nuclear translocation of DNA are all critical properties of non-viral vector/DNA particles. We have evaluated a (Lys)(16)-based linear, reducible polycation (RPC) in combination with an acid-dependent, anionic fusogenic peptide for gene delivery to dividing and post-mitotic cells. The RPC was formed from Cys(Lys)(16)Cys monomers. Molecular weight was 24,000 Da, corresponding to an average of 10.5 peptide monomers per RPC. Non-reducible polylysine (PLL) (27,000 Da) and monomeric (Lys)(16) peptide were evaluated for comparison. (Lys)(16)/DNA particles were disrupted at fusogenic peptide concentrations well below those used for gene delivery. By contrast, RPC/DNA an PLL/DNA particles were stable in the presence of high concentrations of the anionic peptide. Addition of 10% serum virtually abolished the transfection ability of (Lys)(16)/DNA/fusogenic peptide particles, but had little effect on RPC/DNA/fusogenic peptide particles. RPC/DNA/fusogenic peptide particles were highly effective for gene delivery to both cell lines and post-mitotic corneal endothelium. PLL/DNA/fusogenic peptide particles were moderately effective on cell lines, but gave no gene delivery with corneal endothelial cells. We conclude that (Lys)(16)-based RPC/DNA/fusogenic peptide particles provide a gene delivery system which is potentially stable in the extracellular environment and, on reductive depolymerisation, can release DNA plasmids for nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences King's College London School of Medicine The Rayne Institute 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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93
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Abstract
Programmed nanoscaled systems are emerging that may be very useful for tumor-targeted drug delivery: novel nanoparticles are pre-programmed to alter their structure and properties during the drug delivery process to make them most effective for the different extra- and intracellular delivery steps. Programming is effected by the incorporation of molecular sensors that are able to respond to physical or biological stimuli, including changes in pH, redox potential or enzymes. Tumor-targeting principles include systemic passive targeting and active receptor targeting. Physical forces (e.g., electric or magnetic fields, ultrasound, hyperthermia or light) may contribute to focusing and triggered activation of nanosystems. Biological drugs delivered with programmed nanosystems also include plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA and related therapeutic nucleic acids formulated as 'synthetic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wagner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Professor and Chairman of Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
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94
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You YZ, Manickam DS, Zhou QH, Oupický D. Reducible poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate): synthesis, cytotoxicity, and gene delivery activity. J Control Release 2007; 122:217-225. [PMID: 17574292 PMCID: PMC2063492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reducible polycations represent promising carriers of therapeutic nucleic acids. Oligomers of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) containing terminal thiol groups were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using difunctional chain transfer agent. Reducible poly(DMAEMA) (rPDMAEMA) was synthesized by oxidation of the terminal thiol groups, forming a polymer with disulfide bonds in the backbone. Physico-chemical properties of DNA polyplexes of rPDMAEMA were evaluated by dynamic and static light scattering methods, revealing lower structural density and DNA content than control PDMAEMA polyplexes. Cytotoxicity and transfection activity of rPDMAEMA-based DNA polyplexes were evaluated in vitro. In comparison with control PDMAEMA, only minimum toxic effects of rPDMAEMA were observed in a panel of cell lines. Transfection activity was tested in B16F10 mouse melanoma and six human pancreatic cancer cell lines. rPDMAEMA polyplexes showed a comparable or better activity than control PDMAEMA polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Zi You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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95
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Chen J, Huang SW, Lin WH, Zhuo RX. Tunable film degradation and sustained release of plasmid DNA from cleavable polycation/plasmid DNA multilayers under reductive conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:636-43. [PMID: 17351989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The controllable and sustained release of DNA from the surfaces of biomaterials or biomedical devices represents a new method for localized gene delivery. We report the synthesis of a novel polycation containing disulfide bonds in its backbone and the fabrication of polycation/plasmid DNA multilayered thin films by layer-by-layer assembly. The films are very stable during preparation and in storage, however, they gradually degrade and release the incorporated DNA when incubated in PBS buffer containing dithiothreitol (DTT), which results from the degradation of a disulfide-contained polymer under reductive conditions. The film degradation rate and DNA release rate can be tuned by the concentration of reducing agent. This approach will be useful in gene therapy and tissue engineering by controlled administration of therapeutic DNA deposited on the surface of implantable biomedical devices or tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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96
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Abstract
Although currently less efficient than their viral counterparts, nonviral vectors are under intense investigation as a safer alternative for gene therapy. For successful delivery, the nonviral vector must be able to overcome many barriers to protect DNA and specifically deliver it for efficient gene expression in target cells. The use of peptides as gene delivery vectors is advantageous over other nonviral agents in that they are able to achieve all of these goals. This review will focus on the application of peptides to mediate nonviral gene delivery. By examining the literature over the past 20 years, it becomes clear that no other class of biomolecules are simultaneously capable of DNA condensation, blocking metabolism, endosomal escape, nuclear localization, and receptor targeting. Based on virtually limitless diversity of peptide sequence and function information from nature, it is increasingly clear that peptide-guided gene delivery is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E. Martin
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, 52242 Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin G. Rice
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, 52242 Iowa City, IA
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Yamashita A, Yui N, Ooya T, Kano A, Maruyama A, Akita H, Kogure K, Harashima H. Synthesis of a biocleavable polyrotaxane-plasmid DNA (pDNA) polyplex and its use for the rapid nonviral delivery of pDNA to cell nuclei. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2861-9. [PMID: 17406545 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This protocol provides a method for synthesizing a biocleavable polyrotaxane/plasmid DNA (pDNA) polyplex and for using it to deliver pDNA into cell nuclei. The biocleavable polyrotaxane is synthesized in four steps: (i) introduction of disulfide linkages at both terminals of PEG, (ii) preparation of an inclusion complex between disulfide-containing PEG and alpha-cyclodextrins (alpha-CDs), (iii) synthesis of polyrotaxane and (iv) modification of alpha-CDs in the polyrotaxane with dimethylethylenediamine. A polyplex of pDNA with the polyrotaxane is formed when the two compounds are dissolved together in a phosphate buffer. Subcellular localization of rhodamine-labeled pDNA in fluorescently labeled organelles is quantified by Z-series of confocal images captured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Significant amounts of pDNA delivered to the nucleus can be expected as well as high transfection activity of the polyplex. This protocol can be completed in 23-32 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- School of Materials Science and the 21st Century COE Program, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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98
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Pearce OMT, Fisher KD, Humphries J, Seymour LW, Smith A, Davis BG. Glycoviruses: chemical glycosylation retargets adenoviral gene transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 44:1057-1061. [PMID: 15688429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M T Pearce
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK, Fax: (+44) 1865-285-002
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HE, UK, Fax: (+44) 1865-224-538
| | - Julia Humphries
- Academic Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, St Thomas' Hospital, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HE, UK, Fax: (+44) 1865-224-538
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, St Thomas' Hospital, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK, Fax: (+44) 1865-285-002
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99
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Howard KA, Dong M, Oupicky D, Bisht HS, Buss C, Besenbacher F, Kjems J. Nanocarrier stimuli-activated gene delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:54-7. [PMID: 17294468 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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100
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Abstract
PEG shielding of non-viral vectors reduces undesired interactions with the extracellular environment. Combination with cell-binding domains enables in vivo targeting via specific attachment to the target cells. Pegylation, however, also interferes with effective intracellular nucleic acid delivery. Consistently triggered removal of the PEG shield after reaching the target cell would make non-viral vectors more compatible with the intracellular delivery steps. Physiological triggers may include changes in pH, enzyme concentration or redox potential. This review focuses on pH-sensitive shielding strategies that exploit the endosomal acidification process after endocytosis for deshielding of the delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyer
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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