51
|
Mura P, Saussereau E, Brunet B, Goullé JP. [Workplace testing of drugs of abuse and psychotropic drugs]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2012; 70:120-32. [PMID: 22655580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In France, workplace testing of drugs of abuse and psychotropic drugs is rarely performed; meanwhile it is a major public health problem. Furthermore, France is the European country that has been associated with the highest increase of the use of drugs of abuse, particularly cannabis. So workplace biological screening of drugs of abuse and of psychotropic drugs exposure is of major concern. New analytical techniques have been developed during the last years. The authors will consider analytical screening of drugs of abuse and particularly the comparison of analytical techniques applied to urine and saliva. The advantages and the disadvantages of these two matrices will be considered. Urinary and blood quantification will be reviewed, but also the interest of hair testing to explore chronic exposure. The research of psychotropic drugs in biological fluids is also a part of this paper. New analytical trends are promising and complete analysis of these substances will be soon routinely possible in blood using a single spot test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mura
- Laboratoire de toxicologie et de pharmacocinétique, centre hospitalier universitaire, BP 577, Poitiers cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Heaton J, Gray N, Cowan DA, Plumb RS, Legido-Quigley C, Smith NW. Comparison of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of ephedrines. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
53
|
Bioavailability study of triamterene and xipamide using urinary pharmacokinetic data following single oral dose of each drug or their combination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
54
|
Girón AJ, Deventer K, Roels K, Van Eenoo P. Development and validation of an open screening method for diuretics, stimulants and selected compounds in human urine by UHPLC-HRMS for doping control. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:137-46. [PMID: 22405312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new doping control screening method for the analysis of diuretics and stimulants using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry has been developed. The screening was performed in full scan MS with scan-to-scan polarity switching which allowed to detect more than 120 target analytes. Sample preparation was limited to 10-fold dilution of the urine into the internal standard solution followed by injection. Total run time per sample was 10 min. Validation of the method yielded detection limits for diuretics between 25 and 250 ng mL(-1) and for stimulants between 5 and 500 ng mL(-1). The screening method has been implemented in routine doping control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jiménez Girón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Recent developments in MS for small molecules: application to human doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:197-212. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in MS for the detection of small molecules in the context of doping control analysis are reviewed. Doping control analysis is evolving together with MS, which is the technique of choice in order to accomplish the analytical requirements in this field. Since these analytical requirements for the detection of a doping agent depend on the substance, in the first section we review the different scenarios. The commonly established approaches, together with their achievements and drawbacks are described. New developments in hyphenated MS techniques (both GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS) concerning interfaces and analyzers are mentioned. The use (or potential use) of these developments in order to minimize the limitations of the commonly established approaches in the doping control field is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion about trends and remaining limitations is presented.
Collapse
|
56
|
Guddat S, Solymos E, Orlovius A, Thomas A, Sigmund G, Geyer H, Thevis M, Schänzer W. High-throughput screening for various classes of doping agents using a new ‘dilute-and-shoot’ liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-target approach. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:836-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - E. Solymos
- Eötvös Loránd University; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | - A. Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - G. Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - H. Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - M. Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - W. Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Marclay F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M. A one-year monitoring of nicotine use in sport: Frontier between potential performance enhancement and addiction issues. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
58
|
Berg T, Strand DH. ¹³C labelled internal standards--a solution to minimize ion suppression effects in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of drugs in biological samples? J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9366-74. [PMID: 22119139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is frequently used to identify and quantify drugs in human biological samples due to the high selectivity and sensitivity of this technique. However, ion suppression effects caused by co-eluting compounds: drugs, metabolites, matrix components, impurities and degradation products, are a major concern. Stable isotope labelled internal standards (SIL ISs), usually deuterium ((2)H) labelled, are often used to compensate for these effects. In many LC separations the retention times of (2)H labelled ISs and their analogues will differ. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is increasingly being used for bio-analysis. With the better chromatographic resolution provided with sub 2 μm particles, larger separation between analytes and their (2)H labelled analogues can be expected, which might reduce the benefits of the SIL IS. There is a greater difference in physico-chemical properties between hydrogen isotopes than between isotopes of other elements. (13)C, (15)N and (18)O labelled ISs are more similar to their analytes than (2)H labelled ISs and thereby expected to behave more similarly in chromatographic separations. In this study we have investigated the use of (13)C and (2)H labelled ISs for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine by UPLC-MS/MS. The (13)C labelled ISs were co eluting with their analytes under different chromatographic conditions while the (2)H labelled ISs and their analytes were slightly separated. An improved ability to compensate for ion suppression effects were observed when the (13)C labelled ISs were used. Furthermore, an UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine using (13)C labelled ISs has been developed and validated. Unfortunately, there are few (13)C labelled ISs commercial available today. If more (13)C labelled ISs become commercial available they may well be the coming solution to minimize ion suppression/enhancement effects in LC-MS/MS analyses of drugs in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Screening and confirmation analysis of stimulants, narcotics and beta-adrenergic agents in human urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8156-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
60
|
Online extraction LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitative confirmation of urine drugs of abuse and metabolites: Amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, cannabis, benzodiazepines and methadone. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2642-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
61
|
Badoud F, Guillarme D, Boccard J, Grata E, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:49-61. [PMID: 21824736 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility of using elemental composition and isotope patterns for structural identification. These techniques must be able to distinguish equivocally between negative and suspicious samples with no false-negative or false-positive results. Therefore, high degree of reliability must be reached for the identification of major metabolites corresponding to suspected analytes. Along with current trends in pharmaceutical industry the analysis of proteins and peptides remains an important issue in doping control. Sophisticated analytical tools are still mandatory to improve their distinction from endogenous analogs. Finally, indirect approaches will be discussed in the context of anti-doping, in which recent advances are aimed to examine the biological response of a doping agent in a holistic way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Badoud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and Lausanne, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
63
|
A simple high pH liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for basic compounds: Application to ephedrines in doping control analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2098-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
64
|
Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Current role of LC-MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:405-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
65
|
Wilkinson SM, Watson MA, Willis AC, McLeod MD. Experimental and Kinetic Studies of the Escherichia coli Glucuronylsynthase: An Engineered Enzyme for the Synthesis of Glucuronide Conjugates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1992-2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101914s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Wilkinson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Morgan A. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Cadwallader AB, de la Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance-enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:1-16. [PMID: 20718736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diuretics are drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion to adjust the volume and composition of body fluids. There are several major categories of this drug class and the compounds vary greatly in structure, physicochemical properties, effects on urinary composition and renal haemodynamics, and site and mechanism of action. Diuretics are often abused by athletes to excrete water for rapid weight loss and to mask the presence of other banned substances. Because of their abuse by athletes, diuretics have been included on The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances; the use of diuretics is banned both in competition and out of competition and diuretics are routinely screened for by anti-doping laboratories. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of diuretics and discusses their application in sports. The most common analytical strategies currently followed by the anti-doping laboratories accredited by the WADA are discussed along with the challenges laboratories face for the analysis of this diverse class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Cadwallader
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
68
|
Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Gray N, Cowan D. A rapid screening LC-MS/MS method based on conventional HPLC pumps for the analysis of low molecular weight xenobiotics: application to doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:311-22. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
69
|
|
70
|
Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Angelis YS, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Peters RJB, Nielen MWF, Georgakopoulos C. Preventive doping control screening analysis of prohibited substances in human urine using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1595-1609. [PMID: 20486255 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Unification of the screening protocols for a wide range of doping agents has become an important issue for doping control laboratories. This study presents the development and validation of a generic liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) screening method of 241 small molecule analytes from various categories of prohibited substances (stimulants, narcotics, diuretics, beta(2)-agonists, beta-blockers, hormone antagonists and modulators, glucocorticosteroids and anabolic agents). It is based on a single-step liquid-liquid extraction of hydrolyzed urine and the use of a rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric system acquiring continuous full scan data. Electrospray ionization in the positive mode was used. Validation parameters consisted of identification capability, limit of detection, specificity, ion suppression, extraction recovery, repeatability and mass accuracy. Detection criteria were established on the basis of retention time reproducibility and mass accuracy. The suitability of the methodology for doping control was demonstrated with positive urine samples. The preventive role of the method was proved by the case where full scan acquisition with accurate mass measurement allowed the retrospective reprocessing of acquired data from past doping control samples for the detection of a designer drug, the stimulant 4-methyl-2-hexanamine, which resulted in re-reporting a number of stored samples as positives for this particular substance, when, initially, they had been reported as negatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spiros Louis', 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. II: Confirmatory analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
72
|
Strano Rossi S, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of stimulants and narcotics in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1475-1480. [PMID: 20411587 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A fast method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 52 stimulants and narcotics excreted unconjugated in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The procedure involves the liquid/liquid extraction of the analytes from urine at strong alkaline pH and the injection of the extract into a GC/MS instrument with a fast GC column (10 m x 0.18 mm i.d.); the short column allows the complete separation of the 52 analytes in a chromatographic run of 8 min. The method has been fully validated giving lower limits of detection (LLODs) satisfactory for its application to antidoping analysis as well as to forensic toxicology. The repeatability of the concentrations and the retention times are good both for intra- and for inter-day experiments (%CV of concentrations always lower than 15 and %CV of retention times lower than 0.6). In addition, the analytical bias is satisfactory (A% always >15%). The method proposed here would be particularly useful whenever there are time constraints and the analyses have to be completed in the shortest possible time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strano Rossi
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo G. Onesti 1, 00197 Rome RM, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Brun EM, Torres A, Ventura R, Puchades R, Maquieira A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for doping control of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 671:70-9. [PMID: 20541645 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride and dutasteride are 5alpha-reductase inhibitors included in the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of banned substances. Two highly sensitive and selective ELISA assays were developed for these compounds. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were raised using synthesized haptens and other commercial products. The best immunoassay obtained, based on an antibody-coated format, showed a limit of detection of 0.01 microg L(-1) and an IC(50) of 0.75 microg L(-1) for finasteride (cross-reactivity with dutasteride<4%). The second assay allowed finasteride and dutasteride determination, with limits of detection of 0.013 and 0.021 microg L(-1), and IC(50) values 0.18 and 1.18 microg L(-1), respectively. Both assays were highly selective to a set of anabolic steroids, but they showed 37% and 30% cross-reactivity with the major urinary metabolite of finasteride, allowing its determination. The developed ELISA had better sensitivity than HPLC/MS/MS method and was applied as a screening technique to quantify dutasteride, finasteride, and its main metabolite in human urine without sample pre-treatment. Moreover, the analysis of dutasteride's excretion urines by ELISA was used to obtain its human excretion rate, essential to improve the analytical strategies about this type of drugs (permitted as medicines and prohibited in sport) and to establish an effective anti-doping policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Brun
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Peters RJB, Oosterink JE, Stolker AAM, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen MWF. Generic sample preparation combined with high-resolution liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for unification of urine screening in doping-control laboratories. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2583-98. [PMID: 20155493 PMCID: PMC2841770 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A unification of doping-control screening procedures of prohibited small molecule substances--including stimulants, narcotics, steroids, beta2-agonists and diuretics--is highly urgent in order to free resources for new classes such as banned proteins. Conceptually this may be achieved by the use of a combination of one gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and one liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. In this work a quantitative screening method using high-resolution liquid chromatography in combination with accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated for determination of glucocorticosteroids, beta2-agonists, thiazide diuretics, and narcotics and stimulants in urine. To enable the simultaneous isolation of all the compounds of interest and the necessary purification of the resulting extracts, a generic extraction and hydrolysis procedure was combined with a solid-phase extraction modified for these groups of compounds. All 56 compounds are determined using positive electrospray ionisation with the exception of the thiazide diuretics for which the best sensitivity was obtained by using negative electrospray ionisation. The results show that, with the exception of clenhexyl, procaterol, and reproterol, all compounds can be detected below the respective minimum required performance level and the results for linearity, repeatability, within-lab reproducibility, and accuracy show that the method can be used for quantitative screening. If qualitative screening is sufficient the instrumental analysis may be limited to positive ionisation, because all analytes including the thiazides can be detected at the respective minimum required levels in the positive mode. The results show that the application of accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with generic extraction and purification procedures is suitable for unification and expansion of the window of screening methods of doping laboratories. Moreover, the full-scan accurate-mass data sets obtained still allow retrospective examination for emerging doping agents, without re-analyzing the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J B Peters
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
β-blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs that are used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack) and hypertension. They have revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris and are recommended as first-line agents by national and international guidelines. Although β-blockers are still the cornerstone for the treatment of heart failure, some of the drugs in this category are prohibited in several sports requiring vehicle control and bodily movements as they reduce heart rate and tremors, and improve performance. As a result, urine analysis of β-blockers is mandatory in doping control and toxicological screening. The determination of plasma levels of β-blockers helps to ensure noncompliance in patients with persistent hypertonia to confirm the diagnosis of β-blocker poisoning and for therapeutic drug monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive account of various analytical methods developed for detection and quantitation of β-blockers in plasma and urine.
Collapse
|
76
|
Simultaneous analysis of fourteen tertiary amine stimulants in human urine for doping control purposes by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 657:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
77
|
Guillarme D, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
78
|
Murray GJ, Danaceau JP. Simultaneous extraction and screening of diuretics, beta-blockers, selected stimulants and steroids in human urine by HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3857-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
79
|
Maquille A, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. High-Throughput Screening of Drugs of Abuse in Urine by Supported Liquid–Liquid Extraction and UHPLC Coupled to Tandem MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
80
|
Retrospective drug detection in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault: challenges and perspectives for the forensic toxicologist. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:1001-13. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported incidences of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) are on the increase worldwide. These cases represent a particular challenge for the forensic toxicologist due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate evidence of drug administration. Primarily, this is due to the nature and diversity of the drugs involved, their pharmacology and sampling timescales. Evaluating whether a drug has been administered to a victim for the purpose of sexual assault can often be difficult, if not impossible. This review draws attention to this burgeoning crime and focuses on the unique challenges DFSA cases present in terms of evidential analysis. Current analytical methodologies for investigating DFSA are highlighted and discussed along with developments in improving analytical procedures. In particular, enlarging detection windows by adopting emerging LC–MS techniques is also discussed. This review also highlights the use of cutting-edge technologies such as ultra-HPLC and the use of alternative matrices for addressing the problem of improved retrospective drug detection.
Collapse
|
81
|
Deventer K, Pozo O, Van Eenoo P, Delbeke F. Qualitative detection of diuretics and acidic metabolites of other doping agents in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5819-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
82
|
Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Generic sample preparation and dual polarity liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening in doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:250-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
83
|
Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4423-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
84
|
|
85
|
Determination of opiates and cocaine in urine by high pH mobile phase reversed phase UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:421-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
86
|
Bowers LD. The analytical chemistry of drug monitoring in athletes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:485-507. [PMID: 20636072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection and deterrence of the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs in sport are important to maintaining a level playing field among athletes and to decreasing the risk to athletes' health. The World Anti-Doping Program consists of six documents, three of which play a role in analytical development: The World Anti-Doping Code, The List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, and The International Standard for Laboratories. Among the classes of prohibited substances, three have given rise to the most recent analytical developments in the field: anabolic agents; peptide and protein hormones; and methods to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues, including recombinant erythropoietin. Methods for anabolic agents, including designer steroids, have been enhanced through the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Protein and peptide identification and quantification have benefited from advances in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Incorporation of techniques such as flow cytometry and isoelectric focusing have supported the detection of blood doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Bowers
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008-analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
88
|
Thevis M, Sigmund G, Thomas A, Gougoulidis V, Rodchenkov G, Schänzer W. Doping control analysis of metamfepramone and two major metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:507-515. [PMID: 19661559 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sympathomimetic agent metamfepramone (2-dimethylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one, dimethylpropion) is widely used for the treatment of the common cold or hypotonic conditions. Due to its stimulating properties and its rapid metabolism resulting in major degradation products such as methylpseudoephedrine and methcathinone, it has been considered relevant for doping controls by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The rapid degradation of the active drug complicates the detection of metamfepramone itself but the metabolites methylpseudoephedrine and methcathinone can be monitored, and the finding of the latter in particular allows the inference of a metamfepramone administration. In order to improve sports drug testing procedures, metamfepramone, methylpseudoephedrine and methcathinone were characterized using electrospray ionization-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry, and a method employing liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was established that allowed the analysis of these three analytes by direct injection of 2 microL of urine specimens. The assay was validated with regard to specificity, lower limits of detection (2-10 ng mL(-1)), intraday and interday precision (3-17%) and ion suppression/enhancement effects. The developed procedure has been used to verify or falsify suspicious signals observed in routine screening procedures based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and yielded an adverse analytical finding concerning a metamfepramone administration in an authentic doping control sample. Although the active drug was not detected, the indicative metabolites methylpseudoephedrine and methcathinone were considered sufficient to infer the application of the prohibited drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Trevorrow P. Launch Editorial. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:1-3. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|