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Petit GH, Berkovich E, Hickery M, Kallunki P, Fog K, Fitzer-Attas C, Brundin P. Rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in an alpha-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60691. [PMID: 23573275 PMCID: PMC3616111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired olfaction is an early pre-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. The neuropathology underlying olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is unknown, however α-synuclein accumulation/aggregation and altered neurogenesis might play a role. We characterized olfactory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease expressing human wild-type α-synuclein under the control of the mouse α-synuclein promoter. Preliminary clinical observations suggest that rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, improves olfaction in Parkinson's disease. We therefore examined whether rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in this Parkinson's disease model and investigated the role of olfactory bulb neurogenesis. α-Synuclein mice were progressively impaired in their ability to detect odors, to discriminate between odors, and exhibited alterations in short-term olfactory memory. Rasagiline treatment rescued odor detection and odor discrimination abilities. However, rasagiline did not affect short-term olfactory memory. Finally, olfactory changes were not coupled to alterations in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We conclude that rasagiline reverses select olfactory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The findings correlate with preliminary clinical observations suggesting that rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine H Petit
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurological diseases. Despite the modern imaging and nuclear techniques which help to diagnose it in a very early stage and lead to a better discrimination of similar diseases, PD has remained a clinical diagnosis. The increasing number of available treatment options makes the disease management often complicated even when the presence of PD seems undoubted. In addition, nonmotor symptoms and side effects of some therapies constitute some pitfalls already in the preclinical state or at the beginnings of the disease, especially with the progressive effect on patients. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize study results and depict recommended medical treatments for the most common motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD. Additionally, emerging new therapeutic options such as continuous pump therapies, eg, with apomorphine or parenteral levodopa, or the implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Matos MJ, Vilar S, Gonzalez-Franco RM, Uriarte E, Santana L, Friedman C, Tatonetti NP, Viña D, Fontenla JA. Novel (coumarin-3-yl)carbamates as selective MAO-B inhibitors: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo assays, theoretical evaluation of ADME properties and docking study. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:151-61. [PMID: 23474901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of (coumarin-3-yl)carbamates was synthesized and evaluated in vitro as monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) inhibitors. Most of the new compounds selectively inhibited MAO-B isoenzyme with IC50 values in the micro or nanoMolar ranges. Since these compounds must achieve the brain cells, theoretical evaluation of ADME properties were also carried out. Compound 8 (benzyl(coumarin-3-yl)carbamate), which presented the most interesting in vitro MAO-B inhibitory profile (IC50 against MAO-B = 45 nM), was subjected to further studies. This in vitro MAO-B inhibitory activity is comparable with that of the selegiline, the reference compound (IC50 against MAO-B = 20 nM). Taking into account the in vitro results of compound 8, in vivo assays and docking calculations were also carried out for this derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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I1 imidazoline receptor: novel potential cytoprotective target of TVP1022, the S-enantiomer of rasagiline. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47890. [PMID: 23166584 PMCID: PMC3499525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TVP1022, the S-enantiomer of rasagiline (Azilect®) (N-propargyl-1R-aminoindan), exerts cyto/cardio-protective effects in a variety of experimental cardiac and neuronal models. Previous studies have demonstrated that the protective activity of TVP1022 and other propargyl derivatives involve the activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In the current study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of action and signaling pathways of TVP1022 which may account for the cyto/cardio-protective efficacy of the drug. Using specific receptor binding and enzyme assays, we demonstrated that the imidazoline 1 and 2 binding sites (I1 & I2) are potential targets for TVP1022 (IC50 = 9.5E-08 M and IC50 = 1.4E-07 M, respectively). Western blotting analysis showed that TVP1022 (1–20 µM) dose-dependently increased the immunoreactivity of phosphorylated p42 and p44 MAPK in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). This effect of TVP1022 was significantly attenuated by efaroxan, a selective I1 imidazoline receptor antagonist. In addition, the cytoprotective effect of TVP1022 demonstrated in NRVM against serum deprivation-induced toxicity was markedly inhibited by efaroxan, thus suggesting the importance of I1imidazoline receptor in mediating the cardioprotective activity of the drug. Our findings suggest that the I1imidazoline receptor represents a novel site of action for the cyto/cardio-protective efficacy of TVP1022.
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Abstract
Disease modification or slowing the progression of any neurodegenerative disorder represents a dire unmet need. There have been trials for several decades specifically designed to help evaluate whether a specific therapy might be able to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) or be disease modifying. Trials evaluating the use of coenzyme Q10, pramipexole, and levodopa suggest that these medications offer symptomatic benefit uniquely, while other studies reveal that rasagiline and selegiline may be disease modifying. This review will discuss in detail the design and results of clinical trials for varied medical therapies that were specifically undertaken to discern whether a particular treatment might be disease modifying in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Lew
- Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Abstract
It has long been recognized that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have a role in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline has neuroprotective effects in animal models, mediated partly by its antiapoptotic activity. Rasagiline has been shown to be effective as monotherapy for early PD and as an adjunct to dopaminergic therapy. Clinical trials have also shown putative disease-modifying effects, though rasagiline's potential to alter the long-term course of PD remains controversial. Given the demonstrated benefits of rasagiline, along with its safety and tolerability profile, it has an important role to play in PD therapy.
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Dunkel P, Chai CL, Sperlágh B, Huleatt PB, Mátyus P. Clinical utility of neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative diseases: current status of drug development for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1267-308. [PMID: 22741814 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.703178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the definition of the Committee to Identify Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinson's Disease (CINAPS), "neuroprotection would be any intervention that favourably influences the disease process or underlying pathogenesis to produce enduring benefits for patients" [Meissner W, et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:249-253]. Preferably, neuroprotective agents should be used before or eventually during the prodromal phase of the diseases that could start decades before the appearance of symptoms. Although several symptomatic drugs are available, a disease-modifying agent is still elusive. AREAS COVERED The aim of the present review is to give an overview of neuroprotective agents being currently investigated for the treatment of AD, PD, HD and ALS in clinical phases. EXPERT OPINION Development of effective neuroprotective therapies resulting in clinically meaningful results is hampered by several factors in all research stages, both conceptual and methodological. Novel solutions might be offered by evaluation of new targets throughout clinical studies, therapies emerging from drug repositioning approaches, multi-target approaches and network pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Semmelweis University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Budapest, Hungary
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Srividhya R, Gayathri R, Kalaiselvi P. Impact of epigallo catechin-3-gallate on acetylcholine-acetylcholine esterase cycle in aged rat brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Viña D, Matos MJ, Yáñez M, Santana L, Uriarte E. 3-Substituted coumarins as dual inhibitors of AChE and MAO for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schapira AHV. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review of symptomatic and potential disease-modifying effects. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:1061-71. [PMID: 22133327 DOI: 10.2165/11596310-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a disorder characterized pathologically by progressive neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic cells of the nigrostriatal pathway. Although the resulting dopamine deficiency is the cause of the typical motor features of Parkinson's disease (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor), additional non-motor symptoms appear at various timepoints and are the result of non-dopamine nerve degeneration. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors are used in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease as they increase synaptic dopamine by blocking its degradation. Two MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline, are currently licensed in Europe and North America for the symptomatic improvement of early Parkinson's disease and to reduce off-time in patients with more advanced Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations related to levodopa. A third MAO-B inhibitor (safinamide), which also combines additional non-dopaminergic properties of potential benefit to Parkinson's disease, is currently under development in phase III clinical trials as adjuvant therapy to either a dopamine agonist or levodopa. MAO-B inhibitors have also been studied extensively for possible neuroprotective or disease-modifying actions. There is considerable laboratory evidence that MAO-B inhibitors do exert some neuroprotective properties, at least in the Parkinson's disease models currently available. However, these models have significant limitations and caution is required in assuming that such results may easily be extrapolated to clinical trials. Rasagiline 1 mg/day has been shown to provide improved motor control in terms of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score at 18 months in those patients with early disease who began the drug 9 months before a second group. There are a number of possible explanations for this effect that may include a disease-modifying action; however, the US FDA recently declined an application for the licence of rasagiline to be extended to cover disease modification.
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Ertracht O, Liani E, Bachner-Hinenzon N, Bar-Am O, Frolov L, Ovcharenko E, Awad H, Blum S, Barac Y, Amit T, Adam D, Youdim M, Binah O. The cardioprotective efficacy of TVP1022 in a rat model of ischaemia/reperfusion. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:755-69. [PMID: 21323905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, protecting the heart from the ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) damage is the focus of intense research. Based on our in vitro findings showing that TVP1022 (the S-enantiomer of rasagiline, an anti-Parkinsonian drug) possesses cardioprotective effects, in the present study we investigated the hypothesis that TVP1022 can attenuate myocardial damage in an I/R model in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The model consisted of 30-min occlusion of the left anterior descending artery followed by 4 or 24 h reperfusion. In addition, we investigated the possible mechanisms of cardioprotection in H9c2 cells and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) exposed to oxidative stress induced by H(2) O(2) . KEY RESULTS TVP1022 (20 and 40 mg·kg(-1) ) administered 5 min before reperfusion followed by an additional dose 4 h after reperfusion reduced the infarct size and attenuated the decline in ventricular function. TVP1022 also attenuated I/R-induced deterioration in cardiac mitochondrial integrity evaluated by mitochondrial swelling capacity. In vitro, using H9c2 cells and NRVM, TVP1022 attenuated both serum free- and H(2) O(2) -induced damage, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2 levels, inhibited mitochondrial cytochrome c release and the increase in cleaved caspase 9 and 3 levels, and enhanced the phosphorylation of protein kinase C and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TVP1022 provided cardioprotection in a model of myocardial infarction, and therefore should be considered as a novel adjunctive therapy for attenuating myocardial damage resulting from I/R injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offir Ertracht
- Department of Physiology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Jenner P, Langston JW. Explaining ADAGIO: a critical review of the biological basis for the clinical effects of rasagiline. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2316-23. [PMID: 21953831 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAGIO study demonstrated a symptomatic benefit for rasagiline in early Parkinson's disease (PD) and suggested a disease-modifying effect. Evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of PD and that this may be the site of effect for rasagiline. In this systematic review, evidence for the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of PD are reviewed in light of other proposed mechanisms of neuronal degeneration and the actions of rasagiline and its component parts, namely propargylamine and the metabolite, aminoindan. Evidence for the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD are reviewed in light of other proposed mechanisms of neuronal degeneration and clinical actions of rasagiline. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) located in the outer mitochondrial membrane controls dopamine metabolism in early PD, and this is the likely location for the symptomatic action of rasagiline. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD, either directly or through other mechanisms such as oxidative stress or protein misfolding. Further rasagiline affects numerous mitochondrial mechanisms that prevent apoptotic cell death including prevention of opening of the mitochondrial transition pore, decreased release of cytochrome C, alterations in pro-antiapoptotic genes and proteins, and the nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Thus, the functional neuroprotective actions of rasagiline may not be dependent on MAO-B inhibition, but rather may involve actions of the propargylamine moiety and the aminoindan metabolite. An accumulating body of literature indicates a mitochondrial site of action for rasagiline and highlights the neuroprotective action of the drug, providing strong biological plausibility for disease-modifying effects of the drug such as those observed in ADAGIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK.
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Herraiz T, Guillén H. Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abassi ZA, Barac YD, Kostin S, Roguin A, Ovcharenko E, Awad H, Blank A, Bar-Am O, Amit T, Schaper J, Youdim M, Binah O. TVP1022 Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Kidney Dysfunction in Experimental Volume Overload-Induced Congestive Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:463-73. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.111.961037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid A. Abassi
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Yaron D. Barac
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Sawa Kostin
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Ariel Roguin
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Elena Ovcharenko
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Hoda Awad
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Ayelet Blank
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Tamar Amit
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Jutta Schaper
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Moussa Youdim
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
| | - Ofer Binah
- From the Department of Physiology (Z.A.A., Y.D.B., E.O., H.A., O.B.) and the Department of Pharmacology (A.B., O.B.-A., T.A., M.Y.), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; the Department of Cardiology (A.R.) and Research Unit (Z.A.A.), Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel; and Max-Planck Institute, Core Facility of Molecular and Structural Biology, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.K., J.S.)
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Kato K, Tanaka T, Sadik G, Baba M, Maruyama D, Yanagida K, Kodama T, Morihara T, Tagami S, Okochi M, Kudo T, Takeda M. Protein kinase C stabilizes X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) through phosphorylation at Ser(87) to suppress apoptotic cell death. Psychogeriatrics 2011; 11:90-7. [PMID: 21707856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2011.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple protein kinases have been shown to be involved in the apoptotic neuronal loss of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although some studies support the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in amyloid precursor protein processing as well as in tau phosphorylation, a direct role for PKC in apoptotic neuronal death remains to be clarified. In the present study, we report on the possible role of PKC in cell survival during conditions of stress through phosphorylation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). METHODS Phosphorylation of XIAP at Ser87 was confirmed by western blot analysis employing phosphorylation dependent anti-XIAP antibody after incubation of recombinant XIAP with active PKC in vitro. And increased phosphorylation of XIAP at the site was also confirmed in SH-SY5Y cells treated with PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A mutant XIAP construct in which Ser87 was substituted by Ala, was prepared, and transfected to cells. After the transfection of wild or mutant XIAP, cells viability was evaluated by counting living and dead cells treated with PMA during etoposide-induced apoptosis. RESULTS Recombinant XIAP was phosphorylated at Ser(87) by PKC in vitro and treatment of XIAP-transfected SH-SY5Y cells with a PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced phosphorylation of XIAP at Ser(87) . Pulse chase experiments revealed that, when phosphorylated at Ser(87) , wild-type XIAP is more stable than XIAP with a Ser87Ala substitution, which is degraded faster. Importantly, the phosphorylation of XIAP at the site by PKC significantly increased cell survival up to approximately 2.5 times under the condition of apoptosis induced by 25 µg/ml etoposide. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study indicate a role for PKC, through phosphorylation of XIAP at Ser(87) and its stabilization, in cell survival under conditions of stress and lend strength to the idea that PKC is crucial in regulating neuronal homeostasis, which may be impaired in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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The emergence of designed multiple ligands for neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:347-59. [PMID: 21536094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has seen a constant increase in the global population, and is likely to be the result of extended life expectancy brought about by better health care. Despite this increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, there has been a dearth in the introduction of new disease-modifying therapies that are approved to prevent or delay the onset of these diseases, or reverse the degenerative processes in brain. Mounting evidence in the peer-reviewed literature shows that the etiopathology of these diseases is extremely complex and heterogeneous, resulting in significant comorbidity and therefore unlikely to be mitigated by any drug acting on a single pathway or target. A recent trend in drug design and discovery is the rational design or serendipitous discovery of novel drug entities with the ability to address multiple drug targets that form part of the complex pathophysiology of a particular disease state. In this review we discuss the rationale for developing such multifunctional drugs (also called designed multiple ligands or DMLs), and why these drug candidates seem to offer better outcomes in many cases compared to single-targeted drugs in pre-clinical studies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Examples are drawn from the literature of drug candidates that have already reached the market, some unsuccessful attempts, and others that are still in the drug development pipeline.
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Bandyopadhyay S, Huang X, Lahiri DK, Rogers JT. Novel drug targets based on metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 14:1177-97. [PMID: 20942746 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.525352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Increased localization of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al within the senile plaques (SP) exacerbates amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated oxidative damage, and acts as catalyst for Aβ aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, disruption of aberrant metal-peptide interactions via chelation therapy holds considerable promise as a rational therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's amyloid pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The complexities of metal-induced genesis of SP are reviewed. The recent advances in the molecular mechanism of action of metal chelating agents are discussed with critical assessment of their potential to become drugs. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Taking into consideration the interaction of metals with the metal-responsive elements on the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP), readers will gain understanding of several points to bear in mind when developing a screening campaign for AD-therapeutics. TAKE HOME MESSAGE A functional iron-responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loop in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the APP transcript regulates neural APP translation. Desferrioxamine, clioquinol, tetrathiolmolybdate, dimercaptopropanol, VK-28, and natural antioxidants, such as curcumin and ginko biloba need critical evaluation as AD therapeutics. There is a necessity for novel screens (related to metallobiology) to identify therapeutics effective in AD.
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Geldenhuys WJ, Ko KS, Stinnett H, Van der Schyf CJ, Lim MH. Identification of multifunctional small molecule-based reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Swerdlow RH. Role and treatment of mitochondrial DNA-related mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:3356-73. [PMID: 21902672 PMCID: PMC3351798 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798072535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several sporadic neurodegenerative diseases display phenomena that directly or indirectly relate to mitochondrial function. Data suggesting altered mitochondrial function in these diseases could arise from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are reviewed. Approaches for manipulating mitochondrial function and minimizing the downstream consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, 66160, USA.
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71
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Johnson S, Tazik S, Lu D, Johnson C, Youdim MBH, Wang J, Rajkowska G, Ou XM. The New Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase, M30, has a Neuroprotective Effect Against Dexamethasone-Induced Brain Cell Apoptosis. Front Neurosci 2010; 4:180. [PMID: 21103012 PMCID: PMC2987595 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress detrimentally affects the brain and body and can lead to or be accompanied by depression. Although stress and depression may contribute to each other, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the effects is unclear. However, there is a correlation between stress and an increase in glucocorticoid secretion which causes a subsequent increase in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during stress. Consequently, MAO inhibitors have been used as traditional antidepressant drugs. Cellular treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (a cellular stressor), has been reported to markedly increase both MAO A and MAO B catalytic activities, as well as apoptosis. This study compares the neuroprotective abilities of M30 (a new generation inhibitor of both MAO A and MAO B) with rasagiline (Azilect®, another new MAO B inhibitor) and selegiline (Deprenyl®, a traditional MAO B inhibitor) in the prevention of dexamethasone-induced brain cell death and MAO activity in human neuroblastoma cells, SH-SY5Y. M30 demonstrated the highest inhibitory effect on MAO A; however, M30 showed the lowest inhibitory effect on MAO B enzymatic activity in comparison to rasagiline and selegiline. Although, M30 exhibited the greatest neuroprotective effect by decreasing cell death rates and apoptotic DNA damage compared to rasagiline and selegiline, these neuroprotective effects of M30 were, overall, similar to rasagiline. Summarily, M30 has a generally greater impact on neuroprotection than the MAO B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline. Our results suggest that M30 may have great potential in alleviating disorders involving increases in both MAO A and MAO B, such as stress-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakevia Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, USA
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72
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Youdim MBH. Why do we need multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders? Rambam Maimonides Med J 2010; 1:e0011. [PMID: 23908783 PMCID: PMC3678780 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are severe neurodegenerative disorders, with no drugs that are currently approved to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic in brains of patients suffering from PD and AD, and all drug treatments are symptomatic and monomodal in their action. Due to the complex pathophysiology, including a cascade of neurotoxic molecular events that result in neuronal death and predisposition to depression and eventual dementia, and etiology of these disorders, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorestoration (neurorescue) is the development and use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals which can act at different brain regions and neurons. Such drugs target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to the cascades that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. In this short review, we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective-neurorestorative therapeutics in PD and AD, some of which are under development. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources.
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Chau KY, Cooper JM, Schapira AHV. Rasagiline protects against alpha-synuclein induced sensitivity to oxidative stress in dopaminergic cells. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:525-9. [PMID: 20624440 PMCID: PMC3769805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline is a propargylamine and irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in laboratory studies. Current concepts of PD aetiopathogenesis include the role of alpha-synuclein, protein aggregation, free radical metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in contributing to cell death. We have used a combination of alpha-synuclein and free radical mediated toxicity in a dopaminergic cell line to provide a model of nigral toxicity in order to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms that mediate rasagiline protection. We demonstrate that rasagiline protects against cell death induced by the combination of free radicals generated by paraquat and either wild-type or A53T mutant alpha-synuclein over-expression. This protection was associated with a reduction in caspase 3 activation, a reduction in superoxide generation and a trend to ameliorate the fall in mitochondrial membrane potential. Rasagiline induced an increase in cellular glutathione levels. The results support a role for rasagiline in protecting dopaminergic cells against free radical mediated damage and apoptosis in the presence of alpha-synuclein over-expression. The data are of relevance to the interpretation of the potential mechanisms of action of rasagiline in explaining the results of disease modification trials in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Chau
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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74
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Finberg JP. Pharmacology of Rasagiline, a New MAO-B Inhibitor Drug for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Neuroprotective Potential. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2010; 1:e0003. [PMID: 23908775 PMCID: PMC3721659 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasagiline (Azilect) is a highly selective and potent propargylamine inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B. Like other similar propargylamine inhibitors, rasagiline binds covalently to the N5 nitrogen of the flavin residue of MAO, resulting in irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Therapeutic doses of the drug which inhibit brain MAO-B by 95% or more cause minimal inhibition of MAO-A, and do not potentiate the pressor or other pharmacological effects of tyramine. Metabolic conversion of the compound in vivo is by hepatic cytochrome P450-1A2, with generation of 1-aminoindan as the major metabolite. Rasagiline possesses no amphetamine-like properties, by contrast with the related compound selegiline (Deprenyl, Jumex, Eldepryl). Although the exact distribution of MAO isoforms in different neurons and tissues is not known, dopamine behaves largely as a MAO-A substrate in vivo, but following loss of dopaminergic axonal varicosities from the striatum, metabolism by glial MAO-B becomes increasingly important. Following subchronic administration to normal rats, rasagiline increases levels of dopamine in striatal microdialysate, possibly by the build-up of β-phenylethylamine, which is an excellent substrate for MAO-B, and is an effective inhibitor of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT). Both of these mechanisms may participate in the anti-Parkinsonian effect of rasagiline in humans. Rasagiline possesses neuroprotective properties in a variety of primary neuronal preparations and neuron-like cell lines, which is not due to MAO inhibition. Recent clinical studies have also demonstrated possible neuroprotective properties of the drug in human Parkinsonian patients, as shown by a reduced rate of decline of symptoms over time.
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75
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Youdim MBH. Why do we need multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases as disease modifying agents. Exp Neurobiol 2010; 19:1-14. [PMID: 22110336 PMCID: PMC3214798 DOI: 10.5607/en.2010.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are severe neurodegenerative disorders, with no drugs that are currently approved to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic in brains of patients suffering from PD and AD and all drug treatment are synptomactic. Due to the complex pathophysiology, including a cascade of neurotoxic molecular events that results in neuronal death and predisposition to depression and eventual dementia and etiology of these disorders, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorestoration (neurorescue) may be the development and use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals. Such drugs target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to the cascades that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. In this short review, we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective-neurorestorative therapeutics in PD and AD. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf and US National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Efron St., Haifa 31096, Israel
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76
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Galindo MF, Ikuta I, Zhu X, Casadesus G, Jordán J. Mitochondrial biology in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2010; 114:933-45. [PMID: 20492350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing knowledge of Alzheimer's disease (AD) management with novel pharmacologic agents, most of them are only transiently fixing symptomatic pathology. Currently there is rapid growth in the field of neuroprotective pharmacology and increasing focus on the involvement of mitochondria in this devastating disease. This review is directed at understanding the role of mitochondria-mediated pathways in AD and integrating basic biology of the mitochondria with knowledge of possible pharmacologic targets for AD treatment in an attempt to elucidate novel mitochondria-driven therapeutic interventions useful to both clinical and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Galindo
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Translacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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77
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Tarawneh R, Galvin JE. Potential future neuroprotective therapies for neurodegenerative disorders and stroke. Clin Geriatr Med 2010; 26:125-47. [PMID: 20176298 PMCID: PMC2828394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal loss and neurodegeneration have been an area of interest in the last decade. Although neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease each have distinct clinical symptoms and pathologies, they all share common mechanisms such as protein aggregation, oxidative injury, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial injury that contribute to neuronal loss. Although cerebrovascular disease has different causes from the neurodegenerative disorders, many of the same common disease mechanisms come into play following a stroke. Novel therapies that target each of these mechanisms may be effective in decreasing the risk of disease, abating symptoms, or slowing down their progression. Although most of these therapies are experimental, and require further investigation, a few seem to offer promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108
| | - James E. Galvin
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108
- Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108
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78
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Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6641-5.00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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79
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Bar-Am O, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MBH. The neuroprotective mechanism of 1-(R)-aminoindan, the major metabolite of the anti-parkinsonian drug rasagiline. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1131-7. [PMID: 20002521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The anti-parkinsonian drug, rasagiline [N-propargyl-1-(R)-aminoindan; Azilect(R)], is a secondary cyclic benzylamine and indane derivative, which provides irreversible, potent monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibition and possesses neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities. A prospective clinical trial has shown that rasagiline confers significant symptomatic improvement and demonstrated alterations in Parkinson's disease progression. Rasagiline is primarily metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 to form its major metabolite, 1-(R)-aminoindan, a non-amphetamine, weak reversible MAO-B inhibitor compound. Recent studies indicated the potential neuroprotective effect of 1-(R)-aminoindan, suggesting that it may contribute to the overall neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of its parent compound, rasagiline. This review article briefly highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of the active metabolite of rasagiline, 1-(R)-aminoindan, supporting the valuable potential of rasagiline for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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80
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Restoration of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons in Post-MPTP Treatment by the Novel Multifunctional Brain-Permeable Iron Chelator-Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drug, M30. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:15-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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81
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Malaty IA, Fernandez HH. Role of rasagiline in treating Parkinson's disease: Effect on disease progression. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5:413-9. [PMID: 19753135 PMCID: PMC2695242 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasagiline is a second generation, selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor. It has demonstrated efficacy in monotherapy for early Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients in one large randomized, placebo-controlled trial (TVP-1012 in Early Monotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease Outpatients), and has shown ability to reduce off time in more advanced PD patients with motor fluctuations in two large placebo-controlled trials (Parkinson’s Rasagiline: Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of “Off”, and Lasting Effect in Adjunct Therapy With Rasagiline Given Once Daily). Preclinical data abound to suggest potential for neuroprotection by this compound against a variety of neurotoxic insults in cell cultures and in animals. The lack of amphetamine metabolites provides an advantage over the first generation MAO-B inhibitor selegiline. One large trial has investigated the potential for disease modification in PD patients (Attenuation of Disease progression with Azilect Given Once-daily) and preliminary results maintain some possible advantage to earlier initiation of the 1 mg/day dose. The clinical significance of the difference detected remains a consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Malaty
- University of Florida Movement Disorders Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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82
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Sagi Y, Drigues N, Youdim MBH. Genomic and proteomic study to survey the mechanism of action of the anti-Parkinson's disease drug, rasagiline compared with selegiline, in the rat midbrain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1457-72. [PMID: 19396396 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) drug, rasagiline (N-propargyl-1-(R)-aminoindan), is a second generation of irreversible selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B follows selegiline. In light of the recent large clinical study (phase III ADAGIO) reporting benefits in PD patients, it has been suggested that rasagiline could be the first PD treatment to receive the label neuroprotective "disease-modifying" drug. Indeed, rasagiline has been shown to have a broad neuroprotective activity against a variety of neurotoxins in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and in cultured neuronal cells. In the present study, we have investigated the status of various molecular and biochemical markers in the rat midbrain following chronic treatments with rasagiline and selegiline, using proteomic and genomic analyses. Our findings demonstrated significant molecular changes induced by both drugs, at the protein and transcriptional levels, associated with neuronal differentiation, cell survival and death pathways, metabolism/oxidation stress, signaling system, and biomarkers of neurodegenerative disorders, which may be reflected in the clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Haifa, Israel.
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Robles A. Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? Open Neurol J 2009; 3:27-44. [PMID: 19461897 PMCID: PMC2684708 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x00903010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1993 and 2000 four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were marketed as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as memantine in 2003. Current research is focused on finding drugs that favorably modify the course of the disease. However, their entrance into the market does not seem to be imminent. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The aim of AD research is to find substances that inhibit certain elements of the AD pathogenic chain (beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, alpha-secretase stimulants, beta-amyloid aggregability reducers or disaggregation and elimination inductors, as well as tau-hyperphosphorylation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage reducers, among other action mechanisms). Demonstrating a disease's retarding effect demands longer trials than those necessary to ascertain symptomatic improvement. Besides, a high number of patients (thousands of them) is necessary, all of which turns out to be difficult and costly. Furthermore, it would be necessary to count on diagnosis and progression markers in the disease's pre-clinical stage, markers for specific phenotypes, as well as high-selectivity molecules acting only where necessary. In order to compensate these difficulties, drugs acting on several defects of the pathogenic chain or showing both symptomatic and neuroprotective action simultaneously are being researched. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Robles
- La Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago León de Caracas street, no. 1, 15706 – Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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84
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Why should we use multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S281-91. [PMID: 18267251 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, with no available drugs able to prevent the neuronal cell loss characteristic in brains of patients suffering from PD. Due to the complex cascade of molecular events involved in the etiology of PD, an innovative approach towards neuroprotection or neurorescue may entail the use of multifunctional pharmaceuticals that target an array of pathological pathways, each of which is believed to contribute to events that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Here we discuss examples of novel multifunctional ligands that may have potential as neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapeutics in PD. The compounds discussed originate from synthetic chemistry as well as from natural sources where various moieties, identified in research to possess neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties, have been introduced into the structures of several monomodal drugs, some of which are used in the clinic.
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85
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Hauser RA, Lew MF, Hurtig HI, Ondo WG, Wojcieszek J, Fitzer-Attas CJ. Long-term outcome of early versus delayed rasagiline treatment in early Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:564-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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86
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Sayeed I, Parvez S, Wali B, Siemen D, Stein DG. Direct inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: A possible mechanism for better neuroprotective effects of allopregnanolone over progesterone. Brain Res 2009; 1263:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Comparative neuroprotective effects of rasagiline and aminoindan with selegiline on dexamethasone-induced brain cell apoptosis. Neurotox Res 2009; 15:284-90. [PMID: 19384601 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress can affect the brain and lead to depression; however, the molecular pathogenesis is unclear. An association between stress and stress-induced hypersecretion of glucocorticoids occurs during stress. Dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid) has been reported to induce apoptosis and increase the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) (Youdim et al. 1989). MAO is an enzyme for the degradation of aminergic neurotransmitters; dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and dietary amines and MAO inhibitors are classical antidepressant drugs. In this study, we have compared the ability of rasagiline (Azilect) and its main metabolite, R-aminoindan with selegiline (Deprenyl) in prevention of dexamethasone-induced brain cell death employing human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and glioblastoma 1242-MG cells. Dexamethasone reduced cell viability as measured by MTT test, but rasagiline, selegiline, and 1-R-aminoindan could significantly prevent dexamethasone-induced brain cell death. Among three drugs, rasagiline had the highest neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of these drugs on MAO B catalytic activity and on apoptotic DNA damage (TUNEL staining) were examined. Rasagiline exhibited highest inhibition on MAO B enzymatic activity and prevention on DNA damage as compared to selegiline and 1-R-aminoindan. In summary, the greater neuroprotective effect of rasagiline may be associated with the combination of the parent drug and its metabolite 1-R-aminoindan.
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88
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Neuroprotection by rasagiline in thiamine deficient rats. Brain Res 2009; 1256:138-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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TVP1022 and propargylamine protect neonatal rat ventricular myocytes against doxorubicin-induced and serum starvation-induced cardiotoxicity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52:268-77. [PMID: 18806608 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181862441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that propargylamine derivatives such as rasagiline (Azilect) and its S-isomer TVP1022 are neuroprotective. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective agents TVP1022 and propargylamine (the active moiety of propargylamine derivatives) are also cardioprotective. We specifically investigated the protective efficacy of TVP1022 and propargylamine in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) against apoptosis induced by the anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin and by serum starvation. We demonstrated that pretreatment of NRVM cultures with TVP1022 or propargylamine attenuated doxorubicin-induced and serum starvation-induced apoptosis, inhibited the increase in cleaved caspase 3 levels, and reversed the decline in Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These cytoprotective effects were shown to reside in the propargylamine moiety. Finally, we showed that TVP1022 neither caused proliferation of the human cancer cell lines HeLa and MDA-231 nor interfered with the anti-cancer efficacy of doxorubicin. These results suggest that TVP1022 should be considered as a novel cardioprotective agent against ischemic insults and against anthracycline cardiotoxicity and can be coadministered with doxorubicin in the treatment of human malignancies.
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90
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Banerjee R, Starkov AA, Beal MF, Thomas B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the limelight of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1792:651-63. [PMID: 19059336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with unknown etiology. It is marked by widespread neurodegeneration in the brain with profound loss of A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Several theories of biochemical abnormalities have been linked to pathogenesis of PD of which mitochondrial dysfunction due to an impairment of mitochondrial complex I and subsequent oxidative stress seems to take the center stage in experimental models of PD and in postmortem tissues of sporadic forms of illness. Recent identification of specific gene mutations and their influence on mitochondrial functions has further reinforced the relevance of mitochondrial abnormalities in disease pathogenesis. In both sporadic and familial forms of PD abnormal mitochondrial paradigms associated with disease include impaired functioning of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, aging associated damage to mitochondrial DNA, impaired calcium buffering, and anomalies in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Here we provide an overview of specific mitochondrial functions affected in sporadic and familial PD that play a role in disease pathogenesis. We propose to utilize these gained insights to further streamline and focus the research to better understand mitochondria's role in disease development and exploit potential mitochondrial targets for therapeutic interventions in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Banerjee
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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91
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Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1527-33. [PMID: 18652859 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) A and B are mitochondrial bound isoenzymes which catalyze the oxidative deamination of dietary amines and monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, beta-phenylethylamine and other trace amines. The rapid degradation of these molecules ensures the proper functioning of synaptic neurotransmission and is critically important for the regulation of emotional behaviors and other brain functions. The byproducts of MAO-mediated reactions include several chemical species with neurotoxic potential, such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and aldehydes. As a consequence, it is widely speculated that prolonged excessive activity of these enzymes may be conducive to mitochondrial damages and neurodegenerative disturbances. In keeping with these premises, the development of MAO inhibitors has led to important breakthroughs in the therapy of several neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from mood disorders to Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, the characterization of MAO knockout (KO) mice has revealed that the inactivation of this enzyme produces a number of functional and behavioral alterations, some of which may be harnessed for therapeutic aims. In this article, we discuss the intriguing hypothesis that the attenuation of the oxidative stress induced by the inactivation of either MAO isoform may contribute to both antidepressant and antiparkinsonian actions of MAO inhibitors. This possibility further highlights MAO inactivation as a rich source of novel avenues in the treatment of mental disorders.
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92
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Zoccarato F, Cappellotto M, Alexandre A. Clorgyline and other propargylamine derivatives as inhibitors of succinate-dependent H(2)O(2) release at NADH:UBIQUINONE oxidoreductase (Complex I) in brain mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:289-96. [PMID: 18763029 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex I is the main O(2)(-) producer of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. O(2)(-) release is low with NAD-linked substrates and increases strongly during succinate oxidation, which increases the QH(2)/Q ratio and is rotenone sensitive. We show that the succinate dependent O(2)(-) production (measured as H(2)O(2) release) is inhibited by propargylamine containing compounds (clorgyline, CGP 3466B, rasagiline and TVP-1012). The inhibition does not affect membrane potential and is unaffected by DeltapH modifications. Mitochondrial respiration is similarly unaffected. The propargylamines inhibition of O(2)(-)/H(2)O(2) production is monitored also in the presence of the Parkinson's disease toxin dopaminochrome which stimulates O(2)(-) release. Propargylamine-containing compounds are the first pharmacological inhibitors described for O(2)(-) release at Complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Zoccarato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica and Istituto di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Biomembrane (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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93
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Bainbridge JL, Lee Page R, Ruscin JM. Elucidating the Mechanism of Action and Potential Interactions of MAO-B Inhibitors. Neurol Clin 2008; 26:S85-96, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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95
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Tung YT, Hsu WM, Wang BJ, Wu SY, Yen CT, Hu MK, Liao YF. Sodium selenite inhibits gamma-secretase activity through activation of ERK. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:38-43. [PMID: 18547722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the ERK MAPK acts as a negative regulator of gamma-secretase. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of ERK MAPK pathway by sodium selenite can inhibit endogenous gamma-secretase activity. Consistently, the gamma-secretase-mediated production of amyloid-beta (Abeta) was dramatically attenuated by sodium selenite in a temporal manner. To substantiate the functional role of ERK MAPK in the regulation of gamma-secretase, we demonstrate that cells transfected with the wild-type MEK1 and a constitutively active mutant of MEK1 also displayed a significant attenuation of gamma-secretase activity. The active purified ERK1/2 can significantly reduce the gamma-secretase-mediated processing of C99, possibly through inducing alterations in the phosphorylation of both nicastrin and presenilin-1. Together, our data suggest that the selenite-elicited ERK activation could effectively reduce Abeta production, supporting that selenium compounds could represent a novel class of nutrient supplements to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsen Tung
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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96
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Salloway S, Mintzer J, Weiner MF, Cummings JL. Disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:65-79. [PMID: 18631951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that places a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society. The disease affects approximately 5 million individuals in the United States, with an annual cost of care greater than $100 billion. During the past dozen years, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition and global function of AD patients, and recent advances in understanding AD pathogenesis has led to the development of numerous compounds that might modify the disease process. A wide array of antiamyloid and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches are under investigation on the basis of the hypothesis that amyloid beta (A beta) protein plays a pivotal role in disease onset and progression and that secondary consequences of A beta generation and deposition, including tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, oxidation, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, contribute to the disease process. Interventions in these processes with agents that reduce amyloid production, limit aggregation, or increase removal might block the cascade of events comprising AD pathogenesis. Reducing tau hyperphosphorylation, limiting oxidation and excitotoxicity, and controlling inflammation might be beneficial disease-modifying strategies. Potentially neuroprotective and restorative treatments such as neurotrophins, neurotrophic factor enhancers, and stem cell-related approaches are also under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Salloway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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97
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Marks N, Berg MJ. Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:184-215. [PMID: 17719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of beta-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (gamma-secretase, gamma-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (alpha-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified alpha/beta-secretases facilitate drug discovery, gamma-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
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98
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Caffeine activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and prevents apoptotic cell death in a Parkinson's disease model of SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2007; 432:146-50. [PMID: 18201823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that caffeine, one of the major components of coffee, has a protective effect against developing PD. However, the detailed mechanisms of how caffeine suppresses neuronal death have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the cytoprotective mechanisms of caffeine using human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as a PD model. Caffeine prevented the apoptotic cell death induced by serum/retinoic acid (RA) deprivation, MPP+, rotenone, and 6-OHDA in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose dependent manner. Caffeine lowered caspase-3 activity induced by serum/RA deprivation and 6-OHDA administration, and also decreased the number of apoptotic condensed and/or fragmented nuclei. Akt was phosphorylated 60 min after caffeine administration in a dose dependent manner; PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002 canceled this cytoprotective effect of caffeine. On the other hand, MAPKs such as Erk1/2, p38, or JNK were not activated by caffeine. These results suggest that caffeine has a cytoprotective effect due to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathways in SH-SY5Y cells.
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99
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Van der Schyf CJ, Gal S, Geldenhuys WJ, Youdim MBH. Multifunctional neuroprotective drugs targeting monoamine oxidase inhibition, iron chelation, adenosine receptors, and cholinergic and glutamatergic action for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 15:873-86. [PMID: 16859391 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.8.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm is emerging in the targeting of multiple disease aetiologies that collectively lead to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, post-stroke neurodegeneration and others. This paradigm challenges the widely held assumption that 'silver bullet' agents are superior to 'dirty drugs' when it comes to drug therapy. Accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that many neurodegenerative diseases have multiple mechanisms in their aetiologies, thus suggesting that a drug with at least two mechanisms of action targeted at multiple aetiologies of the same disease may offer more therapeutic benefit in certain disorders compared with a drug that only targets one disease aetiology. This review offers a synopsis of therapeutic strategies and novel investigative drugs developed in the authors' own and other laboratories that modulate multiple disease targets associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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100
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Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Akwa Y. Disease-modifying drugs and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 84:25-39. [PMID: 18037225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symptomatic medications, l-Dopa and dopaminergic agents, remain the only clinically pertinent pharmacological treatment proven effective and available for the large population of patients with Parkinson's disease. The challenge for the pharmaceutical industry is to develop disease-modifying drugs which could arrest, delay or at least oppose the progression of the specific pathogenic processes underlying Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this review, based on recent biological and genetic data to be validated with appropriate animal models, was to re-examine the putative neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease and discuss the development of new strategies with the ultimate goal of demonstrating neurocytoprotective activity in this neurodegenerative disease. Since guidelines for research on neurocytoprotective drugs remain to be written, innovation will be the key to success of future clinical trials. It is reasonable to expect that future advances in our understanding of the pathogenic processes of Parkinson's disease will open the way to new perspectives for the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Allain
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, 2 av. du Pr Léon Bernard, F-35043 Rennes, France
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