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Nguyen PK, Baek K, Deng F, Criscione JD, Tuan RS, Kuo CK. Tendon Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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52
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Abstract
Tendons link muscle to bone and transfer forces necessary for normal movement. Tendon injuries can be debilitating and their intrinsic healing potential is limited. These challenges have motivated the development of model systems to study the factors that regulate tendon formation and tendon injury. Recent advances in understanding of embryonic and postnatal tendon formation have inspired approaches that aimed to mimic key aspects of tendon development. Model systems have also been developed to explore factors that regulate tendon injury and healing. We highlight current model systems that explore developmentally inspired cellular, mechanical, and biochemical factors in tendon formation and tenogenic stem cell differentiation. Next, we discuss in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and computational models of tendon injury that examine how mechanical loading and biochemical factors contribute to tendon pathologies and healing. These tendon development and injury models show promise for identifying the factors guiding tendon formation and tendon pathologies, and will ultimately improve regenerative tissue engineering strategies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K Theodossiou
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Nathan R Schiele
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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53
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Yang F, Zhang A, Richardson DW. Regulation of the tenogenic gene expression in equine tenocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells by mechanical loading and Mohawk. Stem Cell Res 2019; 39:101489. [PMID: 31277043 PMCID: PMC7082636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutic strategies afford major potential advantages in the repair of injured tendons. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) expands cell sources for “regenerative” therapy. However, its application in tendon repair is still limited and the effects remain unclear. In this study, equine tenocyte-derived iPSCs (teno-iPSCs) were generated by expressing four Yamanaka factors. Compared to parental tenocytes and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the transcriptional activities of lineage-specific genes, including Mkx, Col1A2, Col14, DCN, ELN, FMOD, and TNC, were highly repressed in the resulting teno-iPSCs. Exposure to cyclic uniaxial mechanical loading increased the expression of Scx, Egr1, Col1A2, DCN, and TNC in teno-iPSCs and the expression of Scx, Egr1, DCN, and TNC in BMSCs. Reintroduction of tenogenic transcription factor Mohawk (Mkx) upregulated the expression of DCN in teno-iPSCs and the expression of Scx, Col14, and FMOD in BMSCs. Mechanical loading combined with ectopic expression of equine Mkx further enhanced the expression of Egr1, Col1A2, DCN, and TNC in teno-iPSCs and the expression of Scx, Egr1, and TNC in BMSCs. These data suggest that the repressed lineage-specific genes in the teno-iPSCs can be re-activated by mechanical loading and ectopic expression of Mkx. Our findings offer new insights into the application of iPSCs for basic and clinic research in tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feikun Yang
- Department of Clinic Studies at New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States of America.
| | - Aiwu Zhang
- Department of Clinic Studies at New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States of America.
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinic Studies at New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States of America.
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54
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Walia B, Huang AH. Tendon stem progenitor cells: Understanding the biology to inform therapeutic strategies for tendon repair. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1270-1280. [PMID: 30270569 PMCID: PMC6823601 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are a leading cause of healthcare visits with significant impact in terms of economic cost and reduced quality of life. To date, reparative strategies remain largely restricted to conservative treatment or surgical repair. However, these therapies fail to restore native tendon structure and function; thus, the tissue may re-rupture or degenerate with time. To improve tendon healing, one promising strategy may be harnessing the innate potential of resident tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) to guide tenogenic regeneration. In this review, we outline recent advances in the identification and characterization of putative TSPC populations, and discuss biochemical, biomechanical, and biomaterial methods employed for their culture and differentiation. Finally, we identify limitations in our current understanding of TSPC biology, key challenges for their use, and potential therapeutic strategies to inform cell-based tendon repair. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1270-1280, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavita Walia
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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55
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Freedman BR, Mooney DJ. Biomaterials to Mimic and Heal Connective Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806695. [PMID: 30908806 PMCID: PMC6504615 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue is one of the four major types of animal tissue and plays essential roles throughout the human body. Genetic factors, aging, and trauma all contribute to connective tissue dysfunction and motivate the need for strategies to promote healing and regeneration. The goal here is to link a fundamental understanding of connective tissues and their multiscale properties to better inform the design and translation of novel biomaterials to promote their regeneration. Major clinical problems in adipose tissue, cartilage, dermis, and tendon are discussed that inspire the need to replace native connective tissue with biomaterials. Then, multiscale structure-function relationships in native soft connective tissues that may be used to guide material design are detailed. Several biomaterials strategies to improve healing of these tissues that incorporate biologics and are biologic-free are reviewed. Finally, important guidance documents and standards (ASTM, FDA, and EMA) that are important to consider for translating new biomaterials into clinical practice are highligted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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56
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Song JY, Pineault KM, Wellik DM. Development, repair, and regeneration of the limb musculoskeletal system. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:451-486. [PMID: 30797517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The limb musculoskeletal system provides a primary means for locomotion, manipulation of objects and protection for most vertebrate organisms. Intricate integration of the bone, tendon and muscle tissues are required for function. These three tissues arise largely independent of one another, but the connections formed during later development are maintained throughout life and are re-established following injury. Each of these tissues also have mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells that function in maintenance and repair. Here in, we will review the major events in the development of limb skeleton, tendon, and muscle tissues, their response to injury, and discuss current knowledge regarding resident progenitor/stem cells within each tissue that participate in development, repair, and regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Song
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kyriel M Pineault
- Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.
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57
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Abstract
Development of the axial skeleton is a complex, stepwise process that relies on intricate signaling and coordinated cellular differentiation. Disruptions to this process can result in a myriad of skeletal malformations that range in severity. The notochord and the sclerotome are embryonic tissues that give rise to the major components of the intervertebral discs and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column. Through a number of mouse models and characterization of congenital abnormalities in human patients, various growth factors, transcription factors, and other signaling proteins have been demonstrated to have critical roles in the development of the axial skeleton. Balance between opposing growth factors as well as other environmental cues allows for cell fate specification and divergence of tissue types during development. Furthermore, characterization of progenitor cells for specific cell lineages has furthered the understanding of specific spatiotemporal cues that cells need in order to initiate and complete development of distinct tissues. Identifying specific marker genes that can distinguish between the various embryonic and mature cell types is also of importance. Clinically, understanding developmental clues can aid in the generation of therapeutics for musculoskeletal disease through the process of developmental engineering. Studies into potential stem cell therapies are based on knowledge of the normal processes that occur in the embryo, which can then be applied to stepwise tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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58
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Delgado Caceres M, Pfeifer CG, Docheva D. Understanding Tendons: Lessons from Transgenic Mouse Models. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1161-1174. [PMID: 29978741 PMCID: PMC6121181 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are connective tissues that have been comparatively less studied than muscle and cartilage/bone, even though they are crucial for proper function of the musculoskeletal system. In tendon biology, considerable progress has been made in identifying tendon-specific genes (Scleraxis, Mohawk, and Tenomodulin) in the past decade. However, besides tendon function and the knowledge of a small number of important players in tendon biology, neither the ontogeny of the tenogenic lineage nor signaling cascades have been fully understood. This results in major drawbacks in treatment and repair options following tendon degeneration. In this review, we have systematically evaluated publications describing tendon-related genes, which were studied in depth and characterized by using knockout technologies and the subsequently generated transgenic mouse models (Tg) (knockout mice, KO). We report in a tabular manner, that from a total of 24 tendon-related genes, in 22 of the respective knockout mouse models, phenotypic changes were detected. Additionally, in some of the models it was described at which developmental stages these changes appeared and progressed. To summarize, only loss of Scleraxis and TGFβ signaling led to severe tendon developmental phenotypes, while mice deficient for various proteoglycans, Mohawk, EGR1 and 2, and Tenomodulin presented mild phenotypes. These data suggest that the tendon developmental system is well organized, orchestrated, and backed up; this is even more evident among the members of the proteoglycan family, where the compensatory effects are much clearer. In future, it will be of great importance to discover additional master tendon transcription factors and the genes that play crucial roles in tendon development. This would improve our understanding of the genetic makeup of tendons, and will increase the chances of generating tendon-specific drugs to advance overall treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delgado Caceres
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Pfeifer
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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59
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Valencia AP, Lai JK, Iyer SR, Mistretta KL, Spangenburg EE, Davis DL, Lovering RM, Gilotra MN. Fatty Infiltration Is a Prognostic Marker of Muscle Function After Rotator Cuff Tear. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2161-2169. [PMID: 29750541 PMCID: PMC6397750 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518769267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs) begin as primary tendon injuries and cause a myriad of changes in the muscle, including atrophy, fatty infiltration (FI), and fibrosis. However, it is unclear which changes are most closely associated with muscle function. PURPOSE To determine if FI of the supraspinatus muscle after acute RCT relates to short-term changes in muscle function. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Unilateral RCTs were induced in female rabbits via tenotomy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Maximal isometric force and rate of fatigue were measured in the supraspinatus in vivo at 6 and 12 weeks after tenotomy. Computed tomography scanning was performed, followed by histologic analysis of myofiber size, FI, and fibrosis. RESULTS Tenotomy resulted in supraspinatus weakness, reduced myofiber size, FI, and fibrosis, but no differences were evident between 6 and 12 weeks after tenotomy except for increased collagen content at 12 weeks. FI was a predictor of supraspinatus weakness and was strongly correlated to force, even after accounting for muscle cross-sectional area. While muscle atrophy accounted for the loss in force in tenotomized muscles with minimal FI, it did not account for the greater loss in force in tenotomized muscles with the most FI. Collagen content was not strongly correlated with maximal isometric force, even when normalized to muscle size. CONCLUSION After RCT, muscle atrophy results in the loss of contractile force from the supraspinatus, but exacerbated weakness is observed with increased FI. Therefore, the level of FI can help predict contractile function of torn rotator cuff muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Markers to predict contractile function of RCTs will help determine the appropriate treatment to improve functional recovery after RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Valencia
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jim K. Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shama R. Iyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine L. Mistretta
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derik L. Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M. Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohit N. Gilotra
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Baltimore Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to Mohit N. Gilotra, MD, Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine and VA Maryland Health Care System, University of Maryland, AHB, Rm 540, 100 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA ()
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60
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Chien C, Pryce B, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Huang AH. Optimizing a 3D model system for molecular manipulation of tenogenesis. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:295-308. [PMID: 28937836 PMCID: PMC5862732 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1383403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tendon injuries are clinically challenging due to poor healing. A better understanding of the molecular events that regulate tendon differentiation would improve current strategies for repair. The mouse model system has been instrumental to tendon studies and several key molecules were initially established in mouse. However, the study of gene function has been limited by the absence of a standard in vitro tendon system for efficiently testing multiple mutations, physical manipulations, and mis-expression. The purpose of this study is therefore to establish such a system. METHODS We adapted an existing design for generating three-dimensional (3D) tendon constructs for use with mouse progenitor cells harboring the ScxGFP tendon reporter and the Rosa26-TdTomato Cre reporter. Using these cells, we optimized the parameters for construct formation, inducing tenogenesis via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2), and genetic recombination via an adenovirus encoding Cre recombinase. Finally, for proof of concept, we used Smad4 floxed cells and tested the robustness of the system for gene knockdown. RESULTS We found that TGFβ2 treatment induced a tenogenic phenotype depending on the timing of initiation. Addition of TGFβ2 after 3D "tensioning" enhanced tendon differentiation. Interestingly, while TGFβ2-induced proliferation depended on Smad4, tenogenic parameters such as ScxGFP expression and fibril diameter were independent of Smad4. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the feasibility of this optimized system for harnessing the power of mouse genetics for in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chien
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Brian Pryce
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209
| | - Sara F. Tufa
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209
| | - Douglas R. Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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61
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Orgeur M, Martens M, Leonte G, Nassari S, Bonnin MA, Börno ST, Timmermann B, Hecht J, Duprez D, Stricker S. Genome-wide strategies identify downstream target genes of chick connective tissue-associated transcription factors. Development 2018; 145:dev.161208. [PMID: 29511024 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissues support organs and play crucial roles in development, homeostasis and fibrosis, yet our understanding of their formation is still limited. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of connective tissue specification, we selected five zinc-finger transcription factors - OSR1, OSR2, EGR1, KLF2 and KLF4 - based on their expression patterns and/or known involvement in connective tissue subtype differentiation. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq profiling of chick limb micromass cultures revealed a set of common genes regulated by all five transcription factors, which we describe as a connective tissue core expression set. This common core was enriched with genes associated with axon guidance and myofibroblast signature, including fibrosis-related genes. In addition, each transcription factor regulated a specific set of signalling molecules and extracellular matrix components. This suggests a concept whereby local molecular niches can be created by the expression of specific transcription factors impinging on the specification of local microenvironments. The regulatory network established here identifies common and distinct molecular signatures of limb connective tissue subtypes, provides novel insight into the signalling pathways governing connective tissue specification, and serves as a resource for connective tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Orgeur
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marvin Martens
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Georgeta Leonte
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonya Nassari
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan T Börno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Hecht
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitatsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hadjiargyrou M. Mustn1: A Developmentally Regulated Pan-Musculoskeletal Cell Marker and Regulatory Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010206. [PMID: 29329193 PMCID: PMC5796155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mustn1 gene encodes a small nuclear protein (~9.6 kDa) that does not belong to any known family. Its genomic organization consists of three exons interspersed by two introns and it is highly homologous across vertebrate species. Promoter analyses revealed that its expression is regulated by the AP family of transcription factors, especially c-Fos, Fra-2 and JunD. Mustn1 is predominantly expressed in the major tissues of the musculoskeletal system: bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle and tendon. Its expression has been associated with normal embryonic development, postnatal growth, exercise, and regeneration of bone and skeletal muscle. Moreover, its expression has also been detected in various musculoskeletal pathologies, including arthritis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, other skeletal muscle myopathies, clubfoot and diabetes associated muscle pathology. In vitro and in vivo functional perturbation revealed that Mustn1 is a key regulatory molecule in myogenic and chondrogenic lineages. This comprehensive review summarizes our current knowledge of Mustn1 and proposes that it is a new developmentally regulated pan-musculoskeletal marker as well as a key regulatory protein for cell differentiation and tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA.
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63
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Sugg KB, Markworth JF, Disser NP, Rizzi AM, Talarek JR, Sarver DC, Brooks SV, Mendias CL. Postnatal tendon growth and remodeling require platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C389-C403. [PMID: 29341790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00258.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling plays an important role in the fundamental biological activities of many cells that compose musculoskeletal tissues. However, little is known about the role of PDGFR signaling during tendon growth and remodeling in adult animals. Using the hindlimb synergist ablation model of tendon growth, our objectives were to determine the role of PDGFR signaling in the adaptation of tendons subjected to a mechanical growth stimulus, as well as to investigate the biological mechanisms behind this response. We demonstrate that both PDGFRs, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, are expressed in tendon fibroblasts and that the inhibition of PDGFR signaling suppresses the normal growth of tendon tissue in response to mechanical growth cues due to defects in fibroblast proliferation and migration. We also identify membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) as an essential proteinase for the migration of tendon fibroblasts through their extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we report that MT1-MMP translation is regulated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling, while ERK1/2 controls posttranslational trafficking of MT1-MMP to the plasma membrane of tendon fibroblasts. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PDGFR signaling is necessary for postnatal tendon growth and remodeling and that MT1-MMP is a critical mediator of tendon fibroblast migration and a potential target for the treatment of tendon injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer B Sugg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nathaniel P Disser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew M Rizzi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey R Talarek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dylan C Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, New York
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64
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Abstract
During embryogenesis, the musculoskeletal system develops while containing within itself a force generator in the form of the musculature. This generator becomes functional relatively early in development, exerting an increasing mechanical load on neighboring tissues as development proceeds. A growing body of evidence indicates that such mechanical forces can be translated into signals that combine with the genetic program of organogenesis. This unique situation presents both a major challenge and an opportunity to the other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, namely bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and the tissues connecting them. Here, we summarize the involvement of muscle-induced mechanical forces in the development of various vertebrate musculoskeletal components and their integration into one functional unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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65
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66
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Sandell LJ. JOR Virtual Issue on stem cells in orthopaedics. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2593-2594. [PMID: 29228506 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Sandell
- Editor in Chief, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Mildred B. Simon Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Professor, Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
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Sarver DC, Kharaz YA, Sugg KB, Gumucio JP, Comerford E, Mendias CL. Sex differences in tendon structure and function. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2117-2126. [PMID: 28071813 PMCID: PMC5503813 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons play a critical role in the transmission of forces between muscles and bones, and chronic tendon injuries and diseases are among the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability. Little is known about sex-based differences in tendon structure and function. Our objective was to evaluate the mechanical properties, biochemical composition, transcriptome, and cellular activity of plantarflexor tendons from 4 month old male and female C57BL/6 mice using in vitro biomechanics, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, genome-wide expression profiling, and cell culture techniques. While the Achilles tendons of male mice were approximately 6% larger than female mice (p < 0.05), the cell density of female mice was around 19% greater than males (p < 0.05). No significant differences in mechanical properties (p > 0.05) of plantaris tendons were observed. Mass spectrometry proteomics analysis revealed no significant difference between sexes in the abundance of major extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen types I (p = 0.30) and III (p = 0.68), but female mice had approximately twofold elevations (p < 0.05) in less abundant ECM proteins such as fibronectin, periostin, and tenascin C. The transcriptome of male and female tendons differed by only 1%. In vitro, neither the sex of the serum that fibroblasts were cultured in, nor the sex of the ECM in which they were embedded, had profound effects on the expression of collagen and cell proliferation genes. Our results indicate that while male mice expectedly had larger tendons, male and female tendons have very similar mechanical properties and biochemical composition, with small increases in some ECM proteins and proteoglycans evident in female tendons. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2117-2126, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yalda Ashraf Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kristoffer B Sugg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan P Gumucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Corresponding Author: Christopher L Mendias, PhD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, 734-764-3250, 734-647-0003 fax,
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68
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Developmental expression of membrane type 4-matrix metalloproteinase (Mt4-mmp/Mmp17) in the mouse embryo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184767. [PMID: 28926609 PMCID: PMC5604975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a large group of endoproteases that play important functions during embryonic development, tumor metastasis and angiogenesis by degrading components of the extracellular matrix. Within this family, we focused our study on Mt4-mmp (also called Mmp17) that belongs to a distinct subset that is anchored to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety and with the catalytic site exposed to the extracellular space. Information about its function and substrates is very limited to date, and little has been reported on its role in the developing embryo. Here, we report a detailed expression analysis of Mt4-mmp during mouse embryonic development by using a LacZ reporter transgenic mouse line. We showed that Mt4-mmp is detected from early stages of development to postnatal stages following a dynamic and restricted pattern of expression. Mt4-mmp was first detected at E8.5 limited to the intersomitic vascularization, the endocardial endothelium and the dorsal aorta. Mt4-mmpLacZ/+ cells were also observed in the neural crest cells, somites, floor plate and notochord at early stages. From E10.5, expression localized in the limb buds and persists during limb development. A strong expression in the brain begins at E12.5 and continues to postnatal stages. Specifically, staining was observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, septum, dorsal thalamus and the spinal cord. In addition, LacZ-positive cells were also detected during eye development, initially at the hyaloid artery and later on located in the lens and the neural retina. Mt4-mmp expression was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis in some embryonic tissues. Our data point to distinct functions for this metalloproteinase during embryonic development, particularly during brain formation, angiogenesis and limb development.
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69
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Arvind V, Huang AH. Mechanobiology of limb musculoskeletal development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1409:18-32. [PMID: 28833194 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While there has been considerable progress in identifying molecular regulators of musculoskeletal development, the role of physical forces in regulating induction, differentiation, and patterning events is less well understood. Here, we highlight recent findings in this area, focusing primarily on model systems that test the mechanical regulation of skeletal and tendon development in the limb. We also discuss a few of the key signaling pathways and mechanisms that have been implicated in mechanotransduction and highlight current gaps in knowledge and opportunities for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Arvind
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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70
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Rothrauff BB, Lauro BB, Yang G, Debski RE, Musahl V, Tuan RS. Braided and Stacked Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:378-389. [PMID: 28071988 PMCID: PMC5444507 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are a persistent orthopedic challenge given their poor innate healing capacity. Nonwoven electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds composed of polyesters have been used to mimic the mechanics and topographical cues of native tendons and ligaments. However, nonwoven nanofibers have several limitations that prevent broader clinical application, including poor cell infiltration, as well as tensile and suture-retention strengths that are inferior to native tissues. In this study, multilayered scaffolds of aligned electrospun nanofibers of two designs-stacked or braided-were fabricated. Mechanical properties, including structural and mechanical properties and suture-retention strength, were determined using acellular scaffolds. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded on scaffolds for up to 28 days, and assays for tenogenic differentiation, histology, and biochemical composition were performed. Braided scaffolds exhibited improved tensile and suture-retention strengths, but reduced moduli. Both scaffold designs supported expression of tenogenic markers, although the effect was greater on braided scaffolds. Conversely, cell infiltration was superior in stacked constructs, resulting in enhanced cell number, total collagen content, and total sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. However, when normalized against cell number, both designs modulated extracellular matrix protein deposition to a similar degree. Taken together, this study demonstrates that multilayered scaffolds of aligned electrospun nanofibers supported tenogenic differentiation of seeded MSCs, but the macroarchitecture is an important consideration for applications of tendon and ligament tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Rothrauff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian B. Lauro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E. Debski
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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71
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Huang AH. Coordinated development of the limb musculoskeletal system: Tendon and muscle patterning and integration with the skeleton. Dev Biol 2017; 429:420-428. [PMID: 28363737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional movement and stability of the limb depends on an organized and fully integrated musculoskeletal system composed of skeleton, muscle, and tendon. Much of our current understanding of musculoskeletal development is based on studies that focused on the development and differentiation of individual tissues. Likewise, research on patterning events have been largely limited to the primary skeletal elements and the mechanisms that regulate soft tissue patterning, the development of the connections between tissues, and their interdependent development are only beginning to be elucidated. This review will therefore highlight recent exciting discoveries in this field, with an emphasis on tendon and muscle patterning and their integrated development with the skeleton and skeletal attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Orthopaedics, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Howell K, Chien C, Bell R, Laudier D, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Andarawis-Puri N, Huang AH. Novel Model of Tendon Regeneration Reveals Distinct Cell Mechanisms Underlying Regenerative and Fibrotic Tendon Healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45238. [PMID: 28332620 PMCID: PMC5362908 DOI: 10.1038/srep45238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the cell and molecular mechanisms regulating tendon healing are poorly understood. Here, we establish a novel model of tendon regeneration using neonatal mice and show that neonates heal via formation of a ‘neo-tendon’ that differentiates along the tendon specific lineage with functional restoration of gait and mechanical properties. In contrast, adults heal via fibrovascular scar, aberrant differentiation toward cartilage and bone, with persistently impaired function. Lineage tracing identified intrinsic recruitment of Scx-lineage cells as a key cellular mechanism of neonatal healing that is absent in adults. Instead, adult Scx-lineage tenocytes are not recruited into the defect but transdifferentiate into ectopic cartilage; in the absence of tenogenic cells, extrinsic αSMA-expressing cells persist to form a permanent scar. Collectively, these results establish an exciting model of tendon regeneration and uncover a novel cellular mechanism underlying regenerative vs non-regenerative tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Howell
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Chun Chien
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Damien Laudier
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Alice H Huang
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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73
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Durgam S, Stewart M. Cellular and Molecular Factors Influencing Tendon Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:307-317. [PMID: 28092213 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are complex connective tissues that transmit tensile forces between muscles and tendons. Tendon injuries are among the most common orthopedic problems with long-term disability as a frequent consequence due to prolonged healing time. Furthermore, the repair tissue is of inferior quality, predisposing patients to high rates of recurrence following initial injury. Coordinated cellular processes and biological factors under the influence of mechanical loading are involved in tendon healing and our understanding of these events lags behind other musculoskeletal tissues. Tendons are relatively hypocellular and hypovascular, with little or no intrinsic regenerative capacity. Studies have documented fatty degeneration, chondrogenic dysplasia, and ectopic ossification within tendon repair tissue. The underlying pathogenesis for these metaplastic changes that compromise the quality of tendon repair tissue is poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to compile literature reporting molecular processes that regulate/control the phenotype of cells responsible for abnormal matrix deposition at repair site. In addition, recent studies reporting the interplay of mechanotransduction and cellular responses during tendon repair are summarized. Identifying the links between cellular, biological, and mechanical parameters involved in tendon repair is paramount to develop successful therapies for tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Durgam
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Stewart
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
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74
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Yin Z, Hu JJ, Yang L, Zheng ZF, An CR, Wu BB, Zhang C, Shen WL, Liu HH, Chen JL, Heng BC, Guo GJ, Chen X, Ouyang HW. Single-cell analysis reveals a nestin + tendon stem/progenitor cell population with strong tenogenic potentiality. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600874. [PMID: 28138519 PMCID: PMC5262457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The repair of injured tendons remains a formidable clinical challenge because of our limited understanding of tendon stem cells and the regulation of tenogenesis. With single-cell analysis to characterize the gene expression profiles of individual cells isolated from tendon tissue, a subpopulation of nestin+ tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) was identified within the tendon cell population. Using Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and immunofluorescence assays, we found that nestin expression was activated at specific stages of tendon development. Moreover, isolated nestin+ TSPCs exhibited superior tenogenic capacity compared to nestin- TSPCs. Knockdown of nestin expression in TSPCs suppressed their clonogenic capacity and reduced their tenogenic potential significantly both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, these findings provide new insights into the identification of subpopulations of TSPCs and illustrate the crucial roles of nestin in TSPC fate decisions and phenotype maintenance, which may assist in future therapeutic strategies to treat tendon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-jie Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Feng Zheng
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-rui An
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-bing Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Liang Shen
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-huan Liu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-lin Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Guo-ji Guo
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. (H.-W.O.); (X.C.)
| | - Hong-Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. (H.-W.O.); (X.C.)
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75
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Havis E, Bonnin MA, Esteves de Lima J, Charvet B, Milet C, Duprez D. TGFβ and FGF promote tendon progenitor fate and act downstream of muscle contraction to regulate tendon differentiation during chick limb development. Development 2016; 143:3839-3851. [PMID: 27624906 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular programme underlying tendon development has not been fully identified. Interactions with components of the musculoskeletal system are important for limb tendon formation. Limb tendons initiate their development independently of muscles; however, muscles are required for further tendon differentiation. We show that both FGF/ERK MAPK and TGFβ/SMAD2/3 signalling pathways are required and sufficient for SCX expression in chick undifferentiated limb cells, whereas the FGF/ERK MAPK pathway inhibits Scx expression in mouse undifferentiated limb mesodermal cells. During differentiation, muscle contraction is required to maintain SCX, TNMD and THBS2 expression in chick limbs. The activities of FGF/ERK MAPK and TGFβ/SMAD2/3 signalling pathways are decreased in tendons under immobilisation conditions. Application of FGF4 or TGFβ2 ligands prevents SCX downregulation in immobilised limbs. TGFβ2 but not FGF4 prevent TNMD and THBS2 downregulation under immobilisation conditions. We did not identify any intracellular crosstalk between both signalling pathways in their positive effect on SCX expression. Independently of each other, both FGF and TGFβ promote tendon commitment of limb mesodermal cells and act downstream of mechanical forces to regulate tendon differentiation during chick limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Havis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Joana Esteves de Lima
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cécile Milet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
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76
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Mohawk promotes the maintenance and regeneration of the outer annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12503. [PMID: 27527664 PMCID: PMC4990710 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation involves disruption of the annulus fibrosus (AF) caused by ageing or excessive mechanical stress and the resulting prolapse of the nucleus pulposus. Owing to the avascular nature of the IVD and lack of understanding the mechanisms that maintain the IVD, current therapies do not lead to tissue regeneration. Here we show that homeobox protein Mohawk (Mkx) is a key transcription factor that regulates AF development, maintenance and regeneration. Mkx is mainly expressed in the outer AF (OAF) of humans and mice. In Mkx−/− mice, the OAF displays a deficiency of multiple tendon/ligament-related genes, a smaller OAF collagen fibril diameter and a more rapid progression of IVD degeneration compared with the wild type. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Mkx promote functional AF regeneration in a mouse AF defect model, with abundant collagen fibril formation. Our results indicate a therapeutic strategy for AF regeneration. Homeobox protein Mohwak (Mkx) is involved in tendon and ligament development. Here the authors show that Mkx in the outer annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc plays a role in maintenance of the IVD, showing that stem cells overexpressing Mkx enhance therapeutic IVD regeneration in mice.
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77
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Durgam S, Schuster B, Cymerman A, Stewart A, Stewart M. Differential Adhesion Selection for Enrichment of Tendon-Derived Progenitor Cells During In Vitro Culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:801-8. [PMID: 27406327 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preplating, a technique used to separate rapidly adherent fibroblasts from the less-adherent progenitor cells, has been used successfully to isolate skeletal muscle-derived stem cells. The objective of this study was to determine if preplating could also be applied to enrich tendon-derived progenitor cells (TDPCs) before monolayer expansion. Cell suspensions obtained by collagenase digestion of equine lateral digital extensor tendon were serially transferred into adherent plates every 12 h for 4 days. TDPC fractions obtained from initial (TPP0), third (TPP3), and seventh (TPP7) preplate were passaged twice and used for subsequent analyses. Growth/proliferation and basal tenogenic gene expression of the three TDPC fractions were largely similar. Preplating and subsequent monolayer expansion did not alter the immunophenotype (CD29(+), CD44(+), CD90(+), and CD45(-)) and trilineage differentiation capacity of TDPC fractions. Overall, TDPCs were robustly osteogenic, but exhibited comparatively weak adipogenic and chondrogenic capacities. These outcomes indicate that preplating does not enrich for tendon-derived progenitors during in vitro culture, and "whole tendon digest"-derived cells are as appropriate for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Brooke Schuster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Anna Cymerman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Allison Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
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78
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Hudgens JL, Sugg KB, Grekin JA, Gumucio JP, Bedi A, Mendias CL. Platelet-Rich Plasma Activates Proinflammatory Signaling Pathways and Induces Oxidative Stress in Tendon Fibroblasts. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1931-40. [PMID: 27400714 PMCID: PMC4970921 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516637176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendon injuries are one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions in active patients. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has shown some promise in the treatment of tendon disorders, but little is known as to the mechanisms by which PRP can improve tendon regeneration. PRP contains numerous different growth factors and cytokines that activate various cellular signaling cascades, but it has been difficult to determine precisely which signaling pathways and cellular responses are activated after PRP treatment. Additionally, macrophages play an important role in modulating tendon regeneration, but the influence of PRP on determining whether macrophages assume a proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype remains unknown. PURPOSE To use genome-wide expression profiling, bioinformatics, and protein analysis to determine the cellular pathways activated in fibroblasts treated with PRP. The effect of PRP on macrophage polarization was also evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Tendon fibroblasts or macrophages from rats were cultured and treated with either platelet-poor plasma (PPP) or PRP. RNA or protein was isolated from cells and analyzed using microarrays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, or bioinformatics techniques. RESULTS Pathway analysis determined that the most highly induced signaling pathways in PRP-treated tendon fibroblasts were TNFα and NFκB pathways. PRP also downregulated the expression of extracellular matrix genes and induced the expression of autophagy-related genes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) genes and protein markers in tendon fibroblasts. PRP failed to have a major effect on markers of macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION PRP induces an inflammatory response in tendon fibroblasts, which leads to the formation of ROS and the activation of oxidative stress pathways. PRP does not appear to significantly modulate macrophage polarization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRP might act by inducing a transient inflammatory event, which could then trigger a tissue regeneration response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hudgens
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Kristoffer B Sugg
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,Departments of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Jeremy A Grekin
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Jonathan P Gumucio
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christopher L Mendias, PhD, ATC, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, 734-764-3250,
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79
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Abstract
Rotator cuff tears continue to be at significant risk for re-tear or for failure to heal after surgical repair despite the use of a variety of surgical techniques and augmentation devices. Therefore, there is a need for functionalized scaffold strategies to provide sustained mechanical augmentation during the critical first 12-weeks following repair, and to enhance the healing potential of the repaired tendon and tendon-bone interface. Tissue engineered approaches that combine the use of scaffolds, cells, and bioactive molecules towards promising new solutions for rotator cuff repair are reviewed. The ideal scaffold should have adequate initial mechanical properties, be slowly degrading or non-degradable, have non-toxic degradation products, enhance cell growth, infiltration and differentiation, promote regeneration of the tendon-bone interface, be biocompatible and have excellent suture retention and handling properties. Scaffolds that closely match the inhomogeneity and non-linearity of the native rotator cuff may significantly advance the field. While substantial pre-clinical work remains to be done, continued progress in overcoming current tissue engineering challenges should allow for successful clinical translation.
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80
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Kawasaki T, Takahashi M, Yajima H, Mori Y, Kawakami K. Six1 is required for mouse dental follicle cell and human periodontal ligament-derived cell proliferation. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:530-45. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kawasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Masanori Takahashi
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yajima
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
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81
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Subramanian A, Schilling TF. Tendon development and musculoskeletal assembly: emerging roles for the extracellular matrix. Development 2016; 142:4191-204. [PMID: 26672092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that interconnect muscles and bones. Recent work has shown how tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) interact with muscles via the ECM to establish connectivity and strengthen attachments under tension. Similarly, ECM-dependent interactions between tenocytes and cartilage/bone ensure that tendon-bone attachments form with the appropriate strength for the force required. Recent studies have also established a close lineal relationship between tenocytes and skeletal progenitors, highlighting the fact that defects in signals modulated by the ECM can alter the balance between these fates, as occurs in calcifying tendinopathies associated with aging. The dynamic fine-tuning of tendon ECM composition and assembly thus gives rise to the remarkable characteristics of this unique tissue type. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the ECM in tendon formation and maturation that attempts to integrate findings from developmental genetics with those of matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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82
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Dex S, Lin D, Shukunami C, Docheva D. Tenogenic modulating insider factor: Systematic assessment on the functions of tenomodulin gene. Gene 2016; 587:1-17. [PMID: 27129941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tenomodulin (TNMD, Tnmd) is a gene highly expressed in tendon known to be important for tendon maturation with key implications for the residing tendon stem/progenitor cells as well as for the regulation of endothelial cell migration in chordae tendineae cordis in the heart and in experimental tumour models. This review aims at providing an encompassing overview of this gene and its protein. In addition, its known expression pattern as well as putative signalling pathways will be described. A chronological overview of the discovered functions of this gene in tendon and other tissues and cells is provided as well as its use as a tendon and ligament lineage marker is assessed in detail and discussed. Last, information about the possible connections between TNMD genomic mutations and mRNA expression to various diseases is delivered. Taken together this review offers a solid synopsis on the up-to-date information available about TNMD and aids at directing and focusing the future research to fully uncover the roles and implications of this interesting gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dex
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dasheng Lin
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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83
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Soler C, Laddada L, Jagla K. Coordinated Development of Muscles and Tendon-Like Structures: Early Interactions in the Drosophila Leg. Front Physiol 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 26869938 PMCID: PMC4740448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the musculoskeletal system is a remarkable example of tissue assembly. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, precise connectivity between muscles and skeleton (or exoskeleton) via tendons or equivalent structures is fundamental for movement and stability of the body. The molecular and cellular processes underpinning muscle formation are well-established and significant advances have been made in understanding tendon development. However, the mechanisms contributing to proper connection between these two tissues have received less attention. Observations of coordinated development of tendons and muscles suggest these tissues may interact during the different steps in their development. There is growing evidence that, depending on animal model and muscle type, these interactions can take place from progenitor induction to the final step of the formation of the musculoskeletal system. Here, we briefly review and compare the mechanisms behind muscle and tendon interaction throughout the development of vertebrates and Drosophila before going on to discuss our recent findings on the coordinated development of muscles and tendon-like structures in Drosophila leg. By altering apodeme formation (the functional Drosophila equivalent of tendons in vertebrates) during the early steps of leg development, we affect the spatial localization of subsequent myoblasts. These findings provide the first evidence of the developmental impact of early interactions between muscle and tendon-like precursors, and confirm the appendicular Drosophila muscle system as a valuable model for studying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Soler
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lilia Laddada
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6293, Clermont University Clermont-Ferrand, France
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84
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Gaut L, Duprez D. Tendon development and diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:5-23. [PMID: 26256998 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a uniaxial connective tissue component of the musculoskeletal system. Tendon is involved in force transmission between muscle and bone. Tendon injury is very common and debilitating but tendon repair remains a clinical challenge for orthopedic medicine. In vertebrates, tendon is mainly composed of type I collagen fibrils, displaying a parallel organization along the tendon axis. The tendon-specific spatial organization of type I collagen provides the mechanical properties for tendon function. In contrast to other components of the musculoskeletal system, tendon biology is poorly understood. An important goal in tendon biology is to understand the mechanisms involved in the production and assembly of type I collagen fibrils during development, postnatal formation, and healing processes in order to design new therapies for tendon repair. In this review we highlight the current understanding of the molecular and mechanical signals known to be involved in tenogenesis during development, and how development provides insights into tendon healing processes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:5-23. doi: 10.1002/wdev.201 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Gaut
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, Paris, France
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