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Microscopic Characterization of Individual Submicron Bubbles during the Layer-by-Layer Deposition: Towards Creating Smart Agents. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4176-4190. [PMID: 28793432 PMCID: PMC5455618 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the individual properties of various polyion-coated bubbles with a mean diameter ranging from 300 to 500 nm. Dark field microscopy allows one to track the individual particles of the submicron bubbles (SBs) encapsulated by the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes (PEs). Our focus is on the two-step charge reversals of PE-SB complexes: the first is a reversal from negatively charged bare SBs with no PEs added to positive SBs encapsulated by polycations (monolayer deposition), and the second is overcharging into negatively charged PE-SB complexes due to the subsequent addition of polyanions (double-layer deposition). The details of these phenomena have been clarified through the analysis of a number of trajectories of various PE-SB complexes that experience either Brownian motion or electrophoresis. The contrasted results obtained from the analysis were as follows: an amount in excess of the stoichiometric ratio of the cationic polymers was required for the first charge-reversal, whereas the stoichiometric addition of the polyanions lead to the electrical neutralization of the PE-SB complex particles. The recovery of the stoichiometry in the double-layer deposition paves the way for fabricating multi-layered SBs encapsulated solely with anionic and cationic PEs, which provides a simple protocol to create smart agents for either drug delivery or ultrasound contrast imaging.
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Shen ZY, Xia GL, Wu MF, Shi MX, Qiang FL, Shen E, Hu B. The effects of low-frequency ultrasound and microbubbles on rabbit hepatic tumors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 239:747-57. [PMID: 24719377 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214525320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound in combination with microbubbles (MBs) is able to inhibit the growth of VX2 rabbit liver tumors in vivo and prolong the survival time of the animals. In this study, we attempt to investigate the feasibility of VX2 tumor growth inhibition using low-frequency ultrasound (US)-mediated MB disruption. Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits with hepatic VX2 tumors were divided into four groups: control, MBs group, low-frequency US group, and US + MB group. The parameters of the US were 20 kHz, 2 W/cm², 40% duty cycle, 5 min, and once every other day for 2 weeks. At the end of the therapy experiment, 24 rabbits were euthanized, and the cancers were collected and cut into five sections for histological examination, immunohistochemistry, laser confocal microscopy, western blotting assays, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Another 24 rabbits were saved, and overall survival time was recorded. The tumor volumes in control, MB, US, and US + MB groups were 6.36 ± 0.58, 5.68 ± 0.42, 5.29 ± 0.26, and 2.04 ± 0.14 cm³, respectively (US + MB versus the other three groups, P < 0.01). Tumor cells manifested coagulation necrosis with internal calcification. Hematoxylin and eosin (H–E) staining revealed interstitial hemorrhage and intravascular thrombosis. The intensity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the US + MB group in the immunohistochemical staining, laser confocal microscopy, and western blotting assays was lower than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). TEM of the US + MB group revealed vascular endothelial cell wall rupture, widened endothelial cell gaps, interstitial erythrocyte leakage, and microvascular thrombosis, while intact vascular endothelial cells and normal erythrocytes in the tumor vessels were observed in control, MB, and US groups. Rabbits treated with US + MB had a significantly longer overall survival than those in the other three groups (χ2 = 9.328, P = 0.0242). VX2 tumor growth could be inhibited by cavitation induced using low-frequency US and MB.
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Fix SM, Borden MA, Dayton PA. Therapeutic gas delivery via microbubbles and liposomes. J Control Release 2015; 209:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Targeting microbubbles-carrying TGFβ1 inhibitor combined with ultrasound sonication induce BBB/BTB disruption to enhance nanomedicine treatment for brain tumors. J Control Release 2015; 211:53-62. [PMID: 26047759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of chemotherapy for brain cancer tumors remains a challenge due to difficulties in the transport of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier (BBB/BTB). In this study, we developed des-octanoyl ghrelin-conjugated microbubbles (GMB) loaded with TGFβ1 inhibitor (LY364947) (GMBL) to induce BBB/BTB disruption for ultrasound (US) sonication with GMBL. The in-vitro stability study showed that GMB was pretty stable over one month. The in-vivo study showed that the accumulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) in the sonicated tumor was significantly higher for focused US sonication in the presence of GMBL, indicating that GMBL/US can locally disrupt BBB/BTB to promote vascular permeability of nanoparticles. In addition, the combination of folate-conjugated polymersomal doxorubicin (FPD) and GMBL/US (FPD+GMBL/US) achieved the best anti-glioma effect and significant improvement in the overall survival time for brain tumor-bearing mice. When combined with focused US, GMBL facilitated local BBB/BTB disruption and simultaneously released LY364947 to decrease the pericyte coverage of the endothelium at the targeted brain tumor sites, resulting in enhanced accumulation and antitumor activity of FPD. The overall results indicate that GMBL/US owns a great potential for non-invasive targeting delivery of nanomedicine across the BBB to treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Wood AKW, Sehgal CM. A review of low-intensity ultrasound for cancer therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:905-28. [PMID: 25728459 PMCID: PMC4362523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The literature describing the use of low-intensity ultrasound in four major areas of cancer therapy-sonodynamic therapy, ultrasound-mediated chemotherapy, ultrasound-mediated gene delivery and anti-vascular ultrasound therapy-was reviewed. Each technique consistently resulted in the death of cancer cells, and the bio-effects of ultrasound were attributed primarily to thermal actions and inertial cavitation. In each therapeutic modality, theranostic contrast agents composed of microbubbles played a role in both therapy and vascular imaging. The development of these agents is important as it establishes a therapeutic-diagnostic platform that can monitor the success of anti-cancer therapy. Little attention, however, has been given either to the direct assessment of the mechanisms underlying the observed bio-effects or to the viability of these therapies in naturally occurring cancers in larger mammals; if such investigations provided encouraging data, there could be prompt application of a therapy technique in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K W Wood
- Department Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Duncanson WJ, Kodger TE, Babaee S, Gonzalez G, Weitz DA, Bertoldi K. Microfluidic fabrication and micromechanics of permeable and impermeable elastomeric microbubbles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3489-3493. [PMID: 25730159 DOI: 10.1021/la504843p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We use droplet microfluidics to produce monodisperse elastomeric microbubbles consisting of gas encapsulated in a polydimethylsiloxane shell. These microbubbles withstand large, repeated deformations without rupture. We perform μN-scale compression tests on individual microbubbles and find their response to be highly dependent on the shell permeability; during deformation, the pressure inside impermeable microbubbles increases, resulting in an exponential increase in the applied force. Finite element models are used to interpret and extend these experimental results enabling the design and development of deformable microbubbles with a predictable mechanical response. Such microbubbles can be designed to repeatedly transit through the narrow constrictions found in a porous medium functioning as probes of the local pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynter J Duncanson
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Thomas E Kodger
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sahab Babaee
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Grant Gonzalez
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David A Weitz
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Katia Bertoldi
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Hua X, Zhou L, Liu P, He Y, Tan K, Chen Q, Gao Y, Gao Y. In vivo thrombolysis with targeted microbubbles loading tissue plasminogen activator in a rabbit femoral artery thrombus model. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 38:57-64. [PMID: 24671732 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasingly high incidence of ischemic stroke caused by thrombosis of the arterial vessels is one of the major factors that threaten people's health and lives in the world. The present treatments for thrombosis are unsatisfactory yet. We developed the microbubbles loading tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and their in vitro thrombolysis efficacy under ultrasound exposure has been proved previously. We tried to investigate their thrombolysis effect in vivo in this present study. Thrombus model was made by clamping bilateral femoral arteries in 70 arteries of 40 rabbits. The targeted tPA-loaded microbubbles were made by lyophilization, taking arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine peptide as the targeting ligand. Its thrombolysis efficacy, calculated as count rate and efficiency rate of recanalization, was evaluated by Pearson's χ(2) and One-way ANOVA, respectively. The count rate of recanalization of the targeted tPA-loaded microbubbles under ultrasound exposure (70%) was similar to that of the combination of tPA, microbubbles and ultrasound exposure (80%) (P = 0.61), while its tPA dosage (0.06 mg/kg) was much less than that of latter (0.9 mg/kg). Its efficiency rate of recanalization was the highest among all groups (53.22 ± 40.39%) (P < 0.01). Ultrasound-induced targeted tPA-loaded microbubbles release is a promising thrombolytic method with satisfactory thrombolytic efficacy, lowered tPA dose and potentially decreased hemorrhagic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hua
- Department of Ultrasound, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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58
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Badami JV, Desir P, Tu RS. Integration of surface-active, periodically sequenced peptides into lipid-based microbubbles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8839-8847. [PMID: 24987931 DOI: 10.1021/la501912w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of microbubbles toward functional, "theranostic" particles requires the incorporation of constituents with high binding specificity and therapeutic efficacy. Integrating peptides or proteins into the shell of lipid-based microbubbles can provide a means to access both receptor-ligand interactions and therapeutic properties. Simultaneously, peptides or proteins can define the characteristic monolayer mechanics of lipid bubbles and eliminate the need for post-bubble generation modification. The ability to engineer peptide sequences de novo that effectively partition into the bubble monolayer remains parametrically daunting. This work contributes to this effort using two simple amphipathic helical peptides that examine the role of local electrostatics and secondary structure. The two periodically sequenced peptides both have three positive charges, but peptide "K-2.5" spaces those charges 2.5 amino acids apart, while peptide "K-6.0" spaces the charges six amino acids apart. Size populations were determined for bubbles containing each peptide species using light scattering, and a quantitative method was developed to clearly define the fraction of peptides binding onto the microbubble monolayer. The impact of both the initial peptide concentration and the zwitterionic:anionic lipid ratio on peptide binding was also evaluated. Our results indicate that the lipid ratio affected only K-6.0 binding, which appears to be an outcome of the greater ensemble average α-helical population of the K-6.0. These findings provide further insights into the role of charge separation on peptide secondary structure, establishing a simple design metric for peptide binding onto microbubble systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Badami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York , New York, New York 10031, United States
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Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery with microbubbles has emerged as an attractive nonviral vector system for site-specific and noninvasive gene therapy. Ultrasound promotes intracellular uptake of therapeutic agents, particularly in the presence of microbubbles, by increasing vascular and cell membrane permeability. Several preclinical studies have reported successful gene delivery into solid tumors with significant therapeutic effects using this novel approach. This review provides background information on gene therapy and ultrasound bioeffects and discusses the current progress and overall perspectives on the application of ultrasound and microbubble-mediated gene delivery in cancer.
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60
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Lerin LA, Loss RA, Remonatto D, Zenevicz MC, Balen M, Netto VO, Ninow JL, Trentin CM, Oliveira JV, de Oliveira D. A review on lipase-catalyzed reactions in ultrasound-assisted systems. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 37:2381-94. [PMID: 24906428 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The named "green chemistry" has been receiving increasing prominence due to its environmentally friendly characteristics. The use of enzymes as catalysts in processes of synthesis to replace the traditional use of chemical catalysts present as main advantage the fact of following the principles of the green chemistry. However, processes of enzymatic nature generally provide lower yields when compared to the conventional chemical processes. Therefore, in the last years, the ultrasound has been extensively used in enzymatic processes, such as the production of esters with desirable characteristics for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industry, for the hydrolysis and glycerolysis of vegetable oils, production of biodiesel, etc. Several works found in the open literature suggest that the energy released by the ultrasound during the cavitation phenomena can be used to enhance mass transfer (substrate/enzyme), hence increasing the rate of products formation, and also contributing to enhance the enzyme catalytic activity. Furthermore, the ultrasound is considered a "green" technology due to its high efficiency, low instrumental requirement and significant reduction of the processing time in comparison to other techniques. The main goal of this review was to summarize studies available to date regarding the application of ultrasound in enzyme-catalyzed esterification, hydrolysis, glycerolysis and transesterification reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar A Lerin
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Caixa Postal 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
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61
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Ultrasound induced cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:144-53. [PMID: 24680708 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the use of ultrasound (US) has been shown to have potential in cancer immunotherapy. High intensity focused US destruction of tumors may lead to immunity forming in situ in the body by immune cells being exposed to the tumor debris and immune stimulatory substances that are present in the tumor remains. Another way of achieving anti-cancer immune responses is by using US in combination with microbubbles and nanobubbles to deliver genes and antigens into cells. US leads to bubble destruction and the forces released to direct delivery of the substances into the cytoplasm of the cells thus circumventing the natural barriers. In this way tumor antigens and antigen-encoding genes can be delivered to immune cells and immune response stimulating genes can be delivered to cancer cells thus enhancing immune responses. Combination of bubbles with cell-targeting ligands and US provides an even more sophisticated delivery system whereby the therapy is not only site specific but also cell specific. In this review we describe how US has been used to achieve immunity and discuss the potential and possible obstacles in future development.
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Di J, Price J, Gu X, Jiang X, Jing Y, Gu Z. Ultrasound-triggered regulation of blood glucose levels using injectable nano-network. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:811-6. [PMID: 24255016 PMCID: PMC4026341 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The integration of an injectable insulin-encapsulated nano-network with a focused ultrasound system (FUS) can remotely regulate insulin release both in vitro and in vivo. A single subcutaneous injection of the nano-network with intermittent FUS administration facilitates reduction of the blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic mice for up to 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Di
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Price
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Urology, Clinical Medical College at Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yun Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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63
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Thomson LM, Polizzotti BD, McGowan FX, Kheir JN. Manufacture of concentrated, lipid-based oxygen microbubble emulsions by high shear homogenization and serial concentration. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24894333 DOI: 10.3791/51467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-filled microbubbles have been developed as ultrasound contrast and drug delivery agents. Microbubbles can be produced by processing surfactants using sonication, mechanical agitation, microfluidic devices, or homogenization. Recently, lipid-based oxygen microbubbles (LOMs) have been designed to deliver oxygen intravenously during medical emergencies, reversing life-threatening hypoxemia, and preventing subsequent organ injury, cardiac arrest, and death. We present methods for scaled-up production of highly oxygenated microbubbles using a closed-loop high-shear homogenizer. The process can produce 2 L of concentrated LOMs (90% by volume) in 90 min. Resulting bubbles have a mean diameter of ~2 μm, and a rheologic profile consistent with that of blood when diluted to 60 volume %. This technique produces LOMs in high capacity and with high oxygen purity, suggesting that this technique may be useful for translational research labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Thomson
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Brian D Polizzotti
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Frances X McGowan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
| | - John N Kheir
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School;
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Warram JM, Sorace AG, Mahoney M, Samuel S, Harbin B, Joshi M, Martin A, Whitworth L, Hoyt K, Zinn KR. Biodistribution of P-selectin targeted microbubbles. J Drug Target 2014; 22:387-94. [PMID: 24731055 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.869822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate binding of P-selectin targeted microbubbles (MB) in tumor vasculature; a whole-body imaging and biodistribution study was performed in a tumor bearing mouse model. METHODS Antibodies were radiolabeled with Tc-99 m using the HYNIC method. Tc-99 m labeled anti-P-selectin antibodies were avidin-bound to lipid-shelled, perfluorocarbon gas-filled MB and intravenously injected into mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumors. Whole-body biodistribution was performed at 5 min (n = 12) and 60 min (n = 4) using a gamma counter. Tc-99 m-labeled IgG bound IgG-control-MB group (n = 12 at 5 min; n = 4 at 60 min), Tc-99 m-labeled IgG-control-Ab group (n = 5 at 5 min; n = 3 at 60 min) and Tc-99 m-labeled anti P-selectin-Ab group (n = 5 at 5 min; n = 3 at 60 min) were also evaluated. Planar gamma camera imaging was also performed at each time point. RESULTS Targeted-MB retention in tumor (60 min: 1.8 ± 0.3% ID/g) was significantly greater (p = 0.01) than targeted-MB levels in adjacent skeletal muscle at both time points (5 min: 0.7 ± 0.2% ID/g; 60 min: 0.2 ± 0.1% ID/g) while there was no significant difference (p = 0.17) between muscle and tumor retention for the IgG-control-MB group at 5 min. CONCLUSIONS P-selectin targeted MBs were significantly higher in tumor tissue, as compared with adjacent skeletal tissue or tumor retention of IgG-control-MB.
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Improved double emulsion technology for fabricating autofluorescent microcapsules as novel ultrasonic/fluorescent dual-modality contrast agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:561-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sun RR, Noble ML, Sun SS, Song S, Miao CH. Development of therapeutic microbubbles for enhancing ultrasound-mediated gene delivery. J Control Release 2014; 182:111-20. [PMID: 24650644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-mediated gene delivery has emerged as a promising non-viral method for safe and selective gene delivery. When enhanced by the cavitation of microbubbles (MBs), US exposure can induce sonoporation that transiently increases cell membrane permeability for localized delivery of DNA. The present study explores the effect of generalizable MB customizations on MB facilitation of gene transfer compared to Definity®, a clinically available contrast agent. These modifications are 1) increased MB shell acyl chain length (RN18) for elevated stability and 2) addition of positive charge on MB (RC5K) for greater DNA associability. The MB types were compared in their ability to facilitate transfection of luciferase and GFP reporter plasmid DNA in vitro and in vivo under various conditions of US intensity, MB dosage, and pretreatment MB-DNA incubation. The results indicated that both RN18 and RC5K were more efficient than Definity®, and that the cationic RC5K can induce even greater transgene expression by increasing payload capacity with prior DNA incubation without compromising cell viability. These findings could be applied to enhance MB functions in a wide range of therapeutic US/MB gene and drug delivery approach. With further designs, MB customizations have the potential to advance this technology closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Sun
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Misty L Noble
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Samuel S Sun
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Shuxian Song
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Carol H Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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67
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Shah SS, Denham LV, Elison JR, Bhattacharjee PS, Clement C, Huq T, Hill JM. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye for pharmacologic therapy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 5:75-93. [PMID: 20305803 DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of diseases of the posterior segment of the eye, such as age-related macular degeneration, cytomegalovirus retinitis, diabetic retinopathy, posterior uveitis and retinitis pigmentosa, requires novel drug delivery systems that can overcome the many barriers for efficacious delivery of therapeutic drug concentrations. This challenge has prompted the development of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable sustained-release systems for injection or transplantation into the vitreous as well as drug-loaded nanoparticles, microspheres and liposomes. These drug delivery systems utilize topical, systemic, subconjunctival, intravitreal, transscleral and iontophoretic routes of administration. The focus of research has been the development of methods that will increase the efficacy of spatiotemporal drug application, resulting in more successful therapy for patients with posterior segment diseases. This article summarizes recent advances in the research and development of drug delivery methods of the posterior chamber of the eye, with an emphasis on the use of implantable devices as well as micro- and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin S Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), 2020 Gravier St. Suite B, Room 3E6, New Orleans, LA 70112-2234, USA, Tel.: +1 678 296 2334, ,
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Hwang TL, Sung CT, Aljuffali IA, Chang YT, Fang JY. Cationic surfactants in the form of nanoparticles and micelles elicit different human neutrophil responses: a toxicological study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 114:334-41. [PMID: 24246197 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cationic surfactants are an ingredient commonly incorporated into nanoparticles for clinical practicability; however, the toxicity of cationic surfactants in nanoparticles is not fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of cationic nanobubbles and micelles in human neutrophils. Soyaethyl morpholinium ethosulfate (SME) and hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) are the two cationic surfactants employed in this study. The zeta potential of CTAB nanobubbles was 80 mV, which was the highest among all formulations. Nanobubbles, without cationic surfactants, showed no cytotoxic effects on neutrophils in terms of inflammatory responses. Cationic nanobubbles caused a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of degranulation (elastase release) and membrane damage (release of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH). Among all nanoparticles and micelles, CTAB-containing nanosystems showed the greatest inflammatory responses. A CTAB nanobubble diluent (1/150) increased the LDH release 80-fold. Propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified cell death and morphological change of neutrophils treated by CTAB nanobubbles. SME, in a micelle form, strengthened the inflammatory response more than SME-loaded nanobubbles. Membrane interaction and subsequent Ca(2+) influx were the mechanisms that triggered inflammation. The information obtained from this work is beneficial in designing nanoparticulate formulations for balancing clinical activity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Long Hwang
- Cell Pharmacology Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Calvin T Sung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ibrahim A Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuan-Ting Chang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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69
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Rodríguez-Rojo S, Lopes DD, Alexandre A, Pereira H, Nogueira I, Duarte C. Encapsulation of perfluorocarbon gases into lipid-based carrier by PGSS. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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70
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Fabiilli ML, Wilson CG, Padilla F, Martín-Saavedra FM, Fowlkes JB, Franceschi RT. Acoustic droplet-hydrogel composites for spatial and temporal control of growth factor delivery and scaffold stiffness. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7399-409. [PMID: 23535233 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is regulated by temporally and spatially restricted patterns of growth factor signaling, but there are few delivery vehicles capable of the "on-demand" release necessary for recapitulating these patterns. Recently we described a perfluorocarbon double emulsion that selectively releases a protein payload upon exposure to ultrasound through a process known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). In this study, we describe a delivery system composed of fibrin hydrogels doped with growth factor-loaded double emulsion for applications in tissue regeneration. Release of immunoreactive basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the composites increased up to 5-fold following ADV and delayed release was achieved by delaying exposure to ultrasound. Releasates of ultrasound-treated materials significantly increased the proliferation of endothelial cells compared to sham controls, indicating that the released bFGF was bioactive. ADV also triggered changes in the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the fibrin as bubble formation and consolidation of the fibrin in ultrasound-treated composites were accompanied by up to a 22-fold increase in shear stiffness. ADV did not reduce the viability of cells suspended in composite scaffolds. These results demonstrate that an acoustic droplet-hydrogel composite could have broad utility in promoting wound healing through on-demand control of growth factor release and/or scaffold architecture.
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Abstract
Time and space controlled drug delivery still remains a huge challenge in medicine. A novel approach that could offer a solution is ultrasound guided drug delivery. “Ultrasonic drug delivery” is often based on the use of small gas bubbles (so-called microbubbles) that oscillate and cavitate upon exposure to ultrasound waves. Some microbubbles are FDA approved contrast agents for ultrasound imaging and are nowadays widely investigated as promising drug carriers. Indeed, it has been observed that upon exposure to ultrasound waves, microbubbles may (a) release the encapsulated drugs and (b) simultaneously change the structure of the cell membranes in contact with the microbubbles which may facilitate drug entrance into cells. This review aims to highlight (a) major factors known so far which affect ultrasonic drug delivery (like the structure of the microbubbles, acoustic settings, etc.) and (b) summarizes the recent preclinical progress in this field together with a number of promising new concepts and applications.
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72
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Li P, Gao Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Tan K, Hua X, Gong J. Renal interstitial permeability changes induced by microbubble-enhanced diagnostic ultrasound. J Drug Target 2013; 21:507-14. [PMID: 23627569 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.776053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble (MB) destruction (UTMD) has been shown to increase the glomerular permeability, providing a potential novel therapeutic approach in targeted drug release for kidney diseases. Therefore, we investigated the impact of UTMD on renal interstitial permeability using MB-mediated diagnostic ultrasound (DUS). The left kidney of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat was insonated by UTMD with either continuous or intermittent mode for 5 min. Evans blue (EB) revealed that both modes induced renal vascular permeability increase after DUS but recovered after 24 h. Intermittent insonation caused more severe injury than continuous mode. Red blood cells leaked out of the capillaries into interstitium without glomerular capillary hemorrhage (GCH) by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Electronic microscopy revealed the disruption of focal capillary wall in interstitial tissues. Morphological results confirmed capillary wall recovered in 24 h post-treatment. Results from fluorescence-labeled MBs showed that MBs were mainly localized in the interstitial portion of the tubular region and retained at 24 h. Intriguingly, urinalysis showed no clinical proteinuria after treatment. Our results indicated that MB plus DUS specifically and reversibly enhanced the interstitial permeability without affecting glomerulus, which may be developed into a therapeutic approach for targeting drug release to individual renal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijing Li
- Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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73
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Ren ST, Liao YR, Kang XN, Li YP, Zhang H, Ai H, Sun Q, Jing J, Zhao XH, Tan LF, Shen XL, Wang B. The antitumor effect of a new docetaxel-loaded microbubble combined with low-frequency ultrasound in vitro: preparation and parameter analysis. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1574-85. [PMID: 23417512 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel docetaxel (DOC)-loaded lipid microbubbles (MBs) for achieving target therapy and overcoming the poor water-solubility drawback of DOC. METHODS A novel DOC-loaded microbubble (DOC + MB) was prepared by lyophilization and the physicochemical properties including ultrasound contrast imaging of the liver were measured. The anti-tumor effect of the DOC + MBs combined with low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS; 0.8 Hz, 2.56 W/cm², 50% cycle duty) on the DLD-1 cancer cell line was examined using an MTT assay. RESULTS The physicochemical properties of the two tested formats of DOC + MBs (1.0 mg and 1.6 mg) was shown: concentration, (6.74 ± 0.02) × 10⁸ bubbles/mL and (8.27 ± 0.15) × 10⁸ bubbles/mL; mean size, 3.296 ± 0.004 μm and 3.387 ± 0.005 μm; pH value, 6.67 ± 0.11 and 6.56 ± 0.05; release rate, 3.41% and 12.50%; Zeta potential, -37.95 ± 7.84 mV and -44.35 ± 8.70 mV; and encapsulation efficiency, 54.9 ± 6.21% and 46.3 ± 5.69%, respectively. Compared with SonoVue, the DOC + MBs similarly enhanced the echo signal of the liver imaging. The anti-tumor effect of the DOC + MBs/LFUS group was significantly better than that of DOC alone and that of the normal MBs/LFUS groups. CONCLUSIONS The self-made DOC + MBs have potential as a new ultrasound contrast agent and drug-loaded microbubble, and can obviously enhance the antitumor effect of DOC under LFUS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Ren
- Department of Pathology and Therapeutic Vaccines Engineering Center of Shaanxi Province, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Mullin LB, Phillips LC, Dayton PA. Nanoparticle delivery enhancement with acoustically activated microbubbles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2013; 60:65-77. [PMID: 23287914 PMCID: PMC3822910 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2013.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of microbubbles and ultrasound to deliver nanoparticle carriers for drug and gene delivery is an area that has expanded greatly in recent years. Under ultrasound exposure, microbubbles can enhance nanoparticle delivery by increasing cellular and vascular permeability. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of enhanced nanoparticle delivery with ultrasound and microbubbles and various proposed delivery techniques are discussed. Additionally, types of nanoparticles currently being investigated in preclinical studies, as well as the general limitations and benefits of a microbubble- based approach to nanoparticle delivery, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Mullin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University
| | - Linsey C Phillips
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed Paul A. Dayton Campus Box 7575, UNC Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Cool SK, Geers B, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Sanders NN. Enhancing nucleic acid delivery with ultrasound and microbubbles. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 948:195-204. [PMID: 23070772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-140-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For gene therapy to work in vivo, nucleic acids need to reach the target cells without causing major side effects to the patient. In many cases the gene only has to reach a subset of cells in the body. Therefore, targeted delivery of genes to the desired tissue is a major issue in gene delivery. Many different possibilities of targeted gene delivery have been studied. A relatively novel approach to target nucleic acids and other drugs to specific regions in the body is the use of ultrasound and microbubbles. Microbubbles are gas-filled spheres with a stabilizing lipid, protein, or polymer shell. When these microbubbles enter an ultrasonic field, they start to oscillate. The bubble expansion and compression are inversely related to the pressure phases in the ultrasonic field. When microbubbles are exposed to high-intensity ultrasound they will eventually implode and fragment. This generates shockwaves and microjets which can temporarily permeate cell membranes and blood vessels. Nucleic acids or (non)-viral vectors can extravasate through these pores to gain access to the cell's cytoplasm or the surrounding tissue. The nucleic acids can either be mixed with the microbubbles or loaded on the microbubbles. Nucleic acid-loaded microbubbles can be obtained by coupling nucleic acid-containing particles (i.e., lipoplexes) to the microbubbles. Upon ultrasound-mediated implosion of the microbubbles, the nucleic acid-containing particles will be released and will deliver their nucleic acids in the ultrasound-targeted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Cool
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Van Ruijssevelt L, Smirnov P, Yudina A, Bouchaud V, Voisin P, Moonen C. Observations on the viability of C6-glioma cells after sonoporation with low-intensity ultrasound and microbubbles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2013; 60:34-45. [PMID: 23287911 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2013.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) and microbubbles can be used to facilitate cellular uptake of drugs through a cavitationinduced enhancement of cell membrane permeability. The mechanism is, however, still incompletely understood. A direct contact between microbubbles and cell membrane is thought to be essential to create membrane perturbations lasting from seconds to minutes after US exposure of the cells. A recent study showed that the effect may even last up to 8 h after cavitation (with residual permeability up to 24 h after cavitation). In view of possible membrane damage, the purpose of this study was to further investigate the evolution of cell viability in the range of the 24-h temporal window. Furthermore, a description of the functional changes in tumor cells after US exposure was initiated to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of membrane perturbation after sonication with microbubbles. Our results suggest that US does not reduce cell viability up to 24 h post-exposure. However, a perturbation of the entire cell population exposed to US was observed in terms of enzymatic activity and characteristics of the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrated that US cavitation induces a transient loss of cell membrane asymmetry, resulting in phosphatidylserine exposure in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Van Ruijssevelt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Functional Imaging: from Physiology to Therapy, FRE 3313 CNRS /Universite Bordeaux S egalen, Bordeaux, France
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Castle J, Butts M, Healey A, Kent K, Marino M, Feinstein SB. Ultrasound-mediated targeted drug delivery: recent success and remaining challenges. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012. [PMID: 23203969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00265.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential clinical value of developing a novel, nonviral, ultrasound-directed gene and drug delivery system is immense. Investigators soon will initiate clinical trials with the goal of treating a wide variety of maladies using noninvasive, ultrasound-based technology. The ongoing, scientific validation associated with promising preclinical success portents a novel range of therapeutics. The clinical utility and eventual clinical successes await vigorous testing. This review highlights the recent successes and challenges within the field of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Castle
- General Electric Global Research, Niskayuna, New York, USA
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Panje CM, Wang DS, Pysz MA, Paulmurugan R, Ren Y, Tranquart F, Tian L, Willmann JK. Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery with cationic versus neutral microbubbles: effect of DNA and microbubble dose on in vivo transfection efficiency. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1078-91. [PMID: 23227124 PMCID: PMC3516840 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of varying microbubble (MB) and DNA doses on the overall and comparative efficiencies of ultrasound (US)-mediated gene delivery (UMGD) to murine hindlimb skeletal muscle using cationic versus neutral MBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cationic and control neutral MBs were characterized for size, charge, plasmid DNA binding, and ability to protect DNA against endonuclease degradation. UMGD of a codon optimized firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter plasmid to endothelial cells (1 MHz, 1 W/cm², 20% duty cycle, 1 min) was performed in cell culture using cationic, neutral, or no MBs. In vivo UMGD to mouse hindlimb muscle was performed by insonation (1 MHz, 2 W/cm², 50% duty cycle, 5 min) after intravenous administration of Fluc combined with cationic, neutral, or no MBs. Gene delivery efficiency was assessed by serial in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Efficiency of in vivo UMGD with cationic versus neutral MBs was systematically evaluated by varying plasmid DNA dose (10, 17.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 µg) while maintaining a constant MB dose of 1x10(8) MBs and by changing MB dose (1x10(7), 5x10(7), 1x10(8), or 5x10(8) MBs) while keeping a constant DNA dose of 50 µg. RESULTS Cationic and size-matched control neutral MBs differed significantly in zeta potential with cationic MBs being able to bind plasmid DNA (binding capacity of 0.03 pg/MB) and partially protect DNA from nuclease degradation while neutral MBs could not. Cationic MBs enhanced UMGD compared to neutral MBs as well as no MB and no US controls both in cell culture (P < 0.001) and in vivo (P < 0.05). Regardless of MB type, in vivo UMGD efficiency increased dose-dependently with DNA dose and showed overall maximum transfection with 50 µg DNA. However, there was an inverse correlation (ρ = -0.90; P = 0.02) between DNA dose and the degree of enhanced UMGD efficiency observed with using cationic MBs instead of neutral MBs. The delivery efficiency advantage associated with cationic MBs was most prominent at the lowest investigated DNA dose (7.5-fold increase with cationic versus neutral MBs at a DNA dose of 10 µg; P = 0.02) compared to only a 1.4-fold increase at a DNA dose of 50 µg (P < 0.01). With increasing MB dose, overall in vivo UMGD efficiency increased dose-dependently with a maximum reached at a dose of 1x10(8) MBs with no further significant increase with 5x10(8) MBs (P = 0.97). However, compared to neutral MBs, cationic MBs enhanced UMGD efficiency the most at low MB doses. Relative enhancement of UMGD efficiency using cationic over neutral MBs decreased from a factor of 27 for 1x10(7) MBs (P = 0.02) to a factor of 1.4 for 1x10(8) MBs (P < 0.01) and no significant difference for 5x10(8) MBs. CONCLUSIONS Cationic MBs enhance UMGD to mouse skeletal muscle relative to neutral MBs but this is dependent on MB and DNA dose. The enhancement effect of cationic MBs on UMGD efficiency is more evident when lower doses of MBs or DNA are used, whereas the advantage of cationic MBs over neutral MBs is substantially reduced in the presence of excess MBs or DNA.
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Couture O, Urban A, Bretagne A, Martinez L, Tanter M, Tabeling P. In vivo targeted delivery of large payloads with an ultrasound clinical scanner. Med Phys 2012; 39:5229-37. [PMID: 22894447 DOI: 10.1118/1.4736822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Performing drug-delivery with an ultrasonic imaging scanner in situ could drastically simplify treatment and improve its specificity. Our objective is to deliver large amounts of an encapsulated agent in vivo using a clinical ultrasound scanner with a millimetric resolution. This study describes the encapsulation of fluorescein within ultrasound-inducible composite droplets and its targeted release in predefined zones in the liver of rats. METHODS An aqueous solution of fluorescein was encapsulated within perfluorocarbon liquid in 4 μm monodisperse droplets using a microfluidic system. The agent was then injected within the femoral vein of 12 rats. After exploratory ultrasound imaging, the sonographer defined five zones in the liver and a release sequence was initiated on the same apparatus. The surface of the liver was observed under fluorescence macroscopy and intraoperative fluorescence camera in vivo, before liver samples were sliced for pathology. RESULTS Following the conversion of the droplets, a 25 dB increase in contrast was observed in the zones selected by the sonographer. These hyperechoic regions were colocalized with the bright fluorescent spots observed on the surface of the liver. A minimum peak-negative pressure of 2.6 MPa, which is within regulations for imaging pulses, was required for the delivery of the content of the droplets. The tissue and cellular structures were not affected by the exposure to the release sequence. CONCLUSIONS Since composite droplets can carry various therapeutic and imaging agents, they could deliver such agents specifically in any organ accessible to ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Couture
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France.
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Removing vascular obstructions: a challenge, yet an opportunity for interventional microdevices. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:511-32. [PMID: 22331446 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide; they are mainly due to vascular obstructions which, in turn, are mainly caused by thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques. Although a variety of removal strategies has been developed for the considered obstructions, none of them is free from limitations and conclusive. The present paper analyzes the physical mechanisms underlying state-of-art removal strategies and classifies them into chemical, mechanical, laser and hybrid (namely chemo-mechanical and mechano-chemical) approaches, while also reviewing corresponding commercial/research tools/devices and procedures. Furthermore, challenges and opportunities for interventional micro/nanodevices are highlighted. In this spirit, the present review should support engineers, researchers active in the micro/nanotechnology field, as well as medical doctors in the development of innovative biomedical solutions for treating vascular obstructions. Data were collected by using the ISI Web of Knowledge portal, buyer's guides and FDA databases; devices not reported on scientific publications, as well as commercial devices no more for sale were discarded. Nearly 70% of the references were published since 2006, 55% since 2008; these percentages respectively raise to 85% and 65% as regards the section specifically reviewing state-of-art removal tools/devices and procedures.
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82
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Bioley G, Lassus A, Bussat P, Terrettaz J, Tranquart F, Corthésy B. Gas-filled microbubble-mediated delivery of antigen and the induction of immune responses. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5935-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wang DS, Panje C, Pysz MA, Paulmurugan R, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS, Schneider M, Willmann JK. Cationic versus neutral microbubbles for ultrasound-mediated gene delivery in cancer. Radiology 2012; 264:721-32. [PMID: 22723497 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether plasmid-binding cationic microbubbles (MBs) enhance ultrasound-mediated gene delivery efficiency relative to control neutral MBs in cell culture and in vivo tumors in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal studies were approved by the institutional animal care committee. Cationic and neutral MBs were characterized in terms of size, charge, circulation time, and DNA binding. Click beetle luciferase (CBLuc) reporter plasmids were mixed with cationic or neutral MBs. The ability of cationic MBs to protect bound plasmids from nuclease degradation was tested by means of a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) protection assay. Relative efficiencies of ultrasound-mediated transfection (ultrasound parameters: 1 MHz, 1 W/cm(2), 20% duty cycle, 1 minute) of CBLuc to endothelial cells by using cationic, neutral, or no MBs were compared in cell culture. Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery to mouse hind limb tumors was performed in vivo (n = 24) with insonation (1 MHz, 2 W/cm(2), 50% duty cycle, 5 minutes) after intravenous administration of CBLuc with cationic, neutral, or no MBs. Tumor luciferase activity was assessed by means of serial in vivo bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo analysis. Results were compared by using analysis of variance. RESULTS Cationic MBs (+15.8 mV; DNA binding capacity, 0.03 pg per MB) partially protected bound DNA from DNase degradation. Mean CBLuc expression of treated endothelial cells in culture was 20-fold higher with cationic than with neutral MBs (219.0 relative light units [RLUs]/µg protein ± 92.5 [standard deviation] vs 10.9 RLUs/µg protein ± 2.7, P = .001) and was significantly higher (P < .001) than that in the no MB and no ultrasound control groups. Serial in vivo bioluminescence of mouse tumors was significantly higher with cationic than with neutral MBs ([5.9 ± 2.2] to [9.3 ± 5.2] vs [2.4 ± 0.8] to [2.9 ± 1.1] × 10(4) photons/sec/cm(2)/steradian, P < .0001) and versus no MB and no ultrasound controls (P < .0001). Results of ex vivo analysis confirmed these results (ρ = 0.88, P < .0001). CONCLUSION Plasmid-binding cationic MBs enhance ultrasound-mediated gene delivery efficiency relative to neutral MBs in both cell culture and mouse hind limb tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Systemic delivery of a breast cancer-detecting adenovirus using targeted microbubbles. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:545-52. [PMID: 22653385 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations of cancer gene therapy using recombinant human adenovirus (Ad) is rapid Ad inactivation from systemic delivery. To eliminate this, biotin-coated ultrasound contrast agents, or microbubbles (MBs), were streptavidin-coupled with biotinylated antibodies to three distinct tumor vasculature-associated receptors (α(V)β(3) integrin, P-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) for systemic targeting of a previously generated vector Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry. This cancer-specific, dual-reporter vector was loaded in the targeted MBs and confirmed by confocal microscopy. MB loading capacity was estimated by functional assays as 4.72 ± 0.2 plaque forming unit (PFU) per MB. Non-loaded (free) Ad particles were effectively inactivated by treatment with human complement. The Ad-loaded, targeted-MBs were injected systemically in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors (Grp 1) and compared with two control groups: Ad-loaded, non-targeted MBs (Grp 2) and free Ad (Grp 3) administered under the same conditions. Two days after administration the blood levels of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter in Grp 1 mice (16.1 ng ml(-1) ± 2.5) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in Grp 2 (9.75 ng ml(-1) ± 1.5) or Grp 3 (4.26 ng ml(-1) ± 2.5) animals. The targeted Ad delivery was also confirmed by fluorescence imaging. Thus, Ad delivery by targeted MBs holds potential as a safe and effective system for systemic Ad delivery for the purpose of cancer screening.
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85
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Miller DL, Smith NB, Bailey MR, Czarnota GJ, Hynynen K, Makin IRS. Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2012; 31:623-34. [PMID: 22441920 PMCID: PMC3810427 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2012.31.4.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Applications of ultrasound in medicine for therapeutic purposes have been accepted and beneficial uses of ultrasonic biological effects for many years. Low-power ultrasound of about 1 MHz has been widely applied since the 1950s for physical therapy in conditions such as tendinitis and bursitis. In the 1980s, high-pressure-amplitude shock waves came into use for mechanically resolving kidney stones, and "lithotripsy" rapidly replaced surgery as the most frequent treatment choice. The use of ultrasonic energy for therapy continues to expand, and approved applications now include uterine fibroid ablation, cataract removal (phacoemulsification), surgical tissue cutting and hemostasis, transdermal drug delivery, and bone fracture healing, among others. Undesirable bioeffects can occur, including burns from thermal-based therapies and severe hemorrhage from mechanical-based therapies (eg, lithotripsy). In all of these therapeutic applications of ultrasound bioeffects, standardization, ultrasound dosimetry, benefits assurance, and side-effect risk minimization must be carefully considered to ensure an optimal benefit to risk ratio for the patient. Therapeutic ultrasound typically has well-defined benefits and risks and therefore presents a manageable safety problem to the clinician. However, safety information can be scattered, confusing, or subject to commercial conflicts of interest. Of paramount importance for managing this problem is the communication of practical safety information by authoritative groups, such as the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, to the medical ultrasound community. In this overview, the Bioeffects Committee of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine outlines the wide range of therapeutic ultrasound methods, which are in clinical use or under study, and provides general guidance for ensuring therapeutic ultrasound safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Miller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 3240A Medical Science Building I, 1301 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5667, USA.
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86
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Borrelli MJ, O'Brien WD, Bernock LJ, Williams HR, Hamilton E, Wu J, Oelze ML, Culp WC. Production of uniformly sized serum albumin and dextrose microbubbles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:198-208. [PMID: 21689961 PMCID: PMC3152625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Uniformly-sized preparations with average microbubble (MB) diameters from 1 to 7 μm were produced reliably by sonicating decafluorobutane-saturated solutions of serum albumin and dextrose. Detailed protocols for producing and size-separating the MBs are presented, along with the effects that changing each production parameter (serum albumin concentration, sonication power, sonication time, etc.) had on MB size distribution and acoustic stability. These protocols can be used to produce MBs for experimental applications or serve as templates for developing new protocols that yield MBs with physical and acoustic properties better suited to specific applications. Size stability and ultrasonic performance quality control tests were developed to assure that successive MB preparations perform identically and to distinguish the physical and acoustic properties of identically sized MBs produced with different serum albumin-dextrose formulations and sonication parameters. MBs can be stored at 5 °C for protracted periods (2 weeks to one year depending on formulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Borrelli
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street Slot #556, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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87
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mRNA-Lipoplex loaded microbubble contrast agents for ultrasound-assisted transfection of dendritic cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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Liu TY, Huang TC. A novel drug vehicle capable of ultrasound-triggered release with MRI functions. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3927-34. [PMID: 21745611 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel remotely triggered drug vehicle, magnetic hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated liposome (i.e. HA-coated liposome decorated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanodots; HA/SPIO-coated liposome), was developed to exhibit ultrasound-triggered release behavior, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and ultrasound-induced MRI contrast change. In this study, the effects of the HA/SPIO coating layer on the background leakage, response to ultrasound and MR signal were investigated. The background leakage of the liposome was significantly reduced due to HA/SPIO coating of the liposome. This coating layer also enhanced the sensitivity of the drug vehicle to ultrasound under sonication conditions at high frequencies (1 and 3 MHz) and low power densities (0.2-0.4 W cm(-2)). Moreover, the ultrasound-triggered vehicle exhibited a concentration-dependent T(2) (spin-spin relaxation time) contrast in MR images due to their decoration with SPIO nanodots. In addition, r(2) and r(2)(∗) (transverse relaxivity) values increased with increasing amounts of SPIO decoration, suggesting that the MR images of HA/SPIO-coated liposomes could be probed by the T(2) signal. Most importantly, the r(2)(∗)-r(2) value of HA/SPIO-coated liposomes decreased after sonication, which was more prominent for the sample with lower SPIO amounts. This suggests that this novel drug vehicle can be used not only as an MR image-guided drug vehicle capable of ultrasound-triggered release, but also as an MR reporter to probe the status of vehicles after ultrasonic triggering.
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89
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Lazarova N, Causey PW, Lemon JA, Czorny SK, Forbes JR, Zlitni A, Genady A, Foster FS, Valliant JF. The synthesis, magnetic purification and evaluation of 99mTc-labeled microbubbles. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:1111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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90
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Bioley G, Bussat P, Lassus A, Schneider M, Terrettaz J, Corthésy B. The phagocytosis of gas-filled microbubbles by human and murine antigen-presenting cells. Biomaterials 2011; 33:333-42. [PMID: 21983137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the potential of gas-filled microbubbles (MB) to be internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Fluorescently labeled MB were prepared, thus permitting to track binding to, and internalization in, APC. Both human and mouse cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells (DC), prove capable to phagocyte MB in vitro. Observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that interaction between MB and target cells resulted in a rapid internalization in cellular compartments and to a lesser extent in the cytoplasm. Capture of MB by APC resulted in phagolysosomal targeting as verified by double staining with anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 monoclonal antibody and decrease of internalization by phagocytosis inhibitors. Fluorescent MB injected subcutaneously (s.c.) in mice were found to be associated with CD11c(+)DC in lymph nodes draining the injection sites 24 h after administration. Altogether, our study demonstrates that MB can successfully target APC both in vitro and in vivo, and thus may serve as a potent Ag delivery system without requirement for ultrasound-based sonoporation. This adds to the potential of applications of MB already extensively used for diagnostic imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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91
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Polyplex-microbubble hybrids for ultrasound-guided plasmid DNA delivery to solid tumors. J Control Release 2011; 157:224-34. [PMID: 21945680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents are being developed as image-guided gene carriers for targeted delivery in vivo. In this study, novel polyplex-microbubbles were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for systemic circulation and tumor transfection. Branched polyethylenimine (PEI; 25 kDa) was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG; 5 kDa), thiolated and covalently attached to maleimide groups on lipid-coated microbubbles. The PEI-microbubbles demonstrated increasingly positive surface charge and DNA loading capacity with increasing maleimide content. The in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence of PEI-microbubbles was measured in the healthy mouse kidney, and a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model accounting for free and adherent microbubbles was developed to describe the anomalous time-intensity curves. The model suggested that PEI loading dramatically reduced free circulation and increased nonspecific adhesion to the vasculature. However, DNA loading to form polyplex-microbubbles increased circulation in the bloodstream and decreased nonspecific adhesion. PEI-microbubbles coupled to a luciferase bioluminescence reporter plasmid DNA were shown to transfect tumors implanted in the mouse kidney. Site-specific delivery was achieved using ultrasound applied over the tumor area following bolus injection of the DNA/PEI-microbubbles. In vivo imaging showed over 10-fold higher bioluminescence from the tumor region compared to untreated tissue. Ex vivo analysis of excised tumors showed greater than 40-fold higher expression in tumor tissue than non-sonicated control (heart) tissue. These results suggest that the polyplex-microbubble platform offers improved control of DNA loading and packaging suitable for ultrasound-guided tissue transfection.
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Sheeran PS, Wong VP, Luois S, Mcfarland RJ, Ross WD, Feingold S, Matsunaga TO, Dayton PA. Decafluorobutane as a phase-change contrast agent for low-energy extravascular ultrasonic imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:1518-30. [PMID: 21775049 PMCID: PMC4450864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently available microbubbles used for ultrasound imaging and therapeutics are limited to intravascular space due to their size distribution in the micron range. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) have been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation, since droplets formed in the hundred nanometer size range might be able to extravasate through leaky microvasculature, after which they could be activated to form larger highly echogenic microbubbles. Existing PCCAs in the sub-micron size range require substantial acoustic energy to be vaporized, increasing the likelihood of unwanted bioeffects. Thus, there exists a need for PCCAs with reduced acoustic activation energies for use in imaging studies. In this article, it is shown that decafluorobutane, which is normally a gas at room temperature, can be incorporated into metastable liquid sub-micron droplets with appropriate encapsulation methods. The resulting droplets are activatable with substantially less energy than other favored PCCA compounds. Decafluorobutane nanodroplets may present a new means to safely extend ultrasound imaging beyond the vascular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Sheeran
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vincent P. Wong
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha Luois
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Radiology Research, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan J. Mcfarland
- Department of Radiology Research, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William D. Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven Feingold
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Terry O. Matsunaga
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Radiology Research, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul A. Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Hwang TL, Fang CL, Al-Suwayeh SA, Yang LJ, Fang JY. Activated human neutrophil response to perfluorocarbon nanobubbles: Oxygen-dependent and -independent cytotoxic responses. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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94
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Liu Z, Lammers T, Ehling J, Fokong S, Bornemann J, Kiessling F, Gätjens J. Iron oxide nanoparticle-containing microbubble composites as contrast agents for MR and ultrasound dual-modality imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6155-63. [PMID: 21632103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound (US) imaging are widely used diagnostic modalities for various experimental and clinical applications. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticle-embedded polymeric microbubbles were designed as multi-modal contrast agents for hybrid MR-US imaging. These magnetic nano-in-micro imaging probes were prepared via a one-pot emulsion polymerization to form poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) microbubbles, along with the oil-in-water (O/W) encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles in the bubble shell. The nano-in-micro embedding strategy was validated using NMR and electron microscopy. These hybrid imaging agents exhibited strong contrast in US and an increased transversal relaxation rate in MR. Moreover, a significant increase in longitudinal and transversal relaxivities was observed after US-induced bubble destruction, which demonstrated triggerable MR imaging properties. Proof-of-principle in vivo experiments confirmed that these nanoparticle-embedded microbubble composites are suitable contrast agents for both MR and US imaging. In summary, these magnetic nano-in-micro hybrid materials are highly interesting systems for bimodal MR-US imaging, and their enhanced relaxivities upon US-induced destruction recommend them as potential vehicles for MR-guided US-mediated drug and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Cellular Injury of Cardiomyocytes during Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Transfection with Ultrasound-Triggered Bubble Liposome Destruction. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:453619. [PMID: 21512580 PMCID: PMC3065913 DOI: 10.1155/2011/453619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We transfected naked HGF plasmid DNA into cultured cardiomyocytes using a sonoporation method consisting of ultrasound-triggered bubble liposome destruction. We examined the effects on transfection efficiency of three concentrations of bubble liposome (1 × 106,
1 × 107,
1 × 108/mL), three concentrations of HGF DNA (60, 120, 180 μg/mL), two insonification times (30, 60 sec), and three incubation times (15, 60, 120 min). We found that low concentrations of bubble liposome and low concentrations of DNA provided the largest amount of the HGF protein expression by the sonoporated cardiomyocytes. Variation of insonification and incubation times did not affect the amount of product. Following insonification, cardiomyocytes showed cellular injury, as determined by a dye exclusion test. The extent of injury was most severe with the highest concentration of bubble liposome. In conclusion, there are some trade-offs between gene transfection efficiency and cellular injury using ultrasound-triggered bubble liposome destruction as a method for gene transfection.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease (CAD) is still the leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Even though revascularization strategies such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) as well as drug therapy have significantly reduced mortality, about 30% of patients will develop chronic heart failure over time. Ischemic heart disease and heart failure are characterized by an adverse remodeling of the heart, featuring cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased fibrosis and capillary rarification. AREAS COVERED Beside an assessment of current vector systems, this review focuses on potential target genes affecting angiogenesis/arteriogenesis and contractility. The potential of micro RNA (miRNA) modulation for the de-repression of survival and pro-angiogenic genes is discussed. Since gene therapy of the target region is preferable to avoid systemic contamination, application routes are discussed. EXPERT OPINION miRNAs are a promising new development for successful gene therapy, especially for acute myocardial infarction since their miRNA antagonists are easy to apply and appear to be selectively absorbed by the ischemic myocardial tissue. Rapid uptake and prolonged presence of known antimirs and antagomirs support this notion. For ischemic heart disease the most promising gene therapeutic approach seems to be the regional intravenous application of suitable AAV vectors and vascular growth factors, providing the full scope of angiogenesis, vessel maturation and collateral growth optionally combined with genes enhancing contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hinkel
- University Clinic Grosshadern, Internal medicine I, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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97
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PYSZ MARYBETHA, WILLMANN JÜRGENK. Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound: an emerging technology in abdominal and pelvic imaging. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:785-90. [PMID: 21255573 PMCID: PMC4162392 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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98
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Postema M, Gilja OH. Contrast-enhanced and targeted ultrasound. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:28-41. [PMID: 21218081 PMCID: PMC3016677 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality, owing to the low price per examination and its safety. However, blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit frequencies. For perfusion imaging, markers have been designed to enhance the contrast in B-mode imaging. These so-called ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small gas bubbles encapsulated in biodegradable shells. In this review, the physical principles of ultrasound contrast agent microbubble behavior and their adjustment for drug delivery including sonoporation are described. Furthermore, an outline of clinical imaging applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is given. It is a challenging task to quantify and predict which bubble phenomenon occurs under which acoustic condition, and how these phenomena may be utilized in ultrasonic imaging. Aided by high-speed photography, our improved understanding of encapsulated microbubble behavior will lead to more sophisticated detection and delivery techniques. More sophisticated methods use quantitative approaches to measure the amount and the time course of bolus or reperfusion curves, and have shown great promise in revealing effective tumor responses to anti-angiogenic drugs in humans before tumor shrinkage occurs. These are beginning to be accepted into clinical practice. In the long term, targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging and eventually for directed anti-tumor therapy are expected to be tested.
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100
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Xiao Y, Yang L, Mao P, Zhao Z, Lin X. Ultrasound-promoted enzymatic synthesis of troxerutin esters in nonaqueous solvents. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:303-309. [PMID: 20637677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of enzymatic acylation of troxerutin by the alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis under ultrasound and shaking were carried out in nonaqueous media. Using divinyl dicarboxylates (CH(2)CH-OOC-(CH(2))(n)-COO-CHCH(2), n=2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11) featuring different chain length as acyl donors, troxerutin was regioselectively acylated at B ethoxyl group, whether under ultrasound or shaking. Ultrasonic treatment increased the reaction rate and led to high conversion. Several factors, such as pre-irradiation on the enzyme, the power and frequency of the ultrasound, operation manner, as well as the length of the acyl donors were investigated. Using enzyme pre-irradiated for 8 h, the conversion of troxerutin was increased to 87.3% compared with 56.3% obtained from the untreated enzyme. Experimental results also showed that continual ultrasound caused greater rate acceleration than interval ultrasound. Powers of 100, 150 and 200 W, frequencies of 40, 80 and 100 kHz all showed significant improvement on the transesterification, with the greatest effect observed at 150 W, 80 kHz. The acceleration effect increased as the chain length of the acyl donors decreased from C(13) to C(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xiao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
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