51
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Whitaker N, Xiong J, Pace SE, Kumar V, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. A Formulation Development Approach to Identify and Select Stable Ultra-High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations With Reduced Viscosities. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3230-3241. [PMID: 28668340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High protein concentration formulations are required for low-volume administration of therapeutic antibodies targeted for subcutaneous, self-administration by patients. Ultra-high concentrations (≥150 mg/mL) can lead to dramatically increased solution viscosities, which in turn can lead to stability, manufacturing, and delivery challenges. In this study, various categories and individual types of pharmaceutical excipients and other additives (56 in total) were screened for their viscosity reducing effects on 2 different mAbs. The physicochemical stability profile, as well as viscosity ranges, of several candidate antibody formulations, identified and designed based on the results of the excipient screening, were evaluated over a 6-month time period under accelerated and real-time storage conditions. In addition to reducing the solution viscosities to acceptable levels for parenteral administration (using currently available and acceptable delivery devices), the candidate formulations did not result in notable losses of physicochemical stability of the 2 antibodies on storage for 6 months at 25°C. The experiments described here demonstrate the feasibility of a formulation development and selection approach to identify candidate high-concentration antibody formulations with viscosities within pharmaceutically acceptable ranges that do not adversely affect their physicochemical storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Whitaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Samantha E Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Drug Product Development-Large Molecules, Janssen Biotech Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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52
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Fukuda M, Watanabe A, Hayasaka A, Muraoka M, Hori Y, Yamazaki T, Imaeda Y, Koga A. Small-scale screening method for low-viscosity antibody solutions using small-angle X-ray scattering. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 112:132-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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53
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Liquid-liquid phase separation of a monoclonal antibody at low ionic strength: Influence of anion charge and concentration. Biophys Chem 2017; 220:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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54
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Baek Y, Singh N, Arunkumar A, Zydney AL. Effects of Histidine and Sucrose on the Biophysical Properties of a Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2016; 34:629-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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55
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Sarangapani PS, Weaver J, Parupudi A, Besong TM, Adams GG, Harding SE, Manikwar P, Castellanos MM, Bishop SM, Pathak JA. Both Reversible Self-Association and Structural Changes Underpin Molecular Viscoelasticity of mAb Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3496-3506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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56
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Borwankar AU, Dear BJ, Twu A, Hung JJ, Dinin AK, Wilson BK, Yue J, Maynard JA, Truskett TM, Johnston KP. Viscosity Reduction of a Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody with Arginine·HCl and Arginine·Glutamate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya U. Borwankar
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Barton J. Dear
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - April Twu
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hung
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aileen K. Dinin
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brian K. Wilson
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingyan Yue
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Thomas M. Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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57
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Lutz H, Arias J, Zou Y. High concentration biotherapeutic formulation and ultrafiltration: Part 1 pressure limits. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:113-124. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herb Lutz
- Biomanufacturing Sciences Network, EMD Millipore Corporation; 900 Middlesex Turnpike Billerica MA 01821
| | - Joshua Arias
- Biomanufacturing Sciences Network, EMD Millipore Corporation; 900 Middlesex Turnpike Billerica MA 01821
| | - Yu Zou
- Bioprocess R&D, EMD Millipore Corporation; Bedford MA 01730
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58
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Recent advances in crystalline and amorphous particulate protein formulations for controlled delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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59
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Yang TC, Langford AJ, Kumar S, Ruesch JC, Wang W. Trimerization Dictates Solution Opalescence of a Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2328-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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60
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Bauer KC, Göbel M, Schwab ML, Schermeyer MT, Hubbuch J. Concentration-dependent changes in apparent diffusion coefficients as indicator for colloidal stability of protein solutions. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:276-287. [PMID: 27421911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of a protein solution during downstream processing, formulation, and storage is a key issue for the biopharmaceutical production process. Thus, knowledge about colloidal solution characteristics, such as the tendency to form aggregates or high viscosity, at various processing conditions is of interest. This work correlates changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient as a parameter of protein interactions with observed protein aggregation and dynamic viscosity of the respective protein samples. For this purpose, the diffusion coefficient, the protein phase behavior, and the dynamic viscosity in various systems containing the model proteins α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, and glucose oxidase were studied. Each of these experiments revealed a wide range of variations in protein interactions depending on protein type, protein concentration, pH, and the NaCl concentration. All these variations showed to be mirrored by changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient in the respective samples. Whereas stable samples with relatively low viscosity showed an almost linear dependence, the deviation from the concentration-dependent linearity indicated both an increase in the sample viscosity and probability of protein aggregation. This deviation of the apparent diffusion coefficient from concentration-dependent linearity was independent of protein type and solution properties for this study. Thus, this single parameter shows the potential to act as a prognostic tool for colloidal stability of protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Christin Bauer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mathias Göbel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Schwab
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Schermeyer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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61
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Abstract
Fragmentation in the hinge region of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can affect product stability, potentially causing changes in potency and efficacy. Metals ions, such as Cu(2+), can bind to the mAb and undergo hydrolysis or oxidation, which can lead to cleavage of the molecule. To better understand the mechanism of Cu(2+)-mediated mAb fragmentation, hinge region cleavage products and their rates of formation were studied as a function of pH with and without Cu(2+). More detailed analysis of the chemical changes was investigated using model linear and cyclic peptides (with the sequence of SCDKTHTC) derived from the upper hinge region of the mAb. Cu(2+) mediated fragmentation was determined to be predominantly via a hydrolytic pathway in solution. The sites and products of hydrolytic cleavage are pH and strain dependent. In more acidic environments, rates of Cu(2+) induced hinge fragmentation are significantly slower than at higher pH. Although the degradation reaction rates between the linear and cyclic peptides are not significantly different, the products of degradation vary. mAb fragmentation can be reduced by modifying His, which is a potential metal binding site and a known ligand in other metalloproteins. These results suggest that a charge may contribute to stabilization of a specific molecular structure involved in hydrolysis, leading to the possible formation of a copper binding pocket that causes increased susceptibility of the hinge region to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zephania Kwong Glover
- a Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development; Genentech, Inc. ; South San Francisco , CA USA
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62
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Hung JJ, Borwankar AU, Dear BJ, Truskett TM, Johnston KP. High concentration tangential flow ultrafiltration of stable monoclonal antibody solutions with low viscosities. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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63
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Ghazvini S, Kalonia C, Volkin DB, Dhar P. Evaluating the Role of the Air-Solution Interface on the Mechanism of Subvisible Particle Formation Caused by Mechanical Agitation for an IgG1 mAb. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1643-1656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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64
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Geng SB, Wittekind M, Vigil A, Tessier PM. Measurements of Monoclonal Antibody Self-Association Are Correlated with Complex Biophysical Properties. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1636-45. [PMID: 27045771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for therapeutic applications requires identification of mAbs with favorable biophysical properties (high solubility and low viscosity) in addition to potent bioactivities. Nevertheless, mAbs can also display complex, nonconventional biophysical properties that impede their development such as formation of soluble aggregates and subvisible particles as well as nonspecific interactions with various types of surfaces such as nonadsorptive chromatography columns. Here we have investigated the potential of using antibody self-interaction measurements obtained via affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (AC-SINS) at dilute concentrations (0.01 mg/mL) for ranking a panel of 12 mAbs in terms of their expected biophysical properties at higher concentrations (1-30 mg/mL). Several mAb properties (solubility, % monomer, size-exclusion elution time and % recovery) displayed modest correlation with each other, as some mAbs with deficiencies in one or more properties (e.g., solubility) failed to show deficiencies in other properties (e.g., % monomer). The ranking of mAbs in terms of their level of self-association was correlated with their solubility ranking. However, the correlation was even stronger between the average ranking of the four biophysical properties and the AC-SINS measurements. This finding suggests that weak self-interactions detected via AC-SINS can manifest themselves in different ways and lead to complex biophysical properties. Our findings highlight the potential for using high-throughput self-interaction measurements to improve the identification of mAbs that possess a collection of excellent biophysical properties without the need for cumbersome analysis of each individual property during early candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Geng
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | - Adam Vigil
- Contrafect Corporation, Yonkers, New York 10701, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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65
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Batoulis H, Schmidt TH, Weber P, Schloetel JG, Kandt C, Lang T. Concentration Dependent Ion-Protein Interaction Patterns Underlying Protein Oligomerization Behaviours. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24131. [PMID: 27052788 PMCID: PMC4823792 DOI: 10.1038/srep24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salts and proteins comprise two of the basic molecular components of biological materials. Kosmotropic/chaotropic co-solvation and matching ion water affinities explain basic ionic effects on protein aggregation observed in simple solutions. However, it is unclear how these theories apply to proteins in complex biological environments and what the underlying ionic binding patterns are. Using the positive ion Ca2+ and the negatively charged membrane protein SNAP25, we studied ion effects on protein oligomerization in solution, in native membranes and in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We find that concentration-dependent ion-induced protein oligomerization is a fundamental chemico-physical principle applying not only to soluble but also to membrane-anchored proteins in their native environment. Oligomerization is driven by the interaction of Ca2+ ions with the carboxylate groups of aspartate and glutamate. From low up to middle concentrations, salt bridges between Ca2+ ions and two or more protein residues lead to increasingly larger oligomers, while at high concentrations oligomers disperse due to overcharging effects. The insights provide a conceptual framework at the interface of physics, chemistry and biology to explain binding of ions to charged protein surfaces on an atomistic scale, as occurring during protein solubilisation, aggregation and oligomerization both in simple solutions and membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batoulis
- Membrane Biochemistry, Life &Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas H Schmidt
- Membrane Biochemistry, Life &Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Weber
- Membrane Biochemistry, Life &Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Gero Schloetel
- Membrane Biochemistry, Life &Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kandt
- Life Science Informatics B-IT, Computational Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- Membrane Biochemistry, Life &Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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66
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Pharmaceutical Perspective on Opalescence and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Protein Solutions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1431-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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67
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Huuk TC, Briskot T, Hahn T, Hubbuch J. A versatile noninvasive method for adsorber quantification in batch and column chromatography based on the ionic capacity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:666-77. [PMID: 27324662 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Within the Quality by Design (QbD) framework proposed by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), high-throughput process development (HTPD) and mechanistic modeling are of outstanding importance for future biopharmaceutical chromatography process development. In order to compare the data derived from different column scales or batch chromatographies, the amount of adsorber has to be quantified with the same noninvasive method. Similarly, an important requirement for the implementation of mechanistic modeling is the reliable determination of column characteristics such as the ionic capacity Λ for ion-exchange chromatography with the same method at all scales and formats. We developed a method to determine the ionic capacity in column and batch chromatography, based on the adsorption/desorption of the natural, uv-detectable amino acid histidine. In column chromatography, this method produces results comparable to those of classical acid-base titration. In contrast to acid-base titration, this method can be adapted to robotic batch chromatographic experiments. We are able to convert the adsorber volumes in batch chromatography to the equivalent volume of a compressed column. In a case study, we demonstrate that this method increases the quality of SMA parameters fitted to batch adsorption isotherms, and the capability to predict column breakthrough experiments. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:666-677, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo C Huuk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Inst. of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Till Briskot
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Inst. of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Hahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Inst. of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Inst. of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
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68
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Chow CK, Allan BW, Chai Q, Atwell S, Lu J. Therapeutic Antibody Engineering To Improve Viscosity and Phase Separation Guided by Crystal Structure. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kin Chow
- Biotechnology
Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Barrett W. Allan
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qing Chai
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jirong Lu
- Biotechnology
Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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69
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Gonçalves AD, Alexander C, Roberts CJ, Spain SG, Uddin S, Allen S. The effect of protein concentration on the viscosity of a recombinant albumin solution formulation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of protein concentration on solution viscosity in a commercially available biopharmaceutical formulation of recombinant albumin (rAlbumin) was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Clive J. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Sebastian G. Spain
- School of Pharmacy
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | - Stephanie Allen
- School of Pharmacy
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
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70
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Song H, Xu J, Jin M, Huang C, Bongers J, Bai H, Wu W, Ludwig R, Li Z, Tao L, Das TK. Investigation of Color in a Fusion Protein Using Advanced Analytical Techniques: Delineating Contributions from Oxidation Products and Process Related Impurities. Pharm Res 2015; 33:932-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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71
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Fukuda M, Moriyama C, Yamazaki T, Imaeda Y, Koga A. Quantitative Correlation between Viscosity of Concentrated MAb Solutions and Particle Size Parameters Obtained from Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3803-12. [PMID: 26078002 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between viscosity of concentrated MAb solutions and particle size parameters obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). METHODS The viscosity of three MAb solutions (MAb1, MAb2, and MAb3; 40-200 mg/mL) was measured by electromagnetically spinning viscometer. The protein interactions of MAb solutions (at 60 mg/mL) was evaluated by SAXS. The phase behavior of 60 mg/mL MAb solutions in a low-salt buffer was observed after 1 week storage at 25°C. RESULTS The MAb1 solutions exhibited the highest viscosity among the three MAbs in the buffer containing 50 mM NaCl. Viscosity of MAb1 solutions decreased with increasing temperature, increasing salt concentration, and addition of amino acids. Viscosity of MAb1 solutions was lowest in the buffer containing histidine, arginine, and aspartic acid. Particle size parameters obtained from SAXS measurements correlated very well with the viscosity of MAb solutions at 200 mg/mL. MAb1 exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation at a low salt concentration. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous addition of basic and acidic amino acids effectively suppressed intermolecular attractive interactions and decreased viscosity of MAb1 solutions. SAXS can be performed using a small volume of samples; therefore, the particle size parameters obtained from SAXS at intermediate protein concentration could be used to screen for low viscosity antibodies in the early development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Fukuda
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan.
| | - Chifumi Moriyama
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Tadao Yamazaki
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Imaeda
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Akiko Koga
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
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72
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Agrawal NJ, Helk B, Kumar S, Mody N, Sathish HA, Samra HS, Buck PM, Li L, Trout BL. Computational tool for the early screening of monoclonal antibodies for their viscosities. MAbs 2015; 8:43-8. [PMID: 26399600 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1099773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly concentrated antibody solutions often exhibit high viscosities, which present a number of challenges for antibody-drug development, manufacturing and administration. The antibody sequence is a key determinant for high viscosity of highly concentrated solutions; therefore, a sequence- or structure-based tool that can identify highly viscous antibodies from their sequence would be effective in ensuring that only antibodies with low viscosity progress to the development phase. Here, we present a spatial charge map (SCM) tool that can accurately identify highly viscous antibodies from their sequence alone (using homology modeling to determine the 3-dimensional structures). The SCM tool has been extensively validated at 3 different organizations, and has proved successful in correctly identifying highly viscous antibodies. As a quantitative tool, SCM is amenable to high-throughput automated analysis, and can be effectively implemented during the antibody screening or engineering phase for the selection of low-viscosity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj J Agrawal
- a 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E19-502b; Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA.,f Current address: Amgen Inc.; 1 Amgen Center Dr. , Thousand Oaks , CA 91320 , USA
| | - Bernhard Helk
- b Novartis Pharma AG; Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing ; Werk Klybeck , WKL-681.4.42, CH-4057 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- c Pharmaceutical Research and Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pfizer Inc. ; 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield , MO 63017 , USA
| | - Neil Mody
- d Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune LLC ; One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Hasige A Sathish
- d Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune LLC ; One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Hardeep S Samra
- d Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune LLC ; One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Patrick M Buck
- c Pharmaceutical Research and Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pfizer Inc. ; 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield , MO 63017 , USA
| | - Li Li
- e Pharmaceutical Research and Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pfizer Inc. ; 1 Burtt Road, Andover , MA 01810 , USA
| | - Bernhardt L Trout
- a 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E19-502b; Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
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73
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Wu J, Schultz JS, Weldon CL, Sule SV, Chai Q, Geng SB, Dickinson CD, Tessier PM. Discovery of highly soluble antibodies prior to purification using affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:403-14. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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74
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Casaz P, Boucher E, Wollacott R, Pierce BG, Rivera R, Sedic M, Ozturk S, Thomas WD, Wang Y. Resolving self-association of a therapeutic antibody by formulation optimization and molecular approaches. MAbs 2015; 6:1533-9. [PMID: 25484044 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A common challenge encountered during development of high concentration monoclonal antibody formulations is preventing self-association. Depending on the antibody and its formulation, self-association can be seen as aggregation, precipitation, opalescence or phase separation. Here we report on an unusual manifestation of self-association, formation of a semi-solid gel or "gelation." Therapeutic monoclonal antibody C4 was isolated from human B cells based on its strong potency in neutralizing bacterial toxin in animal models. The purified antibody possessed the unusual property of forming a firm, opaque white gel when it was formulated at concentrations >30 mg/mL and the temperature was <6°C. Gel formation was reversible with temperature. Gelation was affected by salt concentration or pH, suggesting an electrostatic interaction between IgG monomers. A comparison of the C4 amino acid sequences to consensus germline sequences revealed differences in framework regions. A C4 variant in which the framework sequence was restored to the consensus germline sequence did not gel at 100 mg/mL at temperatures as low as 1°C. Additional genetic analysis was used to predict the key residue(s) involved in the gelation. Strikingly, a single substitution in the native antibody, replacing heavy chain glutamate 23 with lysine (E23K), was sufficient to prevent gelation. These results indicate that the framework region is involved in intermolecular interactions. The temperature dependence of gelation may be related to conformational changes near glutamate 23 or the regions it interacts with. Molecular engineering of the framework can be an effective approach to resolve the solubility issues of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Casaz
- a MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School ; Boston , MA USA
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75
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Viscosity Analysis of Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solutions: Role of Size, Electroviscous Effect and Protein-Protein Interactions. Pharm Res 2015; 33:155-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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76
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solution: Effect of Formulation Factors and Protein–Protein Interactions. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3261-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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77
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Arzenšek D, Kuzman D, Podgornik R. Hofmeister Effects in Monoclonal Antibody Solution Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Arzenšek
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals
Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš SI-1234, Slovenia
- Netica storitve
d.o.o., Reteče 97, Škofja Loka SI-4220, Slovenia
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Drago Kuzman
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals
Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš SI-1234, Slovenia
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Department
of Theoretical Physics, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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78
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Nicoud L, Owczarz M, Arosio P, Morbidelli M. A multiscale view of therapeutic protein aggregation: A colloid science perspective. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:367-78. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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79
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Rakel N, Bauer KC, Galm L, Hubbuch J. From osmotic second virial coefficient (B22 ) to phase behavior of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:438-51. [PMID: 25683855 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are complex macromolecules and their phase behavior as well as interactions within different solvents and precipitants are still not understood. To shed some light into the processes on a molecular dimension, the occurring self-interactions between antibody molecules were analyzed by means of the osmotic second virial coefficient (B22 ). The determined B22 follows qualitatively the phenomenological Hofmeister series describing the aggregation probability of antibodies for the various solvent compositions. However, a direct correlation between crystallization probability and B22 in form of a crystallization slot does not seem to be feasible for antibodies since the phase behavior is strongly dependent on their anisotropy. Kinetic parameters have to be taken into account due to the molecular size and complexity of the molecules. This is confirmed by a comparison of experimental data with a theoretical phase diagram. On the other hand the solubility is thermodynamically driven and therefore the B22 could be used to establish a universal solubility line for the monoclonal antibody mAb04c and different solvent compositions by using thermodynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rakel
- Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Inst. of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
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80
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Li X, Geng SB, Chiu ML, Saro D, Tessier PM. High-throughput assay for measuring monoclonal antibody self-association and aggregation in serum. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:520-8. [PMID: 25714504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous delivery is one of the preferred administration routes for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). High antibody dosing requirements and small injection volumes necessitate formulation and delivery of highly concentrated mAb solutions. Such elevated antibody concentrations can lead to undesirable solution behaviors such as mAb self-association and aggregation, which are relatively straightforward to detect using various biophysical methods because of the high purity and concentration of antibody formulations. However, the biophysical properties of mAbs in serum can also impact antibody activity, but these properties are less well understood because of the difficulty characterizing mAbs in such a complex environment. Here we report a high-throughput assay for directly evaluating mAb self-association and aggregation in serum. Our approach involves immobilizing polyclonal antibodies specific for human mAbs on gold nanoparticles, and then using these conjugates to capture human antibodies at a range of subsaturating to saturating mAb concentrations in serum. Antibody aggregation is detected at subsaturating mAb concentrations via blue-shifted plasmon wavelengths due to the reduced efficiency of capturing mAb aggregates relative to monomers, which reduces affinity cross-capture of mAbs by multiple conjugates. In contrast, antibody self-association is detected at saturating mAb concentrations via red-shifted plasmon wavelengths due to attractive interparticle interactions between immobilized mAbs. The high-throughput nature of this assay along with its compatibility with unusually dilute mAb solutions (0.1-10 μg per mL) should make it useful for identifying antibody candidates with high serum stability during early antibody discovery.
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81
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Opalescence in monoclonal antibody solutions and its correlation with intermolecular interactions in dilute and concentrated solutions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:1263-74. [PMID: 25556561 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence indicates physical instability of a formulation because of the presence of aggregates or liquid-liquid phase separation in solution and has been reported for monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. Increased solution opalescence can be attributed to attractive protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Techniques including light scattering, AUC, or membrane osmometry are routinely employed to measure PPIs in dilute solutions, whereas opalescence is seen at relatively higher concentrations, where both long- and short-range forces contribute to overall PPIs. The mAb molecule studied here shows a unique property of high opalescence because of liquid-liquid phase separation. In this study, opalescence measurements are correlated to PPIs measured in diluted and concentrated solutions using light scattering (kD ) and high-frequency rheology (G'), respectively. Charges on the molecules were calculated using zeta potential measurements. Results indicate that high opalescence and phase separation are a result of the attractive interactions in solution; however, the presence of attractive interactions do not always imply phase separation. Temperature dependence of opalescence suggests that thermodynamic contribution to opalescence is significant and Tcloud can be utilized as a potential tool to assess attractive interactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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82
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Roberts D, Keeling R, Tracka M, van der Walle CF, Uddin S, Warwicker J, Curtis R. Specific Ion and Buffer Effects on Protein–Protein Interactions of a Monoclonal Antibody. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:179-93. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Roberts
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - R. Keeling
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - M. Tracka
- Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, Ltd., Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - C. F. van der Walle
- Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, Ltd., Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - S. Uddin
- Formulation
Sciences, MedImmune, Ltd., Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - J. Warwicker
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - R. Curtis
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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83
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Roberts CJ, Blanco MA. Role of anisotropic interactions for proteins and patchy nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12599-611. [PMID: 25302767 PMCID: PMC4226310 DOI: 10.1021/jp507886r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein–protein
interactions are inherently anisotropic
to some degree, with orientation-dependent interactions between repulsive
and attractive or complementary regions or “patches”
on adjacent proteins. In some cases it has been suggested that such
patch–patch interactions dominate the thermodynamics of dilute
protein solutions, as captured by the osmotic second virial coefficient
(B22), but delineating when this will
or will not be the case remains an open question. A series of simplified
but exactly solvable models are first used to illustrate that a delicate
balance exists between the strength of attractive patch–patch
interactions and the patch size, and that repulsive patch–patch
interactions contribute significantly to B22 for only those conditions where the repulsions are long-ranged.
Finally, B22 is reformulated, without
approximations, in terms of the density of states for a given interaction
energy and particle–particle distance. Doing so illustrates
the inherent balance of entropic and energetic contributions to B22. It highlights that simply having strong
patch–patch interactions will only cause anisotropic interactions
to dominate B22 solution properties if
the unavoidable entropic penalties are overcome, which cannot occur
if patches are too small. The results also indicate that the temperature
dependence of B22 may be a simple experimental
means to assess whether a small number of strongly attractive configurations
dominate the dilute solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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84
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Luo H, Macapagal N, Newell K, Man A, Parupudi A, Li Y, Li Y. Effects of salt-induced reversible self-association on the elution behavior of a monoclonal antibody in cation exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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85
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Geng SB, Cheung JK, Narasimhan C, Shameem M, Tessier PM. Improving monoclonal antibody selection and engineering using measurements of colloidal protein interactions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3356-3363. [PMID: 25209466 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A limitation of using mAbs as therapeutic molecules is their propensity to associate with themselves and/or with other molecules via nonaffinity (colloidal) interactions. This can lead to a variety of problems ranging from low solubility and high viscosity to off-target binding and fast antibody clearance. Measuring such colloidal interactions is challenging given that they are weak and potentially involve diverse target molecules. Nevertheless, assessing these weak interactions-especially during early antibody discovery and lead candidate optimization-is critical to preventing problems that can arise later in the development process. Here we review advances in developing and implementing sensitive methods for measuring antibody colloidal interactions as well as using these measurements for guiding antibody selection and engineering. These systematic efforts to minimize nonaffinity interactions are expected to yield more effective and stable mAbs for diverse therapeutic applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:3356-3363, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Geng
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Jason K Cheung
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Chakravarthy Narasimhan
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180.
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86
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Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation and its impact on product quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:211-7. [PMID: 25173826 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceutical products are typically active as folded monomers that are composed of one or more protein chains, such as the heavy and light chains in monoclonal antibodies that are a mainstay of current drug pipelines. There are numerous possible aggregated states for a given protein, some of which are potentially useful, while most of which are considered deleterious from the perspective of pharmaceutical product quality and performance. This review provides an overview of how and why different aggregated states of proteins occur, how this potentially impacts product quality and performance, fundamental approaches to control aggregate formation, and the practical approaches that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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87
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Rakel N, Baum M, Hubbuch J. Moving through three-dimensional phase diagrams of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1103-13. [PMID: 25044865 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phase behavior characterization is a multivariate problem due to the high amount of influencing parameters and the diversity of the proteins. Single influences on the protein are not understood and fundamental knowledge remains to be obtained. For this purpose, a systematic screening method was developed to characterize the influence of fluid phase conditions on the phase behavior of proteins in three-dimensional phase diagrams. This approach was applied to three monoclonal antibodies to investigate influences of pH, protein and salt concentrations, with five different salts being tested. Although differences exist between the antibodies, this extensive study confirmed the general applicability of the Hofmeister series over the broad parameter range analyzed. The influence of the different salts on the aggregation (crystallization and precipitation) probability was described qualitatively using this Hofmeister series, with a differentiation between crystallization and precipitation being impossible, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rakel
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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88
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The limitations of an exclusively colloidal view of protein solution hydrodynamics and rheology. Biophys J 2014; 105:2418-26. [PMID: 24268154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are complex macromolecules with dynamic conformations. They are charged like colloids, but unlike colloids, charge is heterogeneously distributed on their surfaces. Here we overturn entrenched doctrine that uncritically treats bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a colloidal hard sphere by elucidating the complex pH and surface hydration-dependence of solution viscosity. We measure the infinite shear viscosity of buffered BSA solutions in a parameter space chosen to tune competing long-range repulsions and short-range attractions (2 mg/mL ≤ [BSA] ≤ 500 mg/mL and 3.0 ≤ pH ≤ 7.4). We account for surface hydration through partial specific volume to define volume fraction and determine that the pH-dependent BSA intrinsic viscosity never equals the classical hard sphere result (2.5). We attempt to fit our data to the colloidal rheology models of Russel, Saville, and Schowalter (RSS) and Krieger-Dougherty (KD), which are each routinely and successfully applied to uniformly charged suspensions and to hard-sphere suspensions, respectively. We discover that the RSS model accurately describes our data at pH 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0, but fails at pH 6.0 and 7.4, due to steeply rising solution viscosity at high concentration. When we implement the KD model with the maximum packing volume fraction as the sole floating parameter while holding the intrinsic viscosity constant, we conclude that the model only succeeds at pH 6.0 and 7.4. These findings lead us to define a minimal framework for models of crowded protein solution viscosity wherein critical protein-specific attributes (namely, conformation, surface hydration, and surface charge distribution) are addressed.
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89
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Jayaraman J, Wu J, Brunelle MC, Cruz AMM, Goldberg DS, Lobo B, Shah A, Tessier PM. Plasmonic measurements of monoclonal antibody self-association using self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | - Jiemin Wu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | - Molly C. Brunelle
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | - Anna Marie M. Cruz
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | | | - Brian Lobo
- Department of Formulation Sciences; MedImmune; Gaithersburg Maryland 20874
| | - Ambarish Shah
- Department of Formulation Sciences; MedImmune; Gaithersburg Maryland 20874
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
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90
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Roberts D, Keeling R, Tracka M, van der Walle CF, Uddin S, Warwicker J, Curtis R. The role of electrostatics in protein-protein interactions of a monoclonal antibody. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2475-89. [PMID: 24892385 DOI: 10.1021/mp5002334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how protein-protein interactions depend on the choice of buffer, salt, ionic strength, and pH is needed to have better control over protein solution behavior. Here, we have characterized the pH and ionic strength dependence of protein-protein interactions in terms of an interaction parameter kD obtained from dynamic light scattering and the osmotic second virial coefficient B22 measured by static light scattering. A simplified protein-protein interaction model based on a Baxter adhesive potential and an electric double layer force is used to separate out the contributions of longer-ranged electrostatic interactions from short-ranged attractive forces. The ionic strength dependence of protein-protein interactions for solutions at pH 6.5 and below can be accurately captured using a Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) potential to describe the double layer forces. In solutions at pH 9, attractive electrostatics occur over the ionic strength range of 5-275 mM. At intermediate pH values (7.25 to 8.5), there is a crossover effect characterized by a nonmonotonic ionic strength dependence of protein-protein interactions, which can be rationalized by the competing effects of long-ranged repulsive double layer forces at low ionic strength and a shorter ranged electrostatic attraction, which dominates above a critical ionic strength. The change of interactions from repulsive to attractive indicates a concomitant change in the angular dependence of protein-protein interaction from isotropic to anisotropic. In the second part of the paper, we show how the Baxter adhesive potential can be used to predict values of kD from fitting to B22 measurements, thus providing a molecular basis for the linear correlation between the two protein-protein interaction parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Roberts
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester , Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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91
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Schmit JD, He F, Mishra S, Ketchem RR, Woods CE, Kerwin BA. Entanglement Model of Antibody Viscosity. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5044-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500434b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Schmit
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Feng He
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Shradha Mishra
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Randal R. Ketchem
- Department
of Biological Optimization, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Christopher E. Woods
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Bruce A. Kerwin
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
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92
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Inoue N, Takai E, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Arginine and lysine reduce the high viscosity of serum albumin solutions for pharmaceutical injection. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:539-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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93
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Inoue N, Takai E, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Specific Decrease in Solution Viscosity of Antibodies by Arginine for Therapeutic Formulations. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Inoue
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Eisuke Takai
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein
Laboratories, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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94
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Adaptation of a High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography System for the Measurement of Viscosity. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography1020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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Yearley EJ, Zarraga IE, Shire SJ, Scherer TM, Gokarn Y, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Small-angle neutron scattering characterization of monoclonal antibody conformations and interactions at high concentrations. Biophys J 2014; 105:720-31. [PMID: 23931320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to probe the solution structure of two protein therapeutics (monoclonal antibodies 1 and 2 (MAb1 and MAb2)) and their protein-protein interaction (PPI) at high concentrations. These MAbs differ by small sequence alterations in the complementarity-determining region but show very large differences in solution viscosity. The analyses of SANS patterns as a function of different solution conditions suggest that the average intramolecular structure of both MAbs in solution is not significantly altered over the studied protein concentrations and experimental conditions. Even though a strong repulsive interaction is expected for both MAbs due to their net charges and low solvent ionic strength, analysis of the SANS data shows that the effective PPI for MAb1 is dominated by a very strong attraction at small volume fraction that becomes negligible at large concentrations. The MAb1 PPI cannot be modeled simply by a spherically symmetric central forces model. It is proposed that an anisotropic attraction strongly affects the local interprotein structure and leads to an anomalously large viscosity of concentrated MAb1 solutions. Conversely, MAb2 displays a repulsive interaction potential throughout the concentration series probed and a comparatively small solution viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yearley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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96
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Tessier PM, Wu J, Dickinson CD. Emerging methods for identifying monoclonal antibodies with low propensity to self-associate during the early discovery process. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:461-5. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.876989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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97
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Callahan DJ, Stanley B, Li Y. Control of protein particle formation during ultrafiltration/diafiltration through interfacial protection. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:862-9. [PMID: 24449131 PMCID: PMC4284022 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism of protein particle formation during ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF), finding that agitation drives particle formation by promoting protein-interface adsorption and desorption. Low conductivity and the presence of surfactant reduced the level of particle formation in small-scale stirring studies, and the same trends were observed in pumping and UF/DF. Polysorbate 80 (PS80) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) reduced particle formation in UF/DF by factors of 15 and 4, respectively. Measurements of conformational stability, colloidal stability, and surface tension demonstrated that PS80 protects against particle formation by preventing protein-interface adsorption, low conductivity improves the colloidal stability of the protein, and the mechanism of action of HPβCD remains unclear. This work demonstrates that interfacial adsorption–desorption of the protein during UF/DF is the principal cause of particle formation, that the level of surfactant-free particle formation depends on the colloidal stability of the protein, and that the inclusion of surfactant greatly reduces in-process particle formation during UF/DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Callahan
- Department of Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
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98
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Garidel P, Blume A, Wagner M. Prediction of colloidal stability of high concentration protein formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:367-74. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.871032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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99
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Liu Y, Caffry I, Wu J, Geng SB, Jain T, Sun T, Reid F, Cao Y, Estep P, Yu Y, Vásquez M, Tessier PM, Xu Y. High-throughput screening for developability during early-stage antibody discovery using self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. MAbs 2013; 6:483-92. [PMID: 24492294 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to a particular molecular target is now regarded a routine exercise. However, the successful development of mAbs that (1) express well, (2) elicit a desirable biological effect upon binding, and (3) remain soluble and display low viscosity at high concentrations is often far more challenging. Therefore, high throughput screening assays that assess self-association and aggregation early in the selection process are likely to yield mAbs with superior biophysical properties. Here, we report an improved version of affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (AC-SINS) that is capable of screening large panels of antibodies for their propensity to self-associate. AC-SINS is based on concentrating mAbs from dilute solutions around gold nanoparticles pre-coated with polyclonal capture (e.g., anti-Fc) antibodies. Interactions between immobilized mAbs lead to reduced inter-particle distances and increased plasmon wavelengths (wavelengths of maximum absorbance), which can be readily measured by optical means. This method is attractive because it is compatible with dilute and unpurified mAb solutions that are typical during early antibody discovery. In addition, we have improved multiple aspects of this assay for increased throughput and reproducibility. A data set comprising over 400 mAbs suggests that our modified assay yields self-interaction measurements that are well-correlated with other lower throughput assays such as cross-interaction chromatography. We expect that the simplicity and throughput of our improved AC-SINS method will lead to improved selection of mAbs with excellent biophysical properties during early antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Jiemin Wu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Steven B Geng
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Tushar Jain
- Computational Biology; Adimab; Palo Alto, CA USA
| | | | | | - Yuan Cao
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Yao Yu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Yingda Xu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
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100
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Chaudhuri R, Cheng Y, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. High-throughput biophysical analysis of protein therapeutics to examine interrelationships between aggregate formation and conformational stability. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:48-64. [PMID: 24174400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization and formulation of therapeutic proteins against physical instability, both structural alterations and aggregation, is particularly challenging not only due to each protein's unique physicochemical characteristics but also their susceptibility to the surrounding milieu (pH, ionic strength, excipients, etc.) as well as various environmental stresses (temperature, agitation, lyophilization, etc.). The use of high-throughput techniques can significantly aid in the evaluation of stabilizing solution conditions by permitting a more rapid evaluation of a large matrix of possible combinations. In this mini-review, we discuss both key physical degradation pathways observed for protein-based drugs and the utility of various high-throughput biophysical techniques to aid in protein formulation development to minimize their occurrence. We then focus on four illustrative case studies with therapeutic protein candidates of varying sizes, shapes and physicochemical properties to explore different analytical challenges in monitoring protein physical instability. These include an IgG2 monoclonal antibody, an albumin-fusion protein, a recombinant pentameric plasma glycoprotein, and an antibody fragment (Fab). Future challenges and opportunities to improve and apply high-throughput approaches to protein formulation development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajoshi Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
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