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Shoureshi P, Baron A, Szynskie L, Dores RM. Analyzing the evolution of beta-endorphin post-translational processing events: studies on reptiles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 153:148-54. [PMID: 17353011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Revised: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In many cartilaginous fishes, most ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, and amphibians, the post-translational processing of POMC includes the monobasic cleavage of beta-endorphin to yield an opioid that is eight to ten amino acids in length. The amino acid motif within the beta-endorphin sequence required for a monobasic cleavage event is -E-R-(S/G)-Q-. Mammals and birds lack this motif and as a result beta-endorphin(1-8) is a not an end-product in either group. Since both mammals and birds were derived from ancestors with reptilian origins, an analysis of beta-endorphin sequences from extant groups of reptiles should provide insights into the manner in which beta-endorphin post-translational processing mechanisms have evolved in amniotes. To this end a POMC cDNA was cloned from the pituitary of the turtle, Chrysemys scripta. The beta-endorphin sequence in this species was compared to other reptile beta-endorphin sequences (i.e., Chinese soft shell turtle and gecko) and to known bird and mammal sequences. This analysis indicated that either the loss of the arginine residue at the cleavage site (the two turtle species, chick, and human) or a substitution at the glutamine position in the consensus sequence (gecko and ostrich) would account for the loss of the monobasic cleavage reaction in that species. Since amphibians are capable of performing the beta-endorphin monobasic reaction, it would appear that the amino acid substitutions that eliminated this post-translational process event in reptilian-related tetrapods must have occurred in the ancestral amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Shoureshi
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, 2190 E. Iliff, Olin Hall 102, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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Roberts E, Shoureshi P, Kozak K, Szynskie L, Baron A, Lecaude S, Dores RM. Tracking the evolution of the proenkephalin gene in tetrapods. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 153:189-97. [PMID: 17449037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In gnathostomes there is remarkable consistency in the organization of the proenkephalin gene. This opioid precursor encodes seven opioid (YGGF) sequences: five pentapeptide sequences, a met-enkephalin-7 sequence and a met-enkephalin-8 sequence. Yet, within vertebrate lineages there can be distinct sets of pentapeptide opioids (YGGFM or YGGFL). In the Sarcopterygii, the sixth opioid position in lungfishes and anuran amphibian proenkephalin genes encodes a met-enkephalin (YGGFM) sequence. However, in mammalian proenkephalin there is a leu-enkephalin (YGGFL) sequence at this position. This study was done to test the hypothesis that the presence of the leu-enkephalin sequence in mammals is a feature common to amniote vertebrates, but not present in anamniote vertebrates. To resolve this issue, proenkephalin cDNAs were cloned from the urodele amphibians, Amphiuma means and Necturus maculosus, and two amniote vertebrates, the turtle, Chrysemys scripta, and the brown snake, Storeria dekayi. As predicted, a met-enkephalin sequence is present at the sixth opioid position in urodele amphibians; whereas, a leu-enkephalin sequence is present at this opioid site in the reptile proenkephalin sequences. These data are consistent with the conclusion that the transition from a met-enkephalin sequence to a leu-enkephalin sequence at the sixth opioid position in tetrapod proenkephalins occurred in the ancestral proto-reptiles. Phylogenetic analyses, using the Maximum Parsimony and Neighbor-Joining algorithms, of the amphibian proenkephalin sequences supported the position that anuran and urodele amphibians are a monophyletic assemblage. The same analysis of reptile-related proenkephalin sequences, including the deduced amino acid sequence of a partially characterized alligator proenkephalin cDNA, could not conclusively resolve the phylogeny of the major reptilian orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff, Olin Hall 102, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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53
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Gonzalez-Nuñez V, Marrón Fernández de Velasco E, Arsequell G, Valencia G, Rodríguez RE. Identification of dynorphin a from zebrafish: a comparative study with mammalian dynorphin A. Neuroscience 2006; 144:675-84. [PMID: 17069980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and molecular characterization of the zfPDYN. The complete open reading frame for this propeptide is comprised in two exons that are localized on chromosome 23. zfPDYN cDNA codes for a polypeptide of 252 amino acids that contains the consensus sequences for four opioid peptides: an Ile-enkephalin, the neo-endorphins, dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Upon comparison between zebrafish (zfDYN A) and mammalian dynorphin A (mDYN A) it has been stated that these two peptides only differ in two amino acids: the Leu(5) is replaced by Met(5) and the Lys(13) by Arg(13). Taking into consideration that mDYN A is able to bind to the three mammalian opioid receptors, we have compared the pharmacological profile of zfDYN A and mDYN A on the zebrafish opioid receptors. By means of radioligand binding techniques, we have established that these two dynorphins bind and activate all of the cloned opioid receptors from zebrafish (delta-, mu- and kappa-like), although with different affinities. zfDYN A and mDYN A displace [(3)H]-diprenorphine binding with K(i) values on the nanomolar range, showing greater affinity for zebrafish opioid receptor (ZFOR) 3 (kappa) receptor. ZFOR1 (delta) and ZFOR4 (delta) present higher affinity for zfDYN A than for mDYN A, while the opposing behavior is observed in ZFOR2 (mu). Functional [(35)S]guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTPgammaS) stimulation experiments indicate that these two peptides fully activate the zebrafish opioid receptors, although the mean effective dose (EC(50)) values obtained for ZFOR2 and ZFOR3 receptors are lower than those seen for ZFOR1 and ZFOR4. A comparative study indicates that mammalian and zebrafish opioid receptors might bind their corresponding dynorphin A in a similar fashion, hence suggesting an important role of the opioid system through the vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda Alfonso X El Sabio, s/n 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Lee J, Alrubaian J, Dores RM. Are lungfish living fossils? Observation on the evolution of the opioid/orphanin gene family. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:306-14. [PMID: 16930601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This minireview considers the possibility that there is a correlation between the slow rate of morphological change and speciation events that has been occurred within the lungfish lineage since the Permian period, and the apparent slow rate of divergence in the amino acid sequences of lungfish opioid precursor sequences. The status of lungfish as "living fossils" is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lee
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Takahashi A, Kawauchi H. Evolution of melanocortin systems in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:85-94. [PMID: 16289182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a common precursor of melanocortin (MC), the collective term for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH), and of beta-endorphin (beta-END). Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the analysis of the POMC gene from a board taxonomic group of vertebrates and invertebrates. The results suggest that three MSHs (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH) and a single END were established in ancestral invertebrates. Thereafter, unequal crossing over may have resulted in class-specific numbers of MSH segments during the radiation of fish. Moreover, duplication of the entire POMC gene may have led to the differentiation of POMC as shown in lampreys; one of the two subtypes is a precursor for ACTH and beta-END, the other is a precursor for two forms of MSH and the other form of beta-END. On the other hand, at least five subtypes of MC receptor (MCR) have been observed in fish. These are G-protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. The ancestral MCR is suggested to have appeared before vertebrates, and then MCRs may have diverged by genome duplication and local duplication of each receptor gene during the evolution of vertebrates. They are distributed in many tissues in rather a subtype-specific manner and are responsible for a variety of biological functions. Thus, MC systems may have diverged by producing structurally different MC peptides from POMC and expressing MCR subtypes differing in ligand selectivity in a variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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Lukiw WJ. Endogenous Signaling Complexity in Neuropeptides- Leucine- and Methionine-Enkephalin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 26:1003-10. [PMID: 16802191 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. In addition to his many fine contributions in furthering our understanding of the neurochemical action of ecosanoids, catchelomines, steroids, anandamines, cannabinoids, endorphins, and the many modifications made to these neural factors, twenty years ago Julius Axelrod published a noteworthy paper concerning the nature of neuropeptides and their potential for multiple neurophysiological effects (Redgate et al., 1986). 2. In that report, Axelrod and coworkers described the neurological actions of the then recently discovered leucine- and methionine-enkephalins, and their biological functions which were novel, atypical, and in possession of neurological effects that were significantly "much more than additive." 3. In this short communication I would like to expand on this observation concerning the "additive effects" contained within the amino acid sequence of the atypical neurotransmitter peptides leucine- and methonine-enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans 70112-2272, USA.
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Alrubaian J, Lecaude S, Barba J, Szynskie L, Jacobs N, Bauer D, Brown C, Kaminer I, Bagrosky B, Dores RM. Trends in the evolution of the prodynorphin gene in teleosts: cloning of eel and tilapia prodynorphin cDNAs. Peptides 2006; 27:797-804. [PMID: 16274850 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the prodynorphin gene in anuran amphibians and lungfishes may indicate that this gene arose as a result of the duplication of the proenkephalin gene early during the divergence of the Sarcopterygii, or that this gene may predate the divergence of the ray-finned fish and the lobe-finned fish. The cloning of prodynorphin-related genes from the pufferfish and zebrafish supports the latter hypothesis. This study analyzes trends in the radiation of the prodynorphin gene in teleosts. Prodynorphin cDNAs were cloned from the brain of the eel Anguilla rostrata and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. These teleost prodynorphin sequences have distinct alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin A, and dynorphin B sequences, and a novel opioid sequence, YGGFI. The relationship of these teleost prodynorphin sequences to other actinopterygian and sarcopterygian prodynorphin sequences will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasem Alrubaian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kuwait, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
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58
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Tostivint H, Joly L, Lihrmann I, Parmentier C, Lebon A, Morisson M, Calas A, Ekker M, Vaudry H. Comparative genomics provides evidence for close evolutionary relationships between the urotensin II and somatostatin gene families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2237-42. [PMID: 16467151 PMCID: PMC1413727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although urotensin II (UII) and somatostatin 1 (SS1) exhibit some structural similarities, their precursors do not show any appreciable sequence identity and, thus, it is widely accepted that the UII and SS1 genes do not derive from a common ancestral gene. The recent characterization of novel isoforms of these two peptides, namely urotensin II-related peptide (URP) and somatostatin 2 (SS2)/cortistatin (CST), provides new opportunity to revisit the phylogenetic relationships of UII and SS1 using a comparative genomics approach. In the present study, by radiation hybrid mapping and in silico sequence analysis, we have determined the chromosomal localization of the genes encoding UII- and somatostatin-related peptides in several vertebrate species, including human, chicken, and zebrafish. In most of the species investigated, the UII and URP genes are closely linked to the SS2/CST and SS1 genes, respectively. We also found that the UII-SS2/CST locus and the URP/SS1 locus are paralogous. Taken together, these data indicate that the UII and URP genes, on the one hand, and the SS1 and SS2/CST genes, on the other hand, arose through a segmental duplication of two ancestral genes that were already physically linked to each other. Our results also suggest that these two genes arose themselves through a tandem duplication of a single ancestral gene. It thus appears that the genes encoding UII- and somatostatin-related peptides belong to the same superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Tostivint
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Lucille Joly
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Isabelle Lihrmann
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Caroline Parmentier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte Recherche 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France; and
| | - Alexis Lebon
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mireille Morisson
- Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - André Calas
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte Recherche 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France; and
| | - Marc Ekker
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Khalap A, Bagrosky B, Lecaude S, Youson J, Danielson P, Dores RM. Trends in the Evolution of the Proenkephalin and Prodynorphin Genes in Gnathostomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1040:22-37. [PMID: 15891003 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The opioid/orphanin gene family provides a model system for analyzing the outcomes of genome duplication events. Recent studies on the proenkephalin gene provide additional evidence that the organizational plan for this gene has been conserved throughout the extensive radiation of the gnathostome vertebrates. However, an analysis of the amino acid sequence of proenkephalin from the zebrafish, Danio rerio, suggests that novel forms of this opioid precursor may be evolving in teleosts. Analyses of sarcopterygian prodynorphin sequences revealed a proenkephalin signature in prodynorphin. Current studies on the opioid/orphanin gene family point to the duplication events that shaped this family occurring prior to the radiation of the gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Khalap
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, CO 80210, USA
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60
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Kozak K, Costantino D, Lecaude S, Sollars C, Danielson P, Dores RM. Analyzing the radiation of the melanocortins in amphibians: cloning of POMC cDNAs from the pituitary of the urodele amphibians, Amphiuma means and Necturus maculosus. Peptides 2005; 26:1920-8. [PMID: 16005111 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNAs were cloned and sequenced from brain extracts of two species of urodele amphibians: Amphiuma means and Necturus maculosus. Although the two species of urodele amphibians belong to separate families, and do not share a direct common ancestor, the level of primary sequence identity for the open reading of the POMC cDNAs was 90% at the amino acid level and 79% at the nucleotide level. It appears that the POMC gene in these urodele amphibians has been accumulating mutations at the amino acid level at a slower rate than the POMC gene in other sarcopterygian orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kozak
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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61
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Walthers EA, Moore FL. Cloning proenkephalin from the brain of a urodele amphibian (Taricha granulosa) using a DOR-specific primer in a 3'RACE reaction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:364-70. [PMID: 15935163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large cDNA fragment that codes for proenkephalin (PENK) was cloned from the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa (GenBank Accession: AY817670). This 1299-bp PENK cDNA extends from the poly(A) sequence on the 3' end into the 5'-UTR (221bp) upstream of an open reading frame that codes for 264 amino acids and a stop codon. Within the precursor are five Met-enkephalin sequences and two C-terminally extended forms of Met-enkephalin (YGGFMRGV and YGGFMRY). The organization of the opioid core sequences within the newt PENK closely resembles that reported for other vertebrates. In this urodele amphibian, as in anurans, PENK does not contain the penultimate Leu-enkephalin opioid sequence found in mammals, and instead has in this position Met-enkephalin. PENK cDNA was amplified from newt brain in a RACE PCR targeting the 3' end of the newt delta opioid receptor (DOR). It remains to be determined whether generating the cDNA for the newt PENK while cloning its receptor was serendipitous or the result of a meaningful coincidence between the DOR and PENK sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza A Walthers
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
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62
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González-Nuñez V, Arsequell G, Szemenyei E, Toth G, Valencia G, Rodriguez RE. Binding Profile of the Endogenous Novel Heptapeptide Met-Enkephalin-Gly-Tyr in Zebrafish and Rat Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:862-7. [PMID: 15901806 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.084558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is considered a model organism, not only for the study of the biological functions of vertebrates but also as a tool to analyze the effects of some drugs or toxic agents. Five opioid precursor genes homologous to the mammalian opioid propeptide genes have recently been identified; one of these, the zebrafish proenkephalin, codes a novel heptapeptide, the Met-enkephalin-Gly-Tyr (MEGY). To analyze the pharmacological properties of this novel ligand, we have labeled it with tritium ([(3)H]MEGY). In addition, we have also synthesized two analogs: (d-Ala(2))-MEGY (Y-d-Ala-GFMGY) and (d-Ala(2), Val(5))-MEGY (Y-d-Ala-GFVGY). The binding profile of these three agents has been studied in zebrafish and rat brain membranes. [(3)H]MEGY presents one binding site in zebrafish, as well as in rat brain membranes, although it shows a slight higher affinity in zebrafish brain. The observed saturable binding is displaced by naloxone, thus confirming the opioid nature of the binding sites. Competition binding assays indicate that the methionine residue is essential for high-affinity binding of MEGY and probably of other peptidic agonists in zebrafish, whereas the change of a Gly for a d-Ala does not dramatically affect the ligand affinity. Our results show that the percentage of [(3)H]MEGY displaced by all the ligands studied is higher than 100%, thus inferring that naloxone (used to determine nonspecific binding) does not bind to all the sites labeled by [(3)H]MEGY. Therefore, we can deduct that some of the MEGY binding sites should not be considered classical opioid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V González-Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio, s/n 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Dores RM, Lecaude S. Trends in the evolution of the proopiomelanocortin gene. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:81-93. [PMID: 15862552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 01/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The POMC gene is perhaps the most extensively studied member of the opioid/orphanin gene family. In Phylum Chordata this gene has been characterized in representatives of every class within the Gnathostomata, as well as in one representative agnathan vertebrate, the marine lamprey. This review provides a systematic overview of trends in the evolution of the melanocortins (ACTH/alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, gamma-MSH, and delta-MSH) and beta-endorphin in gnathostomes, and advances the hypothesis that the appearance of gamma-MSH occurred early in the radiation of the gnathostomes. A summary of the extensive work on POMC genes in the marine lamprey is also provided, as well as a reevaluation of the conserved regions in the sequence of CLIP (corticotropin-like-intermediate lobe peptide) in the POMC sequences of the various groups of gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Dores RM, Sollars C, Lecaude S, Lee J, Danielson P, Alrubaian J, Lihrman I, Joss JMP, Vaudry H. Cloning of prodynorphin cDNAs from the brain of Australian and African lungfish: implications for the evolution of the prodynorphin gene. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 79:185-96. [PMID: 15153752 DOI: 10.1159/000078100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals the opioids Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin are derived from a common precursor, proenkephalin, and as a result these neuropeptides are co-localized in enkephalinergic neurons. The mammalian scheme for enkephalinergic networks is not universal for all classes of sarcopterygian vertebrates. In an earlier study, distinct Met- and Leu-enkephalin-positive neurons were detected in the central nervous system (CNS) of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. More recently, characterization of proenkephalin cDNAs separately cloned from the CNS of P. annectens and the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, revealed that the proenkephalin gene in these species encodes only Met-enkephalin-related opioids. In the current study a full-length prodynorphin cDNA (accession No. AY 445637) was cloned and sequenced from the CNS of N. forsteri. In addition to encoding alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin A and dynorphin B sequences unique to the lungfish, two Leu-enkephalin sequences, flanked by paired basic amino acid proteolytic cleavage sites, were detected in this precursor. The partial sequence of a P. annectens prodynorphin cDNA (accession No. AY445638) also encoded a Leu-enkephalin sequence and a novel YGGFF sequence. The presence of the Leu-enkephalin sequence in the lungfish prodynorphin precursors would explain the origin of the distinct Leu-enkephalin-positive neurons found in the African lungfish CNS. The realization that Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin can be derived from distinct opioid-coding precursor genes calls into question the interpretation of comparative immunohistochemical studies that have mapped 'enkephalinergic' networks in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA.
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Bagrosky B, Lecaude S, Danielson PB, Dores RM. Characterizing a proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloned from the brain of the Bichir, Polypterus senegalus: evaluating phylogenetic relationships among ray-finned fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 134:339-46. [PMID: 14636641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the polypteriform fishes, like Polypterus senegalus, constitute a unique lineage in the evolution of the vertebrates. However, the precise position of these fishes had been a point of controversy since the time of Darwin and Huxley. There is now consensus that the polypteriform fishes are members of superorder Actinopterygii. However, within the Actinopterygii, it is still debatable as to whether the polypteriform fishes are an early offshoot of the Actinopterygii or a more recent sister group to the sturgeon and other extant chondrostean fishes. In this study the sequence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the common precursor for the melanocortins and beta-endorphin, was used to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the polypteriform fishes relative to other bony fishes. 3(')RACE and 5(')RACE protocols were used to amplify overlapping regions of a POMC cDNA from the brain of P. senegalus. The full-length POMC cDNA had an open reading frame that encoded 259 amino acids. As seen in most gnathostomes, P. senegalus POMC has three melanocortin sequences (ACTH/alpha-MSH, gamma-MSH, and beta-MSH), and a beta-endorphin region. For phylogenetic analysis, the following POMC sequences were aligned at the amino acid level and analyzed using a maximum parsimony algorithm: P. senegalus, dogfish, sturgeon A, paddlefish A, sockeye salmon A, tilapia, and gar. The dogfish POMC sequence was used as the out-group. In this analysis the P. senegalus POMC sequence formed a clade with the chondrostean POMC sequences (sturgeon A and paddlefish A), and not with the neopterygian sequences (sockeye salmon A, tilapia, and gar). P. senegalus POMC is remarkably similar to sturgeon POMC A. In particular, in both precursors there is evidence for degeneration at the proteolytic cleavage site that precedes the gamma-MSH sequence. Based on the analysis of this nuclear gene it would appear that P. senegalus belongs to a branch of the chrondrostean lineage rather than representing a lineage of ray-finned fish that is ancestral to the chondrostean and neoptyergian ray-finned fishes. Alternatively, if the polypteriform fishes are in fact an early offshoot of the Actinopterygii (the traditional view), then the observations made for P. senegalus POMC relative to the chondrostean POMC sequences is the result of convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bagrosky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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Dores RM, Cameron E, Lecaude S, Danielson PB. Presence of the delta-MSH sequence in a proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloned from the pituitary of the galeoid shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 133:71-9. [PMID: 12899848 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since a fourth MSH sequence, delta-MSH, has been detected in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene of a dogfish and a stingray, members of superorder Squalea (class Chondrichthyes), it is possible that this novel MSH sequence might be a feature common to the POMC genes of all modern sharks and rays. As an initial step towards addressing this question, a full-length POMC cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the pituitary of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni. The Port Jackson shark represents one of the oldest lineages in superorder Galea, and this superorder together with superorder Squalea form infraclass Neoselachii (the extant sharks and rays). The Port Jackson shark POMC cDNA has an open reading frame that is 1032 nucleotides in length and encodes the deduced amino acids sequences for beta-endorphin, ACTH/alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, gamma-MSH, and delta-MSH. Port Jackson shark delta-MSH has 83% primary sequence identity with dogfish and stingray delta-MSH, and it appears that the delta-MSH sequence may have been the result of an internal domain duplication and reinsertion of the beta-MSH sequence. The presence of the delta-MSH sequence in the POMC genes of representatives of both superorders of infraclass Neoselachii would indicate that the delta-MSH sequence must have been present in the ancestral euselachian shark that gave rise to the neoselachian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:905-916. [PMID: 12938112 DOI: 10.1002/jms.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2002 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Alrubaian J, Sollars C, Danielson PB, Dores RM. Evaluating the radiation of the POMC gene in teleosts: characterization of American eel POMC. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 132:384-90. [PMID: 12849961 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A distinctive feature of the pituitary hormone precursor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is the presence of multiple melanocortin core sequences (HFRW), and one copy of the opioid, beta-endorphin. In the older lineages of ray-finned fish (i.e., orders Acipenseriformes and Semionotiformes), certain extant lobe-finned fish (Australian lungfish and African lungfish), and the tetrapods there are three melanocortin regions in POMC: ACTH/alphaMSH, beta-MSH, and gamma-MSH. However, among the teleosts, the most recent radiation of the ray-finned fishes, the gamma-MSH sequence is absent from the POMC genes of euteleosts like the carp, tilapia, chum salmon, sockeye salmon, and rainbow trout. The objective of this study was to determine whether the gamma-MSH sequence still may be present in the POMC gene of a more basal lineage of the teleosts such as a representative from subdivision Elopomorpha. To this end, a POMC cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the pituitary of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata (order Anguilliformes, family Anguillidae). The open reading frame of the eel POMC cDNA was 648 nucleotides in length and encoded 216 amino acids. As predicted, eel POMC contained the deduced amino acid sequences for beta-endorphin, ACTH/alpha-MSH, and beta-MSH. These end-products displayed primary sequence features that are common to ray-finned fish. Eel POMC lacks a gamma-MSH sequence and a large portion of the joining peptide region. In this regard, the eel POMC gene thus displays features very similar to the POMC genes that have been sequenced from euteleosts. Although it is conceivable that the gamma-MSH sequence may be present in representatives from the other basal extant lineages of teleosts (i.e., subdivisions Osteoglossomorpha or Clupeomorpha), it is also possible that the deletion that resulted in the loss of the gamma-MSH sequence occurred in the ancestral neopterygian that gave rise to the teleosts. In this case, the gamma-MSH sequence should be absent in all extant teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasem Alrubaian
- Department of Biological Science, University of Kuwait, 13060 Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2003. [PMCID: PMC2447285 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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