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Barbagiovanni G, Germain PL, Zech M, Atashpaz S, Lo Riso P, D'Antonio-Chronowska A, Tenderini E, Caiazzo M, Boesch S, Jech R, Haslinger B, Broccoli V, Stewart AF, Winkelmann J, Testa G. KMT2B Is Selectively Required for Neuronal Transdifferentiation, and Its Loss Exposes Dystonia Candidate Genes. Cell Rep 2019; 25:988-1001. [PMID: 30355503 PMCID: PMC6218204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into induced neuronal cells (iNs) by the neuron-specific transcription factors Brn2, Myt1l, and Ascl1 is a paradigmatic example of inter-lineage conversion across epigenetically distant cells. Despite tremendous progress regarding the transcriptional hierarchy underlying transdifferentiation, the enablers of the concomitant epigenome resetting remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of KMT2A and KMT2B, two histone H3 lysine 4 methylases with cardinal roles in development, through individual and combined inactivation. We found that Kmt2b, whose human homolog's mutations cause dystonia, is selectively required for iN conversion through suppression of the alternative myocyte program and induction of neuronal maturation genes. The identification of KMT2B-vulnerable targets allowed us, in turn, to expose, in a cohort of 225 patients, 45 unique variants in 39 KMT2B targets, which represent promising candidates to dissect the molecular bases of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Barbagiovanni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Luc Germain
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Zech
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sina Atashpaz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Lo Riso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erika Tenderini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, 12821 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vania Broccoli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik und Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, 81829 Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Kumar KR, Davis RL, Tchan MC, Wali GM, Mahant N, Ng K, Kotschet K, Siow SF, Gu J, Walls Z, Kang C, Wali G, Levy S, Phua CS, Yiannikas C, Darveniza P, Chang FCF, Morales-Briceño H, Rowe DB, Drew A, Gayevskiy V, Cowley MJ, Minoche AE, Tisch S, Hayes M, Kummerfeld S, Fung VSC, Sue CM. Whole genome sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of heterogenous dystonia phenotypes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 69:111-118. [PMID: 31731261 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dystonia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder and a genetic cause is often difficult to elucidate. This is the first study to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate dystonia in a large sample of affected individuals. METHODS WGS was performed on 111 probands with heterogenous dystonia phenotypes. We performed analysis for coding and non-coding variants, copy number variants (CNVs), and structural variants (SVs). We assessed for an association between dystonia and 10 known dystonia risk variants. RESULTS A genetic diagnosis was obtained for 11.7% (13/111) of individuals. We found that a genetic diagnosis was more likely in those with an earlier age at onset, younger age at testing, and a combined dystonia phenotype. We identified pathogenic/likely-pathogenic variants in ADCY5 (n = 1), ATM (n = 1), GNAL (n = 2), GLB1 (n = 1), KMT2B (n = 2), PRKN (n = 2), PRRT2 (n = 1), SGCE (n = 2), and THAP1 (n = 1). CNVs were detected in 3 individuals. We found an association between the known risk variant ARSG rs11655081 and dystonia (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION A genetic diagnosis was found in 11.7% of individuals with dystonia. The diagnostic yield was higher in those with an earlier age of onset, younger age at testing, and a combined dystonia phenotype. WGS may be particularly relevant for dystonia given that it allows for the detection of CNVs, which accounted for 23% of the genetically diagnosed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, 2139, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, 2139, Australia.
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.
| | - Michel C Tchan
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - G M Wali
- Neurospecialities Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum, India.
| | - Neil Mahant
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145, Australia.
| | - Karl Ng
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.
| | - Katya Kotschet
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia.
| | - Sue-Faye Siow
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Jason Gu
- Department of Neurology, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia.
| | - Zachary Walls
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Darlington, 2008, Australia.
| | - Ce Kang
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.
| | - Gautam Wali
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia.
| | - Stan Levy
- Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, 2560, Australia.
| | | | - Con Yiannikas
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, 2139, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.
| | - Paul Darveniza
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia.
| | - Florence C F Chang
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145, Australia.
| | - Hugo Morales-Briceño
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145, Australia.
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Alex Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Velimir Gayevskiy
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Children's Cancer Institute, Kensington, 2750, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia.
| | - Andre E Minoche
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Stephen Tisch
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia.
| | - Michael Hayes
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, 2139, Australia.
| | - Sarah Kummerfeld
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145, Australia.
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.
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Powis Z, Towne MC, Hagman KDF, Blanco K, Palmaer E, Castro A, Sajan SA, Radtke K, Feyma TJ, Juliette K, Tang S, Sidiropoulos C. Clinical diagnostic exome sequencing in dystonia: Genetic testing challenges for complex conditions. Clin Genet 2019; 97:305-311. [PMID: 31628766 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with dystonia are particularly appropriate for diagnostic exome sequencing (DES), due to the complex, diverse features and genetic heterogeneity. Personal and family history data were collected from test requisition forms and medical records from 189 patients with reported dystonia and available family members received for clinical DES. Of them, 20.2% patients had a positive genetic finding associated with dystonia. Detection rates for cases with isolated and combined dystonia were 22.4% and 25.0%, respectively. 71.4% of the cohort had co-occurring non-movement-related findings and a detection rate of 24.4%. Patients with childhood-onset dystonia trended toward higher detection rates (31.8%) compared to infancy (23.6%), adolescence (12.5%), and early-adulthood onset (16%). Uncharacterized gene findings were found in 6.7% (8/119) of cases that underwent analysis for genes without an established disease relationship. Patients with intellectual disability/developmental delay, seizures/epilepsy and/or multifocal dystonia were more likely to have positive findings (P = .0093, .0397, .0006). Four (2.1%) patients had findings in two genes, and seven (3.7%) had reclassification after the original report due to new literature, new clinical information or reanalysis request. Pediatric patients were more likely to have positive findings (P = .0180). Our observations show utility of family-based DES in patients with dystonia and illustrate the complexity of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zöe Powis
- Department of Clinical Research Affairs, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Meghan C Towne
- Department of Clinical Research Affairs, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Kelly D F Hagman
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Kirsten Blanco
- Department of Clinical Research Affairs, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Erika Palmaer
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Andrew Castro
- Department of Genetic Specialists, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Samin A Sajan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Kelly Radtke
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Timothy J Feyma
- Department of Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kali Juliette
- Department of Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sha Tang
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Christos Sidiropoulos
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Vijiaratnam N, Bhatia KP, Lang AE, Raskind WH, Espay AJ. ADCY5-Related Dyskinesia: Improving Clinical Detection of an Evolving Disorder. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:512-520. [PMID: 31538084 PMCID: PMC6749814 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotypic spectrum of adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)-related disease has expanded considerably since the first description of the disorder in 1978 as familial essential chorea in a multiplex family. OBJECTIVE To examine recent advances in the understanding of ADCY5-related dyskinesia and outline a diagnostic approach to enhance clinical detection. METHODS A pragmatic review of the ADCY5 literature was undertaken to examine unique genetic and pathophysiological features as well as distinguishing clinical features. RESULTS With over 70 cases reported to date, the phenotype is recognized to be broad, although distinctive features include prominent facial dyskinesia, motor exacerbations during drowsiness or sleep arousal, episodic painful dystonic posturing increased with stress or illness, and axial hypotonia with delayed developmental milestones. Uncommon phenotypes include childhood-onset chorea, myoclonus-dystonia, isolated nongeneralized dystonia, and alternating hemiplegia. CONCLUSION The ongoing expansion in clinical features suggests that ADCY5 remains underdiagnosed and may account for a proportion of "idiopathic" hyperkinetic movement disorders. Enhanced understanding of its clinical features may help clinicians improve the detection of complex or uncommon cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Wendy H. Raskind
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- Department of Neurology (J.S.), Kingston General Hospital, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.M.‐G.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; and UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.Z., A.J.E.), Department of NeurologyUniversity of CincinnatiOhioUSA
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55
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Jinnah H, Sun YV. Dystonia genes and their biological pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Yoo D, Kim HJ, Chae JH, Paek SH, Jeon B. Successful Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation in a Patient with Childhood-Onset Generalized Dystonia with ANO3 Mutation. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:190-191. [PMID: 31309772 PMCID: PMC6763713 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.19016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dallah Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Movement Disorder Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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57
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Méneret A, Roze E, Maranci JB, Dodet P, Doummar D, Riant F, Tranchant C, Fraix V, Anheim M, Ekmen A, McGovern E, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I, Leu-Semenescu S. Sleep in ADCY5-Related Dyskinesia: Prolonged Awakenings Caused by Abnormal Movements. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:1021-1029. [PMID: 31383240 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES ADCY5 mutations cause early-onset hyperkinetic movement disorders comprising diurnal and nocturnal paroxysmal dyskinesia, and patient-reported sleep fragmentation. We aimed to characterize all movements occurring during sleep and in the transition from sleep to awakening, to ascertain if there is a primary sleep disorder, or if the sleep disturbance is rather a consequence of the dyskinesia. METHODS Using video polysomnography, we evaluated the nocturnal motor events and abnormal movements in 7 patients with ADCY5-related dyskinesia and compared their sleep measures with those of 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS We observed an increased occurrence of abnormal movements during wake periods compared to sleep in patients with ADCY5-related dyskinesia. While asleep, abnormal movements occurred more frequently during stage N2 and REM sleep, in contrast with stage N3 sleep. Abnormal movements were also more frequent during morning awakenings compared to wake periods before falling asleep. The pattern of the nocturnal abnormal movements mirrored those observed during waking hours. Compared to controls, patients with ADCY5-related dyskinesia had lower sleep efficiencies due to prolonged awakenings secondary to the abnormal movements, but no other differences in sleep measures. Notably, sleep onset latency was short and devoid of violent abnormal movements. CONCLUSIONS In this series of patients with ADCY5-related dyskinesia, nocturnal paroxysmal dyskinesia were not associated with drowsiness or delayed sleep onset, but emerged during nighttime awakenings with subsequent delayed sleep, whereas sleep architecture was normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Méneret
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine of Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine of Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Maranci
- Sleep Disorders (Department "R3S"), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Dodet
- Sleep Disorders (Department "R3S"), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Diane Doummar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Florence Riant
- Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Laboratoire de Génétique, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Department of Neurology, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Department of Neurology, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Asya Ekmen
- Faculty of Medicine of Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Eavan McGovern
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine of Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Faculty of Medicine of Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Sleep Disorders (Department "R3S"), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Smaranda Leu-Semenescu
- Sleep Disorders (Department "R3S"), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Delamarre A, Chelly J, Guehl D, Drouot N, Tranchant C, Anheim M, Burbaud P. Novel anoctamin-3 missense mutation responsible for early-onset myoclonic dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 64:346-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Autosomal recessive ADCY5-Related dystonia and myoclonus: Expanding the genetic spectrum of ADCY5-Related movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 64:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Laurencin C, Broussolle E, Danaila T, Anheim M, Chelly J, Thobois S. A novel heterozygous ANO3 mutation responsible for myoclonic dystonia. J Neurol Sci 2019; 403:65-66. [PMID: 31228765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Laurencin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U 1028, CNRS, UMR 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception team, F-69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Emmanuel Broussolle
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, F-69373; Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron F-69500, France
| | - Teodor Danaila
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch; Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch; Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, F-69373; Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron F-69500, France
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Olschewski L, Jesús S, Kim HJ, Tunc S, Löns S, Junker J, Zeuner KE, Kühn AA, Kuhlenbäumer G, Schäffer E, Berg D, Kasten M, Ferbert A, Altenmüller E, Brüggemann N, Bauer P, Rolfs A, Jeon B, Bäumer T, Mir P, Klein C, Lohmann K. Role of ANO3 mutations in dystonia: A large-scale mutational screening study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 62:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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62
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Integrated Analysis of Whole Exome Sequencing and Copy Number Evaluation in Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3344. [PMID: 30833663 PMCID: PMC6399448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of the familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have identified a number of causative genes with an established role in its pathogenesis. These genes only explain a fraction of the diagnosed cases. The emergence of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) expanded the scope of rare variants identification in novel PD related genes. In this study we describe whole exome sequencing (WES) genetic findings of 60 PD patients with 125 variants validated in 51 of these cases. We used strict criteria for variant categorization that generated a list of variants in 20 genes. These variants included loss of function and missense changes in 18 genes that were never previously linked to PD (NOTCH4, BCOR, ITM2B, HRH4, CELSR1, SNAP91, FAM174A, BSN, SPG7, MAGI2, HEPHL1, EPRS, PUM1, CLSTN1, PLCB3, CLSTN3, DNAJB9 and NEFH) and 2 genes that were previously associated with PD (EIF4G1 and ATP13A2). These genes either play a critical role in neuronal function and/or have mouse models with disease related phenotypes. We highlight NOTCH4 as an interesting candidate in which we identified a deleterious truncating and a splice variant in 2 patients. Our combined molecular approach provides a comprehensive strategy applicable for complex genetic disorders.
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63
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Zech M, Wagner M, Schormair B, Oexle K, Winkelmann J. [Exome diagnostics in neurology]. DER NERVENARZT 2019; 90:131-137. [PMID: 30645660 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-018-0667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After an impressively successful application as a research instrument, whole-exome sequencing (WES) now enters the clinical practice due to its high diagnostic, time, and economic efficiency. WES is the diagnostic method of choice for symptoms that may be due to many different monogenic causes. Neurological indications include movement disorders, especially in cases of early symptom onset, familial clustering and complex manifestation. Starting from a blood sample, enrichment and sequencing of the exome enable the examination of all coding DNA regions for point mutations and small insertions/deletions. The identification of variants as the cause of a disease requires a professional evaluation pipeline, variant prioritization schemes and variant classification databases. Whereas many variants can be reliably classified as pathogenic or benign, variants of unclear significance (VUS) remain a challenge for the clinical evaluation and necessitate a periodic reanalysis of WES data. As a genetic examination WES requires adequate patient informed consent which in particular should address possible secondary findings as well as data security. A positive molecular result ends diagnostic odysseys, enables accurate genetic counseling and can point to targeted preventive measures and treatment. A WES significantly contributes to the understanding of the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of neurological diseases, enriching and enabling precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland. .,Institut für Humangenetik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland.
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland.,Institut für Humangenetik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - Barbara Schormair
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland.,Institut für Humangenetik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
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64
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Tunc S, Denecke J, Olschewski L, Bäumer T, Münchau A, Lessel D, Lohmann K. A recurrent de-novo ANO3 mutation causes early-onset generalized dystonia. J Neurol Sci 2019; 396:199-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Alkhater RA, Scherer SW, Minassian BA, Walker S. PI4K2A deficiency in an intellectual disability, epilepsy, myoclonus, akathisia syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1617-1621. [PMID: 30564627 PMCID: PMC6292187 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a family of Saudi Arabian ancestry with two children presenting with global developmental delay, dystonia, disturbed sleep, and heat intolerance. By genome sequencing, we identified a nonsense variant in the first exon of PI4K2A that was homozygous in both affected individuals and was absent from, or heterozygous in, seven unaffected siblings. PI4K2A is highly expressed in the brain and a mouse model displays a neurological phenotype, implicating PI4K2A as a new disease gene for a neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Alkhater
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada.,Johns' Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto Canada.,McLaughlin Centre University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas
| | - Susan Walker
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
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66
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Zech M, Lam DD, Weber S, Berutti R, Poláková K, Havránková P, Fečíková A, Strom TM, Růžička E, Jech R, Winkelmann J. A unique de novo gain-of-function variant in CAMK4 associated with intellectual disability and hyperkinetic movement disorder. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a003293. [PMID: 30262571 PMCID: PMC6318768 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are key mediators of calcium signaling and underpin neuronal health. Although widely studied, the contribution of CaMKs to Mendelian disease is rather enigmatic. Here, we describe an unusual neurodevelopmental phenotype, characterized by milestone delay, intellectual disability, autism, ataxia, and mixed hyperkinetic movement disorder including severe generalized dystonia, in a proband who remained etiologically undiagnosed despite exhaustive testing. We performed trio whole-exome sequencing to identify a de novo essential splice-site variant (c.981+1G>A) in CAMK4, encoding CaMKIV. Through in silico evaluation and cDNA analyses, we demonstrated that c.981+1G>A alters CAMK4 pre-mRNA processing and results in a stable mRNA transcript containing a 77-nt out-of-frame deletion and a premature termination codon within the last exon. The expected protein, p.Lys303Serfs*28, exhibits selective loss of the carboxy-terminal regulatory domain of CaMKIV and bears striking structural resemblance to previously reported synthetic mutants that confer constitutive CaMKIV activity. Biochemical studies in proband-derived cells confirmed an activating effect of c.981+1G>A and indicated that variant-induced excessive CaMKIV signaling is sensitive to pharmacological manipulation. Additionally, we found that variants predicted to cause selective depletion of CaMKIV's regulatory domain are unobserved in diverse catalogs of human variation, thus revealing that c.981+1G>A is a unique molecular event. We propose that our proband's phenotype is explainable by a dominant CAMK4 splice-disrupting mutation that acts through a gain-of-function mechanism. Our findings highlight the importance of CAMK4 in human neurodevelopment, provide a foundation for future clinical research of CAMK4, and suggest the CaMKIV signaling pathway as a potential drug target in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Daniel D Lam
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany
| | - Sandrina Weber
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany
| | - Kamila Poláková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Havránková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fečíková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 85764, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, 81377, Germany
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67
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Nelin S, Hussey R, Faux BM, Rohena L. Youngest presenting patient with dystonia 24 and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:2070-2074. [PMID: 30455893 PMCID: PMC6230669 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia 24 was first reported in 2000 as an autosomal dominant cause of dystonia caused by variants in the ANO3 gene. Although many adults have been described with dystonia 24, since 2014, an increasing number of children have also been reported. Dystonia 24 should also be considered in the differential of a child with unexplained dystonia.
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68
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Abela L, Kurian MA. Postsynaptic movement disorders: clinical phenotypes, genotypes, and disease mechanisms. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1077-1091. [PMID: 29948482 PMCID: PMC6326993 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders comprise a group of heterogeneous diseases with often complex clinical phenotypes. Overlapping symptoms and a lack of diagnostic biomarkers may hamper making a definitive diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing techniques have substantially contributed to unraveling genetic etiologies underlying movement disorders and thereby improved diagnoses. Defects in dopaminergic signaling in postsynaptic striatal medium spiny neurons are emerging as a pathogenic mechanism in a number of newly identified hyperkinetic movement disorders. Several of the causative genes encode components of the cAMP pathway, a critical postsynaptic signaling pathway in medium spiny neurons. Here, we review the clinical presentation, genetic findings, and disease mechanisms that characterize these genetic postsynaptic movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Abela
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL GOS - Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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69
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Han Q, Zhang R, Guo R, Li H, Li L, Wang T, Tang X, He C, Teng G, Gu W, Liu F. COL4A3 Gene Variants and Diabetic Kidney Disease in MODY. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:1162-1171. [PMID: 30012629 PMCID: PMC6086715 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite advances in identifying genetic factors of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), much of the heritability remains unexplained. Nine maturity-onset diabetes in young (MODY) probands with kidney biopsy-proven DKD were selected and included in this study. The probands had more severe DKD compared with their parents with MODY, with overt proteinuria or rapid progression to ESKD. We aimed to explore the contribution of the variants in susceptibility genes of DKD to the severity of kidney phenotype between the probands and their parents. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify suspected MODY probands and their families. Known DKD susceptibility genes were reviewed. Variants reported to be associated with DKD, or those with minor allele frequency <0.05 and predicted to be pathogenic, were selected and analyzed. Immunofluorescence staining of COL4α3 was performed in kidney specimens of patients with DKD with or without R408H and M1209I of COL4A3 variants. RESULTS HNF1B-MODY, CEL-MODY, PAX4-MODY, and WFS1-MODY were diagnosed among nine families. We identified 196 selected variants of 25 DKD susceptibility genes among the participants. Analysis of phenotype between probands and parents, gene function, and protein-protein interaction networks revealed that COL4A3 variants were involved in the progression of DKD. Weak granular staining of COL4α3 was observed in the glomerular basement membrane of patients with the R408H and M1209I variants, whereas strong consecutive staining was observed in patients without these variants. Moreover, more number of DKD variants were identified in probands than in their parents with MODY. CONCLUSIONS The genetic effect of more pathogenic variants in various DKD susceptibility genes, especially variants in the COL4A3 gene, partially explained the more severe kidney phenotype in probands with kidney biopsy-proven DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingwang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Han
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruikun Guo
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingli Wang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Geer Teng
- Institute of Social Development and Western China Development Studies, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; and
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Joy Orient Translational Medicine Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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70
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Abstract
Within the field of movement disorders, the conceptual understanding of dystonia has continued to evolve. Clinical advances have included improvements in recognition of certain features of dystonia, such as tremor, and understanding of phenotypic spectrums in the genetic dystonias and dystonia terminology and classification. Progress has also been made in the understanding of underlying biological processes which characterize dystonia from discoveries using approaches such as neurophysiology, functional imaging, genetics, and animal models. Important advances include the role of the cerebellum in dystonia, the concept of dystonia as an aberrant brain network disorder, additional evidence supporting the concept of dystonia endophenotypes, and new insights into psychogenic dystonia. These discoveries have begun to shape treatment approaches as, in parallel, important new treatment modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound, have emerged and existing interventions such as deep brain stimulation have been further refined. In this review, these topics are explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tisch
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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71
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Yoo D, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Lee S, Kim SY, Choi M, Chae JH, Jeon B. Early-onset generalized dystonia starting in the lower extremities in a patient with a novel ANO3 variant. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 50:124-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Targeted gene capture sequencing in diagnosis of dystonia patients. J Neurol Sci 2018; 390:36-41. [PMID: 29801903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia is a movement disorder with high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Molecular diagnosis is important for an accurate diagnosis of dystonia. Targeted gene capture sequencing has been an effective method for screening multiple candidate genes simultaneously. This method, however, has been rarely reported to be used with dystonia patients. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To assess the effectiveness of the targeted gene capture sequencing in dystonia, we performed custom target gene capture followed by next-generation sequencing in dystonia patients from China. Sanger sequencing was utilized to substantiate the findings. The effects of identified variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines. RESULTS A total of 65 patients (34 female and 31 male) were recruited in this study. The mean age at onset was 22.7 ± 13.3 years ranging from 2 to 59 years. According to ACMG standards and guidelines, of 65 patients, 12 were identified with pathogenic variants (12/65, 18.5%) in gene TOR1A, PANK2 or ATP1A3, and another four were identified with likely-pathogenic variants (4/65, 6.2%) in gene PRRT2, GCH1 or THAP1. In total, 24.6% of patients in this cohort were detected to have a genetic cause of dystonia. Another four patients (4/65, 6.2%) were identified with variants which were considered to be VUS (Variants of Uncertain Significance) in gene SGCE, TH, ANO3 and ATP1A3 respectively. The most common detected gene was TOR1A, known to be causative for DYT1 (8/65, 12.3%). CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that targeted gene capture sequencing is an effective tool for identifying the genetic cause of heterogeneous dystonia patients.
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73
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Meijer IA, Pearson TS. The Twists of Pediatric Dystonia: Phenomenology, Classification, and Genetics. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2018; 25:65-74. [PMID: 29735118 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide a practical review of pediatric dystonia from a clinician's perspective. The focus is on the underlying genetic causes, recent findings, and treatable conditions. Dystonia can occur in an isolated fashion or accompanied by other neurological or systemic features. The clinical presentation is often a complex overlap of neurological findings with a large differential diagnosis. We recommend an approach guided by thorough clinical evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biochemical analysis, and genetic testing to hone in on the diagnosis. This article highlights the clinical and genetic complexity of pediatric dystonia and underlines the importance of a genetic diagnosis for therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Neurology division, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO.
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74
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Bardakjian TM, Helbig I, Quinn C, Elman LB, McCluskey LF, Scherer SS, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Genetic test utilization and diagnostic yield in adult patients with neurological disorders. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:105-110. [PMID: 29589152 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the diagnostic yield of different genetic test modalities in adult patients with neurological disorders, we evaluated all adult patients seen for genetic diagnostic evaluation in the outpatient neurology practice at the University of Pennsylvania between January 2016 and April 2017 as part of the newly created Penn Neurogenetics Program. Subjects were identified through our electronic medical system as those evaluated by the Program's single clinical genetic counselor in that period. A total of 377 patients were evaluated by the Penn Neurogenetics Program in different settings and genetic testing recommended. Of those, 182 (48%) were seen in subspecialty clinic setting and 195 (52%) in a General Neurogenetics Clinic. Genetic testing was completed in over 80% of patients in whom it was recommended. The diagnostic yield was 32% across disease groups. Stratified by testing modality, the yield was highest with directed testing (50%) and array comparative genomic hybridization (45%), followed by gene panels and exome testing (25% each). In conclusion, genetic testing can be successfully requested in clinic in a large majority of adult patients. Age is not a limiting factor for a genetic diagnostic evaluation and the yield of clinical testing across phenotypes (almost 30%) is consistent with previous phenotype-focused or research-based studies. These results should inform the development of specific guidelines for clinical testing and serve as evidence to improve reimbursement by insurance payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Bardakjian
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Lauren B Elman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Leo F McCluskey
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 330 South 9th Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
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75
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Review of the phenotype of early-onset generalised progressive dystonia due to mutations in KMT2B. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:245-256. [PMID: 29289525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2016, two research groups independently identified microdeletions and pathogenic variants in the lysine-specific histone methyltransferase 2B gene, KMT2B in patients with early-onset progressive dystonia. KMT2B-dystonia (DYT28) is emerging as an important and frequent cause of childhood-onset progressive generalised dystonia and is estimated to potentially account for up to 10% of early-onset generalised dystonia. Herein, we review variants in KMT2B associated with dystonia, as well as the clinical phenotype, treatment and underlying disease mechanisms. Furthermore, in context of this newly identified condition, we summarise our approach to the genetic investigation of paediatric dystonia.
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76
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Hyperkinetic movement disorders can manifest alone or as part of complex phenotypes. In the era of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the list of monogenic complex movement disorders is rapidly growing. This review will explore the main features of these newly identified conditions. Recent Findings Mutations in ADCY5 and PDE10A have been identified as important causes of childhood-onset dyskinesias and KMT2B mutations as one of the most frequent causes of complex dystonia in children. The delineation of the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in ATP1A3, FOXG1, GNAO1, GRIN1, FRRS1L, and TBC1D24 is revealing an expanding genetic overlap between epileptic encephalopathies, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and hyperkinetic movement disorders,. Summary Thanks to NGS, the etiology of several complex hyperkinetic movement disorders has been elucidated. Importantly, NGS is changing the way clinicians diagnose these complex conditions. Shared molecular pathways, involved in early stages of brain development and normal synaptic transmission, underlie basal ganglia dysfunction, epilepsy, and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20131, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, PhD Programme in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Milan Bicocca University, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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77
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SOX5-Null Heterozygous Mutation in a Family with Adult-Onset Hyperkinesia and Behavioral Abnormalities. Case Rep Genet 2017; 2017:2721615. [PMID: 29214085 PMCID: PMC5682053 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2721615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX5 encodes a conserved transcription factor implicated in cell-fate decisions of the neural lineage. SOX5 haploinsufficiency induced by larger genomic deletions has been linked to a recognizable pediatric syndrome combining developmental delay with intellectual disability, mild dysmorphism, inadequate behavior, and variable additional features including motor disturbances. In contrast to SOX5-involving deletions, examples of pathogenic SOX5 small coding variations are sparse in the literature and have been described only in singular cases with phenotypic abnormalities akin to those seen in the SOX5 microdeletion syndrome. Here a novel SOX5 loss-of-function point mutation, c.13C>T (p.Arg5X), is reported, identified in the course of exome sequencing applied to the diagnosis of an unexplained adult-onset motor disorder. Aged 43 years, our female index patient demonstrated abrupt onset of mixed generalized hyperkinesia, with dystonic and choreiform movements being the most salient features. The movement disorder was accompanied by behavioral problems such as anxiety and mood instability. The mutation was found to be inherited to the patient's son who manifested abnormal behavior including diminished social functioning, paranoid ideation, and anxiety since adolescence. Our results expand the compendium of SOX5 damaging single-nucleotide variation mutations and suggest that SOX5 haploinsufficiency might not be restrictively associated with childhood-onset syndromic disease.
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Molecular diversity of combined and complex dystonia: insights from diagnostic exome sequencing. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:195-205. [PMID: 28849312 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combined and complex dystonias are heterogeneous movement disorders combining dystonia with other motor and/or systemic signs. Although we are beginning to understand the diverse molecular causes of these disease entities, clinical pattern recognition and conventional genetic workup achieve an etiological diagnosis only in a minority of cases. Our goal was to provide a window into the variable genetic origins and distinct clinical patterns of combined/complex dystonia more broadly. Between August 2016 and January 2017, we applied whole-exome sequencing to a cohort of nine patients with varied combined and/or complex dystonic presentations, being on a diagnostic odyssey. Bioinformatics analyses, co-segregation studies, and sequence-interpretation algorithms were employed to detect causative mutations. Comprehensive clinical review was undertaken to define the phenotypic spectra and optimal management strategies. On average, we observed a delay in diagnosis of 23 years before whole-exome analysis enabled determination of each patient's genetic defect. Whereas mutations in ACTB, ATP1A3, ADCY5, and SGCE were associated with particular phenotypic clues, trait manifestations arising from mutations in PINK1, MRE11A, KMT2B, ATM, and SLC6A1 were different from those previously reported in association with these genes. Apart from improving counseling for our entire cohort, genetic findings had actionable consequences on preventative measures and therapeutic interventions for five patients. Our investigation confirms unique genetic diagnoses, highlights key clinical features and phenotypic expansions, and suggests whole-exome sequencing as a first-tier diagnostic for combined/complex dystonia. These results might stimulate independent teams to extend the scope of agnostic genetic screening to this particular phenotypic group that remains poorly characterized through existing studies.
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Carecchio M, Mencacci NE, Iodice A, Pons R, Panteghini C, Zorzi G, Zibordi F, Bonakis A, Dinopoulos A, Jankovic J, Stefanis L, Bhatia KP, Monti V, R'Bibo L, Veneziano L, Garavaglia B, Fusco C, Wood N, Stamelou M, Nardocci N. ADCY5-related movement disorders: Frequency, disease course and phenotypic variability in a cohort of paediatric patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 41:37-43. [PMID: 28511835 PMCID: PMC5549507 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction ADCY5 mutations have been recently identified as an important cause of early-onset hyperkinetic movement disorders. The phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in this gene is expanding. However, the ADCY5 mutational frequency in cohorts of paediatric patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders has not been evaluated. Methods We performed a screening of the entire ADCY5 coding sequence in 44 unrelated subjects with genetically undiagnosed childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorders, featuring chorea alone or in combination with myoclonus and dystonia. All patients had normal CSF analysis and brain imaging and were regularly followed-up in tertiary centers for paediatric movement disorders. Results We identified five unrelated subjects with ADCY5 mutations (11% of the cohort). Three carried the p. R418W mutation, one the p. R418Q and one the p. R418G mutation. Mutations arose de novo in four cases, while one patient inherited the mutation from his similarly affected father. All patients had delayed motor and/or language milestones with or without axial hypotonia and showed generalized chorea and dystonia, with prominent myoclonic jerks in one case. Episodic exacerbations of the baseline movement disorder were observed in most cases, being the first disease manifestation in two patients. The disease course was variable, from stability to spontaneous improvement during adolescence. Conclusion Mutations in ADCY5 are responsible for a hyperkinetic movement disorder that can be preceded by episodic attacks before the movement disorder becomes persistent and is frequently misdiagnosed as dyskinetic cerebral palsy. A residual degree of neck hypotonia and a myopathy-like facial appearance are frequently observed in patients with ADCY5 mutations. ADCY5 mutational frequency in paediatric patients is unknown. 5/44 (11%) subjects in our cohort carried pathogenic ADCY5 mutations. Chorea-dystonia, exacerbations and developmental delay are often observed together. Disease course and clinical features are variable among patients with ADCY5 mutations. Residual cervical hypotonia and a myopathy-like face are additional diagnostic clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, PhD Programme in Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611 Illinois, USA.
| | - Alessandro Iodice
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio nell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Roser Pons
- First Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Thivon and Levadias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Zibordi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasios Bonakis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris Dinopoulos
- Third Department of Paediatrics, Attiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Houston, TX 77030-4202, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Monti
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lea R'Bibo
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
| | - Liana Veneziano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio nell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece; Second Department of Neurology, Attiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Douglas AGL, Andreoletti G, Talbot K, Hammans SR, Singh J, Whitney A, Ennis S, Foulds NC. ADCY5-related dyskinesia presenting as familial myoclonus-dystonia. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:111-117. [PMID: 28229249 PMCID: PMC5359383 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a family with an autosomal dominant familial dyskinesia resembling myoclonus-dystonia associated with a novel missense mutation in ADCY5, found through whole-exome sequencing. A tiered analytical approach was used to analyse whole-exome sequencing data from an affected grandmother-granddaughter pair. Whole-exome sequencing identified 18,000 shared variants, of which 46 were non-synonymous changes not present in a local cohort of control exomes (n = 422). Further filtering based on predicted splicing effect, minor allele frequency in the 1000 Genomes Project and on phylogenetic conservation yielded 13 candidate variants, of which the heterozygous missense mutation c.3086T>G, p. M1029R in ADCY5 most closely matched the observed phenotype. This report illustrates the utility of whole-exome sequencing in cases of undiagnosed movement disorders with clear autosomal dominant inheritance. Moreover, ADCY5 mutations should be considered in cases with apparent myoclonus-dystonia, particularly where SCGE mutations have been excluded. ADCY5-related dyskinesia may manifest variable expressivity within a single family, and affected individuals may be initially diagnosed with differing neurological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G L Douglas
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Level G, Mailpoint 627, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Gaia Andreoletti
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon R Hammans
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jaspal Singh
- Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea Whitney
- Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicola C Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Level G, Mailpoint 627, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK.
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Zech M, Boesch S, Maier EM, Borggraefe I, Vill K, Laccone F, Pilshofer V, Ceballos-Baumann A, Alhaddad B, Berutti R, Poewe W, Haack TB, Haslinger B, Strom TM, Winkelmann J. Haploinsufficiency of KMT2B, Encoding the Lysine-Specific Histone Methyltransferase 2B, Results in Early-Onset Generalized Dystonia. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1377-1387. [PMID: 27839873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset generalized dystonia represents the severest form of dystonia, a hyperkinetic movement disorder defined by involuntary twisting postures. Although frequently transmitted as a single-gene trait, the molecular basis of dystonia remains largely obscure. By whole-exome sequencing a parent-offspring trio in an Austrian kindred affected by non-familial early-onset generalized dystonia, we identified a dominant de novo frameshift mutation, c.6406delC (p.Leu2136Serfs∗17), in KMT2B, encoding a lysine-specific methyltransferase involved in transcriptional regulation via post-translational modification of histones. Whole-exome-sequencing-based exploration of a further 30 German-Austrian individuals with early-onset generalized dystonia uncovered another three deleterious mutations in KMT2B-one de novo nonsense mutation (c.1633C>T [p.Arg545∗]), one de novo essential splice-site mutation (c.7050-2A>G [p.Phe2321Serfs∗93]), and one inherited nonsense mutation (c.2428C>T [p.Gln810∗]) co-segregating with dystonia in a three-generation kindred. Each of the four mutations was predicted to mediate a loss-of-function effect by introducing a premature termination codon. Suggestive of haploinsufficiency, we found significantly decreased total mRNA levels of KMT2B in mutant fibroblasts. The phenotype of individuals with KMT2B loss-of-function mutations was dominated by childhood lower-limb-onset generalized dystonia, and the family harboring c.2428C>T (p.Gln810∗) showed variable expressivity. In most cases, dystonic symptoms were accompanied by heterogeneous non-motor features. Independent support for pathogenicity of the mutations comes from the observation of high rates of dystonic presentations in KMT2B-involving microdeletion syndromes. Our findings thus establish generalized dystonia as the human phenotype associated with haploinsufficiency of KMT2B. Moreover, we provide evidence for a causative role of disordered histone modification, chromatin states, and transcriptional deregulation in dystonia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther M Maier
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Laccone
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical School of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andres Ceballos-Baumann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Schön Klinik München Schwabing, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Devision of Molecular Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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