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Mochel F, Gras D, Luton MP, Nizou M, Giovannini D, Delattre C, Aubart M, Barth M, De Saint-Martin A, Doummar D, Essid N, Garros A, Le Camus CH, Hoebeke C, The Tich SN, Perivier M, Rivera S, Rolland A, Roubertie A, Sarret C, Sevin C, Ville D, Sitbon M, Costa JM, Pons R, Garcia-Cazorla A, Vuillaumier S, Petit V, Boespflug-Tanguy O, De Vivo DC. Prospective Multicenter Validation of a Simple Blood Test for the Diagnosis of Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome. Neurology 2023; 100:e2360-e2373. [PMID: 37076312 PMCID: PMC10256121 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS) is a treatable neurometabolic disease that causes a wide range of neurologic symptoms in children and adults. However, its diagnosis relies on an invasive test, that is, a lumbar puncture (LP) to measure glycorrhachia, and sometimes complex molecular analyses of the SLC2A1 gene. This procedure limits the number of patients able to receive the standard of care. We wished to validate the diagnostic performance of METAglut1, a simple blood test that quantifies GLUT1 on the erythrocyte surface. METHODS We performed a multicenter validation study in France, involving 33 centers. We studied 2 patient cohorts: a prospective cohort consisting of patients with a clinical suspicion of Glut1DS explored through the reference strategy, that is, LP and analyses of the SLC2A1 gene, and a retrospective cohort that included patients previously diagnosed with Glut1DS. All patients were blind-tested with METAglut1. RESULTS We analyzed 428 patients in the prospective cohort, including 15 patients newly diagnosed with Glut1DS, and 67 patients in the retrospective cohort. METAglut1 was 80% sensitive and >99% specific for the diagnosis of Glut1DS. Concordance analyses showed a substantial agreement between METAglut1 and glycorrhachia. In the prospective cohort, the positive predictive value of METAglut1 was slightly higher than that of glycorrhachia. METAglut1 succeeded to identify patients with Glut1DS with SCL2A1 mosaicism and variants of unknown significance. DISCUSSION METAglut1 is an easily performed, robust, and noninvasive diagnostic test for the diagnosis of Glut1DS, which allows wide screening of children and adults, including those with atypical forms of this treatable condition. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that a positive METAglut1 test accurately distinguishes patients with suspected GLUT1 deficiency syndrome from other neurologic syndromes as compared with invasive and genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mochel
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
| | - Domitille Gras
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Marie-Pierre Luton
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Manon Nizou
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Donatella Giovannini
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Caroline Delattre
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Mélodie Aubart
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Magalie Barth
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Anne De Saint-Martin
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Diane Doummar
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Nouha Essid
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Alexa Garros
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Caroline Hachon Le Camus
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Celia Hoebeke
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Sylvie Nguyen The Tich
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Maximilien Perivier
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Serge Rivera
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Anne Rolland
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Catherine Sarret
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Caroline Sevin
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Dorothee Ville
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Marc Sitbon
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jean-Marc Costa
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Roser Pons
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Angels Garcia-Cazorla
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Sandrine Vuillaumier
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Vincent Petit
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- From the Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière (F.M., M-P.L., C.D.), Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1127; Sorbonne University (D.Gras), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris Brain Institute; U1141 Neurodiderot (D.Gras), équipe 5 InDev, Inserm, CEA, UP UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot, DRF, CEA-Saclay; Metafora Biosystems (M.N., V.P.); Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (D.Giovannini), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (M.A.), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Génétique (M.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.D.S-M.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Sorbonne Université (D.D.), Service de Neuropédiatrie-Pathologie du développement, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP.SU, FHU I2D2, Paris; Service de Neurologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique (N.E.), APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (A.G.), Hôpital Nord, Grenoble; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.L.C.), et Unité de recherche clinique, module plurithématique sous axe pédiatrique CI 1436, Hôpital des enfants, CHU Toulouse; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.H.), Hôpital La Timone, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Service de Neuropédiatrie (S.N.T.T.), CRMR Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille; Service de Neuropédiatrie et handicaps (M.P.), Hôpital pédiatrique Gatien de Clocheville, CHU de Tours; Pole Mère Enfant (S.R.), Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne; Service de Neuropédiatrie (A.R.), Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Nantes; Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre d'investigation Clinique Inserm (A.R.), INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U 1298, CHU Montpellier, CIC1411; Service de Pédiatrie (C.Sarret), Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (C.Sevin), Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique (D.V.), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (M.S.), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS; Laboratoire Cerba (J-M.C.), Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Aghia Sofia Hospital, University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (A.G-C.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Service de Biochimie et Génétique (S.V.), Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris; CRMR Leukofrance Service de neuropediatrie (O.B-T.), Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris; UMR1141, Neurodiderot Université de Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
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Balestrini S, Mikati MA, Álvarez-García-Rovés R, Carboni M, Hunanyan AS, Kherallah B, McLean M, Prange L, De Grandis E, Gagliardi A, Pisciotta L, Stagnaro M, Veneselli E, Campistol J, Fons C, Pias-Peleteiro L, Brashear A, Miller C, Samões R, Brankovic V, Padiath QS, Potic A, Pilch J, Vezyroglou A, Bye AME, Davis AM, Ryan MM, Semsarian C, Hollingsworth G, Scheffer IE, Granata T, Nardocci N, Ragona F, Arzimanoglou A, Panagiotakaki E, Carrilho I, Zucca C, Novy J, Dzieżyc K, Parowicz M, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Weckhuysen S, Pons R, Groppa S, Sinden DS, Pitt GS, Tinker A, Ashworth M, Michalak Z, Thom M, Cross JH, Vavassori R, Kaski JP, Sisodiya SM. Cardiac phenotype in ATP1A3-related syndromes: A multicenter cohort study. Neurology 2020; 95:e2866-e2879. [PMID: 32913013 PMCID: PMC7734736 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the risks and consequences of cardiac abnormalities in ATP1A3-related syndromes. METHODS Patients meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) with ATP1A3 genetic analysis and at least 1 cardiac assessment were included. We evaluated the cardiac phenotype in an Atp1a3 knock-in mouse (Mashl+/-) to determine the sequence of events in seizure-related cardiac death. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients with AHC, 9 with RDP, and 3 with CAPOS (63 female, mean age 17 years) were included. Resting ECG abnormalities were found in 52 of 87 (60%) with AHC, 2 of 3 (67%) with CAPOS, and 6 of 9 (67%) with RDP. Serial ECGs showed dynamic changes in 10 of 18 patients with AHC. The first Holter ECG was abnormal in 24 of 65 (37%) cases with AHC and RDP with either repolarization or conduction abnormalities. Echocardiography was normal. Cardiac intervention was required in 3 of 98 (≈3%) patients with AHC. In the mouse model, resting ECGs showed intracardiac conduction delay; during induced seizures, heart block or complete sinus arrest led to death. CONCLUSIONS We found increased prevalence of ECG dynamic abnormalities in all ATP1A3-related syndromes, with a risk of life-threatening cardiac rhythm abnormalities equivalent to that in established cardiac channelopathies (≈3%). Sudden cardiac death due to conduction abnormality emerged as a seizure-related outcome in murine Atp1a3-related disease. ATP1A3-related syndromes are cardiac diseases and neurologic diseases. We provide guidance to identify patients potentially at higher risk of sudden cardiac death who may benefit from insertion of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Balestrini
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Reyes Álvarez-García-Rovés
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael Carboni
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Arsen S Hunanyan
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Bassil Kherallah
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Melissa McLean
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lyndsey Prange
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa De Grandis
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gagliardi
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Livia Pisciotta
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michela Stagnaro
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Edvige Veneselli
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jaume Campistol
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmen Fons
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Leticia Pias-Peleteiro
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Allison Brashear
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Miller
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Raquel Samões
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Vesna Brankovic
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Quasar S Padiath
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Potic
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jacek Pilch
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Vezyroglou
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ann M E Bye
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrew M Davis
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monique M Ryan
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Georgina Hollingsworth
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleni Panagiotakaki
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Inês Carrilho
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Zucca
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jan Novy
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Karolina Dzieżyc
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Marek Parowicz
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Roser Pons
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniel S Sinden
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrew Tinker
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael Ashworth
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Zuzanna Michalak
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Thom
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Vavassori
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan P Kaski
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
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