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Maalej M, Sfaihi L, Fersi OA, Khabou B, Ammar M, Felhi R, Kharrat M, Chouchen J, Kammoun T, Tlili A, Fakhfakh F. Molecular and in silico investigation of a novel ECHS1 gene mutation in a consanguine family with short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency and Mt-DNA depletion: effect on trimer assembly and catalytic activity. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:611-623. [PMID: 38363494 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency (ECHS1D) is a rare congenital metabolic disorder that follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It is caused by mutations in the ECHS1 gene, which encodes a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the second step of mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids. The main characteristics of the disease are severe developmental delay, regression, seizures, neurodegeneration, high blood lactate, and a brain MRI pattern consistent with Leigh syndrome. Here, we report three patients belonging to a consanguineous family who presented with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a new homozygous mutation c.619G > A (p.Gly207Ser) at the last nucleotide position in exon 5 of the ECHS1 gene. Experimental analysis showed that normal ECHS1 pre-mRNA splicing occurred in all patients compared to controls. Furthermore, three-dimensional models of wild-type and mutant echs1 proteins revealed changes in catalytic site interactions, conformational changes, and intramolecular interactions, potentially disrupting echs1 protein trimerization and affecting its function. Additionally, the quantification of mtDNA copy number variation in blood leukocytes showed severe mtDNA depletion in all probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Maalej
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Lamia Sfaihi
- Faculty of Medecine of Sfax, Avenue Magida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
- Departments of Pediatry, University Hospital Hedi Chaker, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia
| | - Olfa-Alila Fersi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Boudour Khabou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ammar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Felhi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Kharrat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Chouchen
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Building W8 - Room 107, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Thouraya Kammoun
- Departments of Pediatry, University Hospital Hedi Chaker, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaziz Tlili
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Building W8 - Room 107, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Faiza Fakhfakh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia.
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Huong KH, Orita I, Fukui T. Microaerobic insights into production of polyhydroxyalkanoates containing 3-hydroxyhexanoate via native reverse β-oxidation from glucose in Ralstonia eutropha H16. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:21. [PMID: 38221622 PMCID: PMC10788006 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia eutropha H16, a facultative chemolitoautotroph, is an important workhorse for bioindustrial production of useful compounds such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Despite the extensive studies to date, some of its physiological properties remain not fully understood. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the knallgas bacterium exhibited altered PHA production behaviors under slow-shaking condition, as compared to its usual aerobic condition. One of them was a notable increase in PHA accumulation, ranging from 3.0 to 4.5-fold in the mutants lacking of at least two NADPH-acetoacetyl-CoA reductases (PhaB1, PhaB3 and/or phaB2) when compared to their respective aerobic counterpart, suggesting the probable existence of (R)-3HB-CoA-providing route(s) independent on PhaBs. Interestingly, PHA production was still considerably high even with an excess nitrogen source under this regime. The present study further uncovered the conditional activation of native reverse β-oxidation (rBOX) allowing formation of (R)-3HHx-CoA, a crucial precursor for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB-co-3HHx)], solely from glucose. This native rBOX led to the natural incorporation of 3.9 mol% 3HHx in a triple phaB-deleted mutant (∆phaB1∆phaB1∆phaB2-C2). Gene deletion experiments elucidated that the native rBOX was mediated by previously characterized (S)-3HB-CoA dehydrogenases (PaaH1/Had), β-ketothiolase (BktB), (R)-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase (PhaJ4a), and unknown crotonase(s) and reductase(s) for crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA conversion prior to elongation. The introduction of heterologous enzymes, crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase (Ccr) and ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase (Emd) along with (R)-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase (PhaJ) aided the native rBOX, resulting in remarkably high 3HHx composition (up to 37.9 mol%) in the polyester chains under the low-aerated condition. CONCLUSION These findings shed new light on the robust characteristics of Ralstonia eutropha H16 and have the potential for the development of new strategies for practical P(3HB-co-3HHx) copolyesters production from sugars under low-aerated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hee Huong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Izumi Orita
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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Kishita Y, Sugiura A, Onuki T, Ebihara T, Matsuhashi T, Shimura M, Fushimi T, Ichino N, Nagatakidani Y, Nishihata H, Nitta KR, Yatsuka Y, Imai-Okazaki A, Wu Y, Osaka H, Ohtake A, Murayama K, Okazaki Y. Strategic validation of variants of uncertain significance in ECHS1 genetic testing. J Med Genet 2023; 60:1006-1015. [PMID: 37055166 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-109027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoyl-CoA hydratase short-chain 1 (ECHS1) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of branched chain amino acids and fatty acids. Mutations in the ECHS1 gene lead to mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency, resulting in the accumulation of intermediates of valine. This is one of the most common causative genes in mitochondrial diseases. While genetic analysis studies have diagnosed numerous cases with ECHS1 variants, the increasing number of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in genetic diagnosis is a major problem. METHODS Here, we constructed an assay system to verify VUS function for ECHS1 gene. A high-throughput assay using ECHS1 knockout cells was performed to index these phenotypes by expressing cDNAs containing VUS. In parallel with the VUS validation system, a genetic analysis of samples from patients with mitochondrial disease was performed. The effect on gene expression in cases was verified by RNA-seq and proteome analysis. RESULTS The functional validation of VUS identified novel variants causing loss of ECHS1 function. The VUS validation system also revealed the effect of the VUS in the compound heterozygous state and provided a new methodology for variant interpretation. Moreover, we performed multiomics analysis and identified a synonymous substitution p.P163= that results in splicing abnormality. The multiomics analysis complemented the diagnosis of some cases that could not be diagnosed by the VUS validation system. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study uncovered new ECHS1 cases based on VUS validation and omics analysis; these analyses are applicable to the functional evaluation of other genes associated with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Kishita
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Onuki
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ebihara
- Department of Neonatology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsuhashi
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimura
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Fushimi
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Ichino
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nagatakidani
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nishihata
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro R Nitta
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yatsuka
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Imai-Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yibo Wu
- Chemical Biology Mass Spectrometry Platform (CHEMBIOMS), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland
- YCI Laboratory for Next-Generation Proteomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics & Clinical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ye Q, Xu W, He Y, Li H, Zhao F, Zhang J, Song Y. Biosynthesis of Vanillin by Rational Design of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase/Lyase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13631. [PMID: 37686435 PMCID: PMC10487757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin holds significant importance as a flavoring agent in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The CoA-dependent pathway for the biosynthesis of vanillin from ferulic acid involved feruloyl-CoA synthase (Fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase (Ech). In this research, the Fcs and Ech were derived from Streptomyces sp. strain V-1. The sequence conservation and structural features of Ech were analyzed by computational techniques including sequence alignment and molecular dynamics simulation. After detailed study for the major binding modes and key amino acid residues between Ech and substrates, a series of mutations (F74W, A130G, A130G/T132S, R147Q, Q255R, ΔT90, ΔTGPEIL, ΔN1-11, ΔC260-287) were obtained by rational design. Finally, the yield of vanillin produced by these mutants was verified by whole-cell catalysis. The results indicated that three mutants, F74W, Q147R, and ΔN1-11, showed higher yields than wild-type Ech. Molecular dynamics simulations and residue energy decomposition identified the basic residues K37, R38, K561, and R564 as the key residues affecting the free energy of binding between Ech and feruloyl-coenzyme A (FCA). The large changes in electrostatic interacting and polar solvating energies caused by the mutations may lead to decreased enzyme activity. This study provides important theoretical guidance as well as experimental data for the biosynthetic pathway of vanillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ye
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Weizhuo Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Yanan He
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Hao Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yongbo Song
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
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Tabeta H, Watanabe S, Fukuda K, Gunji S, Asaoka M, Hirai MY, Seo M, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. An auxin signaling network translates low-sugar-state input into compensated cell enlargement in the fugu5 cotyledon. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34351899 PMCID: PMC8341479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the effective mobilization of seed nutrient reserves is crucial during germination and for seedling establishment. The Arabidopsis H+-PPase-loss-of-function fugu5 mutants exhibit a reduced number of cells in the cotyledons. This leads to enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion, also known as compensated cell enlargement (CCE). While decreased cell numbers have been ascribed to reduced gluconeogenesis from triacylglycerol, the molecular mechanisms underlying CCE remain ill-known. Given the role of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) in cotyledon development, and because CCE in fugu5 is specifically and completely cancelled by ech2, which shows defective IBA-to-indoleacetic acid (IAA) conversion, IBA has emerged as a potential regulator of CCE. Here, to further illuminate the regulatory role of IBA in CCE, we used a series of high-order mutants that harbored a specific defect in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IBA efflux, IAA signaling, or vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) activity and analyzed the genetic interaction with fugu5-1. We found that while CCE in fugu5 was promoted by IBA, defects in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IAA response, or the V-ATPase activity alone cancelled CCE. Consistently, endogenous IAA in fugu5 reached a level 2.2-fold higher than the WT in 1-week-old seedlings. Finally, the above findings were validated in icl-2, mls-2, pck1-2 and ibr10 mutants, in which CCE was triggered by low sugar contents. This provides a scenario in which following seed germination, the low-sugar-state triggers IAA synthesis, leading to CCE through the activation of the V-ATPase. These findings illustrate how fine-tuning cell and organ size regulation depend on interplays between metabolism and IAA levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keita Fukuda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. As far as we know, no biomarker has been widely accepted for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of GC. The purpose of this study is to find potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis of GC. The differentially expressed gene (DEG) was analyzed from GSE93774. Enrichr was used to analyze the gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, the enrichment of transcription factors (TF), miRNA, and kinase. GO analysis showed DEGs was enriched in the process of amino acid metabolism. Pathway results showed DEGs was mainly enriched in cell cycle. Propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha (PCCA), Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 (ECHS1), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) have prognostic value in patients with GC. ECHS1 and HADH genes were significantly associated with disease-free survival. There was a significant correlation between PCCA and overall survival rate. The results of this study suggest that PCCA, ECHS1, and HADH may be new biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Du
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiajun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiya Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Marti-Sanchez L, Baide-Mairena H, Marcé-Grau A, Pons R, Skouma A, López-Laso E, Sigatullina M, Rizzo C, Semeraro M, Martinelli D, Carrozzo R, Dionisi-Vici C, González-Gutiérrez-Solana L, Correa-Vela M, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, Sánchez-Montañez Á, Vazquez É, Delgado I, Aguilera-Albesa S, Yoldi ME, Ribes A, Tort F, Pollini L, Galosi S, Leuzzi V, Tolve M, Pérez-Gay L, Aldamiz-Echevarría L, Del Toro M, Arranz A, Roelens F, Urreizti R, Artuch R, Macaya A, Pérez-Dueñas B. Delineating the neurological phenotype in children with defects in the ECHS1 or HIBCH gene. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:401-414. [PMID: 32677093 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurological phenotype of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (HIBCH) and short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (SCEH) defects is expanding and natural history studies are necessary to improve clinical management. From 42 patients with Leigh syndrome studied by massive parallel sequencing, we identified five patients with SCEH and HIBCH deficiency. Fourteen additional patients were recruited through collaborations with other centres. In total, we analysed the neurological features and mutation spectrum in 19 new SCEH/HIBCH patients. For natural history studies and phenotype to genotype associations we also included 70 previously reported patients. The 19 newly identified cases presented with Leigh syndrome (SCEH, n = 11; HIBCH, n = 6) and paroxysmal dystonia (SCEH, n = 2). Basal ganglia lesions (18 patients) were associated with small cysts in the putamen/pallidum in half of the cases, a characteristic hallmark for diagnosis. Eighteen pathogenic variants were identified, 11 were novel. Among all 89 cases, we observed a longer survival in HIBCH compared to SCEH patients, and in HIBCH patients carrying homozygous mutations on the protein surface compared to those with variants inside/near the catalytic region. The SCEH p.(Ala173Val) change was associated with a milder form of paroxysmal dystonia triggered by increased energy demands. In a child harbouring SCEH p.(Ala173Val) and the novel p.(Leu123Phe) change, an 83.6% reduction of the protein was observed in fibroblasts. The SCEH and HIBCH defects in the catabolic valine pathway were a frequent cause of Leigh syndrome in our cohort. We identified phenotype and genotype associations that may help predict outcome and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marti-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heidy Baide-Mairena
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Anna Marcé-Grau
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pons
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Agia Sofia, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Skouma
- Institute of Child Health, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eduardo López-Laso
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Sigatullina
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristiano Rizzo
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Semeraro
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luis González-Gutiérrez-Solana
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Correa-Vela
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Sánchez-Montañez
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron - Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Vazquez
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron - Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delgado
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron - Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Yoldi
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Tort
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Pollini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Galosi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Tolve
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pérez-Gay
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Del Toro
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Arranz
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roser Urreizti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Dueñas
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Simon MT, Eftekharian SS, Ferdinandusse S, Tang S, Naseri T, Reupena MS, McGarvey ST, Minster RL, Weeks DE, Nguyen DD, Lee S, Ellsworth KA, Vaz FM, Dimmock D, Pitt J, Abdenur JE. ECHS1 disease in two unrelated families of Samoan descent: Common variant - rare disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:157-167. [PMID: 33112498 PMCID: PMC7746601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (SCEH) gene, ECHS1, cause a rare autosomal recessive disorder of valine catabolism. Patients usually present with developmental delay, regression, dystonia, feeding difficulties, and abnormal MRI with bilateral basal ganglia involvement. We present clinical, biochemical, molecular, and functional data for four affected patients from two unrelated families of Samoan descent with identical novel compound heterozygous mutations. Family 1 has three affected boys while Family 2 has an affected daughter, all with clinical and MRI findings of Leigh syndrome and intermittent episodes of acidosis and ketosis. WES identified a single heterozygous variant in ECHS1 at position c.832G > A (p.Ala278Thr). However, western blot revealed significantly reduced ECHS1 protein for all affected family members. Decreased SCEH activity in fibroblasts and a mild increase in marker metabolites in urine further supported ECHS1 as the underlying gene defect. Additional investigations at the DNA (aCGH, WGS) and RNA (qPCR, RT-PCR, RNA-Seq, RNA-Array) level identified a silent, common variant at position c.489G > A (p.Pro163=) as the second mutation. This substitution, present at high frequency in the Samoan population, is associated with decreased levels of normally spliced mRNA. To our understanding, this is the first report of a novel, hypomorphic allele c.489G > A (p.Pro163=), associated with SCEH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella T. Simon
- Division of Metabolic DisordersCHOC Children's HospitalOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shaya S. Eftekharian
- Division of Metabolic DisordersCHOC Children's HospitalOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- College of Osteopathic MedicineWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sha Tang
- Department of Clinical GenomicsAmbry GeneticsCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- Department of EpidemiologyInternational Health Institute, Brown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human GeneticsGraduate School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human GeneticsGraduate School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsGraduate School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Daniel D. Nguyen
- Division of Metabolic DisordersCHOC Children's HospitalOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of BiochemistryCalifornia State University Long BeachLong BeachCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sansan Lee
- Hawaii Community GeneticsHawai'i Pacific HealthHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | | | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - David Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic MedicineSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - James Pitt
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jose E. Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic DisordersCHOC Children's HospitalOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California IrvineOrangeCaliforniaUSA
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9
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Finsterer J. Phenotypic spectrum of variants in the beta-oxidation enoyl-CoA hydratase-1 (ECHS-1) gene. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:101-102. [PMID: 32988733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Finsterer
- Klinik Landstrasse, Messerli Institute, Postfach 20 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Patel BV, Yao F, Howenstine A, Takenaka R, Hyatt JA, Sears KE, Shewchuk BM. Emergent Coordination of the CHKB and CPT1B Genes in Eutherian Mammals: Implications for the Origin of Brown Adipose Tissue. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:6127-6145. [PMID: 33058877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) contributes to the proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis in many mammalian tissues. In eutherian (placental) mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) can also dissipate this proton gradient through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to generate heat, but the evolutionary events underlying the emergence of BAT are unknown. An essential step in FAO is the transport of cytoplasmic long chain acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) into the mitochondrial matrix, which requires the action of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B) in striated muscle and BAT. In eutherians, the CPT1B gene is closely linked to the choline kinase beta (CHKB) gene, which is transcribed from the same DNA strand and terminates just upstream of CPT1B. CHKB is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a predominant mitochondrial membrane phospholipid, suggesting that the coordinated expression of CHKB and CPT1B may cooperatively enhance mitochondrial FAO. The present findings show that transcription of the eutherian CHKB and CPT1B genes is linked within a unitary epigenetic domain targeted to the CHKB gene, and that that this regulatory linkage appears to have resulted from an intergenic deletion in eutherians that significantly altered the distribution of CHKB and CPT1B expression. Informed by the timing of this event relative to the emergence of BAT, the phylogeny of CHKB-CPT1B synteny, and the insufficiency of UCP1 to account for eutherian BAT, these data support a mechanism for the emergence of BAT based on the acquisition of a novel capacity for adipocyte FAO in a background of extant UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin V Patel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Fanrong Yao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Aidan Howenstine
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Risa Takenaka
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jacob A Hyatt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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11
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Elizondo G, Matern D, Vockley J, Harding CO, Gillingham MB. Effects of fasting, feeding and exercise on plasma acylcarnitines among subjects with CPT2D, VLCADD and LCHADD/TFPD. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:90-97. [PMID: 32928639 PMCID: PMC8048763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasma acylcarnitine profile is frequently used as a biochemical assessment for follow-up in diagnosed patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). Disease specific acylcarnitine species are elevated during metabolic decompensation but there is clinical and biochemical heterogeneity among patients and limited data on the utility of an acylcarnitine profile for routine clinical monitoring. METHODS We evaluated plasma acylcarnitine profiles from 30 diagnosed patients with long-chain FAODs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2), very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase or mitochondrial trifunctional protein (LCHAD/TFP) deficiencies) collected after an overnight fast, after feeding a controlled low-fat diet, and before and after moderate exercise. Our purpose was to describe the variability in this biomarker and how various physiologic states effect the acylcarnitine concentrations in circulation. RESULTS Disease specific acylcarnitine species were higher after an overnight fast and decreased by approximately 60% two hours after a controlled breakfast meal. Moderate-intensity exercise increased the acylcarnitine species but it varied by diagnosis. When analyzed for a genotype/phenotype correlation, the presence of the common LCHADD mutation (c.1528G > C) was associated with higher levels of 3-hydroxyacylcarnitines than in patients with other mutations. CONCLUSIONS We found that feeding consistently suppressed and that moderate intensity exercise increased disease specific acylcarnitine species, but the response to exercise was highly variable across subjects and diagnoses. The clinical utility of routine plasma acylcarnitine analysis for outpatient treatment monitoring remains questionable; however, if acylcarnitine profiles are measured in the clinical setting, standardized procedures are required for sample collection to be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Elizondo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dietrich Matern
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Center for Rare Disease Therapy, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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12
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Leung HH, Ng AL, Durand T, Kawasaki R, Oger C, Balas L, Galano JM, Wong IY, Chung-Yung Lee J. Increase in omega-6 and decrease in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation elevates the risk of exudative AMD development in adults with Chinese diet. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:349-356. [PMID: 31605749 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate diet is essential for the regulation of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In particular the type of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and poor antioxidant status including carotenoid levels concomitantly contribute to AMD risk. Build-up of oxidative stress in AMD induces PUFA oxidation, and a mix of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) are generated. However, LOPs are not comprehensively evaluated in AMD. LOPs are considered biomarkers of oxidative stress but also contributes to inflammatory response. In this cross-sectional case-control study, plasma omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios and antioxidant status (glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase), and plasma and urinary LOPs (41 types) were determined to evaluate its odds-ratio in the risk of developing exudative AMD (n = 99) compared to age-gender-matched healthy controls (n = 198) in adults with Chinese diet. The odds ratio of developing exudative AMD increased with LOPs from omega-6 PUFA and decreased from those of omega-3 PUFA. These observations were associated with a high plasma omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio and low carotenoid levels. In short, poor PUFA and antioxidant status increased the production of omega-6 PUFA LOPs such as dihomo-isoprostane and dihomo-isofuran, and lowered omega-3 PUFA LOPs such as neuroprostanes due to the high omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios; they were also correlated to the risk of AMD development. These findings indicate the generation of specific LOPs is associated with the development of exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Hang Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex Lk Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Ophthalmic Associates, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Vision Informatics, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Ian Yh Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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13
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Cameron LC, Bonis B, Phan CQ, Kent LA, Lee AK, Hunter RC. A putative enoyl-CoA hydratase contributes to biofilm formation and the antibiotic tolerance of Achromobacter xylosoxidans. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:20. [PMID: 31396394 PMCID: PMC6684605 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Achromobacter xylosoxidans has attracted increasing attention as an emerging pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. Intrinsic resistance to several classes of antimicrobials and the ability to form robust biofilms in vivo contribute to the clinical manifestations of persistent A. xylosoxidans infection. Still, much of A. xylosoxidans biofilm formation remains uncharacterized due to the scarcity of existing genetic tools. Here we demonstrate a promising genetic system for use in A. xylosoxidans; generating a transposon mutant library which was then used to identify genes involved in biofilm development in vitro. We further described the effects of one of the genes found in the mutagenesis screen, encoding a putative enoyl-CoA hydratase, on biofilm structure and tolerance to antimicrobials. Through additional analysis, we find that a fatty acid signaling compound is essential to A. xylosoxidans biofilm ultrastructure and maintenance. This work describes methods for the genetic manipulation of A. xylosoxidans and demonstrated their use to improve our understanding of A. xylosoxidans pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Benjamin Bonis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Chi Q. Phan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Present Address: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Leslie A. Kent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Alysha K. Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Present Address: Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ryan C. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, 689 23rd Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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14
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Li Y, Liu Y, Zolman BK. Metabolic Alterations in the Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 2 Mutant Disrupt Peroxisomal Pathways in Seedlings. Plant Physiol 2019; 180:1860-1876. [PMID: 31138624 PMCID: PMC6670076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mobilization of seed storage compounds, such as starch and oil, is required to provide energy and metabolic building blocks during seedling development. Over 50% of fatty acids in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed oil have a cis-double bond on an even-numbered carbon. Degradation of these substrates requires peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation plus additional enzyme activities. Such auxiliary enzymes, including the enoyl-CoA hydratase ECH2, convert (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediates to the core β-oxidation substrate (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. ECH2 was suggested to function in the peroxisomal conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid, because ech2 seedlings have altered IBA responses. The underlying mechanism connecting ECH2 activity and IBA metabolism is unclear. Here, we show that ech2 seedlings have reduced root length, smaller cotyledons, and arrested pavement cell expansion. At the cellular level, reduced oil body mobilization and enlarged peroxisomes suggest compromised β-oxidation. ech2 seedlings accumulate 3-hydroxyoctenoate (C8:1-OH) and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (C8:0-OH), putative hydrolysis products of catabolic intermediates for α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, respectively. Wild-type seedlings treated with 3-hydroxyoctanoate have ech2-like growth defects and altered IBA responses. ech2 phenotypes are not rescued by Suc or auxin application. However, ech2 phenotypes are suppressed in combination with the core β-oxidation mutants mfp2 or ped1, and ech2 mfp2 seedlings accumulate less C8:1-OH and C8:0-OH than ech2 seedlings. These results indicate that ech2 phenotypes require efficient core β-oxidation. Our findings suggest that low ECH2 activity causes metabolic alterations through a toxic effect of the accumulating intermediates. These effects manifest in altered lipid metabolism and IBA responses leading to disrupted seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
| | - Yu Liu
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
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15
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Sharma NK, Chuang Key CC, Civelek M, Wabitsch M, Comeau ME, Langefeld CD, Parks JS, Das SK. Genetic Regulation of Enoyl-CoA Hydratase Domain-Containing 3 in Adipose Tissue Determines Insulin Sensitivity in African Americans and Europeans. Diabetes 2019; 68:1508-1522. [PMID: 31010960 PMCID: PMC6609988 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a harbinger of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and partly determined by genetic factors. However, genetically regulated mechanisms of IR remain poorly understood. Using gene expression, genotype, and insulin sensitivity data from the African American Genetics of Metabolism and Expression (AAGMEx) cohort, we performed transcript-wide correlation and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses to identify IR-correlated cis-regulated transcripts (cis-eGenes) in adipose tissue. These IR-correlated cis-eGenes were tested in the European ancestry individuals in the Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) cohort for trans-ethnic replication. Comparison of Matsuda index-correlated transcripts in AAGMEx with the METSIM study identified significant correlation of 3,849 transcripts, with concordant direction of effect for 97.5% of the transcripts. cis-eQTL for 587 Matsuda index-correlated genes were identified in both cohorts. Enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing 3 (ECHDC3) was the top-ranked Matsuda index-correlated cis-eGene. Expression levels of ECHDC3 were positively correlated with Matsuda index, and regulated by cis-eQTL, rs34844369 being the top cis-eSNP in AAGMEx. Silencing of ECHDC3 in adipocytes significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. RNA sequencing analysis identified 691 differentially expressed genes in ECHDC3-knockdown adipocytes, which were enriched in γ-linolenate biosynthesis, and known IR genes. Thus, our studies elucidated genetic regulatory mechanisms of IR and identified genes and pathways in adipose tissue that are mechanistically involved in IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Sharma
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang Key
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John S Parks
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Swapan K Das
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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16
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Kocarnik JM, Richard M, Graff M, Haessler J, Bien S, Carlson C, Carty CL, Reiner AP, Avery CL, Ballantyne CM, LaCroix AZ, Assimes TL, Barbalic M, Pankratz N, Tang W, Tao R, Chen D, Talavera GA, Daviglus ML, Chirinos-Medina DA, Pereira R, Nishimura K, Bužková P, Best LG, Ambite JL, Cheng I, Crawford DC, Hindorff LA, Fornage M, Heiss G, North KE, Haiman CA, Peters U, Le Marchand L, Kooperberg C. Discovery, fine-mapping, and conditional analyses of genetic variants associated with C-reactive protein in multiethnic populations using the Metabochip in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2940-2953. [PMID: 29878111 PMCID: PMC6077792 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a circulating biomarker indicative of systemic inflammation. We aimed to evaluate genetic associations with CRP levels among non-European-ancestry populations through discovery, fine-mapping and conditional analyses. A total of 30 503 non-European-ancestry participants from 6 studies participating in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology study had serum high-sensitivity CRP measurements and ∼200 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped on the Metabochip. We evaluated the association between each SNP and log-transformed CRP levels using multivariate linear regression, with additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, the first four principal components of genetic ancestry, and study-specific factors. Differential linkage disequilibrium patterns between race/ethnicity groups were used to fine-map regions associated with CRP levels. Conditional analyses evaluated for multiple independent signals within genetic regions. One hundred and sixty-three unique variants in 12 loci in overall or race/ethnicity-stratified Metabochip-wide scans reached a Bonferroni-corrected P-value <2.5E-7. Three loci have no (HACL1, OLFML2B) or only limited (PLA2G6) previous associations with CRP levels. Six loci had different top hits in race/ethnicity-specific versus overall analyses. Fine-mapping refined the signal in six loci, particularly in HNF1A. Conditional analyses provided evidence for secondary signals in LEPR, IL1RN and HNF1A, and for multiple independent signals in CRP and APOE. We identified novel variants and loci associated with CRP levels, generalized known CRP associations to a multiethnic study population, refined association signals at several loci and found evidence for multiple independent signals at several well-known loci. This study demonstrates the benefit of conducting inclusive genetic association studies in large multiethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Kocarnik
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Richard
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris Carlson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexander P Reiner
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Department of Epidemiology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Maja Barbalic
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diana A Chirinos-Medina
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rocio Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katie Nishimura
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petra Bužková
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lyle G Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc., Eagle Butte, SD, USA
| | - José Luis Ambite
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient involved in important metabolic functions for all vertebrate species. As Se is reported to have a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity, there is growing concern surrounding the adverse effects of elevated Se exposure caused by anthropogenic activities. Recent studies have reported that elevated dietary exposure of fish to selenomethionine (Se-Met) can alter aerobic metabolic capacity, energetics and swimming performance. This study aims to further investigate mechanisms of sublethal Se-Met toxicity, particularly potential underlying cardiovascular implications of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of dietary Se-Met in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish were fed either control food (1.1 μg Se/g dry mass [d.m.]) or Se-Met spiked food (10.3 or 28.8 μg Se/g d.m.) for 90 d at 5% body weight per day. Following exposure, ultrahigh resolution B-mode and Doppler ultrasound was used to characterize cardiac function. Chronic dietary exposure to elevated Se-Met significantly reduced ventricular contractile rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Exposure to Se-Met significantly decreased mRNA expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1 alpha and glutathione-S-transferase pi class in liver, and a key cardiac remodelling enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase 2, in adult zebrafish heart. Se-Met significantly increased echodensity at the junction between atrium and ventricle, and these results combined with increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression are consistent with cardiac remodelling and fibrosis. The results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to dietary Se-Met can negatively impact cardiac function, and such physiological consequences could reduce the aerobic capacity and survivability of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Pettem
- Toxicology Graduate Program University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
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18
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Abstract
β-Branching is an expansion upon canonical polyketide synthase extension that allows for the installation of diverse chemical moieties in several natural products. Several of these moieties are unique among natural products, including the two vinyl methylesters found in the core structure of bryostatins. This family of molecules is derived from an obligate bacterial symbiont of a sessile marine bryozoan, Bugula neritina. Within this family, bryostatin 1 has been investigated as an anticancer, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory compound. We have turned to the biosynthetic gene cluster within the bacterial symbiont to investigate the biosynthesis of bryostatins. Recent sequencing efforts resulted in the annotation of two missing genes: bryT and bryU. Using novel chemoenzymatic techniques, we have validated these as the missing enoyl-CoA hydratase and donor acyl carrier protein, essential components of the β-branching cassette of the bryostatin pathway. Together, this cassette installs the vinyl methylester moieties essential to the activity of bryostatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Slocum
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vikram V Shende
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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19
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Liu L, Li T, Cheng XJ, Peng CT, Li CC, He LH, Ju SM, Wang NY, Ye TH, Lian M, Xiao QJ, Song YJ, Zhu YB, Yu LT, Wang ZL, Bao R. Structural and functional studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa DspI: implications for its role in DSF biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3928. [PMID: 29500457 PMCID: PMC5834635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DspI, a putative enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase/isomerase, was proposed to be involved in the synthesis of cis-2-decenoic acid (CDA), a quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The present study provided a structural basis for the dehydration reaction mechanism of DspI during CDA synthesis. Structural analysis reveals that Glu126, Glu146, Cys127, Cys131 and Cys154 are important for its enzymatic function. Moreover, we show that the deletion of dspI results in a remarkable decreased in the pyoverdine production, flagella-dependent swarming motility, and biofilm dispersion as well as attenuated virulence in P. aeruginosa PA14. This study thus unravels the mechanism of DspI in diffusible signal factor (DSF) CDA biosynthesis, providing vital information for developing inhibitors that interfere with DSF associated pathogenicity in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Medical University, affiliated hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Jun Cheng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Hui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Min Ju
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning-Yu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Hong Ye
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Lian
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xiao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Jie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Bo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhen-Ling Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Jenkins B, de Schryver E, Van Veldhoven PP, Koulman A. Peroxisomal 2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Lyase Is Involved in Endogenous Biosynthesis of Heptadecanoic Acid. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101718. [PMID: 29027957 PMCID: PMC6151664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) is reported to be a pathology risk/prognosis biomarker and a dietary biomarker. This pathology relationship has been shown to be reliably predictive even when independent of dietary contributions, suggesting that the endogenous biosynthesis of C17:0 is related to the pathological aetiology. Little is known about C17:0 biosynthesis, which tissues contribute to the circulating levels, and how C17:0 is related to pathology. Hacl1+/− mice were mated to obtain Hacl1−/− and Hacl1+/+ control mice. At 14 weeks, they were anesthetized for tissue collection and fatty acid analysis. Compared to Hacl1+/+, C15:0 was not significantly affected in any Hacl1−/− tissues. However, the Hacl1−/− plasma and liver C17:0 levels were significantly lower: ~26% and ~22%, respectively. No significant differences were seen in the different adipose tissues. To conclude, Hacl1 plays a significant role in the liver and plasma levels of C17:0, providing evidence it can be endogenously biosynthesized via alpha-oxidation. The strong inverse association of C17:0 with pathology raises the question whether there is a direct link between α-oxidation and these diseases. Currently, there is no clear evidence, warranting further research into the role of α-oxidation in relation to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jenkins
- NIHR BRC Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Evelyn de Schryver
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), Campus Gasthuisberg-KU Leuven, Herestraat Box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), Campus Gasthuisberg-KU Leuven, Herestraat Box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Albert Koulman
- NIHR BRC Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
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21
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Nickels JD, Chatterjee S, Stanley CB, Qian S, Cheng X, Myles DAA, Standaert RF, Elkins JG, Katsaras J. The in vivo structure of biological membranes and evidence for lipid domains. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002214. [PMID: 28542493 PMCID: PMC5441578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the fundamental structure and processes of living cells at the nanoscale poses a unique analytical challenge, as cells are dynamic, chemically diverse, and fragile. A case in point is the cell membrane, which is too small to be seen directly with optical microscopy and provides little observational contrast for other methods. As a consequence, nanoscale characterization of the membrane has been performed ex vivo or in the presence of exogenous labels used to enhance contrast and impart specificity. Here, we introduce an isotopic labeling strategy in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis to investigate the nanoscale structure and organization of its plasma membrane in vivo. Through genetic and chemical manipulation of the organism, we labeled the cell and its membrane independently with specific amounts of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D). These isotopes have different neutron scattering properties without altering the chemical composition of the cells. From neutron scattering spectra, we confirmed that the B. subtilis cell membrane is lamellar and determined that its average hydrophobic thickness is 24.3 ± 0.9 Ångstroms (Å). Furthermore, by creating neutron contrast within the plane of the membrane using a mixture of H- and D-fatty acids, we detected lateral features smaller than 40 nm that are consistent with the notion of lipid rafts. These experiments-performed under biologically relevant conditions-answer long-standing questions in membrane biology and illustrate a fundamentally new approach for systematic in vivo investigations of cell membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Nickels
- Shull Wollan Center—A Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Stanley
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shuo Qian
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dean A. A. Myles
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Standaert
- Shull Wollan Center—A Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFS); (JGE); (JK)
| | - James G. Elkins
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFS); (JGE); (JK)
| | - John Katsaras
- Shull Wollan Center—A Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFS); (JGE); (JK)
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22
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Bedoyan JK, Yang SP, Ferdinandusse S, Jack RM, Miron A, Grahame G, DeBrosse SD, Hoppel CL, Kerr DS, Wanders RJA. Lethal neonatal case and review of primary short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (SCEH) deficiency associated with secondary lymphocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:342-349. [PMID: 28202214 PMCID: PMC5382105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ECHS1 result in short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (SCEH) deficiency which mainly affects the catabolism of various amino acids, particularly valine. We describe a case compound heterozygous for ECHS1 mutations c.836T>C (novel) and c.8C>A identified by whole exome sequencing of proband and parents. SCEH deficiency was confirmed with very low SCEH activity in fibroblasts and nearly absent immunoreactivity of SCEH. The patient had a severe neonatal course with elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate and pyruvate concentrations, high plasma alanine and slightly low plasma cystine. 2-Methyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyric acid was markedly elevated as were metabolites of the three branched-chain α-ketoacids on urine organic acids analysis. These urine metabolites notably decreased when lactic acidosis decreased in blood. Lymphocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity was deficient, but PDC and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activities in cultured fibroblasts were normal. Oxidative phosphorylation analysis on intact digitonin-permeabilized fibroblasts was suggestive of slightly reduced PDC activity relative to control range in mitochondria. We reviewed 16 other cases with mutations in ECHS1 where PDC activity was also assayed in order to determine how common and generalized secondary PDC deficiency is associated with primary SCEH deficiency. For reasons that remain unexplained, we find that about half of cases with primary SCEH deficiency also exhibit secondary PDC deficiency. The patient died on day-of-life 39, prior to establishing his diagnosis, highlighting the importance of early and rapid neonatal diagnosis because of possible adverse effects of certain therapeutic interventions, such as administration of ketogenic diet, in this disorder. There is a need for better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and phenotypic variability in this relatively recently discovered disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirair K Bedoyan
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism (CIDEM), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Samuel P Yang
- Clinical Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Providence Medical Group, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhona M Jack
- Seattle Children's Hospital Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Miron
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George Grahame
- Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism (CIDEM), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne D DeBrosse
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism (CIDEM), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Douglas S Kerr
- Center for Inherited Disorders of Energy Metabolism (CIDEM), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Nair P, Hamzeh AR, Mohamed M, Malik EM, Al-Ali MT, Bastaki F. Novel ECHS1 mutation in an Emirati neonate with severe metabolic acidosis. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1189-92. [PMID: 27221955 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ECHS1 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes an important step in the β-oxidation spiral of fatty acid catabolism, and individuals with mutations in the ECHS1 gene suffer from an autosomal recessive condition typified by delayed psychomotor development, mitochondrial encephalopathy, hypotonia, and cardiomyopathy. Here we report the first Arab case of ECHS1 Deficiency. The patient was born to consanguineous parents with all growth parameters being low for gestational age, and was persistently desaturated. Cord blood gas and later blood analysis showed severe metabolic acidosis. Tandem MS revealed increased levels of valine, and Leucine/Isoleucine and decreased level of Glutamine. There was also a large patent ductus arteriosus with right to left shunt and a possible small muscular ventricular septal defect. Whole Exome Sequencing revealed a novel homozygous missense mutation in the ECHS1 gene; c.842 A > G (p.Glu281Gly). In-silico analysis suggests that the residue affected by this mutation may be involved in an important functional or structural role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Nair
- Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, P.O. Box 22252, Dubai, UAE.
| | | | - Madiha Mohamed
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | | | - Fatma Bastaki
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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24
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Wrońska N, Brzostek A, Szewczyk R, Soboń A, Dziadek J, Lisowska K. The Role of fadD19 and echA19 in Sterol Side Chain Degradation by Mycobacterium smegmatis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050598. [PMID: 27164074 PMCID: PMC6273163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are able to degrade natural sterols and use them as a source of carbon and energy. Several genes which play an important role in cholesterol ring degradation have been described in Mycobacterium smegmatis. However, there are limited data describing the molecular mechanism of the aliphatic side chain degradation by Mycobacterium spp. In this paper, we analyzed the role of the echA19 and fadD19 genes in the degradation process of the side chain of cholesterol and β-sitosterol. We demonstrated that the M. smegmatis fadD19 and echA19 genes are not essential for viability. FadD19 is required in the initial step of the biodegradation of C-24 branched sterol side chains in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, but not those carrying a straight chain like cholesterol. Additionally, we have shown that echA19 is not essential in the degradation of either substrate. This is the first report, to our knowledge, on the molecular characterization of the genes playing an essential role in C-24 branched side chain sterol degradation in M. smegmatis mc2155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wrońska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrian Soboń
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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25
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Tetreault M, Fahiminiya S, Antonicka H, Mitchell GA, Geraghty MT, Lines M, Boycott KM, Shoubridge EA, Mitchell JJ, Michaud JL, Majewski J. Whole-exome sequencing identifies novel ECHS1 mutations in Leigh syndrome. Hum Genet 2015; 134:981-91. [PMID: 26099313 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS) is a rare heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder usually presenting in infancy or early childhood. Clinical presentation is variable and includes psychomotor delay or regression, acute neurological or acidotic episodes, hypotonia, ataxia, spasticity, movement disorders, and corresponding anomalies of the basal ganglia and brain stem on magnetic resonance imaging. To date, 35 genes have been associated with LS, mostly involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain function and encoded in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA. We used whole-exome sequencing to identify disease-causing variants in four patients with basal ganglia abnormalities and clinical presentations consistent with LS. Compound heterozygote variants in ECHS1, encoding the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase were identified. One missense variant (p.Thr180Ala) was common to all four patients and the haplotype surrounding this variant was also shared, suggesting a common ancestor of French-Canadian origin. Rare mutations in ECHS1 as well as in HIBCH, the enzyme downstream in the valine degradation pathway, have been associated with LS or LS-like disorders. A clear clinical overlap is observed between our patients and the reported cases with ECHS1 or HIBCH deficiency. The main clinical features observed in our cohort are T2-hyperintense signal in the globus pallidus and putamen, failure to thrive, developmental delay or regression, and nystagmus. Respiratory chain studies are not strikingly abnormal in our patients: one patient had a mild reduction of complex I and III and another of complex IV. The identification of four additional patients with mutations in ECHS1 highlights the emerging importance of this pathway in LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Tetreault
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada,
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26
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Philp LK, Heilbronn LK, Janovska A, Wittert GA. Dietary enrichment with fish oil prevents high fat-induced metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117494. [PMID: 25658742 PMCID: PMC4320112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High saturated fat (HF-S) diets increase intramyocellular lipid, an effect ameliorated by omega-3 fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, though little is known about sex- and muscle fiber type-specific effects. We compared effects of standard chow, HF-S, and 7.5% HF-S replaced with fish oil (HF-FO) diets on the metabolic profile and lipid metabolism gene and protein content in red (soleus) and white (extensor digitorum longus) muscles of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 9-12/group). Weight gain was similar in HF-S- and HF-FO-fed groups. HF-S feeding increased mesenteric fat mass and lipid marker, Oil Red O, in red and mixed muscle; HF-FO increased interscapular brown fat mass. Compared to chow, HF-S and HF-FO increased expression of genes regulating triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid transport, HF-S suppressed genes and proteins regulating fatty acid oxidation, whereas HF-FO increased oxidative genes, proteins and enzymes and lipolytic gene content, whilst suppressing lipogenic genes. In comparison to HF-S, HF-FO further increased fat transporters, markers of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial content, and reduced lipogenic genes. No diet-by-sex interactions were observed. Neither diet influenced fiber type composition. However, some interactions between muscle type and diet were observed. HF-S induced changes in triacylglycerol synthesis and lipogenic genes in red, but not white, muscle, and mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative genes were suppressed by HF-S and increased by HF-FO in red muscle only. In conclusion, HF-S feeding promotes lipid storage in red muscle, an effect abrogated by the fish oil, which increases mediators of lipolysis, oxidation and thermogenesis while inhibiting lipogenic genes. Greater storage and synthesis, and lower oxidative genes in red, but not white, muscle likely contribute to lipid accretion encountered in red muscle. Despite several gender-dimorphic genes, both sexes exhibited a similar HF-S-induced metabolic and gene expression profile; likewise fish oil was similarly protective in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alena Janovska
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Gabriel F, Accoceberry I, Bessoule JJ, Salin B, Lucas-Guérin M, Manon S, Dementhon K, Noël T. A Fox2-dependent fatty acid ß-oxidation pathway coexists both in peroxisomes and mitochondria of the ascomycete yeast Candida lusitaniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114531. [PMID: 25486052 PMCID: PMC4259357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally admitted that the ascomycete yeasts of the subphylum Saccharomycotina possess a single fatty acid ß-oxidation pathway located exclusively in peroxisomes, and that they lost mitochondrial ß-oxidation early during evolution. In this work, we showed that mutants of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae which lack the multifunctional enzyme Fox2p, a key enzyme of the ß-oxidation pathway, were still able to grow on fatty acids as the sole carbon source, suggesting that C. lusitaniae harbored an alternative pathway for fatty acid catabolism. By assaying 14Cα-palmitoyl-CoA consumption, we demonstrated that fatty acid catabolism takes place in both peroxisomal and mitochondrial subcellular fractions. We then observed that a fox2Δ null mutant was unable to catabolize fatty acids in the mitochondrial fraction, thus indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was Fox2p-dependent. This finding was confirmed by the immunodetection of Fox2p in protein extracts obtained from purified peroxisomal and mitochondrial fractions. Finally, immunoelectron microscopy provided evidence that Fox2p was localized in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. This work constitutes the first demonstration of the existence of a Fox2p-dependent mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway in an ascomycetous yeast, C. lusitaniae. It also points to the existence of an alternative fatty acid catabolism pathway, probably located in peroxisomes, and functioning in a Fox2p-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gabriel
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Accoceberry
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marine Lucas-Guérin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen Manon
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Dementhon
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Noël
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Zhu XS, Gao P, Dai YC, Xie JP, Zeng W, Lian QN. Attenuation of enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 expression in gastric cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:576-89. [PMID: 25338767 PMCID: PMC6275702 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 (ECHS1) is an important part of the mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. Altered ECHS1 expression has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation. This study assessed ECHS1 expression in human gastric cancer cell lines and investigated the effects of ECHS1 knockdown on gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. The human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823 and MKN-28, and the immortalized human gastric epithelial mucosa GES-1 cell line were analyzed for ECHS1 protein levels using western blot. The effectiveness of ECHS1-RNA interference was also determined using western blot. Proliferation and migration of the siECHS1 cells were respectively measured with the CCK-8 and transwell assays. Phosphorylation of PKB and GSK3β was assessed using western blot. ECHS1 protein levels were significantly higher in poorly differentiated cells than in well-differentiated cells and immortalized gastric epithelial mucosa cells. Stable expression of ECHS1 shRNA was associated with an over 41% reduction in the ECHS1 protein levels of siECHS1 cells. Constitutive knockdown of the ECHS1 gene in siECHS1 cells was associated with significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration. We also observed decreased levels of PKB and GSK3β phosphorylation in siECHS1 cells. ECHS1 expression is increased in human gastric cancer cells. Increased ECHS1 expression activates PKB and GSK3β by inducing the phosphorylation of the two kinases. ECHS1 may play important roles in gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration through PKB- and GSK3β-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-San Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
| | - Yi-Chen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
| | - Jun-Pei Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
| | - Qing-Na Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chenggong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003 China
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Ianiri G, Abhyankar R, Kihara A, Idnurm A. Phs1 and the synthesis of very long chain Fatty acids are required for ballistospore formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105147. [PMID: 25148260 PMCID: PMC4141788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and dissemination of spores by members of the fungal kingdom is a major reason for the success of this eukaryotic lineage in colonizing most terrestrial ecosystems. Ballistospores are a type of spore produced by basidiomycete fungi, such as the mushrooms and plant pathogenic rusts. These spores are forcefully discharged through a unique liquid-drop fusion mechanism, enabling the aerosolization of these particles that can contribute to plant disease and human allergies. The genes responsible for this process are unknown due to technical challenges in studying many of the fungi that produce ballistospores. Here, we applied newly-developed techniques in a forward genetic screen to identify genes required for ballistospore formation or function in a tractable red yeast, a species of Sporobolomyces. One strain bearing a mutation in the PHS1 gene was identified as a mirror mutant. PHS1 encodes 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase required for the third step in very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis. The Sporobolomyces PHS1 gene complements the essential functions of a S. cerevisiae phs1 mutant. The Sporobolomyces phs1 mutant strain has less dehydratase activity and a reduction in very long chain fatty acids compared to wild type. The mutant strain also exhibits sensitivity to cell wall stress agents and loss of shooting due to a delay in ballistospore formation, indicating that the role of Phs1 in spore dissemination may be primarily in cellular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ritika Abhyankar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Pembroke Hill School, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
While certain archaea appear to synthesize and/or metabolize fatty acids, the respective pathways still remain obscure. By analysing the genomic distribution of the key lipid-related enzymes, we were able to identify the likely components of the archaeal pathway of fatty acid metabolism, namely, a combination of the enzymes of bacterial-type β-oxidation of fatty acids [acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase] with paralogs of the archaeal acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, an enzyme of the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. These three β-oxidation enzymes working in the reverse direction could potentially catalyse biosynthesis of fatty acids, with paralogs of acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase performing addition of C2 fragments. The presence in archaea of the genes for energy-transducing membrane enzyme complexes, such as cytochrome bc complex, cytochrome c oxidase and diverse rhodopsins, was found to correlate with the presence of the proposed system of fatty acid biosynthesis. We speculate that because these membrane complexes functionally depend on fatty acid chains, their genes could have been acquired via lateral gene transfer from bacteria only by those archaea that already possessed a system of fatty acid biosynthesis. The proposed pathway of archaeal fatty acid metabolism operates in extreme conditions and therefore might be of interest in the context of biofuel production and other industrial applications.
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Wang H, Zhang K, Zhu J, Song W, Zhao L, Zhang X. Structure reveals regulatory mechanisms of a MaoC-like hydratase from Phytophthora capsici involved in biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PLoS One 2013; 8:e80024. [PMID: 24244597 PMCID: PMC3823801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have attracted increasing attention as "green plastic" due to their biodegradable, biocompatible, thermoplastic, and mechanical properties, and considerable research has been undertaken to develop low cost/high efficiency processes for the production of PHAs. MaoC-like hydratase (MaoC), which belongs to (R)-hydratase involved in linking the β-oxidation and the PHA biosynthetic pathways, has been identified recently. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of (R)-hydratase catalysis is critical for efficient production of PHAs that promise synthesis an environment-friendly plastic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have determined the crystal structure of a new MaoC recognized from Phytophthora capsici. The crystal structure of the enzyme was solved at 2.00 Å resolution. The structure shows that MaoC has a canonical (R)-hydratase fold with an N-domain and a C-domain. Supporting its dimerization observed in structure, MaoC forms a stable homodimer in solution. Mutations that disrupt the dimeric MaoC result in a complete loss of activity toward crotonyl-CoA, indicating that dimerization is required for the enzymatic activity of MaoC. Importantly, structure comparison reveals that a loop unique to MaoC interacts with an α-helix that harbors the catalytic residues of MaoC. Deletion of the loop enhances the enzymatic activity of MaoC, suggesting its inhibitory role in regulating the activity of MaoC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data in our study reveal the regulatory mechanism of an (R)-hydratase, providing information on enzyme engineering to produce low cost PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizheng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Jabeen U, Salim A. Sequence analysis and structure prediction of enoyl-CoA hydratase from Avicennia marina: implication of various amino acid residues on substrate-enzyme interactions. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:36-44. [PMID: 23809632 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enoyl-CoA hydratase catalyzes the hydration of 2-trans-enoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. The present study focuses on the correlation between the functional and structural aspects of enoyl-CoA hydratase from Avicennia marina. We have used bioinformatics tools to construct and analyze 3D homology models of A. marina enoyl-CoA hydratase (AMECH) bound to different substrates and inhibitors and studied the residues involved in the ligand-enzyme interaction. Structural information obtained from the models was compared with those of the reported crystal structures. We observed that the overall folds were similar; however, AMECH showed few distinct structural changes which include structural variation in the mobile loop, formation and loss of certain interactions between the active site residues and substrates. Some changes were also observed within specific regions of the enzyme. Glu106 is almost completely conserved in sequences of the isomerases/hydratases including AMECH while Glu86 which is the other catalytic residue in most of the isomerases/hydratases is replaced by Gly and shows no interaction with the substrate. Asp114 is located within 4Å distance of the catalytic water which makes it a probable candidate for the second catalytic residue in AMECH. Another prominent feature of AMECH is the presence of structurally distinct mobile loop having a completely different coordination with the hydrophobic binding pocket of acyl portion of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Jabeen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Yang W, Tang H, Ni J, Wu Q, Hua D, Tao F, Xu P. Characterization of two Streptomyces enzymes that convert ferulic acid to vanillin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67339. [PMID: 23840666 PMCID: PMC3696112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of flavors from natural substrates by microbial transformation has become a growing and expanding field of study over the past decades. Vanillin, a major component of vanilla flavor, is a principal flavoring compound used worldwide. Streptomyces sp. strain V-1 is known to be one of the most promising microbial producers of natural vanillin from ferulic acid. Although identification of the microbial genes involved in the biotransformation of ferulic acid to vanillin has been previously reported, purification and detailed characterization of the corresponding enzymes with important functions have rarely been studied. In this study, we isolated and identified 2 critical genes, fcs and ech, encoding feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, respectively, which are involved in the vanillin production from ferulic acid. Both genes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resting cell reactions for converting ferulic acid to vanillin were performed. The corresponding crucial enzymes, Fcs and Ech, were purified for the first time and the enzymatic activity of each purified protein was studied. Furthermore, Fcs was comprehensively characterized, at an optimal pH of 7.0 and temperature of 30°C. Kinetic constants for Fcs revealed the apparent Km, kcat, and Vmax values to be 0.35 mM, 67.7 s−1, and 78.2 U mg−1, respectively. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) value of Fcs was 193.4 mM−1 s−1 for ferulic acid. The characterization of Fcs and Ech may be helpful for further research in the field of enzymatic engineering and metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HT); (PX)
| | - Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Hua
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Gasification Technology of Shandong Province, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HT); (PX)
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Zhang J, Tang JW, Song MY, Wang B, Li RK, Hou L, Huang YH, Wang M, Song B, Jin YL. [Expression of enoyl CoA hydratase 1 reduces cell proliferation and migration in mouse hepatocarcinoma cells]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2011; 40:830-833. [PMID: 22336209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of enoyl CoA hydratase 1 (ECH1) and the effect when down-regulation of ECH1 gene expression in mouse hepatocarcinoma cell. METHODS Immunofluorescence was used for detecting the expression of ECH1, and stably transfected Hca-F cells with pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-ECH1 expression plasmids. Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay. The Boyden-transwell assay (8 µm pore size) was performed to analyze the inhibitory effect of shRNA on Hca-F cell migration and invasion. RESULTS ECH1 expression was obtained in the cytoplasm and upregulated expression in Hca-F cells than that in Hca-P cells. The down-regulation of ECH1 could inhibit the cell proliferation of Hca-F cells, decrease the number of cell pass through Transwell (27.07 ± 17.49) compared with scramble-negative (72.38 ± 18.83) and Hca-F controls (59.06 ± 30.33), decrease the migration capacities of Hca-F cells, increase the ratio of Hca-F cells in S phase (86.1%) compared with scramble-negative (75.8%) and Hca-F controls (66.2%) and decrease the ratio of G(1) phase (9.4%) compared with scramble-negative (24.2%) and Hca-F controls (30.3%). CONCLUSION ECH1 serves as a potential critical factor attributes to tumor lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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35
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Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Tucker T, Casey B. Phenotypic heterogeneity in two siblings with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I caused by a novel intragenic deletion. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:410-3. [PMID: 21840233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe two siblings with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I with phenotypic heterogeneity. The index case was a 14-year-old female with learning disability, attention deficit-hyperactivity and early onset subclinical leukoencephalopathy. Her 9-year-old brother had severe expressive speech delay and delay in speech sound development with normal cognitive functions. The diagnosis was confirmed by a demonstration of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase enzyme deficiency in the cultured skin fibroblasts and homozygous deletion of exons 1-3 within the AUH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Zhang J, Song M, Wang J, Sun M, Wang B, Li R, Huang Y, Hou L, Jin Y, Wang M, Tang J. Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1 is an important factor in the lymphatic metastasis of tumors. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:157-62. [PMID: 21616630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1 (Ech1) is involved in the lymphatic metastasis of tumors. In this study, RNAi was used to investigate the role of Ech1 in Hca-F, a hepatocarcinoma cell line with high rates of lymphatic metastasis. The downregulation of Ech1 inhibited proliferation of the Hca-F cells, increased the ratio of Hca-F cells in S phase to G(1) phase and decreased the adhesion and migration capacities of Hca-F cells. A higher expression level of Ech1 was confirmed in tissue from patients with gastric carcinoma (GC) with lymph node metastases (LNM), indicating the clinical association with tumor metastasis. The results indicate that Ech1 is a critical factor in the development of lymphatic metastasis in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Dalian 116044, China
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Wang M, Tang JW, Song B, Wang B, Zhang J, Wei YY, Zhang YH, Liu JW. [Construction and identification of recombinant eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-ECH1]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2011; 40:334-335. [PMID: 21756829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Krysko O, Bottelbergs A, Van Veldhoven P, Baes M. Combined deficiency of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis in mice causes only minor cortical neuronal migration defects but severe hypotonia. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:71-6. [PMID: 20202875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic factors causing cortical neuronal migration defects, hypotonia and malformation of cerebellum in patients and mice with severe peroxisome biogenesis disorders are still not identified. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that the combined inactivity of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid biosynthesis could be at the origin of these pathologies. Double MFP2/DAPAT knockout mice were generated and their postnatal phenotypes were compared with single knockouts and control mice. Cortical neuronal migration was not affected in DAPAT knockouts and only mildly in double MFP2/DAPAT knockout mice. The latter mice were severely hypotonic and usually died in the postnatal period. Both DAPAT and MFP2 single knockout mice exhibited delays in the formation of cerebellar folia. We conclude that the combined defect of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis does not solely account for the typical cortical neuronal migration defect of mice with peroxisome biogenesis disorders but contributes to their hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hsiao YM, Fang MC, Sun PF, Tseng YH. Clp and RpfF up-regulate transcription of pelA1 gene encoding the major pectate lyase in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:6207-6215. [PMID: 19601664 DOI: 10.1021/jf900701n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide and several extracellular enzymes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, are virulence determinants. In this study, two Xcc annotated extracellular pectate lyase genes, pelA1 and pelA2, belonging to family 1 of the polysaccharide lyase, were characterized. Sequence and mutational analyses have demonstrated that pelA1 encodes the major pectate lyase, whereas pelA2 is not transcribed. Using the 5' RACE method, the pelA1 transcription initiation site was mapped at nucleotide G, 103 nt upstream of the pelA1 start codon. Promoter analysis demonstrated that polygalacturonic acid and CaCl(2) induce the expression of pelA1. Transcriptional fusion assays also indicated that Clp (cAMP receptor protein-like protein) and RpfF (an enoyl-CoA hydratase homologue that is required for the synthesis of cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, a low molecular weight diffusible signal factor, DSF) positively regulate pelA1 transcription. Gel retardation assays showed that Clp exerts a positive control over expression of pelA1 by direct binding to the upstream Clp-binding site. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that pelA1 codes for the major pectate lyase in Xcc strain Xc17 and that its expression is up-regulated by Clp and RpfF. This is the first study to characterize pectate lyase gene expression in Xcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan, Republic of China
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40
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Miyamoto Y, Ishii Y, Honda A, Masunaka A, Tsuge T, Yamamoto M, Ohtani K, Fukumoto T, Gomi K, Peever TL, Akimitsu K. Function of genes encoding acyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase for host-selective act-toxin biosynthesis in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Phytopathology 2009; 99:369-377. [PMID: 19271978 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-4-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata produces host-selective ACT-toxin and causes Alternaria brown spot disease. Sequence analysis of a genomic cosmid clone identified a part of the ACTT gene cluster and implicated two genes, ACTT5 encoding an acyl-CoA synthetase and ACTT6 encoding an enoyl-CoA hydratase, in the biosynthesis of ACT-toxin. Genomic Southern blots demonstrated that both genes were present in tangerine pathotype isolates producing ACT-toxin and also in Japanese pear pathotype isolates producing AK-toxin and strawberry pathotype isolates producing AF-toxin. ACT-, AK-, and AF-toxins from these three pathotypes share a common 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid moiety. Targeted gene disruption of two copies of ACTT5 significantly reduced ACT-toxin production and virulence. Targeted gene disruption of two copies of ACTT6 led to complete loss of ACT-toxin production and pathogenicity and a putative decatrienoic acid intermediate in ACT-toxin biosynthesis accumulated in mycelial mats. These results indicate that ACTT5 and ACTT6 are essential genes in ACT-toxin biosynthesis in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata and both are required for full virulence of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyamoto
- United Graduate School and Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
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41
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Davis R, Chandrashekar A, Shamala TR. Role of (R)-specific enoyl coenzyme A hydratases of Pseudomonas sp in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 93:285-96. [PMID: 17906975 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four (R)-specific enoyl CoA hydratases (PhaJ) interconnect the beta-oxidation pathway with PHA biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The use of antisense technique and over-expression to delineate the role of two of these enzymes, PhaJ1 and PhaJ4 forms the basis of this study. It has been observed that P. aeruginosa recombinant with phaJ1 antisense construct, fed with different fatty acids, produces PHA with less hydroxy octanoate (7-11% reduction) and a proportionate increase in other monomer fractions, compared to that of the control. Recombinants bearing phaJ4 antisense construct are found to contain less hydroxy decanoate (10-11% reduction) and more or less equal amount of hydroxy octanoate, compared to that of the control. P. aeruginosa has produced PHA with more hydroxy octanoate and decanoate (6-17% increase), respectively, when PhaJ1 and PhaJ4 have been over-expressed individually or along with PhaC1. PhaJ1 and PhaJ4 are found to be involved mainly in the production of hydroxy octanoyl CoA and hydroxy decanoyl CoA, respectively, in P. aeruginosa. The strongest accumulation of hydroxy octanoate and hydroxy decanoate has been observed along with hydroxy butyrate, in PHA, produced by E. coli, when PhaC1 has been co-expressed with PhaJ1 and PhaJ4, respectively. We have demonstrated, for the first time, the polymerization of hydroxy butyryl CoA monomers in recombinant E. coli by PhaC1 of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Davis
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
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Hu F, Cao Y, Xiao F, Zhang J, Li H. Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila Enoyl Coenzyme A Hydratase Enhancing 3-Hydroxyhexanoate Fractions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:20-4. [PMID: 17534562 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to enhance 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) fractions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), abbreviated as PHBHHx, through site-directed mutagenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase (PhaJ(Ah)). Two amino acids (Leu-65 and Val-130) were selected as a substitutional site based on the structural information of PhaJ(Ah). The purified proteins from the wild-type enzyme and mutants were used to determine hydratase activities. Hydratase activities of four single-mutation enzymes were similar to those of the wild type PhaJ(Ah), while hydratase activities of two double-mutation enzymes were much lower. In addition, the mutated phaJ (Ah) was individually co-transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) together with pFH21, which carried the PHA synthase (PhaC(Ah)) gene from A. hydrophila. The recombinant E. coli harboring plasmid pETJ1 (L65A), pETJ2 (L65V) or plasmid pETJ3 (V130A) synthesized the enhanced 3HHx fractions of PHBHHx from dodecanoate, indicating that Leu-65 and Val-130 of PhaJ(Ah) play an important role in determining the acyl chain length substrate specificity. The mutated PhaJ(Ah) (L65A, L65V, or V130A) provided higher 3HHx precursors for PHA synthase, resulting in the enhanced 3HHx fractions of PHBHHx. It is possible to change the acyl chain length substrate specificity of PhaJ through site-directed mutagenesis and produce PHBHHx with a wider range of alterable monomer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Hu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China.
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43
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Moffit JS, Koza-Taylor PH, Holland RD, Thibodeau MS, Beger RD, Lawton MP, Manautou JE. Differential gene expression in mouse liver associated with the hepatoprotective effect of clofibrate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:169-79. [PMID: 17585979 PMCID: PMC1989769 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment of mice with the peroxisome proliferator clofibrate (CFB) protects against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that activation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) is required for this effect. The present study utilizes gene expression profile analysis to identify potential pathways contributing to PPARalpha-mediated hepatoprotection. Gene expression profiles were compared between wild type and PPARalpha-null mice pretreated with vehicle or CFB (500 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 10 days) and then challenged with APAP (400 mg/kg, p.o.). Total hepatic RNA was isolated 4 h after APAP treatment and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome MGU74 v2.0 GeneChips. Gene expression analysis was performed utilizing GeneSpring software. Our analysis identified 53 genes of interest including vanin-1, cell cycle regulators, lipid-metabolizing enzymes, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, an acetaminophen binding protein. Vanin-1 could be important for CFB-mediated hepatoprotection because this protein is involved in the synthesis of cysteamine and cystamine. These are potent antioxidants capable of ameliorating APAP toxicity in rodents and humans. HPLC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of liver extracts indicates that enhanced vanin-1 gene expression results in elevated cystamine levels, which could be mechanistically associated with CFB-mediated hepatoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Moffit
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Petra H Koza-Taylor
- Pfizer, Inc., Groton Laboratories, Molecular and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ricky D Holland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Michael S Thibodeau
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Richard D Beger
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Michael P Lawton
- Pfizer, Inc., Groton Laboratories, Molecular and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - José E Manautou
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: José E Manautou, PhD, University of Connecticut Toxicology Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Tel: 860-486-3852, Fax: 860-486-5792,
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44
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Sato S, Nomura CT, Abe H, Doi Y, Tsuge T. Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] formation in Escherichia coli from glucose through an enoyl-CoA hydratase-mediated pathway. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:38-44. [PMID: 17298899 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new metabolic pathway for the synthesis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB)] was constructed in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain that utilized forward and reverse reactions catalyzed by two substrate-specific enoyl-CoA hydratases, R-hydratase (PhaJ) and S-hydratase (FadB), to epimerize (S)-3HB-CoA to (R)-3HB-CoA via a crotonyl-CoA intermediate. The R-hydratase gene (phaJ(Ac)) from Aeromonas caviae was coexpressed with the PHA synthase gene (phaC(Re)) and 3-ketothiolase gene (phaA(Re)) from Ralstonia eutropha in fadR mutant E. coli strains (CAG18497 and LS5218), which had constitutive levels of the beta-oxidation multienzyme FadB(Ec). When grown on glucose as the sole carbon source, the cells accumulated P(3HB) up to an amount 6.5 wt% of the dry cell weight, whereas the control cells without phaJ(Ac) or fadR mutation accumulated significantly smaller amounts of P(3HB). These results suggest that PhaJ(Ac) and FadB(Ec) played an important role in supplying monomers for P(3HB) synthesis in the pathway. Furthermore, by using this pathway, a P(3HB)-concentration-dependent fluorescent staining screening technique was developed to rapidly identify cells that possess active R-hydratase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sato
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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45
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Gerhart-Hines Z, Rodgers JT, Bare O, Lerin C, Kim SH, Mostoslavsky R, Alt FW, Wu Z, Puigserver P. Metabolic control of muscle mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation through SIRT1/PGC-1alpha. EMBO J 2007; 26:1913-23. [PMID: 17347648 PMCID: PMC1847661 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, maintenance of energy and nutrient homeostasis during food deprivation is accomplished through an increase in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. An important component that drives this cellular oxidative process is the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha. Here, we show that fasting induced PGC-1alpha deacetylation in skeletal muscle and that SIRT1 deacetylation of PGC-1alpha is required for activation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation genes. Moreover, expression of the acetyltransferase, GCN5, or the SIRT1 inhibitor, nicotinamide, induces PGC-1alpha acetylation and decreases expression of PGC-1alpha target genes in myotubes. Consistent with a switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation that occurs in nutrient deprivation states, SIRT1 is required for induction and maintenance of fatty acid oxidation in response to low glucose concentrations. Thus, we have identified SIRT1 as a functional regulator of PGC-1alpha that induces a metabolic gene transcription program of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These results have implications for understanding selective nutrient adaptation and how it might impact lifespan or metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph T Rodgers
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Bare
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carles Lerin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- Howard ughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, The Children's Hospital, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard ughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, The Children's Hospital, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way/ Smith-936C, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: +1 617 582 7977; Fax: +1 617 632 4770; E-mail:
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46
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Peters F, Shinoda Y, McInerney MJ, Boll M. Cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratases of Geobacter metallireducens and Syntrophus aciditrophicus: Evidence for a common benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway in facultative and strict anaerobes. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:1055-60. [PMID: 17122342 PMCID: PMC1797300 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01467-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica, the central intermediate of anaerobic aromatic metabolism, benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA), is dearomatized by the ATP-dependent benzoyl-CoA reductase to cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA (dienoyl-CoA). The dienoyl-CoA is further metabolized by a series of beta-oxidation-like reactions of the so-called benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway resulting in ring cleavage. Recently, evidence was obtained that obligately anaerobic bacteria that use aromatic growth substrates do not contain an ATP-dependent benzoyl-CoA reductase. In these bacteria, the reactions involved in dearomatization and cleavage of the aromatic ring have not been shown, so far. In this work, a characteristic enzymatic step of the benzoyl-CoA pathway in obligate anaerobes was demonstrated and characterized. Dienoyl-CoA hydratase activities were determined in extracts of Geobacter metallireducens (iron reducing), Syntrophus aciditrophicus (fermenting), and Desulfococcus multivorans (sulfate reducing) cells grown with benzoate. The benzoate-induced genes putatively coding for the dienoyl-CoA hydratases in the benzoate degraders G. metallireducens and S. aciditrophicus were heterologously expressed and characterized. Both gene products specifically catalyzed the reversible hydration of dienoyl-CoA to 6-hydroxycyclohexenoyl-CoA (Km, 80 and 35 microM; Vmax, 350 and 550 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively). Neither enzyme had significant activity with cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl-CoA or crotonyl-CoA. The results suggest that benzoyl-CoA degradation proceeds via dienoyl-CoA and 6-hydroxycyclohexanoyl-CoA in strictly anaerobic bacteria. The steps involved in dienoyl-CoA metabolism appear identical in all nonphotosynthetic anaerobic bacteria, although totally different benzene ring-dearomatizing enzymes are present in facultative and obligate anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Peters
- Institute for Biology II, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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47
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Tai HH, Williams M, Iyengar A, Yeates J, Beardmore T. Regulation of the beta-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase gene of Picea mariana by alternative splicing. Plant Cell Rep 2007; 26:105-13. [PMID: 17021849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The gene for beta-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase, a de novo fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme, was cloned from Picea mariana (black spruce) and consists of five exons and four introns. The first intron of the beta-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase mRNA is alternatively spliced. Retention of intron 1 in splice variants results in truncation of the beta-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase ORF at a premature termination codon. In addition, splicing of intron 1 was found to be associated with cold temperature. mRNAs retaining intron 1 increase with seed imbibition at 22 degrees C but not 4 degrees C, whereas, splicing of intron 1 increases in winter weeks with temperatures below freezing. These results provide evidence that alternative splicing may also contribute to regulation of lipid biosynthesis in Picea mariana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Tai
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5P7, Canada.
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48
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Eriguchi M, Mizuta H, Kurohara K, Kosugi M, Yakushiji Y, Okada R, Yukitake M, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi S, Kuroda Y. 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type I causes leukoencephalopathy of adult onset. Neurology 2006; 67:1895-6. [PMID: 17130438 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000244467.01362.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/genetics
- Cognition Disorders/metabolism
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dementia, Vascular/genetics
- Dementia, Vascular/metabolism
- Dementia, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enoyl-CoA Hydratase/genetics
- Female
- Glutarates/urine
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Reflex, Abnormal/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eriguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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49
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Uboldi C, Paulis M, Guidi E, Bertoni A, Meo GPD, Perucatti A, Iannuzzi L, Raimondi E, Brunner RM, Eggen A, Ferretti L. Cloning of the bovine prion-like Shadoo (SPRN) gene by comparative analysis of the predicted genomic locus. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:1130-9. [PMID: 17091316 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-006-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
SPRN is a new prion-like gene coding for Sho, a protein with significant similarity to PrP. SPRN was initially described in zebrafish; however, the strong evolutionary conservation led to the hypothesis that SPRN might be the ancestral prion-like gene. We mapped SPRN in Bos taurus by comparative analysis of the locus and of the predicted flanking genes. BACs, spanning the whole SPRN genomic locus, were assigned to BTA26q23 by radiation hybrid mapping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Sequencing of five genes flanking SPRN, namely, ECHS1, PAOX, MTG1, SPRN, and CYP2E1, high-resolution FISH on mechanically stretched chromosomes, and combed BAC DNA allowed us to establish their order and reciprocal orientation. The results confirmed that BTA26q23 corresponds to HSA10q24.3-26.3, which is the site where the human SPRN is located. The gene order in Bos taurus is the same as in man, cen-ECHS1-PAOX-MTG1-SPRN-CYP2E1-tel, but PAOX has a different orientation in the two species. SPRN has the typical two-exon PRNP arrangement, with the CDS fully contained within exon 2; furthermore, it codes for a 143-amino-acid protein with 74.8% identity and 84.7% similarity with the human PRNP. RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that SPRN is expressed at high levels in brain and less in testis and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Uboldi
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology A. Buzzati-Traverso, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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50
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Goepfert S, Hiltunen JK, Poirier Y. Identification and functional characterization of a monofunctional peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 that participates in the degradation of even cis-unsaturated fatty acids in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35894-903. [PMID: 16982622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606383200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene, named AtECH2, has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana to encode a monofunctional peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase 2. Homologues of AtECH2 are present in several angiosperms belonging to the Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon classes, as well as in a gymnosperm. In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that AtECH2 catalyzed the reversible conversion of 2E-enoyl-CoA to 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA. AtECH2 was also demonstrated to have enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 activity in an in vivo assay relying on the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate from the polymerization of 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA in the peroxisomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AtECH2 contained a peroxisome targeting signal at the C-terminal end, was addressed to the peroxisome in S. cerevisiae, and a fusion protein between AtECH2 and a fluorescent protein was targeted to peroxisomes in onion cells. AtECH2 gene expression was strongest in tissues with high beta-oxidation activity, such as germinating seedlings and senescing leaves. The contribution of AtECH2 to the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids was assessed by analyzing the carbon flux through the beta-oxidation cycle in plants that synthesize peroxisomal polyhydroxyalkanoate and that were over- or underexpressing the AtECH2 gene. These studies revealed that AtECH2 participates in vivo to the conversion of the intermediate 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA, generated by the metabolism of fatty acids with a cis (Z)-unsaturated bond on an even-numbered carbon, to the 2E-enoyl-CoA for further degradation through the core beta-oxidation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Goepfert
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Biophore Building, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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