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Faraji H, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Structural insights into the pathogenicity of point mutations in human acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homotetramers. J Biol Phys 2024; 50:89-118. [PMID: 38103157 PMCID: PMC10864237 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (ACAD) is an inherited and potentially fatal disorder with variable clinical symptoms. The relationship between pathogenicity and deleterious point mutations is investigated here in ACAD structures of short (SCAD) and medium-chain (MCAD) types. Structures and dynamic features of native and mutant forms of enzymes models were compared. A total of 2.88 µs molecular dynamics simulations were performed at four different temperatures. Total energy, RMSD, protein ligand interactions and affinity, RMSF measures, secondary structure changes, and important interactions were studied. Mutations in the three main domains of ACADs are pathogenic, while those located at linker turns are not. Mutations affect mostly tetramer formations, secondary structures, and many contacts and interactions. In R206H (MCAD mutant) which is experimentally known to cause a huge turnover decrease, the lack of a single H-bond between substrate and FAD was observed. Secondary structures showed temperature-dependent changes, and SCAD activity was found to be highly correlated to the enzyme helix 3-10 content. Finally, RMSF patterns pointed to one important loop that maintains the substrate close to the active site and is a cause of substrate wobbling upon mutation. Despite similar structure, function, and cellular location, SCAD and MCAD may have different optimum temperatures that are related to the structure taken at that specific temperature. In conclusion, new insight has been provided on the effect of various SCAD and MCAD pathogenic mutations on the structure and dynamical features of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Faraji
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Highway, Jalal-Al-Ahmad Street, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran.
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2
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Zhao Y, Nogueira MS, Chen Q, Dai Q, Cai Q, Wen W, Lan Q, Rothman N, Gao YT, Shu XO, Zheng W, Milne GL, Yang G. Association between F2-Isoprostane Metabolites and Weight Change in Older Women: A Longitudinal Analysis. Gerontology 2023; 70:134-142. [PMID: 37967546 PMCID: PMC10922451 DOI: 10.1159/000534258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theoretically, some metabolic traits may predispose older individuals to weight loss during aging, leading to increased all-cause mortality and many serious health issues. Biomarkers to robustly predict progressive weight loss during aging are, however, lacking. We prospectively assessed if urinary levels of F2-isoprostanes and their peroxisomal β-oxidation metabolite, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-isoprostane (F2-IsoP-M), were associated with subsequent weight loss in middle-aged and older women. METHODS Included in the analysis were 2,066 women aged 40-70 years, a subset of a prospective cohort study. F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and its β-oxidation metabolite, F2-IsoP-M, were measured in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Measurements of anthropometry and exposures to major determinants of body weight were performed at baseline and repeated thrice over 15-year follow-up. The longitudinal associations of F2-IsoP-M and the F2-IsoP-M to its parent compound, F2-IsoP, ratio (MPR) with repeatedly measured weight changes were examined using linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS After adjusting for time-varying covariates: energy intake, physical activity, and comorbidity index, among others, levels of F2-IsoP-M and the MPR were both inversely associated with percentage of weight change. Weight in the highest quartile of these two biomarkers was 1.33% (95% CI = -2.41, -0.24) and 1.09% (95% CI = -2.16, -0.02) lower than those in the lowest quartile group, with p for trend of 0.01 and 0.03, respectively. The inverse association was consistently seen across follow-up periods, although appearing stronger with prolonged follow-up. There was no association between the parent compound, F2-IsoPs, and weight change. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the first piece of evidence to associate F2-IsoP metabolism, peroxisomal β-oxidation, with weight loss in older women. Further investigations into the role of lipid peroxidation and peroxisomal β-oxidation in weight change among older individuals are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Zhao
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marina S. Nogueira
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational
and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational
and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai
Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Chornyi S, Costa CF, IJlst L, Fransen M, Wanders RJA, van Roermund CWT, Waterham HR. Human peroxisomal NAD +/NADH homeostasis is regulated by two independent NAD(H) shuttle systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:22-32. [PMID: 37355054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Reduced (NADH) and oxidized (NAD+) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are ubiquitous hydride-donating/accepting cofactors that are essential for cellular bioenergetics. Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles that are involved in multiple lipid metabolism pathways, including beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and which contain several NAD(H)-dependent enzymes. Although maintenance of NAD(H) homeostasis in peroxisomes is considered essential for peroxisomal beta-oxidation, little is known about the regulation thereof. To resolve this issue, we have developed methods to specifically measure intraperoxisomal NADH levels in human cells using peroxisome-targeted NADH biosensors. By targeted CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing of human cells, we showed with these sensors that the NAD+/NADH ratio in cytosol and peroxisomes are closely connected and that this crosstalk is mediated by intraperoxisomal lactate and malate dehydrogenases, generated via translational stop codon readthrough of the LDHB and MDH1 mRNAs. Our study provides evidence for the existence of two independent redox shuttle systems in human peroxisomes that regulate peroxisomal NAD+/NADH homeostasis. This is the first study that shows a specific metabolic function of protein isoforms generated by translational stop codon readthrough in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cláudio F Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Kloska SM, Pałczyński K, Marciniak T, Talaśka T, Miller M, Wysocki BJ, Davis P, Wysocki TA. Conversion of fat to cellular fuel-Fatty acids β-oxidation model. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107860. [PMID: 37028176 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
β-oxidation of fatty acids plays a significant role in the energy metabolism of the cell. This paper presents a β-oxidation model of fatty acids based on queueing theory. It uses Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, and literature data on metabolites' concentration and enzymatic constants. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the parameters for the pathway reactions. The model enables real-time tracking of changes in the concentrations of metabolites with different carbon chain lengths. Another application of the presented model is to predict the changes caused by system disturbance, such as altered enzyme activity or abnormal fatty acid concentration. The model has been validated against experimental data. There are diseases that change the metabolism of fatty acids and the presented model can be used to understand the cause of these changes, analyze metabolites abnormalities, and determine the initial target of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester M Kloska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pałczyński
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marciniak
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Talaśka
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marissa Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA
| | - Beata J Wysocki
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, USA
| | - Paul Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, USA
| | - Tadeusz A Wysocki
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA
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5
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Speijer D. Molecular characteristics of the multi-functional FAO enzyme ACAD9 illustrate the importance of FADH 2 /NADH ratios for mitochondrial ROS formation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200056. [PMID: 35708204 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago I postulated that ROS formation in mitochondria was influenced by different FADH2 /NADH (F/N) ratios of catabolic substrates. Thus, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) would give higher ROS formation than glucose oxidation. Both the emergence of peroxisomes and neurons not using FAO, could be explained thus. ROS formation in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) comes about by reverse electron transport (RET) due to high QH2 levels, and scarcity of its electron-acceptor (Q) during FAO. The then new, unexpected, finding of an FAO enzyme, ACAD9, being involved in complex I biogenesis, hinted at connections in line with the hypothesis. Recent findings about ACAD9's role in regulation of respiration fit with predictions the model makes: cementing connections between ROS production and F/N ratios. I describe how ACAD9 might be central to reversing the oxidative damage in complex I resulting from FAO. This seems to involve two distinct, but intimately connected, ACAD9 characteristics: (i) its upregulation of complex I biogenesis, and (ii) releasing FADH2 , with possible conversion into FMN, the crucial prosthetic group of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Speijer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Dong H, Yue L, Cheng J, Xia R, Zhou J. Microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids for promoting methane production in anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 2022; 345:126467. [PMID: 34864177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to solve problems of low methane production from lipids in anaerobic digestion, microbial electrochemical degradation was proposed to promote methane yield of glycerol trioleate (a typical lipid component of food waste). The beta-oxidation of lipids was strengthened with an applied voltage to promote electron transfer and anaerobic digestion. SEM images showed that a lot of spherical and rod-shaped microbes adhered to electrode surfaces. Cyclic voltammetry showed that electron transfer rate constant at 0.8 V was 14.4-fold that at 0 V. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy showed that small organic degraded molecules were used more efficiently in anaerobic digestion. The methane yield of glycerol trioleate increased to 791.6 mL/g-TVS (at 0.8 V), while methane production peak rate increased to 26.8 mL/g-TVS/d with a shortened peak time to 24th day. The overall energy conversion efficiency in methane production increased from 53.6 to 60.1% due to microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Liangchen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
| | - Rongxin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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7
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Zhang WW, Xue R, Mi TY, Shen XM, Li JC, Li S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang LX, Yin XL, Wang HL, Zhang YZ. Propofol ameliorates acute postoperative fatigue and promotes glucagon-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating CREB/PGC-1α and accelerating fatty acids beta-oxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:121-128. [PMID: 34839190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative fatigue (POF) is the most common and long-lasting complication after surgery, which brings heavy burden to individuals and society. Recently, hastening postoperative recovery receives increasing attention, but unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying POF remain unclear. Propofol is a wildly used general anesthetic in clinic, and inspired by the rapid antidepressant effects induced by ketamine at non-anesthetic dose, the present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-fatigue effects and underlying mechanisms of propofol at a non-anesthetic dose in 70% hepatectomy induced POF model in rats. We first showed here that single administration of propofol at 0.1 mg/kg ameliorated acute POF in hepatectomy induced POF rats. Based on metabonomics analysis, we hypothesized that propofol exerted anti-fatigue activity in POF rats by facilitating free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation and gluconeogenesis. We further confirmed that propofol restored the deficit in FFA oxidation and gluconeogenesis in POF rats, as evidenced by the elevated FFA utilization, acetyl coenzyme A content, pyruvic acid content, phosphoenolpyruvic acid content, hepatic glucose output and glycogen storage. Moreover, propofol stimulated glucagon secretion and up-regulated expression of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB, peroxlsome prolifeator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinade1 and carnitine palmitoltransferase 1A. In summary, our study suggests for the first time that propofol ameliorates acute POF by promoting glucagon-regulated gluconeogenesis via CREB/PGC-1α signaling and accelerating FFA beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China; Hebei North University, Heibei, China
| | - R Xue
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - T Y Mi
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - X M Shen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - J C Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - S Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - L X Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - X L Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China; Hebei North University, Heibei, China
| | - H L Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Hebei North University, Heibei, China.
| | - Y Z Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, China.
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8
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Ali H, Morito K, Hasi RY, Aihara M, Hayashi J, Kawakami R, Kanemaru K, Tsuchiya K, Sango K, Tanaka T. Characterization of uptake and metabolism of very long-chain fatty acids in peroxisome-deficient CHO cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159088. [PMID: 34848380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) longer than C20 are classified as very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Although biosynthesis and degradation of VLCFAs are important for the development and integrity of the myelin sheath, knowledge on the incorporation of extracellular VLCFAs into the cells is limited due to the experimental difficulty of solubilizing them. In this study, we found that a small amount of isopropanol solubilized VLCFAs in aqueous medium by facilitating the formation of the VLCFA/albumin complex. Using this solubilizing technique, we examined the role of the peroxisome in the uptake and metabolism of VLCFAs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. When wild-type CHO cells were incubated with saturated VLCFAs (S-VLCFAs), such as C23:0 FA, C24:0 FA, and C26:0 FA, extensive uptake was observed. Most of the incorporated S-VLCFAs were oxidatively degraded without acylation into cellular lipids. In contrast, in peroxisome-deficient CHO cells uptake of S-VLCFAs was marginal and oxidative metabolism was not observed. Extensive uptake and acylation of monounsaturated (MU)-VLCFAs, such as C24:1 FA and C22:1 FA, were observed in both types of CHO cells. However, oxidative metabolism was evident only in wild-type cells. Similar manners of uptake and metabolism of S-VLCFAs and MU-VLCFAs were observed in IFRS1, a Schwan cell-derived cell line. These results indicate that peroxisome-deficient cells limit intracellular S-VLCFAs at a low level by halting uptake, and as a result, peroxisome-deficient cells almost completely lose the clearance ability of S-VLCFAs accumulated outside of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Rumana Yesmin Hasi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Aihara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Ryushi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
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9
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Nolan ND, Jenny LA, Wang NK, Tsang SH. Retinal pigment epithelium lipid metabolic demands and therapeutic restoration. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2021; 11:216-220. [PMID: 34703736 PMCID: PMC8493995 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_31_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the defining features of the retina is the tight metabolic coupling between cells such as photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This necessitates the compartmentalization and proper substrate availability required for specialized processes such as photo-transduction. Glucose metabolism is preferential in many human cell types for adenosine triphosphate generation, yet fatty acid β-oxidation generates essential fuel for RPE. Here, we provide a brief overview of metabolic demands in both the healthy and dystrophic RPE with an emphasis on fatty acid oxidation. We outline therapies aimed at renormalizing this metabolism and explore future avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Nolan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura A Jenny
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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García García LC, Zamorano Martín F, Rocha de Lossada C, García Lorente M, Luque Aranda G, Escudero Gómez J. Retinitis pigmentosa as a clinical presentation of LCHAD deficiency: A clinical case and review of the literature. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2021; 96:496-499. [PMID: 34479707 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare metabolic disease caused by a specific mutation in the HADHA gene, which leads to an alteration in the metabolic pathway of fatty acids. Its most frequent form of presentation at the ophthalmological level is retinitis pigmentosa, and in some cases the ophthalmologist could be the first one to alert the other paediatric specialties to carry out a multidisciplinary approach to the case. The case is presented of a patient with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficit detected in neonatal screening, and which clinically debuted as pigmentary retinosis with no alteration in visual acuity as observed in the fundus images and optical coherence tomography of the retina provided. Finally, a review of the literature of this potentially lethal pathology is presented, and the main pathological and clinical features are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C García García
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Torrevieja, Torrevieja, Alicante, Spain.
| | - F Zamorano Martín
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - C Rocha de Lossada
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M García Lorente
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - G Luque Aranda
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J Escudero Gómez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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11
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Lubbers RJM, Dilokpimol A, Visser J, de Vries RP. Aspergillus niger uses the peroxisomal CoA-dependent β-oxidative genes to degrade the hydroxycinnamic acids caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4199-4211. [PMID: 33950281 PMCID: PMC8140964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aromatic compounds are important molecules which are widely applied in many industries and are mainly produced from nonrenewable sources. Renewable sources such as plant biomass are interesting alternatives for the production of aromatic compounds. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, a precursor for vanillin and p-vinyl phenol, respectively, can be released from plant biomass by the fungus Aspergillus niger. The degradation of hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid has been observed in many fungi. In A. niger, multiple metabolic pathways were suggested for the degradation of hydroxycinnamic acids. However, no genes were identified for these hydroxycinnamic acid metabolic pathways. In this study, several pathway genes were identified using whole-genome transcriptomic data of A. niger grown on different hydroxycinnamic acids. The genes are involved in the CoA-dependent β-oxidative pathway in fungi. This pathway is well known for the degradation of fatty acids, but not for hydroxycinnamic acids. However, in plants, it has been shown that hydroxycinnamic acids are degraded through this pathway. We identified genes encoding hydroxycinnamate-CoA synthase (hcsA), multifunctional β-oxidation hydratase/dehydrogenase (foxA), 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (katA), and four thioesterases (theA-D) of A. niger, which were highly induced by all three tested hydroxycinnamic acids. Deletion mutants revealed that these genes were indeed involved in the degradation of several hydroxycinnamic acids. In addition, foxA and theB are also involved in the degradation of fatty acids. HcsA, FoxA, and KatA contained a peroxisomal targeting signal and are therefore predicted to be localized in peroxisomes. Key points • Metabolism of hydroxycinnamic acid was investigated in Aspergillus niger • Using transcriptome data, multiple CoA-dependent β-oxidative genes were identified. • Both foxA and theB are involved in hydroxycinnamate but also fatty acid metabolism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11311-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J M Lubbers
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Suzuki Y, Ito S, Otani Y, Nishikawa A, Eto K, Hara K, Oguni H, Nagata S. Unexpected elevation in valproic acid concentration and agranulocytosis in a patient with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Brain Dev 2021; 43:657-660. [PMID: 33549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder or condition of fatty acid β-oxidation, caused by mutations in the gene encoding SCAD (ACADS). We report an infant with SCAD deficiency who unexpectedly exhibited an extremely high blood concentration of valproic acid (VPA) and agranulocytosis. CASE REPORT An 8-month-old girl was diagnosed with West syndrome (infantile spasms), and VPA was administered at the standard level of 25 mg/kg/day. However, the blood concentration of VPA rose unexpectedly to 230 µg/mL (two- to three-fold higher than the expected value), and continued to remain relatively high even after the dosage was reduced (7 mg/kg/day, blood concentration of 88 µg/mL). Furthermore, she presented with a high-grade fever with agranulocytosis (neutrophil 231/µL). The abnormal pharmacokinetics and toxicity of VPA raised the suspicion of possible inborn errors of metabolism in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. Blood tandem mass spectrometry revealed a transient elevation of C4, and urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a continuous elevation of ethylmalonate. Finally, gene analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations, c.625G > A (p.G209S) and c.1031A > G (p.E344G), in ACADS. CONCLUSION VPA should be avoided if a patient is suspected to have inborn errors of β-oxidation including SCAD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Susumu Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
| | - Yui Otani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Aiko Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Kaoru Eto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Oguni
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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13
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Onoki T, Izumi Y, Takahashi M, Murakami S, Matsumaru D, Ohta N, Wati SM, Hatanaka N, Katsuoka F, Okutsu M, Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Kanzaki M, Bamba T, Itoi E, Motohashi H. Skeletal muscle-specific Keap1 disruption modulates fatty acid utilization and enhances exercise capacity in female mice. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101966. [PMID: 33857757 PMCID: PMC8050939 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle health is important for the prevention of various age-related diseases. The loss of skeletal muscle mass, which is known as sarcopenia, underlies physical disability, poor quality of life and chronic diseases in elderly people. The transcription factor NRF2 plays important roles in the regulation of the cellular defense against oxidative stress, as well as the metabolism and mitochondrial activity. To determine the contribution of skeletal muscle NRF2 to exercise capacity, we conducted skeletal muscle-specific inhibition of KEAP1, which is a negative regulator of NRF2, and examined the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects of NRF2 pathway activation in skeletal muscles. We found that NRF2 activation in skeletal muscles increased slow oxidative muscle fiber type and improved exercise endurance capacity in female mice. We also observed that female mice with NRF2 pathway activation in their skeletal muscles exhibited enhanced exercise-induced mobilization and β-oxidation of fatty acids. These results indicate that NRF2 activation in skeletal muscles promotes communication with adipose tissues via humoral and/or neuronal signaling and facilitates the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source, resulting in increased mitochondrial activity and efficient energy production during exercise, which leads to improved exercise endurance. Systemic Keap1 knockdown enhances exercise endurance capacity in mice. Keap1 deficiency in skeletal muscle activates NRF2 pathway. Keap1 deficiency in skeletal muscle enhances endurance capacity in female mice. Keap1 deficiency in skeletal muscle promotes exercise-induced fatty acid utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Onoki
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Murakami
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nao Ohta
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sisca Meida Wati
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hatanaka
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Okutsu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, IDAC, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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14
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Raimo S, Zura-Miller G, Fezelinia H, Spruce LA, Zakopoulos I, Mohsen AW, Vockley J, Ischiropoulos H. Mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics and proteomic responses in fatty acid oxidation disorders. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101923. [PMID: 33725513 PMCID: PMC7970426 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) and trifunctional protein (TFP) cause rare autosomal recessive disorders. Studies in fibroblasts derived from patients with mutations in VLCAD and TFP exhibit mitochondrial defects. To gain insights on pathological changes that account for the mitochondrial deficits we performed quantitative proteomic, biochemical, and morphometric analyses in fibroblasts derived from subjects with three different VLCAD and three different TFP mutations. Proteomic data that was corroborated by antibody-based detection, indicated reduced levels of VLCAD and TFP protein in cells with VLCAD and TFP mutations respectively, which in part accounted for the diminished fatty acid oxidation capacity. Decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity in cells with VLCAD and TFP mutations was quantified after glucose removal and cells with TFP mutations had lower levels of glycogen. Despite these energetic deficiencies, the cells with VLCAD and TFP mutations did not exhibit changes in mitochondria morphology, distribution, fusion and fission, quantified by either confocal or transmission electron microscopy and corroborated by proteomic and antibody-based protein analysis. Fibroblasts with VLCAD and to a lesser extend cells with TFP mutations had increased levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins and proteins that facilitate the assembly of respiratory complexes. With the exception of reduced levels of catalase and glutathione S-transferase theta-1 in cells with TFP mutations, the levels of 45 proteins across all major intracellular antioxidant networks were similar between cells with VLCAD and TFP mutations and non-disease controls. Collectively the data indicate that despite the metabolic deficits, cells with VLCAD and TFP mutations maintain their proteomic integrity to preserve cellular and mitochondria architecture, support energy production and protect against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Raimo
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriella Zura-Miller
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hossein Fezelinia
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Health and Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iordanis Zakopoulos
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Al-Walid Mohsen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Oliveira DT, Chaves-Filho AB, Yoshinaga MY, Paiva NCN, Carneiro CM, Miyamoto S, Festuccia WT, Guerra-Sá R. Liver lipidome signature and metabolic pathways in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-sugar diet. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 87:108519. [PMID: 33017610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary sugar is an important determinant of the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the deleterious effects of sugar intake on NAFLD under energy-balanced conditions are still poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the liver lipidome and mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of NAFLD induced by the chronic consumption of high-sugar diet (HSD). Newly weaned male Wistar rats were fed either a standard chow diet or an isocaloric HSD for 18 weeks. Livers were harvested for histological, oxidative stress, gene expression, and lipidomic analyses. Intake of HSD increased oxidative stress and induced severe liver injury, microvesicular steatosis, and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes. Using untargeted lipidomics, we identified and quantified 362 lipid species in the liver. Rats fed with HSD displayed increased hepatic levels of triacylglycerol enriched in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, lipids related to mitochondrial function/structure (phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and ubiquinone), and acylcarnitine (an intermediate lipid of fatty acid beta-oxidation). HSD-fed animals also presented increased levels of some species of membrane lipids and a decreased content of phospholipids containing omega-6 fatty acids. These changes in the lipidome were associated with the downregulation of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the liver. In conclusion, our data suggest that the chronic intake of a HSD, even under isocaloric conditions, induces lipid overload, and inefficient/impaired fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Such events lead to marked disturbance in hepatic lipid metabolism and the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane T Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.
| | - Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Laboratório de Lipídeos Modificados, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Nívia Carolina N Paiva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.
| | - Cláudia M Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Laboratório de Lipídeos Modificados, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - William T Festuccia
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.
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16
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Khaliq W, Großmann P, Neugebauer S, Kleyman A, Domizi R, Calcinaro S, Brealey D, Gräler M, Kiehntopf M, Schäuble S, Singer M, Panagiotou G, Bauer M. Lipid metabolic signatures deviate in sepsis survivors compared to non-survivors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3678-3691. [PMID: 33304464 PMCID: PMC7711192 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a major cause of death despite advances in medical care. Metabolic deregulation is an important component of the survival process. Metabolomic analysis allows profiling of critical metabolic functions with the potential to classify patient outcome. Our prospective longitudinal characterization of 33 septic and non-septic critically ill patients showed that deviations, independent of direction, in plasma levels of lipid metabolites were associated with sepsis mortality. We identified a coupling of metabolic signatures between liver and plasma of a rat sepsis model that allowed us to apply a human kinetic model of mitochondrial beta-oxidation to reveal differing enzyme concentrations for medium/short-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (elevated in survivors) and crotonase (elevated in non-survivors). These data suggest a need to monitor cellular energy metabolism beyond the available biomarkers. A loss of metabolic adaptation appears to be reflected by an inability to maintain cellular (fatty acid) metabolism within a "corridor of safety".
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Khaliq
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Großmann
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Kleyman
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberta Domizi
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara Calcinaro
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Brealey
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Markus Gräler
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Glower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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17
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Finsterer J. Phenotypic spectrum of variants in the beta-oxidation enoyl-CoA hydratase-1 (ECHS-1) gene. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:101-102. [PMID: 32988733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Finsterer
- Klinik Landstrasse, Messerli Institute, Postfach 20 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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García García LC, Zamorano Martín F, Rocha de Lossada C, García Lorente M, Luque Aranda G, Escudero Gómez J. Retinitis pigmentosa as a clinical presentation of LCHAD deficiency: A clinical case and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMID: 32943256 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare metabolic disease caused by a specific mutation in the HADHA gene, which leads to an alteration in the metabolic pathway of fatty acids. Its most frequent form of presentation at the ophthalmological level is retinitis pigmentosa, and in some cases the ophthalmologist could be the first one to alert the other paediatric specialties to carry out a multidisciplinary approach to the case. The case is presented of a patient with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficit detected in neonatal screening, and which clinically debuted as pigmentary retinosis with no alteration in visual acuity as observed in the fundus images and optical coherence tomography of the retina provided. Finally, a review of the literature of this potentially lethal pathology is presented, and the main pathological and clinical features are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C García García
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España; Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Torrevieja, Torrevieja, Alicante, España.
| | - F Zamorano Martín
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - C Rocha de Lossada
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - M García Lorente
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - G Luque Aranda
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - J Escudero Gómez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
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19
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Santos FO, Correia BRO, Marinho TS, Barbosa-da-Silva S, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Anti-steatotic linagliptin pleiotropic effects encompasses suppression of de novo lipogenesis and ER stress in high-fat-fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 509:110804. [PMID: 32259637 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of linagliptin treatment on hepatic energy metabolism and ER stress in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Forty male C57BL/6 mice, three months of age, received a control diet (C, 10% of lipids as energy, n = 20) or high-fat diet (HF, 50% of lipids as energy, n = 20) for 10 weeks. The groups were randomly subdivided into four groups to receive linagliptin, for five weeks, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day added to the diets: C, C-L, HF, and HF-L groups. RESULTS The HF group showed higher body mass, total and hepatic cholesterol levels and total and hepatic triacylglycerol levels than the C group, all of which were significantly diminished by linagliptin in the HF-L group. The HF group had higher hepatic steatosis than the C group, whereas linagliptin markedly reduced the hepatic steatosis (less 52%, P < 0.001). The expression of Sirt1 and Pgc1a was more significant in the HF-L group than in the HF group. Linagliptin also elicited enhanced GLP-1 concentrations and a reduction in the expression of the lipogenic genes Fas and Srebp1c. Besides, HF-L showed a reduction in the genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress Chop, Atf4, and Gadd45 coupled with reduced apoptotic nuclei immunostaining. CONCLUSION Linagliptin caused a marked reduction in hepatic steatosis as a secondary effect of its glucose-lowering property. NAFLD countering involved reduced lipogenesis, increased beta-oxidation, and relief in endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to reduced apoptosis and better preservation of the hepatic structure. Therefore, linagliptin may be used, preferably in diabetic patients, to avoid the progression of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B R O Correia
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T S Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Barbosa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nimrouzi M, Ruyvaran M, Zamani A, Nasiri K, Akbari A. Oil and extract of safflower seed improve fructose induced metabolic syndrome through modulating the homeostasis of trace elements, TNF-α and fatty acids metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 254:112721. [PMID: 32119951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has many applications in folk medicine. Its oil is used traditionally to treat obesity and other metabolic disorders. The anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of this plant have been well documented, but the anti-inflammatory effects and its role on fatty acid oxidation and homeostasis of trace elements are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of different doses of oil and extract of safflower seed against fructose induced metabolic syndrome by investigating the homeostasis of trace elements, TNF-α, and fatty acids metabolism. METHODS Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ten groups and treated daily for 16 weeks. At the end of the study, plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipid profiles, blood glucose, insulin and TNF-α were measured. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also measured along with the expression of CD36, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAS), and Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-1) beta genes in the liver. RESULTS The antioxidant enzymes activity significantly decreased and lipid peroxidation, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and TNF-α significantly increased in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome compared to the control groups, as well as the level of some trace elements significantly changed (p < 0.05). Treatment with oil and safflower seed extract in a dose dependent manner could improve biochemical parameters in groups of metabolic syndrome treated with oil and extract compared to metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). The results also showed that the expression of above mentioned genes significantly increased in groups of metabolic syndrome treated with oil and extract compared to control and metabolic syndrome groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that safflower seed extract and its oil can improve fructose-induced metabolic syndrome through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, adjustment of homeostasis of trace elements, and enhancing the beta-oxidation capacity of the liver by increasing the expression of CD36, FAS, and CPT-1beta genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Nimrouzi
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Maede Ruyvaran
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Bābolsar, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Marella ER, Dahlin J, Dam MI, Ter Horst J, Christensen HB, Sudarsan S, Wang G, Holkenbrink C, Borodina I. A single-host fermentation process for the production of flavor lactones from non-hydroxylated fatty acids. Metab Eng 2019; 61:427-436. [PMID: 31404648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lactone flavors with fruity, milky, coconut, and other aromas are widely used in the food and fragrance industries. Lactones are produced by chemical synthesis or by biotransformation of plant-sourced hydroxy fatty acids. We established a novel method to produce flavor lactones from abundant non-hydroxylated fatty acids using yeast cell factories. Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was engineered to perform hydroxylation of fatty acids and chain-shortening via β-oxidation to preferentially twelve or ten carbons. The strains could produce γ-dodecalactone from oleic acid and δ-decalactone from linoleic acid. Through metabolic engineering, the titer was improved 4-fold, and the final strain produced 282 mg/L γ-dodecalactone in a fed-batch bioreactor. The study paves the way for the production of lactones by fermentation of abundant fatty feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Roy Marella
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Dahlin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Inger Dam
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jolanda Ter Horst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Bjerre Christensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suresh Sudarsan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Guokun Wang
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carina Holkenbrink
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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22
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Bexkens ML, Mebius MM, Houweling M, Brouwers JF, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. Schistosoma mansoni does not and cannot oxidise fatty acids, but these are used for biosynthetic purposes instead. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:647-56. [PMID: 31170410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause the tropical disease schistosomiasis, have always been considered to be homolactic fermenters and, in their energy metabolism, strictly dependent on carbohydrates. However, more recent studies suggested that fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for egg production by adult female Schistosoma mansoni. To address this conundrum, we performed a comprehensive study on the lipid metabolism of S. mansoni. Incubations with [14C]-labelled fatty acids demonstrated that adults, eggs and miracidia of S. mansoni did not oxidise fatty acids, as no 14CO2 production could be detected. We then re-examined the S. mansoni genome using the genes known to be involved in fatty acid oxidation in six eukaryotic model reference species. This showed that the earlier automatically annotated genes for fatty acid oxidation were in fact incorrectly annotated. In a further analysis we could not detect any genes encoding β-oxidation enzymes, which demonstrates that S. mansoni cannot use this pathway in any of its lifecycle stages. The same was true for Schistosoma japonicum and all other schistosome species that have been sequenced. Absence of β-oxidation, however, does not imply that fatty acids from the host are not metabolised by schistosomes. Adult schistosomes can use and modify fatty acids from their host for biosynthetic purposes and incorporate those in phospholipids and neutral lipids. Female worms deposit large amounts of these lipids in the eggs they produce, which explains why interference with the lipid metabolism in females will disturb egg formation, even though fatty acid β-oxidation does not occur in schistosomes. Our analyses of S. mansoni further revealed that during the development and maturation of the miracidium inside the egg, changes in lipid composition occur which indicate that fatty acids deposited in the egg by the female worm are used for phospholipid biosynthesis required for membrane formation in the developing miracidium.
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Motta VF, Bargut TL, Souza-Mello V, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Browning is activated in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of mice metabolically challenged with a high-fructose diet submitted to high-intensity interval training. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:164-173. [PMID: 31207355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fructose may induce an endocrine dysfunction in adipose tissue in rodents. Browning is identified by deposits of beige adipocytes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). We study the effects of the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the formation of beige adipocytes in the sWAT of mice fed a high-fructose diet. Sixty male mice (3 months old; C57BL/6) were fed two diets for 18 weeks (n=30 each): control diet (C) or high-fructose diet (F). At the 10th week, for an additional 8-week period, the groups were (n=15 each) nontrained (NT) or trained (HIIT): C-NT, C-HIIT, F-NT and F-HIIT. We evaluated body mass, energy expenditure and molecular analyses for browning and thermogenic markers in sWAT. The HIIT groups showed significantly lower body mass and increased energy expenditure. The consumption of fructose was linked with an increased sWAT mass. However, HIIT caused a reduction of sWAT mass compared to the NT groups. Energy intake was parallel in the groups, regardless of the diet type and HIIT. Fructose was related to higher glucose and insulin levels and hypertrophied sWAT adipocytes, but HIIT decreased both glucose and insulin levels and led to the appearance of brown fat-like adipocytes dispersed in sWAT with higher expression of browning markers. Also, fructose reduced the sWAT markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation, which were enhanced by HIIT. In conclusion, HIIT might stimulate the sWAT browning in mice fed a high-fructose diet associated with beneficial changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation markers, contributing to a whole-body metabolic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Motta
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Thereza L Bargut
- Basic Sciences Department, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia B Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Adamopoulos PG, Kontos CK, Scorilas A. Molecular characterization, genomic structure and expression analysis of a gene (CATL1/CPT1C) encoding a third member of the human carnitine acyltransferase family. Genomics 2019:S0888-7543(18)30715-8. [PMID: 31128263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Τhe carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system is responsible for transporting long-chain acyl-CoAs from cytoplasm into the mitochondria. This system consists of two l-carnitine acyltransferases (CPT1 and CPT2) and the carnitine acylcarnitine translocase. In mammals, two CPT1 homologs (CPT1A and CPT1B) were previously described. By using positional cloning gene approaches, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing (NGS), we sought to identify novel human genes that might be involved in fatty acid metabolism. Thus, we discovered a third CPT1 homolog (CATL1/CPT1C), transcribed into two major protein-coding transcripts. This gene on chromosome 19q13.33 encodes a protein participating in the control of whole-body glucose homeostasis and is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system. Steroid hormones affect CPT1C mRNA expression in human prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Although the major involvement of CPT1C in fatty acid catabolism makes it a crucial gene for cellular homeostasis, its precise role in oxidative stress needs further investigation. Sequence data from this article have been deposited to the GenBank Data Library under Accession No. AF331918.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos K Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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25
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Yan Q, Pfleger BF. Revisiting metabolic engineering strategies for microbial synthesis of oleochemicals. Metab Eng 2019; 58:35-46. [PMID: 31022535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial production of oleochemicals from renewable feedstocks remains an attractive route to produce high-energy density, liquid transportation fuels and high-value chemical products. Metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to demonstrate production of a wide range of oleochemicals, including free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, esters, olefins, alkanes, ketones, and polyesters in both bacteria and yeast. The majority of these demonstrations synthesized products containing long-chain fatty acids. These successes motivated additional effort to produce analogous molecules comprised of medium-chain fatty acids, molecules that are less common in natural oils and therefore of higher commercial value. Substantial progress has been made towards producing a subset of these chemicals, but significant work remains for most. The other primary challenge to producing oleochemicals in microbes is improving the performance, in terms of yield, rate, and titer, of biocatalysts such that economic large-scale processes are feasible. Common metabolic engineering strategies include blocking pathways that compete with synthesis of oleochemical building blocks and/or consume products, pulling flux through pathways by removing regulatory signals, pushing flux into biosynthesis by overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes, and engineering cells to tolerate the presence of oleochemical products. In this review, we describe the basic fundamentals of oleochemical synthesis and summarize advances since 2013 towards improving performance of heterotrophic microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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26
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Petroni A, Paroni R, Aloisi AM, Blasevich M, Haman N, Fessas D. Thermogenic flux induced by lignoceric acid in peroxisomes isolated from HepG2 cells and from X-adrenoleukodystrophy and control fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18344-18348. [PMID: 30932193 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the thermogenic flux induced by the very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) lignoceric acid (C24:0) in isolated peroxisomes. Specific metabolic alterations of peroxisomes are related to a variety of disorders, the most frequent one being the neurodegenerative inherited disease X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). A peroxisomal transport protein is mutated in this disorder. Due to reduced catabolism and enhanced fatty acid (FA) elongation, VLCFA accumulates in plasma and in all tissues, contributing to the clinical manifestations of this disorder. During peroxisomal metabolism, heat is produced but it is considered lost. Instead, it is a form of energy that could play a role in molecular mechanisms of this pathology and other neurodegenerative disorders. The thermogenic flux induced by lignoceric acid (C24:0) was estimated by isothermal titration calorimetry in peroxisomes isolated from HepG2 cells and from fibroblasts obtained from patients with X-ALD and healthy subjects. Heat flux induced by lignoceric acid in HepG2 peroxisomes was exothermic, indicating normal peroxisomal metabolism. In X-ALD peroxisomes the heat flux was endothermic, indicating the requirement of heat/energy, possibly for cellular metabolism. In fibroblasts from healthy subjects, the effect was less pronounced than in HepG2, a kind of cell known to have greater FA metabolism than fibroblasts. Our hypothesis is that heat is not lost but it could act as an activator, for example on the heat-sensitive pathway related to TRVP2 receptors. To investigate this hypothesis we focused on peroxisomal metabolism, considering that impaired heat generation could contribute to the development of peroxisomal neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petroni
- Biomedicine and Nutrition Research Network, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Science (DISS), University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Applied Physiology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Milena Blasevich
- Biomedicine and Nutrition Research Network, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nabil Haman
- Department of Food, Enviromental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Fessas
- Department of Food, Enviromental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tang J, Hu J, Xue M, Guo Z, Xie M, Zhang B, Zhou Z, Huang W, Hou S. Maternal diet deficient in riboflavin induces embryonic death associated with alterations in the hepatic proteome of duck embryos. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 30918526 PMCID: PMC6419344 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal riboflavin deficiency (RD) induces embryonic death in poultry. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be established and an overview of molecular alterations at the protein level is still lacking. We investigated embryonic hepatic proteome changes induced by maternal RD to explain embryonic death. Methods A total of 80 45-week-old breeding female ducks were divided into two groups of 40 birds each, and all birds were raised individually for 8 weeks. All the female ducks received either a RD or a riboflavin adequate (control, CON) diet, which supplemented the basal diet with 0 or 10 mg riboflavin /kg of diet respectively. Results The riboflavin concentrations of maternal plasma and egg yolk, as well as egg hatchability declined markedly in the RD group compared to those in the CON group after 2 weeks, and declined further over time. The hepatic proteome of E13 viable embryos from 8-week fertile eggs showed that 223 proteins were upregulated and 366 proteins were downregulated (> 1.5-fold change) in the RD group compared to those in the CON group. Pathway analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in the fatty acid beta-oxidation, electron transport chain (ETC), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Specifically, all the proteins involved in the fatty acid beta-oxidation and ETC, as well as six out of seven proteins involved in the TCA cycle, were diminished in the RD group, indicating that these processes could be impaired by RD. Conclusion Maternal RD leads to embryonic death of offspring and is associated with impaired energy generation processes, indicated by a number of downregulated proteins involved in the fatty acid beta-oxidation, ETC, and TCA cycle in the hepatic of duck embryos. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of liver metabolic disorders due to maternal RD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0345-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jian Hu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ming Xue
- 2National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125 China
| | - Zhanbao Guo
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ming Xie
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Huang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited metabolic diseases, which can be incompatible with life in the postnatal period or allow survival into adulthood. Retinopathy is a recurrent feature in both the severely and mildly affected patients, which can be accompanied with other ophthalmological pathologies. Thanks to next-generation sequencing, patients originally identified with other inherited blinding diseases were reclassified as suffering from peroxisomal disorders. In addition, new peroxisomal gene defects or disease presentations exhibiting retinal degeneration were recently identified. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying retinopathy in peroxisomal disorders remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Lab for Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Lab for Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium.
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Geilfus CM, Lan J, Carpentier S. Dawn regulates guard cell proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana that function in ATP production from fatty acid beta-oxidation. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 98:525-543. [PMID: 30392160 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Based on the nature of the proteins that are altered in abundance, we conclude that guard cells switch their energy source from fatty acid metabolism to chloroplast activity, at the onset of dawn. During stomatal opening at dawn, evidence was recently presented for a breakdown and liquidation of stored triacylglycerols in guard cells to supply ATP for use in stomatal opening. However, proteome changes that happen in the guard cells during dawn were until now poorly understood. Bad accessibility to pure and intact guard cell samples can be considered as the primary reason behind this lack of knowledge. To overcome these technical constraints, epidermal guard cell samples with ruptured pavement cells were isolated at 1 h pre-dawn, 15 min post-dawn and 1 h post-dawn from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomic changes were analysed by ultra-performance-liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. With 994 confidently identified proteins, we present the first analysis of the A. thaliana guard cell proteome that is not influenced by side effects of guard cell protoplasting. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009918. By elucidating the identities of enzymes that change in abundance by the transition from dark to light, we corroborate the hypothesis that respiratory ATP production for stomatal opening results from fatty acid beta-oxidation. Moreover, we identified many proteins that were never reported in the context of guard cell biology. Among them are proteins that might play a role in signalling or circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Proteomics Core Facility, SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - bus 901, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jue Lan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Proteomics Core Facility, SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - bus 901, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42 - Box 2455, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Svensson K, Paruch L, Gaby JC, Linjordet R. Feeding frequency influences process performance and microbial community composition in anaerobic digesters treating steam exploded food waste. Bioresour Technol 2018; 269:276-284. [PMID: 30193211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In anaerobic digestion, studies of feeding frequency have produced conflicting results. Hence, the effect of feeding frequency on process variables and microbial community structure was investigated by comparing a laboratory-scale digester fed steam exploded food waste 10 times daily vs. one fed an equivalent amount once daily. The Frequently Fed Digester (FFD) produced on average 20% more methane and had lower effluent concentrations of long-chain fatty acids. Greater daily fluctuations in acetate, pH and biogas production rate could explain the lower specific methane yield and β-oxidation. Feeding frequency also influenced the microbial community whereby Tenericutes (42%) dominated in FFD but Firmicutes (31%) was most abundant in the Daily Fed Digester (DFD). Feeding frequency effects are therefore postulated to occur more often in digesters fed labile feedstocks at high organic loading rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Svensson
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Lisa Paruch
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - John Christian Gaby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Roar Linjordet
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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Silva-Veiga FM, Rachid TL, de Oliveira L, Graus-Nunes F, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. GW0742 (PPAR-beta agonist) attenuates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress by improving hepatic energy metabolism in high-fat diet fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:227-237. [PMID: 29580823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and hepatic steatosis are intertwined with insulin resistance. PPARs are at the crossroads of these pathways. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GW0742 (PPAR-beta agonist) on hepatic energy metabolism and ER stress in a murine diet-induced obesity model. HF diet caused overweight, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic inflammation (increased NF-kB, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 protein expression) and favored hepatic lipogenesis, leading to ER stress, with ultrastructural and molecular alterations, ending up in proapoptotic stimulus. GW0742 rescued the overweight and the glucose tolerance, tackled hepatic inflammation and favored hepatic beta-oxidation over lipogenesis. These results comply with ER ultrastructure improvement, reducing ER stress and apoptosis in treated animals. Our results indicate that the PPAR-beta/delta activation alleviated the ER stress by improving the insulin sensitivity and maximizing the hepatic energy metabolism with a shift towards beta-oxidation. PPAR-beta/delta activation could be an essential tool to avoid the NAFLD progression and other obesity constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Maria Silva-Veiga
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Lima Rachid
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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32
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Meyer J, Salamon A, Mispagel S, Kamp G, Peters K. Energy metabolic capacities of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and their adaptations in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:632-642. [PMID: 30036541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are important in tissue homeostasis and regeneration due to their ability for self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. Differentiation, as well as proliferation, requires adaptations in the cell metabolism. However, only few data exist concerning the energy metabolism of non-differentiating and differentiating MSC. In this study we compared capacities of major energy metabolic pathways of MSC from human adipose tissue (adMSC) in vitro in the non-differentiated state with those of osteogenically or adipogenically differentiating adMSC. To this end we quantified the proliferation and differentiation status of adMSC and analyzed maximum enzyme capacities and several enzyme isoforms of major energy metabolic pathways regarding their activity and gene expression. We could show that non-differentiating and osteogenic cultivation conditions induced proliferation and showed increasing capacities of the glycolytic marker enzyme phosphofructokinase as well as the marker enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Adipogenic stimulation, which was accompanied by the absence of proliferation, reduced the glycolytic capacity (e.g. decreased glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase capacity) and induced an increase in mitochondrial enzyme capacities. These changes in energy metabolism might represent an adaptation of adMSC to the high energy demand during proliferation and to the specific cellular functions during osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Achim Salamon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Günter Kamp
- AMP-Lab GmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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33
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Cruz MM, Lopes AB, Crisma AR, de Sá RCC, Kuwabara WMT, Curi R, de Andrade PBM, Alonso-Vale MIC. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) increases oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and ATP content in white adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:55. [PMID: 29554895 PMCID: PMC5859716 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently demonstrated that palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) increases lipolysis, glucose uptake and glucose utilization for energy production in white adipose cells. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that palmitoleic acid modulates bioenergetic activity in white adipocytes. Methods For this, 3 T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes in the presence (or absence) of palmitic (16:0) or palmitoleic (16:1n7) acid at 100 or 200 μM. The following parameters were evaluated: lipolysis, lipogenesis, fatty acid (FA) oxidation, ATP content, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass, citrate synthase activity and protein content of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. Results Treatment with 16:1n7 during 9 days raised basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, FA incorporation into triacylglycerol (TAG), FA oxidation, oxygen consumption, protein expression of subunits representing OXPHOS complex II, III, and V and intracellular ATP content. These effects were not observed in adipocytes treated with 16:0. Conclusions Palmitoleic acid, by concerted action on lipolysis, FA esterification, mitochondrial FA oxidation, oxygen consumption and ATP content, does enhance white adipocyte energy expenditure and may act as local hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa M Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Andressa B Lopes
- Department of Nursing , Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta C C de Sá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Wilson M T Kuwabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula B M de Andrade
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I C Alonso-Vale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil.
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Bjørndal B, Alterås EK, Lindquist C, Svardal A, Skorve J, Berge RK. Associations between fatty acid oxidation, hepatic mitochondrial function, and plasma acylcarnitine levels in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29422939 PMCID: PMC5789604 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 4-thia fatty acid tetradecylthiopropionic acid (TTP) is known to inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation, and can be used as chemically induced hepatic steatosis-model in rodents, while 3-thia fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) stimulates fatty acid oxidation through activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα). We wished to determine how these two compounds affected in vivo respiration and mitochondrial efficiency, with an additional goal to elucidate whether mitochondrial function is reflected in plasma acylcarnitine levels. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided in 4 groups of 10 mice and fed a control low-fat diet, low-fat diets with 0.4% (w/w) TTP, 0.4% TTA or a combination of these two fatty acids for three weeks (n = 10). At sacrifice, β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity was analysed in fresh liver samples. Hepatic mitochondria were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Lipid classes were measured in plasma, heart and liver, acylcarnitines were measured in plasma, and gene expression was measured in liver. Results The TTP diet resulted in hepatic lipid accumulation, plasma L-carnitine and acetylcarnitine depletion and elevated palmitoylcarnitine and non-esterified fatty acid levels. No significant lipid accumulation was observed in heart. The TTA supplement resulted in enhanced hepatic β-oxidation, accompanied by an increased level of acetylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine in plasma. Analysis of mitochondrial respiration showed that TTP reduced oxidative phosphorylation, while TTA increased the maximum respiratory capacity of the electron transport system. Combined treatment with TTP and TTA resulted in a profound stimulation of genes involved in the PPAR-response and L-carnitine metabolism, and partly prevented triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver concomitant with increased peroxisomal β-oxidation and depletion of plasma acetylcarnitines. Despite an increased number of mitochondria in the liver of TTA + TTP fed mice, the OXPHOS capacity was significantly reduced. Conclusion This study indicates that fatty acid β-oxidation directly affects mitochondrial respiratory capacity in liver. As plasma acylcarnitines reflected the reduced mitochondrial β-oxidation in TTP-fed mice, they could be useful tools to monitor mitochondrial function. As mitochondrial dysfunction is a major determinant of metabolic disease, this supports their use as plasma markers of cardiovascular risk in humans. Results however indicate that high PPAR activation obscures the interpretation of plasma acylcarnitine levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0241-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Katrine Alterås
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carine Lindquist
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,2Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- 1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,2Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Lim DKY, Schuhmann H, Thomas-Hall SR, Chan KCK, Wass TJ, Aguilera F, Adarme-Vega TC, Dal'Molin CGO, Thorpe GJ, Batley J, Edwards D, Schenk PM. RNA-Seq and metabolic flux analysis of Tetraselmis sp. M8 during nitrogen starvation reveals a two-stage lipid accumulation mechanism. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:1281-1293. [PMID: 28625352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To map out key lipid-related pathways that lead to rapid triacylglyceride accumulation in oleaginous microalgae, RNA-Seq was performed with Tetraselmis sp. M8 at 24h after exhaustion of exogenous nitrogen to reveal molecular changes during early stationary phase. Further gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time PCR at 16-72h revealed a distinct shift in expression of the fatty acid/triacylglyceride biosynthesis and β-oxidation pathways, when cells transitioned from log-phase into early-stationary and stationary phase. Metabolic reconstruction modeling combined with real-time PCR and RNA-Seq gene expression data indicates that the increased lipid accumulation is a result of a decrease in lipid catabolism during the early-stationary phase combined with increased metabolic fluxes in lipid biosynthesis during the stationary phase. During these two stages, Tetraselmis shifts from reduced lipid consumption to active lipid production. This process appears to be independent from DGAT expression, a key gene for lipid accumulation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Y Lim
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Holger Schuhmann
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Kenneth C K Chan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Taylor J Wass
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - T Catalina Adarme-Vega
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Cristiana G O Dal'Molin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Glen J Thorpe
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Peer M Schenk
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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36
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Wu X, Wang P, Liu R, Zeng H, Chao F, Liu H, Xu C, Hou H, Yao Q. Development of 11C-Labeled ω-sulfhydryl fatty acid tracer for myocardial imaging with PET. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1657-1666. [PMID: 29133057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
[11C]-S-methyl-16-thiopalmitic acid (a) was developed with excellent heart-to-background uptake ratios and higher retention in heart. Myocardial uptake and metabolism of the tracer is markedly higher CPT I dependent. When compared to [11C]-S-methyl-14-thiomyristic acid (b), [11C]-S-methyl-12-thiododecanoic acid (c) and [11C]-palmitate, a showed an early high uptake and a significantly slower late clearance in heart and a prolonged myocardial elimination half-life (30 min). Analysis of heart tissue and urine samples showed that a was metabolized via beta-oxidation in myocardium. Small animal PET images of the accumulation of a in the rat myocardium were clearly superior to [11C]-palmitate. These initial studies suggest that a could be a potentially useful clinical PET tracer to assess myocardial fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Immunology Laboratory, Science and Technology Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Peizhi Wang
- Chinese Medicine Immunology Laboratory, Science and Technology Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Chinese Medicine Immunology Laboratory, Science and Technology Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Huahui Zeng
- Chinese Medicine Immunology Laboratory, Science and Technology Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Fangfang Chao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Haifeng Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qiong Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The quest for factors and mechanisms responsible for aberrant DNA methylation in human disease-including atherosclerosis-is a promising area of research. This review focuses on the role of fatty acids (FAs) as modulators of DNA methylation-in particular the role of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in FA-induced changes in DNA methylation during the progression of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications have advanced the knowledge in all areas touched by this review: the causal role of lipids in shaping the DNA methylome, the associations between chronic degenerative disease and mitochondrial function, the lipid composition of the atheroma, and the relevance of DNA hypermethylation in atherosclerosis. Evidence is beginning to emerge, linking the dynamics of FA type abundance, mitochondrial function, and DNA methylation in the atheroma and systemically. In particular, this review highlights mitochondrial beta-oxidation as an important regulator of DNA methylation in metabolic disease. Despite the many questions still unanswered, this area of research promises to identify mechanisms and molecular factors that establish a pathological gene expression pattern in atherosclerosis.
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van de Beek MC, Dijkstra IME, Kemp S. Method for Measurement of Peroxisomal Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation and De Novo C26:0 Synthesis Activity in Living Cells Using Stable-Isotope Labeled Docosanoic Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1595:45-54. [PMID: 28409450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6937-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in virtually every eukaryotic cell type with the exception of the mature erythrocyte. In higher eukaryotes, one of the main functions of peroxisomes is lipid metabolism by means of beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; ≥22 carbon atoms). A dysfunction in peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation results in elevated VLCFA levels in cells, tissue, and plasma. Here, we describe a straightforward and sensitive method to measure peroxisomal beta-oxidation capacity in living cells using stable-isotope labeled docosanoic acid (D3-C22:0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M E Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Scheel RA, Ji L, Lundgren BR, Nomura CT. Enhancing poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) production in Escherichia coli by the removal of the regulatory gene arcA. AMB Express 2016; 6:120. [PMID: 27878786 PMCID: PMC5120623 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Escherichia coli is a desirable platform for the production of many biological compounds including poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), a class of naturally occurring biodegradable polyesters with promising biomedical and material applications. Although the controlled production of desirable polymers is possible with the utilization of fatty acid feedstocks, a central challenge to this biosynthetic route is the improvement of the relatively low polymer yield, a necessary factor of decreasing the production costs. In this study we sought to address this challenge by deleting arcA and ompR, two global regulators with the capacity to inhibit the uptake and activation of exogenous fatty acids. We found that polymer yields in a ΔarcA mutant increased significantly with respect to the parental strain. In the parental strain, PHV yields were very low but improved 64-fold in the ΔarcA mutant (1.92-124 mg L-1) The ΔarcA mutant also allowed for modest increases in some medium chain length polymer yields, while weight average molecular weights improved by approximately 1.5-fold to 12-fold depending on the fatty acid substrate utilized. These results were supported by an analysis of differential gene expression, which showed that the key genes (fadD, fadL, and fadE) encoding fatty acid degradation enzymes were all upregulated by 2-, 10-, and 31-fold in an ΔarcA mutant, respectively. Additionally, the short chain length fatty acid uptake genes atoA, atoE and atoD were upregulated by 103-, 119-, and 303-fold respectively, though these values are somewhat inflated due to low expression in the parental strain. Overall, this study demonstrates that arcA is an important target to improve PHA production from fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Scheel
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Liyuan Ji
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Benjamin R. Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Christopher T. Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Center for Applied Microbiology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Hubei Collaborative Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
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40
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Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Console L, Indiveri C. Post-translational modification by acetylation regulates the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transport protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 426:65-73. [PMID: 27864727 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT; SLC25A20) mediates an antiport reaction allowing entry of acyl moieties in the form of acylcarnitines into the mitochondrial matrix and exit of free carnitine. The transport function of CACT is crucial for the β-oxidation pathway. In this work, it has been found that CACT is partially acetylated in rat liver mitochondria as demonstrated by anti-acetyl-lys antibody immunostaining. Acetylation was reversed by the deacetylase Sirtuin 3 in the presence of NAD+. After treatment of the mitochondrial extract with the deacetylase, the CACT activity, assayed in proteoliposomes, increased. The half-saturation constant of the CACT was not influenced, while the V max was increased by deacetylation. Sirtuin 3 was not able to deacetylate the CACT when incubation was performed in intact mitoplasts, indicating that the acetylation sites are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Prediction on the localization of acetylated residues by bioinformatics correlates well with the experimental data. Recombinant CACT treated with acetyl-CoA was partially acetylated by non-enzymatic mechanism with a corresponding decrease of transport activity. The experimental data indicate that acetylation of CACT inhibits its transport activity, and thus may contribute to the regulation of the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway.
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Rupasinghe HPV, Sekhon-Loodu S, Mantso T, Panayiotidis MI. Phytochemicals in regulating fatty acid β-oxidation: Potential underlying mechanisms and their involvement in obesity and weight loss. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:153-63. [PMID: 27288729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of fat as the result of more energy intake and less energy expenditure is known as obesity. Lipids are essential components in the human body and are vital for maintaining homeostasis and physiological as well as cellular metabolism. Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism (by fatty acid oxidation) are normal part of basic fuel metabolism in animals. Fatty acids are degraded in the mitochondria by a biochemical process called β-oxidation in which two-carbon fragments are produced in each cycle. The increase in fatty acid β-oxidation is negatively correlated with body mass index. Although healthy life style, avoiding Western diet, dieting and strenuous exercise are the commonly used methods to lose weight, they are not considered a permanent solution in addition to risk attenuation of basal metabolic rate (BMR). Pharmacotherapy offers benefits of weight loss by altering the satiety and lowering absorption of fat from the food; however, its side effects may outweigh the benefits of weight loss. Alternatively, dietary phytochemicals and natural health products offer great potential as an efficient weight loss strategy by modulating lipid metabolism and/or increasing BMR and thermogenesis. Specifically, polyphenols such as citrus flavonoids, green tea epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, capsaicin and curcumin, have been reported to increase lipolysis and induce fatty acid β-oxidation through modulation of hormone sensitive lipase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, carnitine acyl transferase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1. In this review article, we discuss selected phytochemicals in relation to their integrated functionalities and specific mechanisms for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Satvir Sekhon-Loodu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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42
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Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are small ubiquitous organelles. They both play major roles in cell metabolism, especially in terms of fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ROS scavenging, and it is now clear that they metabolically interact with each other. These two organelles share some properties, such as great plasticity and high potency to adapt their form and number according to cell requirements. Their functions are connected, and any alteration in the function of mitochondria may induce changes in peroxisomal physiology. The objective of this paper was to highlight the interconnection and the crosstalk existing between mitochondria and peroxisomes. Special emphasis was placed on the best known connections between these organelles: origin, structure, and metabolic interconnections.
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Bonacic K, Estévez A, Bellot O, Conde-Sieira M, Gisbert E, Morais S. Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism is Affected More by Lipid Level than Source in Senegalese Sole Juveniles: Interactions for Optimal Dietary Formulation. Lipids 2015; 51:105-22. [PMID: 26563870 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the effects of dietary lipid level and source on lipid absorption and metabolism in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Juvenile fish were fed 4 experimental diets containing either 100 % fish oil (FO) or 25 % FO and 75 % vegetable oil (VO; rapeseed, linseed and soybean oils) at two lipid levels (~8 or ~18 %). Effects were assessed on fish performance, body proximate composition and lipid accumulation, activity of hepatic lipogenic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes and, finally, on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver and intestine, and to intestinal absorption, both pre- and postprandially. Increased dietary lipid level had no major effects on growth and feeding performance (FCR), although fish fed FO had marginally better growth. Nevertheless, diets induced significant changes in lipid accumulation and metabolism. Hepatic lipid deposits were higher in fish fed VO, associated to increased hepatic ATP citrate lyase activity and up-regulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) mRNA levels post-prandially. However, lipid level had a larger effect on gene expression of metabolic (lipogenesis and β-oxidation) genes than lipid source, mostly at fasting. High dietary lipid level down-regulated fatty acid synthase expression in liver and intestine, and increased cpt1 mRNA in liver. Large lipid accumulations were observed in the enterocytes of fish fed high lipid diets. This was possibly a result of a poor capacity to adapt to high dietary lipid level, as most genes involved in intestinal absorption were not regulated in response to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Bonacic
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Alicia Estévez
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Olga Bellot
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Sofia Morais
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (SCR), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain.
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El Kebbaj R, Andreoletti P, El Hajj HI, El Kharrassi Y, Vamecq J, Mandard S, Saih FE, Latruffe N, El Kebbaj MS, Lizard G, Nasser B, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Argan oil prevents down-regulation induced by endotoxin on liver fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis and on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and estrogen related receptor α (ERRα). Biochim Open 2015; 1:51-59. [PMID: 29632829 PMCID: PMC5889474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In patients with sepsis, liver metabolism and its capacity to provide other organs with energetic substrates are impaired. This and many other pathophysiological changes seen in human patients are reproduced in mice injected with purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). In the present study, down-regulation of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAOx) and gluconeogenesis in mice exposed to LPS was challenged by nutritional intervention with Argan oil. Mice given a standard chow supplemented or not with either 6% (w/w) Argan oil (AO) or 6% (w/w) olive oil (OO) prior to exposure to LPS were explored for liver gene expressions assessed by mRNA transcript levels and/or enzyme activities. AO (or OO) food supplementation reveals that, in LPS-treated mice, hepatic expression of genes involved in FAOx and gluconeogenesis was preserved. This preventive protection might be related to the recovery of the gene expressions of nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and estrogen related receptor α (ERRα) and their coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, (PGC-1α). These preventive mechanisms conveyed by AO against LPS-induced metabolic dysregulation might add new therapeutic potentialities in the management of human sepsis. Argan oil prevents LPS-treated mice from liver dysregulation of FAOx and gluconeogenesis. Argan oil improves hepatic expression of PPARα and ERRα, and their coactivators PGC-1α and Lipin-1. New preventive mechanisms conveyed by Argan oil against LPS-induced metabolic dysregulation.
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Key Words
- ACADL, acyl CoA dehydrogenase long-chain
- ACADM, acyl CoA dehydrogenase medium-chain
- ACADS, acyl CoA dehydrogenase short-chain
- ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1
- AO, Argan oil
- Argan oil
- Beta-oxidation
- Coactivator
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor α
- G6PH, glucose-6-phosphatase
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glut2, glucose transporter 2
- Glut4, glucose transporter 4
- HNF-4α, hepatic nuclear factor-4α
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Nuclear receptor
- OO, olive oil
- PEPCK, phospoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad El Kebbaj
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco.,Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé Université Hassan I, Route de Casablanca. 14 BP 539, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Hammam I El Hajj
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Youssef El Kharrassi
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille and RADEME EA 7364, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Mandard
- Lipness Team, INSERM, Research Center UMR866 and LabEx LipSTIC, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Saih
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - M'Hammed Saïd El Kebbaj
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les lipoprotéines et l'Athérosclérose, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, BP 7955, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
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Souza-Mello V. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as targets to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1012-1019. [PMID: 26052390 PMCID: PMC4450178 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i8.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the world has faced tremendous progress in the understanding of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis due to rising obesity rates. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis and inflammation, being altered in diet-induced obesity. Experimental evidences show that PPAR-alpha is the master regulator of hepatic beta-oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) and microsomal omega-oxidation, being markedly decreased by high-fat (HF) intake. PPAR-beta/delta is crucial to the regulation of forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily-1 expression and, hence, the modulation of enzymes that trigger hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, PPAR-beta/delta can activate hepatic stellate cells aiming to the hepatic recovery from chronic insult. On the contrary, PPAR-gamma upregulation by HF diets maximizes NAFLD through the induction of lipogenic factors, which are implicated in the fatty acid synthesis. Excessive dietary sugars also upregulate PPAR-gamma, triggering de novo lipogenesis and the consequent lipid droplets deposition within hepatocytes. Targeting PPARs to treat NAFLD seems a fruitful approach as PPAR-alpha agonist elicits expressive decrease in hepatic steatosis by increasing mitochondrial beta-oxidation, besides reduced lipogenesis. PPAR-beta/delta ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis at postprandial stage. Total PPAR-gamma activation can exert noxious effects by stimulating hepatic lipogenesis. However, partial PPAR-gamma activation leads to benefits, mainly mediated by increased adiponectin expression and decreased insulin resistance. Further studies are necessary aiming at translational approaches useful to treat NAFLD in humans worldwide by targeting PPARs.
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Vik R, Tillander V, Skorve J, Vihervaara T, Ekroos K, Alexson SEH, Berge RK, Bjørndal B. Three differently generated salmon protein hydrolysates reveal opposite effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Chem 2015; 183:101-10. [PMID: 25863616 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of salmon peptide fractions, generated using different enzymatic hydrolyzation methods, on hepatic lipid metabolism. Four groups of mice were fed a high-fat diet with 20% casein (control group) or 15% casein and 5% of peptide fractions (treatment groups E1, E2 and E4) for 6weeks. Weight gain was reduced in mice fed E1 and E4-diets compared to control, despite a similar feed intake. Reduced plasma and liver triacylglycerol levels in E1 and E4-mice were linked to reduced fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and hepatic expression of lipogenic genes. By contrast, plasma and liver lipids increased in the E2 group, concomitant with increased hepatic FAS activity and Δ9 desaturase gene expression. Shotgun lipidomics showed that MUFAs were significantly reduced in the E1 and E4 groups, whereas PUFAs were increased, and the opposite was observed in the E2 group. In conclusion, bioactive peptides with distinctive properties could potentially be isolated from salmon hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Veronika Tillander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kim Ekroos
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Biologinkuja 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Najdekr L, Gardlo A, Mádrová L, Friedecký D, Janečková H, Correa ES, Goodacre R, Adam T. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines suggest oxidative stress in patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Talanta 2015; 139:62-6. [PMID: 25882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism encompass a large group of diseases caused by enzyme deficiencies and are therefore amenable to metabolomics investigations. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is a defect in β-oxidation of fatty acids, and is one of the most well understood disorders. We report here the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based untargeted metabolomics and targeted flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-TMS) that lead to discovery of novel compounds of oxidative stress. Dry blood spots of controls (n=25) and patient samples (n=25) were extracted by methanol/water (1/1, v/v) and these supernatants were analyzed by LC-MS method with detection by an Orbitrap Elite MS. Data were processed by XCMS and CAMERA followed by dimension reduction methods. Patients were clearly distinguished from controls in PCA. S-plot derived from OPLS-DA indicated that medium-chain acylcarnitines (octanoyl, decenoyl and decanoyl carnitines) as well as three phosphatidylcholines (PC(16:0,9:0(COOH))), PC(18:0,5:0(COOH)) and PC(16:0,8:0(COOH)) were important metabolites for differentiation between patients and healthy controls. In order to biologically validate these discriminatory molecules as indicators for oxidative stress, a second cohort of individuals were analyzed, including MCADD (n=25) and control (n=250) samples. These were measured by a modified newborn screening method using FIA-TMS (API 4000) in MRM mode. Calculated p-values for PC(16:0,9:0(COOH)), PC(18:0,5:0(COOH)) and PC(16:0,8:0(COOH)) were 1.927×10(-14), 2.391×10(-15) and 3.354×10(-15) respectively. These elevated oxidized phospholipids indeed show an increased presence of oxidative stress in MCADD patients as one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Najdekr
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Gardlo
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Mádrová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - David Friedecký
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital in Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Janečková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital in Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elon S Correa
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Tomáš Adam
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnevotínská 5, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital in Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (Ech) catalyzes the second step in the physiologically important beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acid metabolism. The enzyme was reported to be associated with the progression, metastasis and drug resistance of cancers. It might function as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor for certain cancers depending on the particular type or stage of tumor cells/tissues. In this review, Ech's association with malignant tumors as well as its potential mechanisms is discussed and summarized. The enzyme might be useful in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis determination of certain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - M M Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis of Liaoning Province University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Abstract
Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) contributes 50 to 90% of total ACSL activity in liver, adipose tissue, and heart and appears to direct the use of long chain fatty acids for energy. Although the functional importance of ACSL1 is becoming clear, little is understood about its post-translational regulation. In order to investigate the post-translational modifications of ACSL1 under different physiological conditions, we overexpressed ACSL1 in hepatocytes, brown adipocytes, and 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, treated these cells with different hormones, and analyzed the resulting phosphorylated and acetylated amino acids by mass spectrometry. We then compared these results to the post-translational modifications observed in vivo in liver and brown adipose tissue after mice were fasted or exposed to a cold environment. We identified universal N-terminal acetylation, 15 acetylated lysines, and 25 phosphorylation sites on ACSL1. Several unique acetylation and phosphorylation sites occurred under conditions in which fatty acid β-oxidation is normally enhanced. Thirteen of the acetylated lysines had not previously been identified, and none of the phosphorylation sites had been previously identified. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce mutations at three potential acetylation and phosphorylation sites believed to be important for ACSL1 function. At the ATP/AMP binding site and at a highly conserved site near the C terminus, modifications of Ser278 or Lys676, respectively, totally inhibited ACSL1 activity. In contrast, mutations of Lys285 that mimicked acetylation (Lys285Ala and Lys285Gln) reduced ACSL activity, whereas full activity was retained by Lys285Arg, suggesting that acetylation of Lys285 would be likely to decrease ACSL1 activity. These results indicate that ACSL1 is highly modified post-translationally. Several of these modifications would be expected to alter enzymatic function, but others may affect protein stability or protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Frahm
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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